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卵磷脂和聚山梨酯80配合使用可中和抑菌剂，中和后的产物对细菌及培养基无太大影响，因此在稀释液和冲洗液中加入这些物质可有效的降低药品对细菌和真菌的抑制作用，同时促进受损的细菌和真菌生长。

吡咯类抗真菌药物制剂微生物限度检查方法的研究摘要] 目的：研究建立吡咯类抗真菌药物制剂的微生物限度检查方法。方法：通过预试验摸索，拟以含有组氨酸、卵磷脂和聚山梨酯80的混合溶液作为稀释剂及冲洗液，采用离心沉淀集菌法与薄膜过滤法联用的方法进行此类药物的微生物限度检查并进行方法学验证。结果：按《中国药典》2005年版附录要求对拟定方法进行验证，结果验证菌株的回收率均大于70%，控制菌检查阳性菌也生长良好。结论：以含有组氨酸、卵磷脂和聚山梨酯80的混合溶液作为稀释剂及冲洗液，采用离心沉淀集菌法与薄膜过滤法联用进行吡咯类抗真菌药物制剂的微生物限度检查，方法是可行的。[关键词] 吡咯类抗真菌药物制剂；微生物限度检查；离心集菌法；薄膜过滤法吡咯类抗真菌药，如硝酸布康唑和克霉唑，具广谱抗真菌活性，对表皮癣菌、毛发癣菌、曲菌、着色真菌、隐球菌属和念珠菌属均有较好的抗菌活性。该类药物通过干扰细胞色素P-450的活性，从而抑制真菌细胞膜主要固醇类-麦角固醇的生物合成，损伤真菌细胞膜并改变其通透性，导致重要的细胞内物质外漏，还可抑制真菌的三酰甘油和磷脂的生物合成，抑制氧化酶和过氧化酶的活性，引起细胞内过氧化氢积聚，导致细胞亚微结构变性和细胞坏死。此类药物对细菌也有一定的抑制作用。根据目前国内要求，非规定灭菌的药物制剂均需建立微生物限度检查方法，包括抗细菌和抗真菌类药物制剂，但由于此类药物抗菌活性很强，因此如何消除其抑菌性，使检验得以顺利进行就成为建立方法时极为重要也是较为困难的关键点。本文作者选择目前在国内还没有适宜微生物限度检查方法的吡咯类（如硝酸布康唑和克霉唑）抗真菌药物制剂进行了试验研究，经多次试验，重点对冲洗液组成和冲洗量进行考察研究和优选，最终参考《欧洲药典》确定了以含有组氨酸、卵磷脂和聚山梨酯80的混合溶液作为稀释剂及冲洗液，采用离心沉淀集菌法与薄膜过滤法联用，从而建立了硝酸布康唑类和克霉唑类药物制剂的微生物限度检查方法，并进行了方法学验证，结果表明该方法是适宜可行的。1试药与仪器试药硝酸布康唑阴道乳膏3批，克霉唑阴道片2个厂家各3批，复方克霉唑乳膏3批，克霉唑乳膏3批，醋酸米康唑乳膏3批，均为市售药品；营养肉汤培养基，改良马丁培养基，营养琼脂培养基，玫瑰红钠琼脂培养基，胆盐乳糖培养基，溴化十六烷基三甲胺琼脂培养基，甘露醇氯化钠琼脂培养基，均购自中国药品生物制品检定所；组氨酸、卵磷脂、聚山梨酯80、蛋白胨、氯化钠、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸氢二钠均为市售分析纯试剂、试药；金黄色葡萄球菌[CMCC(B)26003]，枯草芽孢杆菌[CMCC(B)63501]，大肠埃希菌[CMCC(B)44102]，铜绿假单胞菌[CMCC(B)10104]，白色念珠菌[CMCC(F)98001]，黑曲霉[CMCC(F)98003]，以上菌种均购自中国药品生物制品检定所菌种室，按照《中国药典》2005年版附录的要求将以上5种验证菌配制成每1 ml中含菌量为50~100 cfu的菌液。仪器洁净工作台，医用吸引器，低速离心机等。