dp73255815
[[[[[白血病护理进展与展望]]]]]随着医学的发展与进步，白血病的治疗水平也有了很大提高，人们已经不仅仅满足于病情的完全缓解，而开始致力于最终使病人长期无病存活乃至痊愈的研究。近年来由于采用了大剂量联合化疗、中西医结合治疗、基因治疗、尤其是造血干细胞移植的广泛开展，使白血病完全缓解率以及无病生存率有了明显提高。这就对白血病专科护理提出了更新的要求，护理工作范畴也进一步拓宽，下面就其进展综述如下：常规护理进展⒈大剂量联合化疗病人的护理化疗是白血病最主要、最常用的治疗方法。大剂量联合化疗治疗白血病，能够提高白血病的完全缓解率，延长患者的无病生存期，目前在国内已广泛应用。但同时它又具有一定的毒副作用，特别是对增殖旺盛的上皮细胞，如骨髓细胞、消化道粘膜上皮细胞、生殖细胞等损伤尤为严重，对机体重要器官如肝、肾、心、肺、神经系统等也有一定毒性作用。因此护理工作极为重要。（1）对化疗毒副作用的护理：①熟悉常用化疗药物的毒副作用大多数化疗药物都有胃肠道反应和骨髓抑制作用，某些药物的毒性有其特殊性。如环磷酰胺可导致出血性膀胱炎，大剂量氨甲蝶呤引起顽固性口腔溃疡，蒽环类药物引起心脏毒性作用，足叶乙甙可引起脱发，长春新碱可引起末梢神经炎等。②化疗前对病人进行充分的化疗前评估评价病人的一般健康状态，制定相应的护理计划。化疗前即开始用软毛牙刷于晨起及睡前仔细清洁口腔，用力要轻，避免损伤。三餐前后用洗必泰漱口，保持口腔卫生。每日检查一次病人口腔情况，防止口腔溃疡发生。为防止胃肠道毒性反应，化疗前30分钟使用止吐药，如枢复宁、康醛等。在化疗过程中密切观察并了解病人的不适主诉，如有异常及时对症处理。用药期间，应做肝、肾功能检查，每日三次监测心率并注意输液速度不宜过快。③选择好输液静脉化疗药物可刺激和破坏小静脉，因此化疗时要选择弹性好、管壁厚的较大静脉，应一针见血，并有计划地由远端静脉开始，经常变换给药静脉。在输注化疗药物时，注意严密观察，防止化疗药物外渗和外漏。为防止化疗药物所致的静脉炎，每天更换静脉穿刺部位或另选静脉，注射化疗药物前后，用生理盐水冲管。若有静脉炎发生，可给予硫酸镁湿敷或金黄散外敷。有报道采用高渗葡萄糖与维生素B12混合液外敷治疗静脉炎效果良好。⑵感染的护理：①胃肠道的护理化疗前1天开始口服庆大霉素、磺胺甲基异恶唑或氟哌酸；预防真菌感染可口服大蒜素或制霉菌素。②皮肤粘膜的护理大剂量化疗会导致骨髓严重受抑制，粒细胞严重缺乏，骨髓处于空虚期大约10天左右。细胞和体液免疫功能也明显下降，皮肤粘膜直接与外界接触，极易受到感染。所以对病人的眼、耳、鼻、口腔、肛门及外生殖器等与外界相通的器官，都应实施预防感染的措施。用利福平眼药水或氯霉素眼药水滴眼每日2次，鼻腔用薄荷油或石蜡油涂抹每日2次。碳酸氢钠漱口预防真菌感染，用甲硝唑溶液漱口预防厌氧菌感染，每晚及便后用1∶5000高锰酸钾溶液坐浴、清洗会阴部。③穿刺点的护理为避免感染应尽量减少穿刺，在行各项穿刺前用碘伏消毒2遍，静脉穿刺成功后用无菌纱布或无菌棉球覆盖。以上措施需同步进行，避免由于护理不到位而引起任何一个部位的感染。病人所住病房每日需紫外线照射2次，用消毒液擦洗室内用具及地面，定时进行室内通风。限制探视，有条件的让病人住单间或隔离病房。必要时，遵医嘱应用造血细胞刺激因子，如重组人粒-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、粒细胞集落刺激因子，以促进骨髓干细胞的分化和粒细胞增殖。对已发生的感染，应根据感染灶及菌株类型用全身抗生素及局部对症处理，控制感染以防加重病情。⑶出血护理：大剂量化疗后由于血小板减少，粘膜溃疡和炎症改变等原因，常有出血症状。因此做好出血的预防和护理尤为重要。[[[[[恶性胸腔积液治疗与腔内灌注药物护理进展]]]]恶性胸腔积液是晚期肿瘤患者常见并发症之一，此时患者病变范围较广，体质较差，已不适宜全身化疗，而有效地局部治疗可起到较好的姑息治疗作用。我科于2000年1月～2002年12月对35例恶性胸腔积液患者采取胸腔灌注化疗，使胸腔积液得以控制，延长了患者的生存期，现将护理体会总结如下。1 资料与方法 一般资料 35例中男18例，女17例;年龄23～65岁，平均岁;原发性肺癌18例，胃癌5例，乳腺癌7例，肝癌3例，淋巴瘤2例;胸腔积液均经B超证实。其中左侧胸腔积液15例，右侧18例，双侧2例。 方法 经B超定位。局麻下穿刺胸壁置入猪尾状导管，拔出铁丝，见胸腔积液流出后，导管尾端接三通管及负压吸引器，固定导管，纱布覆盖，胶布固定。引流量一次不可大于1000ml，间隔1h后可重复排放。引流液减少后，灌注已配好的化疗药物（隔日1次，共3次），化疗常用的药物有白介素—2、胞必佳、顺氯氨铂、5—氟尿嘧啶、丝裂霉素、地塞米松等，均用生理盐水稀释后应用。化疗后常规输液1000ml、恩丹西酮8mg静脉推注或格拉司琼3mg静脉滴注。2 护理 化疗前常规准备 化疗前常规检查出凝血时间、血常规、肝肾功能及心电图检查等，确认各项检查在正常范围内。穿刺前皮肤常规准备。咳嗽较频者，术前1h可口服可待因～。 心理护理 向病人详细介绍治疗的基本原理及优点，告诉患者此治疗方法不影响正常生理解剖结构，属微创疗法，患者痛苦小、安全性高、引流彻底、避免反复穿刺造成胸膜损伤。同时介绍化疗后的不良反应及处理原则，减轻患者的紧张、恐惧心理，使其配合治疗。 病情观察 注意患者生命体征的变化及胸膜反应 本组患者常有轻度胸痛、低热反应，体温在38℃左右，给予口服强痛定10mg、静脉滴注抗生素及止血药物治疗。 注意患者血常规的变化 本组患者血常规白细胞总数均有不同程度的降低，最低者×10 9 /L，给予粒生素75μg皮下注射1～2次/d，2～4天均可恢复正常。 胃肠道反应 化疗药物最常见的毒性反应是恶心、呕吐，每次化疗后先预防性静脉注射恩丹西酮8mg或格拉司琼3mg静脉滴注，使患者的恶心、呕吐发生前血中镇吐药物浓度达高峰，以发挥最佳疗效。 穿刺部位及引流管的护理 灌注化疗药物后，嘱患者频繁翻身变动体位，尤其是注药后1～2h内，使药物与胸膜充分接触。穿刺部位换药1次/d，观察局部有无炎症反应。引流管每天用α—糜蛋白酶10mg、庆大霉素16万U、地塞米松5mg加入生理盐水50～100ml冲管，1次/d防止引流管堵塞。注意引流管的粘贴位置，防止折管、压管、断管现象。夹管12h后放管，观察引流液的量、性质及有无出血现象。每天放液1次，1周后胸水不再产生即可拔管，一般情况下最多可保留1个月左右。 饮食护理 化疗后患者均有不同程度的食欲减退，嘱其食用温和、无刺激性的高热量、高蛋白、高维生素、低脂肪食物，必要时增加调味品，如增加甜度、鲜度以刺激食欲。症状持续化疗后3～5天即可逐渐缓解。3 体会猪尾状导管置入胸腔灌洗化疗药物，其操作安全、方便，创伤小，患者疼痛轻，避免多次穿刺，减轻医患负担，而且引流彻底，可调节排放胸液的速度，不影响患者起居。