燕园小西
浅谈商务英语翻译中的几点问题 [论文关键词〕商务英语国际贫易翻译 [论文摘要」商务英语翻译与普通英语的翻译差别甚大,不论是在专业词汇还是译法方面都需要特别的注意。而随着我国全球化的加深,商务英语翻译也显得越来越重要。此文,笔者从几个方面总结了商务英语翻译的重点和难点。 随着我国经济金融以及全球化的进一步发展,越来越多也越频繁的各种国际贸易在被展开;除此之外,与海外市场其他形式的接触也是与日俱增,例如:中外商务会谈、招商引资、跨国并购、国际性招投标等;英语作为一种国际性的语言,在这些事务中都是离不开的。现如今的中国也早已意识到了这一点,于是掀起了一浪又一浪的英语学习狂潮。说明国家和社会对英语教育的重视进一步加深。但上面所提到的方方面面都属于英语学习中一个更加细分的部分—商务英语。虽然商务英语现如今也算是一个热点词,很多办学机构都有开设商务英语类似课程,但社会对商务英语的重视度仍较低,还是远远不够的。专业的商务英语人才少之又少,系统的商务英语专业课程也是很缺乏。另外,商务英语的翻译也和普通英语大不相同。很多人认为,只要有一本商务英语词典,即使普通英语专业的毕业生也可做商务英语翻译,而且,这正是现在正在发生的事实情况,很多商务英语翻译者都不是专业学习商务英语的,因为早前还没有这个专业。其实这种观点是相当错误的。对商务英语的翻译,无论在词汇上还是译法上都是要专门研究学习的。以下笔者总结了其中的几点。 一、缩略词的翻译 在国际化的商务英语环境中,很多报刊文章、新闻报道或者研究著作等,对一些特定或是常用的英文词普遍采用缩略形式。这些词通常包括机构名称、国际组织名称、国际上普遍认可的商业惯例、普遍使用的投资形式、经常发生的商业行为等等。这便更加大了商务英语翻译的难度。因为缩略词可以用许多不同形式展开,而这些缩略词往往在全文中又占了很重要的地位,所以一旦发生错译,便会影响整篇文章的理解。下面举几个例子: IMF = International Monetary Fund国际货币基金组织 WTO = World Trade Organization世界贸易组织 EU=European Union欧盟 NAFTA=North American Free Trade Agreement 北美自由贸易协定 EFTA二Emvpean Free Trade Association 欧洲自由贸易联盟 FDI二Foreign Direct Investment外国直接投资 L/C = letter of credit信用证 B/L=bill of lading提单 以上举的这些例子只是冰山一角,在真正的国际环境中,缩略词的使用频率很高,数量也很多。并且来自国际商务的各个环节。我们可以发现,有些非常常用的,比如WTO,还可以说耳熟能详,人人知道;但另外一些,就不是单纯学习英语的人所能了解的了,这就需要专业的商务英语的培训和长期大量的接触并识记,才能在以后的工作中发挥作用。 二、合同用语的翻译 另外一个备受大家关注的便是合同的翻译了。合同是交易双方执行责任义务并享有权利的最终法律依据,是有法律效力的。不论哪个交易中,都难免出现冲突和摩擦,是否能够在最短的时间、用最少的人力财力、最有效地被解决,全看合同的订立了。所以,在合同中,一个词一个字都要求做到最严谨最合理。因此,对合同翻译的要求也远远高过于普通文件。而在合同的翻译中,有些特定的用词和方法,也是需要系统地学习和长期经验的积累的。 1.用here, there, where和after, by, in, of, on, to, un-der, upon, with等词结合使用,可以更简洁准确地表达合同中的一些意思: This contract shall come into force from the date of execu- tion hereof by the buyer and the builder. 本合同自买方和建造方签署之日生效。 The undersigned hereby agrees that the new products where-to this trade name is more appropriate are made in China. 下述签署人同意在中国制造新产品,其品牌以此为合适。 2. abide by和comply with表达不同的遵守: Both parties shall abide by the contractual stipulation. 双方都应遵守合同规定。 All of the activities of both parties shall comply with thecontractual stipulation. 双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。 可见,当句子的主语为“人”时,使用abide by,句子主语“非人”时,使用comply with o 3. Change A to B和change A into B Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to Au-gust and change US dollar into RMB. 双方都同意将交货期改为8月并将美元折合成人民币。 可见前者是“改为”而后者翻译成“折合成”。 4. ex / per / by的使用中,ex表示货物由某船运来,per表示货物是由某船运走的,而by则表示货物由某船承运。 The last batch per S. S. " Victoria" will arrive at London onOctober.(S. S.二steamship汽船,轮船) 由维多利亚号轮运走的最后一批货将于10月抵达伦软。(维多利亚号从出发港出发,但到达目的港伦软的并不一定是维多利亚号)。 The last batch ex S. S. " Victoria" will arrive at London onOctober. 由维多利亚号轮运来的最后一批货将于10月抵达伦敦。(从出发港出发时是哪艘船起运的未知,但是维多利亚号运送到目的港伦敦的)。 5. by和before The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee before June 15. 卖方须在6月15日之前将货交给买方。 The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15. 卖方须在6月15日之前(包括当天)将货交给买方。 所以可见,在给合同做翻译时,一个词的使用错误就会使整个合同发生歧义,影响到将来正常顺利的交易,产生贸易摩擦和冲突,浪费时间、人力和财力。三、广告用语的翻译 在商务英语翻译中,还有一个领域是较难的领域,同时也是乐趣最多惊喜最多的翻译领域,那就是广告用语的翻译。国际商务英语中,广告词往往带有跨文化、跨语言的色彩,所以翻译的难度较大。由于不同的文化背景、成长环境、生活态度和思维方式造就了不同的理解,有些广告语在东道主国很出彩,但是被翻译成外语之后便显得平淡无味、毫无新意。所以对于这种翻译,我们多采用四字成语、生活谚语等来延续它的说服力与感染力,而且更重要的是翻译时的灵感和经验。 Good to the last drop滴滴香浓,意犹未尽。 Hi一Fi, Hi一Fun, Hi一Fashion, only from Sony. 高保真,高乐趣,高时尚,只来自索尼。 Where there is a road, there is Toyota. 车到山前必有路,有路必有丰田车。 Intelligence everywhere智慧演绎,无处不在。 Nothing can come of nothing.物有其本,事有其源。 For the road ahead.