英语国家概况学期论文题目

26. A General Election is held every _____ years and there are _____ members of Parliaments are . five, 600 B. five, 650C. five, 651 D. four, 65127. The Prime Minister is appointed by _____ and he or she always sits in . the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of CommonsB. the Archbishop of Canterbury, the House of LordsC. the Queen, the House of CommonsD. the Queen, the House of Lords28. The ultimate authority for law-making resides in . the Queen B. the CabinetC. the House of Lords D. the House of Commons29. The sources of British law include . statutes, common law, equity law and European Community lawB. statutes, common law and equity lawC. statutes, common law and European Community lawD. a complete code and statutes30. In criminal trials by jury, _____ passes sentenced and _____ decide the issue of guilt or . the judge, the jury B. the judge, the judgeC. the jury, the jury D. the Lord Chancellor, the jury31. ____ tries the most serious offences such as murder and . Magistrates’ courts B. Youth courtsC. district courts D. The Crown Court32. London’s Metropolitan Police Force is under the control of . the England secretaries B. the Scottish SecretariesC. Northern Ireland Secretaries D. the Home Secretary33. The National Health Service was established in the UK in _____ and based at first on . 1948, Acts of Parliament B. 1958, Acts of ParliamentC. 1948, the Bill of Rights D. 1958, the Bill of Rights34. The non-contributory social security benefits include the following except . war pension B. child benefitC. family credit D. unemployment benefit35. Except that _____ may not be a Roman Catholic, public offices are open without distinction to members of all churchs or of . the lord Chancellor B. the Prime MinisterC. the Speaker D. the ministers of all departments36. About 90 per cent of the state secondary school population in the UK attend . independent schools B. junior schoolsC. independent schools D. primary schools26..C 27. C 28. D 29. A 30. A 31. D 32. D 33. A 34. D 35. A 36. D 不知道有没有用~

国际商务与跨文化交际(International Business and Cross-cultural Communication)The increase in international business and in foreign investment has created a need for executives with knowledge of foreign languages and skills in cross-cultural communication. Americans, however, have not been well trained in either area and, consequently, have not enjoyed the same level of success in negotiation in an international arena as have their foreign is the process of communicating back and forth for the purpose of reaching an agreement. It involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways in which people are persuaded and how compromise is reached within the culture of the many international business negotiations abroad, Americans are perceived as wealthy and impersonal. It often appears to the foreign negotiator that the American represents a large multi-million-dollar corporation that can afford to pay the price without bargaining further. The American negotiator‘s role becomes that of an impersonal purveyor of information and studies of American negotiators abroad, several traits have been identified that may serve to confirm this stereotypical perception, while undermining the negotiator‘s position. Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of the American negotiator. Furthermore, American negotiators often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established between negotiators and may be willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits. In order to solidify the relationship, they may opt for indirect interactions without regard for the time involved in getting to know the other negotiator.

