医学生理学糖尿病论文

表2 运动疗法的适应证(略)表3 运动疗法的禁忌证和限制指征(略) 运动的实施运动疗法泛指把运动作为一种治疗手段，是人全身大肌肉群参加的周期性连续性有氧运动。病人只有根据自己的疾病情况来选择适当的运动项目、合适的运动强度，以及掌握好运动实施的时间和运动持续时间。见表4。才能获得明显而持久的收益，从而使糖尿病的控制变得易行、经济而且有效。表4 运动单位交换表(略)4 血糖监测糖尿病患者由于体内胰岛素功能的丧失或缺乏不能充分发挥作用，而血糖升高直接影响病情，造成各种急慢性并发症，故必须对糖尿病患者进行血糖监测，根据血糖结果来评估饮食、用药、运动情况以及是否需要调整。患者及家属应学会使用血糖仪监测血糖，最好保持空腹血糖＜ mmol/L，餐后血糖＜ mmol/L，并定期做尿液检查，查有无酮体，若血糖监测居高不下或尿酮体持续阳性者，应立即就医。5 评估与展望糖尿病非药物治疗是糖尿病综合治疗中不可少的重要部分。做好糖尿病非药物治疗，一方面可以减少糖尿病药物的过多使用，另一方面还可以延缓糖尿病各种并发症的产生和发展，减少糖尿病患者日益高涨的医疗费用，节约大量的社会资源，给糖尿病患者带来巨大的益处。在糖尿病饮食治疗、运动治疗、血糖监测、糖尿病教育方面还有许多值得研究和探讨的领域，也是当前糖尿病研究的热点之一。参考文献：［1］ and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications, report of a WHO consultation［J］.Geneva, 1999:1.［2］ 钱荣立.糖尿病的代价.1999世界糖尿病日口号［J］.中国慢性病预防与控制，1999，7（6）：241.［3］ 胡传峰，李立明.2型糖尿病危险因素研究进展［J］.中国全科医学,2002,4（4）：235.［4］ 宋 玲，王爱芹.健康教育在糖尿病防治中的地位和作用［J］.中华临床医药杂志，2002，3（9）：84.［5］ 李凤英，房 健，王 丽，等.糖尿病患者护理中的饮食指导［J］.中国临床康复，2002，6（9）：1362.［6］ 许曼音.享受健康人生－糖尿病细说与图解［M］.上海：上海文献技术出版社，2002，36：118.［7］ 郭晓杰，殷继东，吴翠英.饮食疗法在糖尿病治疗中的作用［M］.中华实用医学，2002，4（16）：61.［8］ 黄 莉，蔡筱彦.糖尿病的护理［M］.国外医学护理学分册，1996，15（4）：150.［9］ 王淑英，呼瑞英.糖尿病人的饮食控制及护理［J］.护理研究，2002，16（1）：32.［10］ 张笃香，吕海云，刘爱柱.糖尿病病因及饮食疗法［J］.时珍国医国药，2001，12（5）：455.［11］ Boule NG,Haddad E, Kenny GP, et al .Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus：a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials［J］.JAMA,2001,286:1218.［12］ Aiello LP, Wong J , Cavallerano JD, et al . Retinopathy. In: Ruderman N, Devlin JT ,Schneider S ,Kriska A ,ed .Handbook of Exercise in diabetes .2nd ed［J］. Alexandria,Va: American Diabetes Association,2002:401.［13］ Ross R , Dagnone D, Jones PJ ,et al . Reduction in obesity and related conmorbid condition after diet-induced weight loss exercise-induced weight loss in men：a randomized . controlled trial［J］.Ann Intem Med,2000,133：92.［14］ 胡永善，冯光斌，吴毅，等.运动对糖尿病大鼠肝细胞胰岛素受体的影响［J］.中国康复医学，1997，12（3）：109.［15］ Maiorana A, O，Driscoll G , et al . The effect of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on vascular function in type 2 diabetes［J］.J Am Coll Cardiol ,2001,38：860.［16］ 吴 毅.运动对糖尿病大鼠骨骼肌细胞膜胰岛素受体及葡萄糖运载体的影响［J］.中国康复医学，1998，13（27）：45.