康庄大道 看这些经典的广告语翻译,翻译之后语言的力道更强,更富有创新性和感染力。这就是成功的翻译,要通过不停地尝试与磨炼,系统地学习与研究才可能达到的境界。只凭几本字典和基础的英语学习是远远不够的。 四、专业词汇的翻译 其次,商务英语翻译当中的一个难点便是专业词汇的翻译。这是最需要专业商务英语学习之后才能胜任的一项任务。在商务英语中,专业的词汇数量很多,涉及的层面很广。也是靠系统学习以及在工作生活中点点滴滴的积累才行的。这些词,表面看起来很简单,很容易翻译,但是其实意思是和普通英语是大不相同的,有些有细微差别的,如果翻译错误,显得不专业,太通俗,而有些意思差别较大的,如果翻译错误,整篇文章的意思都会被扭曲。也正是这些词,才能反映一个翻译者的专业程度是否深。下面笔者举几个例子,大家便可以理解商务英语之所以被细分出来的原因了。 1.在信用证(letter of credit)的交易中,买方银行需要开立的信用证中要标明付款行的付款方式,常用两个词:by ne-gotiation和by payment来表示,前者是议付行垫付货款后无论发生什么事情,都不可再向卖方追回已付货款,而后者表示议付行在垫付货款后,如果无法从买方处得到交款,便可回头向卖方追回已付货款。然而,单看字面negotiation和payment,是看不出这点区别的。 2. shipper和carrier,这两个词,在普通英语中显得差别不大,但在商务英语中,尤其是国际贸易中,却便是完全不同的两方。Shipper指运送货物的人,即将货物交出的人,是卖方或卖方委托的人;而carrier指承运人,即运送公司,在卖方与买方之间承担运送货物获取酬劳的中间方。 3. incoterms,这个词本身在普通英语中是不存在的,但在商务英语长期的使用变化过程中,人们会将耳熟能详的一些常见词缩写变成一个新的英语词。Incoterms是interna-tional commercial terms的缩写,即国际贸易术语解释通则,这个贸易术语在国际贸易中使用的频率非常高,所以对于所有从事国际贸易的人来讲,international commercial terms再熟悉不过了,因此,人们将之简化成为incoterms流传下来了。 在成千上万的商务英语用词中,专业的学习者都不一定全部了解,更何况非专业者呢?所以,使用非商务英语专业的人来进行商务英语的翻译是大错特错的,除非其进行了专业的进修培训,或者有很多年的相关工作经验。 五、多意词的翻译 很多简单的英语用词,到了商务英语中就要给予特定的翻译,而不能随便来。例:document我们可以翻译为文件、公文,文档等等,很多意思,但是都比较相似;而在国际贸易中,常常被翻译为单据;posi-lion我们通常翻译为位置、职位、立场等,而在金融中,被翻译为‘。头寸”,与之匹配的有long position多头头寸、short posi-lion空头头寸、close position平仓等。 六、结语 商务英语是英语教学的一个细分,专业化更深,所以商务英语翻译也对英语的运用能力提出了更高的要求。在国际交流越来越频繁的今天,我们需要的商务英语人才也随之越来越多,专业化要求也越来越强。而笔者的这篇文章,只是从很少的几个方面谈了商务英语翻译中现存的几个问题或者难点,难免会不全面。相关的学者可做进一步的研究。也望社会能够更加重视商务英语这个专业,培养足够多的商务英语人才,来应对全球化的发展。
提琴小13
Thesis StatementsWHAT THIS HANDOUT IS ABOUTThis handout describes what a thesis statement is, how thesis statements work in your writing, and how you can craft or refine one for your in college often takes the form of persuasion—convincing others that you have an interesting, logical point of view on the subject you are studying. Persuasion is a skill you practice regularly in your daily life. You persuade your roommate to clean up, your parents to let you borrow the car, your friend to vote for your favorite candidate or policy. In college, course assignments often ask you to make a persuasive case in writing. You are asked to convince your reader of your point of view. This form of persuasion, often called academic argument, follows a predictable pattern in writing. After a brief introduction of your topic, you state your point of view on the topic directly and often in one sentence. This sentence is the thesis statement, and it serves as a summary of the argument you’ll make in the rest of your IS A THESIS STATEMENT?A thesis statement:tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. The subject, or topic, of an essay might be World War II or Moby Dick; a thesis must then offer a way to understand the war or the a claim that others might usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your your assignment asks you to take a position or develop a claim about a subject, you may need to convey that position or claim in a thesis statement near the beginning of your draft. The assignment may not explicitly state that you need a thesis statement because your instructor may assume you will include one. When in doubt, ask your instructor if the assignment requires a thesis statement. When an assignment asks you to analyze, to interpret, to compare and contrast, to demonstrate cause and effect, or to take a stand on an issue, it is likely that you are