2方法与结果药典附录收载方法试验的结果将上述各药品用《中国药典》2005年版推荐的常用稀释剂pH 无菌氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液制成1∶10的供试液，依次采用药典附录收载的几种消除药物抑菌性的处理方式，即培养基稀释法（取1∶10的供试液按每皿 ml或取1∶100的供试液按每皿 ml注皿）、离心沉淀集菌法和以pH 无菌氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液为冲洗液的薄膜过滤法、以及将离心沉淀集菌法与薄膜过滤法联用进行菌落计数试验。其中，以pH 无菌氯化钠-蛋白胨缓冲液为冲洗液，冲洗总量已达1 000 ml的离心沉淀集菌法与薄膜过滤法联用试验回收率测定结果见表1。回收率测定即使采用了处理力度较大的离心沉淀集菌法与薄膜过滤法联用，5种验证菌株中仍有4种回收率为零，说明吡咯类抗真菌药物具有很强的抑制细菌和真菌的作用，或说明滤膜对此类药物有较强的吸附作用，目前常用的冲洗液很难将其冲洗干净，国内常用的几种处理方式均不适用于此类药品。不同配方稀释剂与冲洗液的效果比较参考《中国药典》2005年版[1]、《欧洲药典》第5版[2]，配制了下列5种稀释剂与冲洗液，详见表2。选用一批克霉唑阴道片，依次试验上述5种稀释剂与冲洗液，采用离心沉淀集菌法与薄膜过滤法联用，比较实验效果，详见表3。上述结果表明，采用欧洲药典配方溶液且卵磷脂为进口试剂，或采用自拟5号溶液作为稀释剂与冲洗液均对消除药品的抑菌性效果较为满意，但当卵磷脂改为国产试剂时，由于溶液呈混浊状，无法进行过滤。将卵磷脂和聚山梨酯80的量降为欧洲药典配方量的一半时，溶液澄清度可不受试剂质量影响，同时冲洗效果也可满足实验要求。建立的方法根据上述试验结果建立方法取供试品10 g，加入含有无菌组氨酸-卵磷脂-聚山梨酯80的混合溶液（配制方法见后）至100 ml，在45℃保温振摇至供试品分散均匀，制成1∶10的均匀供试品储备液。细菌计数、霉菌和酵母菌计数均采用离心沉淀集菌法与薄膜过滤法联用。取1∶10的供试品储备液50 ml，以500 r/min的速率离心5 min，取全部上清液，加上述混合溶液至50 ml，再以3 000 r/min的速率离心20 min，取底部集菌液约5 ml，加上述混合溶液至50 ml，即为1∶10的供试液（乳膏等制剂可略去沉淀步骤）。取1∶10的供试液1 ml，加至上述混合溶液100 ml中，用薄膜过滤器全部过滤，以上述混合溶液作为冲洗液，每次冲洗100 ml，共冲洗3次，取滤膜，依法检查（《中国药典》2005年版二部附录Ⅺ J）。控制菌检查（如金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌等）采用离心沉淀集菌法与薄膜过滤法联用。取上述菌落计数项下1∶10的供试液10 ml，加至上述混合溶液100 ml中，用薄膜过滤器全部过滤，冲洗方式同菌落计数项下，将滤膜接种至相应的培养基中，依法检查(《中国药典》2005年版二部附录Ⅺ J)。无菌组氨酸－卵磷脂－聚山梨酯80混合溶液配制方法聚山梨酯80 15 g，卵磷脂 g，组氨酸 g，蛋白胨 g，氯化钠 g，磷酸二氢钾 g，磷酸氢二钠 g，水1 000 ml，混匀，微温溶解，分装，灭菌。验证试验按照《中国药典》2005年版附录要求对上述建立的方法进行验证。细菌计数、霉菌和酵母菌计数方法的验证菌液组：分别取上述5种菌液各1 ml，采用平皿计数法，测定制备好的菌液中每毫升的活菌数。