糖尿病是影响人民健康和生命的常见病，属于内分泌代谢系统疾病，以高血糖为主要标志，临床上出现烦渴、多尿、多饮、多食、疲乏、消瘦、尿糖等表现。糖尿病是因为胰岛素分泌量绝对或相对不足而引起的糖代谢，蛋白质代谢，脂肪代谢和水、电解质代谢的紊乱。 糖尿病任何年龄均可发病，但是60岁以上的老年人平均患病率为。 糖尿病酮症酸中毒是糖尿病的危重情况，是由于胰岛素严重不足而引起，病人血糖异常升高，脱水，迅速进入昏迷、休克、呼吸衰竭，死亡率为10%。 (一)酮症酸中毒是糖尿病的危重情况： 当各种诱因使糖尿病加重时，人体内脂肪分解加速，脂肪分解产生脂肪酸，大量脂肪酸经肝脏进行β氧化产生酮体，酮体是β�羟丁酸、乙酰乙酸、丙酮的总称。正常情况下血中酮体很少，为2毫克/100毫升血，尿中酮体不能检出。在酮症酸中毒时，血中酮体升高达50毫克/100毫升血以上称为酮血症；尿中出现酮体，称为酮尿。酮体以酸性物质占主要部分，大量消耗体内的储备碱，逐渐发生代谢性酸中毒。发生酮症酸中毒时，病人糖尿病的症状加重，同时伴有酮症酸中毒的表现。 (二) 糖尿病酮症酸中毒的诱因： 1、糖尿病治疗不当 胰岛素治疗中断或不适当减量；降糖药突然停药或用量不足；未经正规治疗的糖尿病。 2、感染 糖尿病人并发肺炎、泌尿系感染、坏疽等感染时。 3、饮食不当 暴饮暴食或饮食不节(洁)引起呕吐、腹泻。 4、其他 严重外伤或手术后。妊娠和分娩。 (三) 糖尿病酮症酸中毒的临床表现： 1、早期 糖尿病加重的现象如极度口渴、多饮、多尿、全身无力。 2、病情迅速恶化 出现食欲不振、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹胀。腹痛较重，常被误诊为急腹症。当酮症酸中毒好转时，腹痛很快消失。 3、精神及呼吸症状 头痛、嗜睡，烦躁，呼吸深而大，呼气时可有烂苹果味，酮体浓度高则气味重。 4、脱水症状 由于多尿和呕吐腹泻引起。病人皮肤干燥，弹性差，眼球下陷，淡漠，很快进入昏迷。由于失水而出现脉弱、血压降低、四肢发冷等休克表现。部分病人有发烧现象，体温38～39℃。 5、化验橙查 尿糖�～�，尿酮体阳性；血糖显著升高，多数300～600毫克/每100毫升血(毫摩尔～毫摩尔/每升血)，少数可达1000毫克/每100毫升血(毫摩尔/每升血)；血酮体增高。其他的化验检查都可以出现不正常，如血中白细胞计数增高，血钠、氯、钾离子均可降低。 6、注意与其他情况引起的昏迷进行鉴别 糖尿病人在家庭中突然出现昏迷时，大多可能有两种情况，一种是酮症酸中毒引起，另一种可能为低血糖昏迷，一般是在血糖低于50毫克/每100毫升血(毫摩尔/每升血)时发生，表现为面色苍白，出冷汗，神志不清，但呼吸、心跳等一般情况尚好。注射葡萄糖后病人迅速清醒。在家庭中无法鉴别这两种昏迷时，应及时送医院检查后再做处理。 (四) 救护措施： (1)应用胰岛素。这是抢救治疗的关键。必须在医院或医生指导下应用。根据病情皮下或静脉注射或静滴普通胰岛素。一般可酌情皮下注射12～20单位，再给予静滴每小时4～8单位量滴入，大多在24小时内控制病情，此时应停用其他降糖药。 (2)纠正脱水。能口服的尽量口服饮水。昏迷病人要给予静脉补液，24小时内可输液3000～6000毫升，心脏病或肾功不好的病人酌情减量。 (3)昏迷病人头侧位，及时清除呕吐物，保持呼吸道通畅和口腔清洁。有缺氧情况者给予吸氧，已发生感染的适当应用抗菌药物。 (4)详细记录病人的出入量，如饮水量、进食量、呕吐量、尿量、便量，报告给医生，提供诊断治疗依据。 (5)糖尿病酮症酸中毒病情复杂、严重、发展快，在治疗前后均要进行多种化验检查，以调整胰岛素的用量，输液量及种类。最好将病人送至医院急救，以免造成严重后果。 糖尿病患者患有勃起功能障碍（ED）的比例在50%以上。

糖尿病作为一种代谢性疾病，其患病率随经济的发展呈逐年增加趋势。糖尿病对人体的危害主要是造成各种器官功能障碍和衰竭。下面是我带来的，欢迎阅读!

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糖尿病英文简介-What is diabetes

Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects over 150 million people in the world today.

The precentage of people suffering from diabetes is increasing rapidly, to the point where many medical authorities are referring to it as an epidemic.

So what is diabetes?

Diabetes prevents your body from turning your food into energy. Instead glucose stays in your bloodstream, and left untreated can result in a range of plications.

If you have recently been diagnosed as diabetic, don't worry. With proper treatment and care, you will lead a normal and happy life. You may need to make a few changes in your lifestyle - but then, if you are like me, you probably had plans to do that anyway and just never got round to it.

Now is the time to kick yourself into action. You cannot leave this up to your doctor alone - it needs you to take responsibility for your own treatment, and that starts with understanding what you are dealing with.

There are three types of Diabetes:

Type 1 Diabetes, sometimes called Juvenile Diabetes is usually found in young children and teenagers, but can also occur later in life.

In Type 1 Diabetes, your body is not producing insulin, a hormone needed to convert blood sugar into energy. Normally this hormone is produced by cells in your pancreas, but for some reason this is not happening as it should.

As the glucose in your blood can't be converted into energy and absorbed by your cells, it builds up causing high blood sugar.

