整形外科论文翻译英文范文

Plastic and reconstuctive surgery To understand the application of plastic surgery techniques to wound closure To be aware of the importance of blood supply and anatomy in plastic surgery To know about skin grafts and their clinical uses To be able to distinguish between different types of flaps To use the ‘reconstructive ladder’ to think logically about the closure of defects INTRODUCTION Plastic and reconstructive surgery is a branch of surgery that has its origins as far back as Ancient Egypt,with wound care depicted in hieroglyphs on papyrus,and descriptions of flap reconstructions of nose and ear in the Susruta-Samhita in the fifth century AD in India .These techniques were passed on through the generations and came to be known as’India plastic surgery’as recently as the late nineteenth Second Would War heralded the modern era of plsstic surgery,as new surgical techniques were applied to war advances in anaesthesia and infection control allowed reconstruction of injuries for which previously only non-operative measures were possible that had resulted in unsightly sarring or loss of development of the operating microscope in the 1950s opened the door to reconstructive microvascular surgery and free tissue transfer,enabling even more accurate and complex reconstructions. Modern plastic and reconstructive surgery is the combination of various surgical skills and techniques to attempt to restore normal,functional,anatomy from the abnormal whether the abnormality is congential,traumatic or a result of a disease process such as cancer or practical terms ,the plastic surgeon’s task is often to modify a wound in order that it may heal or ,in some cases,to create a surgical wound to regain form or function. In this chapter,the principles of reconstrctive surgery and the different techniques available will be explored with practical examples. 塑料和reconstuctive手术 了解整形外科中的应用技术，伤口闭合 必须知道的重要性，血液供应，并在整形外科解剖学 了解皮肤移植的临床使用 为了能够区分不同类型的皮瓣 使用'重建梯子'逻辑思维的关闭缺陷 导言 整形外科的一个分支手术，有它的起源可以追溯到古代 埃及，与伤口护理描绘象形文字的纸莎草纸，并说明皮瓣重建的鼻子和耳朵的妙闻集在公元5世纪在印度。这些技术通过了关于通过几代人后来被称为as'India塑料surgery'as最近十九世纪末世纪第二阶段，宣告了现代战争的时代plsstic手术，新手术方法适用于战争进展麻醉和感染控制允许重建受伤而以前只有非手术措施可能导致难看sarring或损失函数发展的手术显微镜在20世纪50年代打开了大门微血管重建手术，游离组织转移，从而更精确和复杂的重建。 现代整形外科手术是外科手术相结合的各种技能和技巧，以试图恢复正常的功能，从解剖学的异常是否是先天性畸形，创伤性或导致的疾病过程，如癌症或实际情况而言，在整形外科医师的任务往往是修改伤口，以便它可以治愈，或在某些情况下，创建一个外科伤口恢复的形式或功能。 在这一章的原则reconstrctive手术和不同的技术可将探讨实例。

Crow first appeared in the 1960s America. After so many years of development with cultural crow has spread streets to many countries in the world, in New York, Berlin, London, Copenhagen in some large cities, such as, and slowly being accepted. But gradually become a kind of art, but not the first American street with black youth rebel against the regional culture. In recent years, more and more young people fascinated graffiti culture. They take the form of showing their attitude of life, to express their thoughts and ideas of thought. Today in China, graffiti has become the most "tide" young one thing. Graffiti is still form of street culture, it is the political, is human, even without any meaning. It is the most direct from the inner voice, brightly colored steel, personality, sound. It is a symbol of young city, restless passion, and United States as a capitalist country, its basic economic system in American society, people living level disparity is a widening gap between rich and poor. Such social status will provoke the dissatisfaction with some people, some insurgents appear as street basketball, hip-hop, graffiti, HIP&HOP, RAP song American street culture behavior, this is the American street culture roots. RebelIn the 1960s to 1980s, New York city is an energetic and stressing the fast pace of urban living environment, narrow streets in the life, and into the social inequality, for life in such a society under the pressure of cultural marginalized, enough to form so-called reverse culture clique. Besides the slum is regarded as a social problem of Hispanic unemployment, drop-out or black youth. In their racial discrimination, sexual repression, moreover, the right of the ideological trend of sports depressive, touch the survival environment of racial issues, poverty, employment, forming a share of regional culture and social behavior. These activities include the street basketball, graffiti art, dance, HIP&HOP, RAP RAP song, etc. Among them, graffiti culture is originated from the New York society is destroyed by a group of edge, and the . government authorities challenge dare the child will be built again fragments of the secular culture which began in the late 1960s to 1980s,. From the late 1970s and 1980s has a group to live in accordance with the fans, doodle and the development of a unique graffiti art to assert their claims and up. He is no longer simply late into the culture of social behavior, and joined the art of stuff in there, making it easier to be accepted by people, and more. Slowly from underground to the early 1970s, when the canned paint can buy, can from the subway trains to platform to the street to the toilet metope, the wall, can see various, colourful, distinctive graffiti. Early in the creation of graffiti, those words of graffiti call themselves (writers) rather than (to), and is usually painter, their popularity with the anonymous street number to pseudonyms, such as TAKI 183, JULIO 204, FRANK 207, their painting graffiti territory means very strong. Most of the graffiti artists of professional maker is neither art nor professional students, but from the Bronx, New York street brooklyn and harlem behavior itself is a kind of authority, to rebel against the graffiti is a kind of artistic expression. By such behavior, from the perspective of art, art: can quickly cause social politics, media, as well as the mainstream art traditional art, cultural and graffiti text and gradually reduce the cartoon images large delicate painting. Academic artists also follow, so people begin to appear, professional graffiti, community groups of similar league in out, after graffiti art started in art galleries, for people to enjoy, collection, trade and investment. Since the properties of graffiti culture of change.朋友我的一定对！