being asked to develop a thesis and to support it persuasively. (Check out our handout on understanding assignments for more information.)HOW DO I GET A THESIS?A thesis is the result of a lengthy thinking process. Formulating a thesis is not the first thing you do after reading an essay assignment. Before you develop an argument on any topic, you have to collect and organize evidence, look for possible relationships between known facts (such as surprising contrasts or similarities), and think about the significance of these relationships. Once you do this thinking, you will probably have a “working thesis,” a basic or main idea, an argument that you think you can support with evidence but that may need adjustment along the use all kinds of techniques to stimulate their thinking and to help them clarify relationships or comprehend the broader significance of a topic and arrive at a thesis statement. For more ideas on how to get started, see our handout on DO I KNOW IF MY THESIS IS STRONG?If there’s time, run it by your instructor or make an appointment at the Writing Center to get some feedback. Even if you do not have time to get advice elsewhere, you can do some thesis evaluation of your own. When reviewing your first draft and its working thesis, ask yourself the following:Do I answer the question? Re-reading the question prompt after constructing a working thesis can help you fix an argument that misses the focus of the I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose?If your thesis simply states facts that no one would, or even could, disagree with, it’s possible that you are simply providing a summary, rather than making an my thesis statement specific enough? Thesis statements that are too vague often do not have a strong argument. If your thesis contains words like “good” or “successful,” see if you could be more specific: why is something “good”; what specifically makes something “successful”?Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? If a reader’s first response is, “So what?” then you need to clarify, to forge a relationship, or to connect to a larger my essay support my thesis specifically and without wandering? If your thesis and the body of your essay do not seem to go together, one of them has to change. It’s okay to change your working thesis to reflect things you have figured out in the course of writing your paper. Remember, always reassess and revise your writing as my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? If a reader’s first response is “how?” or “why?” your thesis may be too open-ended and lack guidance for the reader. See what you can add to give the reader a better take on your position right from the you are taking a course on 19th-century America, and the instructor hands out the following essay assignment: Compare and contrast the reasons why the North and South fought the Civil War. You turn on the computer and type out the following:The North and South fought the Civil War for many reasons, some of which were the same and some weak thesis restates the question without providing any additional information. You will expand on this new information in the body of the essay, but it is important that the reader know where you are heading. A reader of this weak thesis might think, “What reasons? How are they the same? How are they