论文题目 On Translating English Metaphors into Chinese（英语隐喻汉译） 学生姓名 学号 指导教师 一、本选题的目的和意义： 本选题旨在研究隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性、可译性及其翻译的方法，重点从文化交际的角度对日常用语中隐喻的汉译进行深入的理论探讨。 本选题突破了历来将隐喻的汉译局限在诗学、修辞学、文学等范畴。由于“翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动”(陈宏薇：1996)，翻译对各民族之间文化的传播起着非常重要的作用。我们对日常用语中隐喻的汉译研究应与英语语言文化背景的研究结合起来。 二、本选题国内外研究的现状和发展趋向： 对隐喻的研究在国外已形成较为完整的体系，其中以Lakoff &Johnson(1987)的研究最具有代表性，而对于其汉译的研究却凤毛麟角。国内对于隐喻的研究主要受Lakoff & Johnson理论的影响，其中以胡壮麟、朱永生为主要代表。在隐喻翻译的研究方面，李国南(1990)，胡文仲(1994)对于英汉成语或谚语中的习用性比喻的喻体进行过比较，并探讨了其翻译的途径。在近期出版的刊物中有对隐喻翻译研究方面的文章，其中以徐莉娜的《隐喻的翻译》为主要代表。但其研究的范围也只局限于文学、修辞用语的隐喻翻译。 三、主要研究的内容： 本文分五个部分。一、简要介绍隐喻与语言以及语言与文化之间的关系，提出日常用语中隐喻的汉译不可忽视文化背景，并简述本论文的主要内容。 二、重点论述隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性。三、分析隐喻的特点，从人类文化的共性论述其可译性。四、讨论隐喻的汉译标准、难点、过程、基本方法以及根据语境而确定译法的原则。五、详述隐喻汉译的方法和技巧，指出在翻译实践中，对每种方法的使用都不能走极端。结论部分，总结研究隐喻汉译所具有的实用价值。 1．引言 2．英语日常用语中隐喻存在的普遍性 隐喻的定义 关于隐喻研究的常用术语 英语日常用语中的隐喻 3.英语日常用语中隐喻的特点 日常用语中隐喻的分类 习用性隐喻 新生隐喻 英语隐喻与汉语隐喻 英语日常用语中隐喻的可译性 4.英语日常用语中的隐喻的汉译 翻译的标准 日常用语中隐喻汉译的难点 日常用语中隐喻汉译的过程 日常用语中隐喻汉译的基本方法及原则 5.日常用语中隐喻汉译的方法与技巧 直译法 意译法 转译法 直译和意译结合法 四、参考文献： [1]Aristotle. “Rhetoric” (W. R. Roberts, Trans.) In W. D. Ross (Ed.) The Works of Aristotle. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Original Work Written ca. 330 .), 1924. [2]Brodkey, Linda. Review: The Languages in Metaphor. College English, 1988, (1): 89-94 [3]Goatly, Andrew. The Language of Metaphors. London: Routledge, 1997. [4]Jin Di and Eugene, A. Nida. On Translation. Beijing: China Translation Publishing Company, 1984. [5]Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live by Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. [6]Nida, Eugene A. & William, Reyburn. Meaning Across Cultures. New York: Maryknoll of N. Y. Orbis Book, 1981. [7]Soskice, . Metaphor and Religious Language. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985. [8]Tylor, Edward Burnett. Primitive Culture. London: John Murray, 1871. [9]陈宏薇（不加汉语拼音，下同）.新实用汉译英教程 [M]，武汉：湖北教育出版社，1996. [10]陈文伯.英语成语和汉语成语 [M]，北京：外语教学与研究出版社,1980. [11]陈望道.修辞学发凡 [M]，上海：上海教育出版社，1983. [12]邓炎昌，刘润清.语言与文化 [M]，北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. [13]范家材.英语修辞赏析 [M]，上海：上海交通大学出版社，1992. [14]冯明之. 英文成语故事 [M]，香港：万里出版社，1992. [15]冯庆华. 实用翻译教程 [M]，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1997. [16]胡文仲. 文化与交际 [M]，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1994. [17]徐莉娜. 隐喻的翻译 [J]，中国翻译，1999，(3):18-22. 五、预期的课题进度计划： 1．2007年4月25日 完成初稿，并上交指导教师审阅。 2．2007年5月9日提交论文第二稿。 3. 2007年5月16日提交论文第三稿。 3．2007年5月17日-6月9日继续修改论文直至定稿。 5．2007年6月13日提交毕业论文。 6．2007年6月14日-23日准备论文答辩。 7．2007年6月24日进行毕业论文答辩 （进度计划不能照抄，应根据实际情况从3月5日起至6月24日止编写计划。） 六、完成论文的条件、方法及措施： （一）条件 1．已经修完英语专业的所有课程，对英语国家概况和跨文化交际有较全面和深入的了解； 2．学校图书馆和学院资料室具备有关本论文研究所需的丰富的书籍、期刊等参考文献； 3．已经收集较丰富和全面的文献资料； 4．具有上网条件及丰富的网上资源。 （二）方法及措施 1．利用图书馆和互联网进行资料的检索网； 2．小组讨论交流。

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the difference between the terms 'british Isles' United kingdom' Great Britain' and England The British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include Great Britain, Ireland and over six-thousand smaller islands The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland which commonly known as the United Kingdom or UK is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border, sharing it with the Republic of Ireland. Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island England is a country that is part of the United shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it from continental 、英国女王的权利 The Queen is now just a symbol of the king in name only head of state, is to maintain a power symbol of bourgeois rule. British government known as the "Queen of government", is technically responsible for the appointment of ministers by the Queen, but in fact the Queen can not be appointed or dismissed ministers, officials; Prime Minister of the General by the House majority leader, and then by the Prime Minister "proposed" The Queen the appointment of other cabinet members. And the British Government is responsible to the Queen does not, it must be responsible to the House of Commons, which indirectly to the British electorate. The Queen is the nominal head of state, is "Lin Chao ignore politics" right now is