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Crow first appeared in the 20th century, 60 years the United States. After so many years of development, culture, Crow has been painted on the streets spread to many countries in the world, in New York, Berlin, London, Copenhagen and some other big cities, and gradually be accepted. It has become an art, not the first . black youth on the streets of the rebellion and regional counter-cultural behavior. In recent years, more and more young people hooked on graffiti culture. Different forms they present their attitude toward life, they want to declare for the expression of ideas or thoughts. Nowadays in China, graffiti has become the young people the most "boom" as one of the is a form of street culture, the performance of static, it can be political, can be human nature, even without any meaning. It is derived from the inner voice of the most direct, colors more vivid colors sonorous voice, personality Zhang Yang. It is a symbol of urban young, passion and restlessness, anxiety and first appeared in the 20th century, 60 years the United States. After so many years of development, culture, Crow has been painted on the streets spread to many countries in the world, in New York, Berlin, London, Copenhagen and some other big cities, and gradually be accepted. It has become an art, not the first . black youth on the streets of the rebellion and regional counter-cultural behavior. In recent years, more and more young people hooked on graffiti culture. Different forms they present their attitude toward life, they want to declare for the expression of ideas or thoughts. Nowadays in China, graffiti has become the young people the most "boom" as one of the United States as a capitalist country, the basic economic system led to American society, people's living standard gap between rich and poor is very poor. This will stir up people's social conditions in some of the dissatisfaction and rebellion, and thus there are some, like street basketball, street dance, graffiti, HIP & HOP, RAP songs and some other cultural practices peculiar to the United States on the streets, which is the . street culture in general rebellion 1960s to 80 years of New York City is also a dedicated emphasis on fast-paced cities, the living environment of people living throwing the narrow exposed in the streets, coupled with social inequality, living in such a society under the pressure of the sub-culture the margins of society, have been sufficient to form a so-called counter-culture of small groups. Moreover, a group of very poor neighborhoods have been treated as social problems, unemployment, dropping out of school Hispanic or black youth. They are anti-racism, anti-war, anti-sexual repression, anti-ideological campaign to suppress the rights of the wave and hit the living environment brought about by racial problems, poverty, employment constraints,To form a regional counter-culture and social behavior. These include a street basketball, street graffiti, hip-hop, HIP & HOP, RAP rap songs and other activities. Among them, graffiti culture on the brink of destruction in New York originated in the margins of society by a group of dare to challenge authority with the . government will be secular culture of children re-building up the culture, which began in the late 60s to 80s prevailed unabated. From the late 70s to 80s a group of graffiti enthusiasts have been so for a living and develop their unique graffiti art to demonstrate their ideas, as well as from distinct personality. At a later stage it is no longer a simple counter-cultural-social behavior, while adding something of art inside, making it easier to be accepted, more legitimate. Too slowly walked from the ground the early 1970s, when canned spray paint can be bought anywhere after the subway train carriages from the platform to the street to the walls until the walls of the toilet, everywhere you can see a variety, colorful, personality clear graffiti. The early text-based graffiti writing, painting graffiti artist who called themselves (writers) rather than (painter), and often anonymous, they are popular with the street number to pseudonyms, such as TAKI 183, JULIO 204, FRANK 207, their graffiti paintings imply a very strong of the graffiti artist is neither a professional artist is not a professional art student, but from New York, Bronx, Brooklyn and the streets of Harlem youth.

Clinical Experience in the Non-extraction Correction of Lingual Tripping Deep Bite of the Front : Objective: To explore the factors, methods and matters of caution regarding the non-extraction correction of lingual tripping deep bite of the front : To select 18 cases of lingual tripping deep bite of the front teeth and conduct relevant non-extraction corrections. Result: The correction work was completed in 15-21 months, the average of each correction was months. The overbite and overjet of the front teeth of patients have become normal and the facial profiles harmonized after the : Non-extraction correction of lingual tripping deep bite of the front teeth should be conducted only on well selected indications. 【英语牛人团】