different?” Ask yourself these same questions and begin to compare Northern and Southern attitudes (perhaps you first think, “The South believed slavery was right, and the North thought slavery was wrong”). Now, push your comparison toward an interpretation—why did one side think slavery was right and the other side think it was wrong? You look again at the evidence, and you decide that you are going to argue that the North believed slavery was immoral while the South believed it upheld the Southern way of life. You write:While both sides fought the Civil War over the issue of slavery, the North fought for moral reasons while the South fought to preserve its own you have a working thesis! Included in this working thesis is a reason for the war and some idea of how the two sides disagreed over this reason. As you write the essay, you will probably begin to characterize these differences more precisely, and your working thesis may start to seem too vague. Maybe you decide that both sides fought for moral reasons, and that they just focused on different moral issues. You end up revising the working thesis into a final thesis that really captures the argument in your paper:While both Northerners and Southerners believed they fought against tyranny and oppression, Northerners focused on the oppression of slaves while Southerners defended their own right to this to the original weak thesis. This final thesis presents a way of interpreting evidence that illuminates the significance of the question. Keep in mind that this is one of many possible interpretations of the Civil War—it is not the one and only right answer to the question. There isn’t one right answer; there are only strong and weak thesis statements and strong and weak uses of ’s look at another example. Suppose your literature professor hands out the following assignment in a class on the American novel: Write an analysis of some aspect of Mark Twain’s novel Huckleberry Finn. “This will be easy,” you think. “I loved Huckleberry Finn!” You grab a pad of paper and write:Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is a great American is this thesis weak? Think about what the reader would expect from the essay that follows: you will most likely provide a general, appreciative summary of Twain’s novel. The question did not ask you to summarize; it asked you to analyze. Your professor is probably not interested in your opinion of the novel; instead, she wants you to think about why it’s such a great novel—what do Huck’s adventures tell us about life, about America, about coming of age, about race relations, etc.? First, the question asks you to pick an aspect of the novel that you think is important to its structure or meaning—for example, the role of storytelling, the contrasting scenes between the shore and the river, or the relationships between adults and children. Now you write:In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain develops a contrast between life on the river and life on the shore.
5000字计算机毕业论文篇3 浅议计算机数据库安全管理 摘 要:随着计算机和网络的普遍使用,人们或企业通过数据库存放的信息越来越多。计算
貌似每个英语专业的毕业论文老师都会给你选题目的吧,又或者给你一些内容然后自己想文章的哦我们就是从文章中找一句话然后写下自己的论文
英美文学经典作品是英语语言学习中的一个非常重要的组成部分,一个良好的英语语言水平离不开英美文学作品阅读的训练。下文是我为大家整理的关于英美文学 毕业 论文优
找北京译顶科技翻译,这将大大减少国内论文在翻译过程中的译法错误,助于国内论文在国际影响力。
我觉得如果要求5000字以上的话,那肯定是按单次数算的。因为在英文当中每一个单词应该属于每一个字吧,不应该按 字符的总数来计算吧。