由于我们的观察认真、细致，护理操作一丝不苟，及时发现异常情况，并积极处理。对35例患者临床观察，均未发生出血、折管、压管、脱管或断管现象，提高了治疗有效率，提高了专科护理质量。[[[[[糖尿病的患救护理]]]]1.糖尿病病史、身体评估病人多有多食、多饮、多尿、体重减轻、伤口愈合不良、经常感染等主诉。应详询其生活方式、饮食习惯、食量，有无糖尿病家族史，体重，妊娠次数。有糖尿病慢性并发症者心血管、神经系统等体检可见异常。酮症酸中毒者呼吸深大伴脱水体征和意识改变。2.实验室及其他检查空腹尿糖阳性，空腹和餐后血糖增高超过正常范围，血甘油三酯、胆固醇、脂蛋白增高；并发酸中毒者可有尿酮阳性，电解质、血PH值、二氧化碳结合力异常改变。3.心理、社会资料糖尿病为终身性疾病，漫长的病程及多器官、多组织结构和功能障碍对病人身心产生的压力易使病人产生焦虑、抑郁等情绪，对疾病缺乏信心，或对疾病抱无所谓的态度而不予重视，以至不能有效地应对慢性疾病。社会环境如病人的亲属、同事等对病人的反应和支持是关系到病人能否适应慢性疾病的重要影响因素，应予评估。(二)护理诊断护理计划及评价1.营养失调 低于机体需要量消瘦，与胰岛素分泌绝对或相对不足引起糖、蛋白质、脂肪代谢紊乱有关。(l)目标 病人多饮、多尿、多食的症状缓解，体重增加，血糖正常或趋于正常水平。(2)护理措施1)饮食护理每日热量计算：按病人的性别、年龄、身高查表或计算理想体重[理想体重(kg)=身高(cm)-105〕，然后参照理想体重和活动强度计算每日所需总热量。成年人休息者每日每公斤标准体重予热量 105-125kJ(25-30Kcal)；轻体力劳动者 125-146kJ(30-35Kcal)；中体力劳动者146-167kJ(35-40Kcal)；重体力劳动者167kJ(40Kcal以上)。儿童、孕妇、乳母、营养不良或有消耗性疾病者应酌情增加，肥胖者酌减，使病人体重恢复至理想体重的土5%左右。蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物分配。饮食中蛋白质含量成人按每日每公斤标准体重～计算，儿童、孕妇、乳母、营养不良者或有消耗性疾病者可增至每日每公斤体重～；脂肪每日每公斤标准体重～；其余为碳水化合物。按上述计算蛋白质量约占总热量的12%～15%，脂肪约占30%，碳水化合物约占50%～60%。三餐分配：按食物成分表将上述热量折算为食谱，三餐分配一般为1/5，2/5，2/5或1/3，1/3，l/3。三餐饮食内容要搭配均匀，每餐均有碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质，且要定时定量，这样有利于减缓葡萄糖的吸收，增加胰岛素的释放。按此食谱食用2～3周血糖应当下降，若不佳应作必要的调整。近年来较多采用食品交换分法，此法将食品分为谷类、奶类、肉类、脂肪、水果和蔬莱共六类，以每80千卡热量为一个单位，如谷类大米25g、生面条30g、绿(赤)豆25g各为一个单位；奶类淡牛奶110ml、奶粉159、豆浆200ml各为一个单位；肉类瘦猪肉25g、瘦牛肉50g、鸡蛋55g、鲍鱼50g各为一个单位；脂肪类豆油9g、花生米15g各为一个单位；水果类苹果200g、西瓜750g各为一个单位；蔬菜类菠菜500～750g、萝卜350g各为一个单位。每类食品中等值食品可互换，营养值基本相等。病人可根据不同热量交换份内容制定食谱。此法较粗略、但可使食物的选择性增加，同时也便于病人学习和掌握。病人应禁酒。主食提倡用粗制米、面和适量杂粮，忌食葡萄糖、蔗糖、蜜糖及其制品。每日摄取的蛋白质中动物蛋白应占总量的1/3以保证必需氨基酸的供给。食用含不饱和脂肪酸的植物油，忌食动物脂肪以减少饱和脂肪酸的摄入，其量应少于总热量的10%，肥胖者予以低脂饮食(<40g/d)。少食胆固醇含量高的食品如肝、脑、肾等动物内脏类及鱼子、虾卵、蚬肉、蛋黄等，胆固醇的摄入量应低于每日300mg。饮食中应增加纤维含量，每日饮食中纤维素含量不宜少于40g。纤维素可促进肠蠕动，防止便秘，同时可延缓食物的消化吸收，降低餐后血糖高峰。病情控制较差者要注意B族维生素和维生素C的补充。粗粮、干豆、及绿叶蔬菜中含B族维生素较多，新鲜蔬菜中维生素C含量丰富。病情控制较好者，可指导适量进食水果。2)体育锻炼根据年龄、体力、病情及有无并发症，指导病人进行长期有规律的体育锻炼。体育锻炼方式包括步行、慢跑、骑自行车、健身操、太极拳、游泳及家务劳动等需氧活动。合适的活动强度为活动时病人的心率应达到个体50%的最大耗氧量，个体50%最大耗氧时心率=(个体最大心率-基础心率)+基础心率，其中个体最大心率可用220 -年龄粗略估计，基础心率可以早晨起床前测得的脉率估计。活动时间为20～40分钟，可逐步延长至止或更久，每日一次，用胰岛素或口服降糖药物者最好每日定时活动；肥胖病人可适当增加活动次数。体育锻炼的副作用包括①低血糖；其发生与活动强度、时间、活动前进餐时间、食品种类、活动前血糖水平及用药情况有关。单纯饮食控制的血型糖尿病病人一般无低血糖发生。②高血糖和酮症：用胰岛素治疗的糖尿病病人如血糖水平较高(>)，在开始活动时因运动所致交感神经过度兴奋及儿茶酚胺释放增加，血糖浓度可急剧上升，当胰岛素不足时可引起酮症或酮症酸中毒。③诱发性心血管意外：活动可加重心脑负担，使血浆容量、减少血管收缩，有诱发心绞痛、心肌梗塞和心律失常的危险。④运动系统损伤：包括骨、关节、肌肉或皮肤损伤、足部皮肤溃破甚至缺血和坏疽。体育锻炼的注意事项有：血糖>或尿酮阳性者不宜作上述活动。Ⅱ型糖尿病有心、脑血管疾患或严重微血管病变者按具体情况妥善安排，收缩压> 24kPa(180mmHg)时停止活动。活动时间宜安排在餐后lh。活动要适量，以免兴奋交感神经和胰岛a细胞等，引起糖原分解和糖异生，使血糖升高。仅靠饮食控制者或口服降糖药物治疗者活动前通常不需添加额外食物。I型糖尿病者活动时①应把握好胰岛素剂量、饮食与活动三者间的相互关系，因其在接受胰岛素治疗时，常波动于相对性胰岛素不足和过多之间。前者可因活动时肝糖输出明显增多而葡萄糖利用不增加导致血糖升高、游离脂肪酸和酮体生成增加，对代谢产生不利影响；后者则易产生低血糖反应。②一般可在活动前少量补充额外食物或减少胰岛素用量，餐前腹壁下注射胰岛素可减慢活动时胰岛素吸收速度。③活动量不宜过大，时间不宜过长，以15～30分钟为宜，注意以上3点可预防1型糖尿病活动后低血糖反应的发生。活动前后检查足部，并注意活动时的周围环境和建筑物，避免受损伤。活动时随身携带甜点及写有姓名、家庭地址和病情卡以应急需。3)口服降糖药物护理 教育病人按时按剂量服药，不可随意增量或减量。观察药物不良反应：磺脲类药物主要副作用是低血糖反应，特别是肝、肾功能不全和老年病人，其他副作用有胃肠道反应，偶有药物过敏如白细胞减少、贫血、皮肤瘙痒和皮疹。