供试品对照组：取1∶10的供试液1 ml，加入上述混合溶液100 ml，用薄膜过滤器全部过滤，冲洗方式同上，取滤膜，置规定温度培养、计数。试验组：取1∶10的供试液1 ml，按供试品对照组同法操作，在第三次冲洗液中加入1 ml上述菌液（50~100 cfu试验菌），取滤膜，置规定温度培养、计数，计算回收率，见表4。稀释剂对照组：分别取上述5种菌液各10 ml（500~1 000 cfu试验菌），按供试品对照组同法操作，计算回收率，见表4。按下列公式计算回收率(%)：上述实验显示，各验证菌的回收率均达到药典附录要求，表明该类药品采用此法进行细菌、霉菌和酵母菌计数是可行的。控制菌检查方法的验证试验组：取上述1∶10的供试液10 ml，加至上述混合溶液100 ml中，用薄膜过滤器全部过滤，冲洗方式同上，将滤膜加至相应培养基100 ml中进行增菌培养，作为供试品组。空白对照组：取上述混合溶液10 ml，同法操作，作为稀释剂空白对照组。阴性菌对照组：取1∶10的供试液10 ml，加至上述混合溶液100 ml中，用薄膜过滤器全部过滤，冲洗方式同上，但在第3次冲洗液中加入适宜的阴性对照菌（如金黄色葡萄球菌检查就选用大肠埃希菌作为阴性对照菌）10~100 cfu，将滤膜加至相应培养基100 ml中作为阴性菌对照组。阳性菌对照组：取1∶10的供试液10 ml，加至上述混合溶液100 ml中，用薄膜过滤器全部过滤，冲洗方式同上，但在第3次冲洗液中加适宜的菌（如金黄色葡萄球菌检查就加入金黄色葡萄球菌）10~100 cfu，将滤膜加至相应培养基100 ml中作为阳性菌对照组。上述各组均置35～37℃培养18～24 h，分别划线于相应培养基上，再置35～37℃培养18～24 h，结果阳性菌对照组均生长良好，表明该类药物经此法处理后已无抑菌作用或其抑菌作用可以忽略不计；阴性菌均未检出，表明该控制菌检查方法的专属性好，说明方法可行。3讨论本实验研究说明吡咯类药物对细菌和真菌同时具有很强的抑菌作用，对于这类具有较强抗菌活性的药物必须首先摸索处理方式来消除其抑菌作用，然后方能顺利进行其微生物限度检查。若采用薄膜过滤法进行药品的微生物限度检查，选用的稀释液和冲洗液的种类和用量非常重要，甚至可以决定方法的适用与否。作为微生物限度检查用稀释液和冲洗液，不单应具有溶解药物的功能，同时还应具有维持菌体细胞膜的通透性、修复受损细胞、破坏药物对菌体细胞损伤等作用。本实验确定的冲洗液的处方中组氨酸是白色念珠菌生长中重要的氮源之一；卵磷脂对于细胞膜的修复可起到重要的作用；聚山梨酯80作为一种表面活性剂，可降低细菌体周围与培养基接触面之间的表面张力，使外围营养物质更快地进入细胞内，因而促进细菌较快的生长和其他活动。卵磷脂和聚山梨酯80配合使用可中和抑菌剂，中和后的产物对细菌及培养基无太大影响，因此在稀释液和冲洗液中加入这些物质可有效的降低药品对细菌和真菌的抑制作用，同时促进受损的细菌和真菌生长。某些国产试剂、试药与进口品存在一定的质量差异，《欧洲药典》收载的冲洗液配方中卵磷脂及聚山梨酯80的含量较多，当用国产品配制时，其溶解性能不好，造成溶液混浊，冲洗量大时，溶液过滤的速度缓慢，影响冲洗效果，甚至无法进行过滤。该问题通过降低配方中各成分的量可以得到有效解决。经验证，即使配方中的各成分量减少一半，效果依然可满足实验的需要，且过滤速度适宜，还可降低实验成本。[参考文献][1]国家药典委员会.中国药典[S].二部.北京:化学工业出版社,2005. 附录93.[2]欧洲药典[S].第5版.Appendix XVI .