Left untreated, high blood sugar can cause serious long-term health problems.

The normal treatment for people with type 1 diabetes is daily injections of insulin which keeps the blood sugar level within normal ranges.

Finding out you have diabetes can be upsetting, but it should not prevent you from living a long and happy life.

If you think this condition will prevent you leading an active life, consider Sir Steve Redgrave, one of the World's greatest Olympic athletes.

Sir Steve battled type 1 diabetes to win his record-breaking fifth Olympic Gold medal at the Sydney games in the coxless fours rowing event!

Type 2 diabetes sometimes called mature onset diabetes is the most mon form of diabetes.

As with Type 1 Diabetes, the problem is related to insulin, a hormone needed to convert sugar into energy.

With Type 2 diabetes your body might be producing too little insulin, or it might not be reacting to the insulin correctly. Either way, the end result is that glucose builds up in the bloodstream instead of going into the cells. Left untreated, high blood sugar can cause serious long-term health problems.

Type 2 diabetes usually appears later in life, often between the ages of 35-45 years. As it often develops slowly, many people may not recognise the symptoms, and may have diabetes without knowing it.

If you have recently been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, you are one of the lucky ones. Many people have diabetes without knowing it, and are at much greater risk of long term medical plications.

Finding out you have diabetes can be upsetting, but it should not prevent you from living a long and happy life. You may need to make a few changes in your lifestyle, but these changes are also good advice for non-diabetics, so probably a good idea anyway.

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes, that is only suffered by pregnant women.

In Gestational diabetes, a woman’s blood sugar is higher than normal because of the other hormones pridcued during preganancy interfere with the insulin that is produced naturally.

Gestational diabetes usually bees apparent during the 24th to 28th weeks of pregnancy, and, in most cases, disappears of its own accord once the baby is born.

Women with gestational diabetes usually do NOT have an increased risk of having a baby with birth defects.

Generally, sufferers of gestational diabetes have normal blood sugar levels during the critical first stages of the preganancy.

Whilst there can be plications caused by gestational diabetes, these can usually be managed by careful attention to nutrition and blood sugar levels.

Approximately 3 to 5 percent of all pregnant women in the developed world suffer from gestational diabetes.

2

医学英语糖尿病专业词汇

A1C –Hemoglobin A1c 糖化血色素

A-II receptor antagonist/blockers-ARA [ARB]血管张力素II 接受体拮抗剂/阻断剂

A chain,insulin, 胰岛素α链

Acanthosis nigrans, 面板棘状黑色素瘤

Acarbose，一种α-葡萄苷酶抑制剂 ,Acarbose [Glucobay-Bayer]

Accountability measures 质量改善度评量

ACCU-Check pact-Roche Diabetes Monitoring Kit 一种携带型血糖机

Accupril --Quinapril [Acupril-Parke Davis]之商品名

ACEI=ACE inhibitor 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂 [ACEI 非正式名词]

ACE inhibitors 血管张力素转化酶抑制剂

ACE-K煮甜甜--Acesulfame Potassium [煮甜甜—益富]一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂

Aceon--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂

Acertil--Perindopril [Aceon-Solvay] [Acertil-Servier]一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂

Acesulfame Potassium =ACE-K [煮甜甜—益富]- 一种Sweatener 甜味矫味剂,

Adalat--Nifedipine [Adalat-Bayer] [Adalat OROS-Bayer] 一种钙离子径路阻断剂

Adalat OROS--Nifedipine[Adalat OROS-Bayer]一种钙离子径路阻断剂 长效型

Adhesion molecule 黏着分子 与动脉硬化形成有关，可被HDL抑制

Acertil --Perinodopril [Acertil-Servier]商品名,属于ACE inhibitor用于糖尿肾病变

Acetoacetate 乙酰乙酸盐 乙醯醋酸

Acetohexamide 口服降糖药物 Acetohexamide [Dymelor-Lilly]

Acetone 丙酮

Acetylsalicylic acid: [Aspirin-Bayer],乙酰水杨酸,阿司匹林

Acidosis 酸血症

Acipimox [Olbetam-Pharmacia] 菸碱酸类降脂剂

Acromegaly肢端肥大症

Action--Insulin 胰岛素之作用

Actos –Pioglitazone,Insulin sensitizer胰岛素敏感度反应性增强剂 新降血糖药物

Actrapid Human Insulin-Novo Regular, Human insulin快速作用型 人体胰岛素

Acute myocardial infarction急性心肌梗塞

ADA=American Diabetes Association 美国糖尿病学会

Additive--Insulin胰岛素制剂之新增剂

ADDQOL=Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL成人糖尿病相应生活质量

Adhesion--Insulin 胰岛素沾粘性

Adrenergic blockers交感神经阻断剂

Aducut--Delapril [Adecut-武田] 一种血管张力素转换酶抑制剂

Adult of Diabetes Dependent QOL=ADDQOL成人糖尿病相应生活质量

Adult Treatment Panel III , National Cholesterol education Program =NCEP ATP III

AER Albumin excretion rate尿液白蛋白排出率