双胍类药物常见不良反应为食欲减退、恶心、呕吐、口干苦、金属味、腹泻等，偶有过敏反应。因双胍类药物促进无氧糖酵解，产生乳酸，在肝、肾功能不全、休克或心力衰竭者可诱发乳酸性酸中毒。观察病人血糖、GHB、FA、尿糖、尿量和体重的变化，评价药物疗效和药物剂量。4)胰岛素治疗的护理 观察和预防胰岛素不良反应：内容有①低血糖反应：与胰岛素使用剂量过大、饮食失调或运动过量有关，多见于1型糖尿病病人。表现为头昏、心悸、多汗、饥饿甚至昏迷。对低血糖反应者，及时检测血糖，根据病情进食糖类食物如糖果、饼干、含糖饮料等或静脉推注50%葡萄糖20～30ml。确保胰岛素的有效使用剂量和时间、定时定量进食及适量运动是预防低血糖反应的关键，包括胰岛贮存温度不可<2oC或>30oC，避免剧烈晃动；我国常用制剂有每毫升含40或100u两种规格，使用时注意注射器与胰岛浓度含量匹配，一般用lml注射器抽取药液以保证准确的剂量；普通胰岛素于饭前1/2小时皮下注射，鱼精蛋白锌胰岛素在早餐前lh皮下注射；长、短效胰岛素混合使用时，应先抽短效胰岛素，再抽长效胰岛素，然后混匀，不可反向操作，以免将长效胰岛素混入短效内，影响其速效性。病人应学会按规定的时间和量进餐并合理安排每日的运动时间和运动量，若就餐时间推迟，可先食些饼干。②胰岛素过敏：主要表现为注射局部瘙痒、荨麻疹，全身性皮疹少见。罕见血清病、过敏性休克等严重过敏反应。③注射部位皮下脂肪萎缩或增生，可致胰岛素吸收不良，但临床少见。停止该部位注射后多可缓慢恢复。经常更换注射部位，避免二周内在同一部位注射两次，可防止注射部位组织萎缩或增生。教会病人自我注射胰岛素的方法，了解胰岛素不良反应及使用注意事项。(3)评价 病人糖尿病症状明显改善，体重增加，血糖已降至正常或趋于正常水平。2.有感染的危险 与血糖增高、脂质代谢紊乱、营养不良和微循环障碍有关。(l)目标1)病人不发生感染。2)病人发生感染时能被及时发现和处理。(2)护理措施1)饮食合理控制饮食，保证足量热量和蛋白质供给以增强机体抵抗力。2)控制感染发生的可能性保持口腔、皮肤卫生，勤擦洗、勤更衣。注射胰岛素时，局部皮肤严格消毒，以防感染。3)观察有无与感染发生有关的症状和体征，及早发现，及时处理。希望你能满意
笑寒天下
大哥，你也太逗了吧，都说中国学术腐败，你还真到网上来现啊~~~~~再说，一份论文才值200分啊，？？知道买一份文章的价钱是多少，？？？？2000啊，还是人民币啊~~~~你说谁会免费给你写文章啊~~~~~ 真有这闲情还不如上pubmed多看几份文章呢~~~~
勤添Jacky
Traditional Chinese medicineFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality improve this article if you can. (November 2008) This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone or can assist by editing it now. A how-to guide is available. (November 2008) This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. Alternative medical systems Acupuncture • Anthroposophic medicine • Ayurveda • Chiropractic • Herbalism • Homeopathy • Naturopathy • Neural therapy • Osteopathy • Traditional medicine (Chinese • Tibetan) NCCAM classifications Whole medical systems • Mind-body interventions • Biologically based therapies • Manipulative therapy • Energy therapies See also Alternative medicine • Glossary of alternative medicine • List of people in alternative medicine This box: view • talk • edit Traditional Chinese medicine/dried goods shop in Tsim Sha Tsui, Hong KongTraditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM, simplified Chinese: 中医; traditional Chinese: 中医; pinyin: zhōngyī) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. It is considered a Complementary or Alternative Medical system in much of the western world while remaining as a form of primary care throughout most of practices include treatments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, Tui na and Shiatsu massage; often Qigong and Taiji are also strongly affiliated with theory is extremely complex and originated thousands of years ago through meticulous observation of nature, the cosmos, and the human body. Major theories include those of Yin-yang, the Five Phases, the human body Channel system, Zang Fu organ theory, six confirmations, four layers, [hide]1 History Ancient (classical) TCM history Timeline 2 Theory Basic theory and model of the body Modern TCM