a British woman Wangbao You accept the right of consultation, warning, rights and the right incentives. The right to consultation is the Queen consulted the Prime Minister advice on certain matters, but it definitely set the top right still held the hands of the Cabinet and the Prime Minister. The right is the Queen warned the government issued an act that is wrong with a warning, but this rarely occurs. Queen's Award is the right to accept the Government's proposal, the canonization of nobles and honors those who contribute to the right. However, the monarch in manner and form, is still supreme in the domestic and international affairs activities, enjoy the honor and 、工业革命 Industrial Revolution refers to the early history of industrial capitalism, namely, from the completion of capitalist production, handicraft workshops to large industrial machines transition phase. Machine production is gradually replaced manual labor, to replace the individual large-scale factory production factory production and manual production of a technological revolution, and later expanded to other industries empty. 18th century 60's - mid-19th century (the human entered the era of steam) Industrial Revolution originated in the central region of England. In 1764, the emergence of the spinning jenny, the Industrial Revolution marked the outbreak in the UK and the world. Mid-18th century, the British Watt improved the steam engine, the technology revolution caused by a series of manual labor to the power plant from the production changes and major leaps. Then spread to England to the entire European continent, the 19th century spread to North America, and later the industrial revolution spread to the world. 4、经济大萧条 Depression is among the 1929-1933 global economic recession. The main manifestations are: production and prices dropped significantly. Mid-1929, . production of major products began to decline. The autumn the same year, the situation is very clear, whether it is manufacturing or construction industry, are significantly reduced. During the Great Depression, some banks appear collapse, very likely trigger a chain reaction, the Fed should intervene in a timely manner to restore public confidence, but the acquiescence of the Federal Reserve bank failure happens, not to take any strong action, and finally led to the financial system situation of near total collapse, resulting in massive unemployment. 1929, the impact of the Great Depression than any time in history to be more far-reaching recession. The recession is agricultural prices as a starting point: the first occurred in the timber price (1928), which was mainly due to the Soviet Union wood competitive reasons, but even greater disaster is coming in 1929, the Canadian Wheat excessive production, the . forced down all the prices of agricultural produce basic grains. Whether in Europe, America or Australia, the big agricultural decline in the financial collapse of further deterioration, especially in the United States, a surge of speculative fever withdraw from Europe led to a lot of money, and then in October 1929 occurred in the Wall Street stock market crash cause for panic . French bankers in 1931 to recover the loan to Bank Austria, but not enough to repay the debt. The disaster in many countries in Central and Eastern Europe, the system of insolvency: it led the German bankers to protect themselves, and deferred repayment of external debt, thereby also endanger the significant investment in Germany, the UK bankers. Shortage of capital in all industrialized countries have brought a sharp drop in exports and domestic consumption: there is no market will bring the factory closed, the less cargo, cargo transport is also less, which is bound to endanger shipping and shipbuilding. In all countries, the economic consequences of mass unemployment and recession: . million, Germany million, the UK million (the maximum 1932 data). Depression has a significant impact on Latin America, makes an almost entirely European and American bankers and businessmen, entrepreneurs dominate the region lost foreign investment and merchandise exports. It is estimated that the Great Depression, the world's wealth loss of 250 billion . dollars.