某些国产试剂、试药与进口品存在一定的质量差异，《欧洲药典》收载的冲洗液配方中卵磷脂及聚山梨酯80的含量较多，当用国产品配制时，其溶解性能不好，造成溶液混浊，冲洗量大时，溶液过滤的速度缓慢，影响冲洗效果，甚至无法进行过滤。该问题通过降低配方中各成分的量可以得到有效解决。经验证，即使配方中的各成分量减少一半，效果依然可满足实验的需要，且过滤速度适宜，还可降低实验成本。

你好，翻译为：“[Abstract] Objective: To compare ziprasidone and haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia in acute phase of the efficacy and side effects. Methods: Injection ziprasidone and haloperidol injection, the patients were randomly divided into 75 cases of ziprasidone group (n = 38) and with the haloperidol group (n = 37), for a period of five days of treatment . Respectively before and after treatment using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Clinical overall scale of India (CGI) and adverse reactions Scale (TESS) assessed the efficacy and adverse drug reactions. Pre-treatment determination of baseline ECG with QTc interval after treatment compared to baseline for more than 60ms for QTc interval prolongation ①, the treatment of cardiac rhythm during the medical examination found abnormal electrocardiogram monitoring in time. Results: Ziprasidone and haloperidol groups before and after treatment the total score and PANSS positive symptoms scale factor at a considerable reduction rate; CGI score to achieve a turn for the better and were more than 25 cases (), 26 cases of (); TESS evaluation of side effects occurred in 10 cases () 12 cases (). By T test no significant difference (P> ). Major group of ziprasidone alcohol side effects of insomnia, the main side effects of haloperidol group extrapyramidal reaction, but the ziprasidone group, 3 cases () of QTc interval prolongation, 2 cases () of cardiac rhythm disorders; haloperidol impact on the ECG for ventricular arrhythmia, was found significantly prolonged QTc interval. Conclusion: Ziprasidone injection with injection of haloperidol treatment of schizophrenia in acute phase of the effect of a considerable, but the group ziprasidone QTc interval on the heart and whether the impact of abnormal heart rate caused by a high degree of attention required.[Key words] haloperidol Ziprasidone in acute phase of schizophrenia”。

Dear teachers, good morning! My name is xx, is 08 levels of English this regular professional training students, I dissertation5 topic is "the cultural differences between Chinese and western communication". Papers are in the x professor of meticulous coaxed completion, here I asked my tutor our deepest thanks to all the teacher pains to attend my thesis heartfelt thanks for three years, and I have a chance to listen to all teachers teaching our heartfelt tribute. Below I will this paper designed and main content to each teacher makes a report, kindly fellow teachers criticized of all, I want to talk about the graduation thesis of purpose and China's social and economic development, world various nationalities between commercial frequent communication and cooperation. People in different cultures in the process of communication is cross-cultural communication. To understand the cultural differences between Chinese and western communication can better promote the national economy, cultural exchange between and communication. This paper with the relationship between language and culture of Chinese and western culture by listing from daily communicative language communication to the understanding of the euphemism, taboo language and posture language differences in learning English analysis how to foster intercultural communication competence, avoid in our daily communication appear misurclerstanding was discussed in the , I want to talk about this essay structure and its main mainly divided into five first part is the introduction. Summary of Chinese and western culture communication system in today's social second part is the relationship between language and culture. Through the description of the relationship between language and culture, explains the relationship between language and culture are inseparable, deep influence culture, different language caused the cultural third part is the cultural differences between Chinese and western communication. For example demonstrated through communication between China and the west in everyday language used in the course, euphemism, taboo language and posture language is different, thus explain that communication between Chinese and western cultural fourth part is of the cultivation of intercultural communication competence. Lists related to foster intercultural communication competence methods, in order to avoid people in our daily communication appear erroneous fifth part is summarized and Suggestions. In order to succeed in cross-cultural communication, will realize our national culture and western culture, the differences between in communication right choice accords with western cultural norms expression in order to achieve the aim of communication. Foreign language learners should not only try to master the accurate and fluent and natural English language, learn to decent, naturally transmitted and received communicative message, Also want to understand and grasp of English countries cultural background knowledge and customs, learn to overcome in communication barriers produced cultural differences. Meanwhile, foreign language learners but must take the culture differences, trying to broaden their perspective of culture, to learn more about English culture of the country, in a solid foundation of language application ability at the same time, develop their intercultural consciousness, improve their ability to cross-cultural , I want to talk about this essay and system essay writing and modification process, also is the more I realize his lack of experience and knowledge of the process. Although, I will try to collect materials, we try our best to use their own knowledge thesis paper writing, but there are still many shortcomings, needs to be improved. Please, judges much criticism and corrections, let me in the future learn you可能有些错误。。。。呵呵