theory 3 Diagnostics Techniques 4 Methods of treatment 5 Branches 6 Scientific view Efficacy Safety In Practice Allergy Toxins and contaminants Lack of standardization Vague naming 7 Relationship with Western medicine 8 Animal products 9 Opposition 10 Modernization 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Online databases [edit] History[edit] Ancient (classical) TCM history Yin-yang symbolMuch of the philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine derived from the same philosophical bases that Taoist and Buddhist philosophies are based on, and reflects the classical Chinese belief that the life and activity of individual human beings have an intimate relationship with the environment at all scales.[1] It has also been noted that early traditional Chinese medicine stemmed from Taoist masters who had an extraordinary sense of the body and its workings through their many hours of meditation. This may be why TCM also inherited many of the principles inherent to Daoism (Taoism).During the golden age of his reign from 2698 to 2596 , as a result of a dialogue with his minister Qibo (岐伯), the Yellow Emperor is supposed by Chinese tradition to have composed his Neijing Suwen (《内经·素问》) or Inner Canon: Basic Questions, also known as the Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon). The book's title is often mistranslated as Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine. Modern scholarly opinion holds that the extant text of this title was compiled by an anonymous scholar no earlier than the Han dynasty just over two-thousand years the Han Dynasty (202 BC –220 AD), Zhang Zhongjing (张仲景/张仲景), the Hippocrates of China, who was mayor of Chang-sha toward the end of the 2nd century AD, wrote a Treatise on Cold Damage, which contains the earliest known reference to Neijing Suwen. Another prominent Eastern Han physician was Hua Tuo (c. 140 – c. 208 AD), who anesthetized patients during surgery with a formula of wine and powdered hemp. Hua's physical, surgical, and herbal treatments were also used to cure headaches, dizziness, internal worms, fevers, coughing, blocked throat, and even a diagnosis for one lady that she had a dead fetus within her that needed to be taken out. The Jin dynasty practitioner and advocate of acupuncture and moxibustion, Huang-fu Mi (215 - 282 AD), also quoted the Yellow Emperor in his Jia Yi Jing (甲乙经/甲乙经), ca. 265 AD. During the Tang dynasty, Wang Bing claimed to have located a copy of the originals of the Neijing Suwen, which he expanded and edited substantially. This work was revisited by an imperial commission during the 11th century were noted advances in Chinese medicine during the Middle Ages. Emperor Gaozong (r. 649–683) of the Tang Dynasty (618–907) commissioned the scholarly compilation of a materia medica in 657 that documented 833 medicinal substances taken from stones, minerals, metals, plants, herbs, animals, vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops.[2] In his Bencao Tujing ('Illustrated Pharmacopoeia'), the scholar-official Su Song (1020–1101) not only systematically categorized herbs and minerals according to their pharmaceutical uses, but he also took an interest in zoology.[3][4][5][6] For example, Su made systematic descriptions of animal species and the environmental regions they could be found, such as the freshwater crab Eriocher sinensis found in the Huai River running through Anhui, in waterways near the capital city, as well as reservoirs and marshes of Hebei.[7]Contact with Western culture and medicine has not displaced TCM. While there may be traditional factors involved in the persistent practice, two reasons are most obvious in the westward spread of TCM in recent decades. Firstly, TCM practices are believed by many to be very effective, sometimes offering palliative efficacy where the practices of Western medicine fail or unable to provide treatment, especially for routine ailments such as flu and allergies, or when Western medicine fails to relieve patients suffering from chronic ailments. TCM has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic, functional disorders, such as migraines and osteoarthritis, and is traditionally used for a wide range of functional disorders. Secondly, TCM provides an alternative to otherwise costly procedures whom many can not afford, or which is not covered by insurance. There are also many who turn to TCM to avoid the toxic side effects of of the last few centuries is seen by at least some sinologists as part of the evolution of a culture, from shamans blaming illnesses on evil spirits to "proto-scientific" systems of correspondence;[8] any reference to supernatural forces is usually the result of romantic translations or poor understanding and will not be found in the Taoist-inspired classics of acupuncture such as the Huang Di Nei Jing. The system's development has, over its history, been analysed both skeptically and extensively, and the practice and development of it has waxed and waned over the centuries and cultures through which it has travelled[9] - yet the system has still survived thus far. It is true that the focus from the beginning has been on pragmatism, not necessarily understanding of the mechanisms of the actions - and that this has hindered its modern acceptance in the West. This, despite that there were times such as the early 18th century when "acupuncture and moxa were a matter of course in polite European society"[10]The term "TCM" describes the modern practice of Chinese medicine as a result of sweeping reforms that took place after 1950 in the People's Republic of China. The term "Classical Chinese medicine" (CCM) often refers to medical practices that rely on theories and methods dating from before the fall of the Qing Dynasty (1911). Advocates of CCM portray it as less influenced by Western and political agendas than TCM.[edit] Timeline Macerated medicinal liquor with wolfberry, iguana, and ginseng, for sale at a traditional medicine market in Xi' history of TCM can be summarized by a list of important doctors and , Huángdì nèijīng (黄帝内经/黄帝内经) (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) - Sùwèn (素问/素问) and Língshū (灵枢/灵枢). The earliest classic of TCM passed on to the present. Warring States Period (5th century BC to 221 BC): Silk manuscripts recording channels and collaterals, Zubi shiyi mai jiu jing (足臂十一脉灸经/足臂十一脉灸经) (Moxibustion Classic of the Eleven Channels of Legs and Arms), and Yinyang shiyi mai jiu jing (阴阳十一脉灸经/阴阳十一脉灸经) (Moxibustion Classic on the Eleven Yin and Yang Channels). The latter was part of a cache of texts found in Mawangdui in the 1970s. Han Dynasty (206 BC–AD 220) to Three Kingdoms Period (220 - 280 AD): Zhenjiu zhenzhong jing (针灸枕中经/针灸枕中经) (Classic of Moxibustion and Acupuncture Preserved in a Pillow) by Huà Tuó (华佗/华佗). Shanghan zabing lun (伤寒杂病论/伤寒杂病论), which has since been split into two texts: the Shānghán lùn (伤寒论/伤寒论) ("Treatise on Cold Damage [Disorders]" - focusing on febrile conditions attributed to "Cold") and the Jingui yaolue (金匮要略) ("Essentials of the Golden Cabinet" - focusing on "miscellaneous illnesses") by Zhāng Zhòngjǐng (张仲景/张仲景). Jìn Dynasty (265-420): Zhēnjiǔ jiǎyǐ jīng (针灸甲乙经/针灸甲乙经) (Systematic Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Huángfǔ Mì (皇甫谧/皇甫谧). Tang Dynasty (618–907) Beiji qianjin yaofang (备急千金要方/备急千金要方) (Emergency Formulas Worth a Thousand in Gold) and Qianjin yifang (千金翼方) (Supplement to the Formulas Worth a Thousand in Gold) by Sūn Sīmiǎo (孙思邈/孙思邈). Waitai miyao (外台秘要/外台秘要) (Arcane Essentials from the Imperial Library) by Wang Tao (王焘/王焘). Song Dynasty (960 – 1279): Tóngrén shūxué zhēnjiǔ tújīng (铜人腧穴针灸图经/铜人腧穴针灸图经) (Illustrated Manual of the Practice of Acupuncture and Moxibustion at (the Transmission) (and other) Acu-points, for use with the Bronze Figure) by Wáng Wéiyī (王惟一). Yuan Dynasty (1271 to 1368): Shísì jīng fāhuī (十四经发挥/十四经发挥) (Exposition of the Fourteen Channels) by Huá Shòu (滑寿/滑寿). Ming Dynasty (1368 to 1644): golden age of acupuncture and moxibustion. Many famous doctors and books. To name only a few: Zhēnjiǔ dàquan (针灸大全/针灸大全) (A Complete Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Xu Feng (徐凤/徐凤). Zhēnjiǔ jùyīng fāhuī (针灸聚英发挥/针灸聚英发挥) (An Exemplary Collection of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and their Essentials) by Gāo Wǔ (高武). Zhēnjiǔ dàchéng (针灸大成/针灸大成) (Compendium of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Yáng Jìzhōu (杨继洲/杨继洲), completed in 1601. Běncǎo gāngmù (本草冈目/本草纲目) (Compendium of Materia Medica) by Lǐ Shízhēn (李时珍/李时珍), the most complete and comprehensive pre-modern herbal book (completed in 1578). Wenyi lun (温疫论/温疫论), by Wu Youxing 吴有性 (1642). Qing Dynasty (1644-1912): Yizong jinjian (医宗金鉴/医宗金鉴) (Golden Mirror of the Medical Tradition) compiled by Wu Quan (吴谦/吴谦) under imperial commission. Zhenjiu fengyuan (针灸逢源/针灸逢源) (The Source of Acupuncture and Moxibustion) by Li Xuechuan (李学川/李学川). Wenre lun (温热论/温热论), by Ye Tianshi (叶天士/业天士). Wenbing tiaobian (温病条辨/温病条辨) (Systematized Identification of Warm-factor disorders) compiled by Wu Jutong (吴鞠通) in 1798.[11] [edit] Theory This article or section cites its sources but does not provide page can improve this article or section by introducing citations that are more precise. Dried plants and animals parts are used in traditional Chinese medicines. In the image are dried lingzhi, snake, turtle plastron, Lou han fruit, and species of foundation principles of Chinese medicine are not necessarily uniform, and are based on several schools of thought. Received TCM can be shown to be influenced by Taoism, Buddhism, and Neo-Confucianism.[12]Since 1200 BC, Chinese academics of various schools have focused on the observable natural laws of the universe and their implications for the practical characterisation of humanity's place in the universe. In the I Ching and other Chinese literary and philosophical classics, Chinese writers described general principles and their applications to health and , a Western medical doctor, placed Chinese medical theory in context as:Chinese medicine, like many other Chinese sciences, defines data on the basis of the inductive and synthetic mode of cognition. Inductivity corresponds to a logical link between two effective positions existing at the same time in different places in space. (Conversely, causality is the logical link between two effective positions given at different times at the same place in space.) In other words, effects based on positions that are separate in space yet simultaneous in time are mutually inductive and thus are called inductive effects. In Western science prior to the development of electrodynamics and nuclear physics (which are founded essentially on inductivity), the inductive nexus was limited to subordinate uses in protosciences such as astrology. Now Western man, as a consequence of two thousand years of intellectual tradition, persists in the habit of making causal connections first and inductive links, if at all, only as an afterthought. This habit must still be considered the biggest obstacle to an adequate appreciation of Chinese science in general and Chinese medicine in particular. Given such different cognitive bases, many of the apparent similarities between traditional Chinese and European science which attract the attention of positivists turn out to be spurious.[13][edit] Basic theory and model of the body An old Chinese medical chart on acupuncture meridians Interactions of Five Chinese Elements - Cycles of Balance and Cycles of ImbalanceMain article: TCM model of the body The following text needs to be harmonized with text in TCM model of the Chinese medicine is largely based on the philosophical concept that the human body is a small universe with a set of complete and sophisticated interconnected systems, and that those systems usually work in balance to maintain the healthy function of the human body. The balance of yin and yang is considered with respect to qi ("breath", "life force", or "spiritual energy"), blood, jing ("kidney essence", including "semen"), other bodily fluids, the five elements, emotions, and the soul or spirit (shen). TCM has a unique model of the body, notably concerned with the meridian system. Unlike the Western anatomical model which divides the physical body into parts, the Chinese model is more concerned with function. Thus, the TCM spleen is not a specific piece of flesh, but an aspect of function related to transformation and transportation within the body, and of the mental functions of thinking and are significant regional and philosophical differences between practitioners and schools which in turn can lead to differences in practice and invoked to describe the human body in TCM include:Channels, also known as "meridians" Five elements Qi Three jiaos also known as the Triple Burner, the Triple Warmer or the Triple Energiser Yin and Yang Zang Fu theory The Yin/Yang and five element theories may be applied to a variety of systems other than the human body, whereas Zang Fu theory, meridian theory and three-jiao (Triple warmer) theories are more are also separate models that apply to specific pathological influences, such as the Four stages theory of the progression of warm diseases, the Six levels theory of the penetration of cold diseases, and the Eight principles system of disease classification.[edit] Modern TCM theoryThis section needs more detail, citations, better links, or all three. Also : How widespread is the belief that TCM and fractals are somehow interconnected? Someone must have come up with the idea, who was it?Third philosophy: Fractal (similar) view[14] Qi is the `information - energy - material' mix unity flow [15], Qi sets, qi element, sub-Qi sets. Mathematics physics Yin or Yang TCM fractal sets[16] Fractal Yin Yang sets: Df=1. Fractal Five elements sets: Df=, Yin Yang Five elements sets Df=.[17] Fractal Zang Xiang theory:[18] the heart series, the liver series, the spleen series, the lung series, the kidney system. Fractal Channel ( Meridian (Chinese medicine) Jingluo),CHANNELS AND MESH-NETWORK,NO VESSEL. TCM channel is fractal, complex, pluralistic, rough, not smooth, non-tube dissection structure.[19] [edit] Diagnostics
看你想研究那些方面了，多看看别人的论文就有思路了，有本《中医学》里面挺多的
皛白白皛 6人参与回答 2023-12-07 在中药学 毕业 论文中，题目是 文章 的眼睛，既要概括反映文章的主要内容，又要简炼，有吸引力。下面是我带来的关于中药学毕业论文题目的内容，欢迎阅读参考!
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