医学论文翻译证书照片文案

Increased Blood Sugar on hemorrhagic stroke (hemorrhagic apoplexy) the occurrence and development are very important influence, not only as an important risk factor involved in the beginning of HA, resulting in increased incidence of disease, but also to HA after the occurrence of pathological process has a catalytic role to enable hematoma volume expansion, increased edema, increased impairment, affect the blood sugar involved in the mechanism of HA, are manifold, including: lipid metabolic abnormalities, carotid artery remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, platelet dysfunction, hypercoagulability, insulin resistance. Expansion of infarct size and high blood sugar and promoting the development of HA mainly caused by acid poisoning, ischemic injury in areas of apoptosis and other endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and cerebral vascular disease, has attracted people's attention. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by the prominent role of angiogenesis in vivo and improve vascular permeability; discovered in recent years it also has to stimulate the neurons, glial cells, axonal growth and survival role. COX (cyclooxygenase, COX), is catalyzed arachidonic acid (arachidonic acid, AA) synthesis of prostaglandins (prostgalandin, PG) and thromboxane (thromboxan, TX) of the rate-limiting enzyme. One COX-1 for structural type, exist in most organizations, the catalyst is generated to maintain the normal structure of the PG; COX-2 is induced in physiological conditions, COX-2 in most tissues at very low copy number expression. However, IL-1, TNF and many other inflammation-stimulating factor can induce COX-2 expression. However, current vascular endothelial growth factor and cyclooxygenase Most studies focused on the relationship between cerebral ischemia and brain edema after intracerebral hemorrhage on the dynamic changes of VEGF, COX-2 expression in correlation among recognition of hyperglycemia on cerebral hemorrhage injury in danger at the same time, control, treatment of blood glucose levels become a means of treating cerebrovascular disease, in particular, is used to reduce blood sugar levels of insulin into the acute stroke treatment guidelines. Has been found that insulin on acute cerebral hemorrhage around the brain tissue has a protective effect of ischemic injury. Possible mechanisms are: the brain has been found that the existence of insulin receptors, insulin and insulin receptor binding may reduce the brain cells of glucose uptake, thereby reducing the storage of sugar within the brain cells, reduce lactic acid produced by the substrate, fundamentally correct cellular acidosis; the same time, can also lower blood sugar, insulin concentration, increased bleeding surrounding edema and effective blood supply, resulting in relatively low perfusion state of high blood sugar, thereby improving effect of brain damage was the order to understand these two cytokines and diabetes mellitus the relationship between cerebral hemorrhage injury, this study of diabetes on the basis of the model to be adopted by autologous blood injection method to establish a stable animal model of cerebral hemorrhage in this dynamic observation of cerebral hemorrhage on the basis of After the behavioral and brain water content trends, analysis VEGF and COX-2 in the hemorrhagic brain tissue distribution and expression changes, and then explore the VEGF and COX-2 in brain tissue damage in cerebral hemorrhage the role and significance, compared to diabetes rats and normal blood sugar difference between the volume of brain edema in rats with an initial observation of the two factors in diabetic rats and normal blood sugar difference between the expression of rat brain hemorrhage, with a view to the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage provide new ways and and methods1. Experimental animals and groupingHealthy adult male Wistar rats, a total of 96, weighing 250 to 280 grams from the Experimental Animal Center of Zhengzhou University. In accordance with the principles of randomized experimental animals were divided into four groups, namely sham operation group, normal blood glucose group, high glucose group and the insulin intervention group. Prizes will be awarded 4 points each time: 6h, 24h, 72h, 7d. At each time points are located at 6 . High blood sugar and insulin production in rat model of intervention methodsPrepared by the light of STZ-induced hyperglycemia in rats. With STZ 60mg/kg, high blood sugar and insulin in the intervention group rats a single intraperitoneal injection. Value for four rats with normal blood sugar a 6mmol / L, a week after injection, blood glucose ≥ / L for a successful model for alternative use. Model of high blood sugar after the success of the intervention group I rats were normal insulin, abdominal subcutaneous injection, 3 times / d, 4U / times qd for 3 days, the measured blood sugar value of the normal range.

医学论文的格式简单来说包括标题、署名、摘要、关键词、引言、材料与方法、结果、讨论、参考文献等部分。格式不正确是个很大的问题，应该会被退稿。建议你通过创新医学网投稿，稿件的问题会有专业编辑帮你修改，就不会有问题了

血糖升高对出血性脑卒中（hemorrhagic apoplexy）的发生发展有极其重要的影响，不但作为重要危险因素参与HA的起始，导致疾病发病率增高，而且对HA发生后病理过程有促进作用，使血肿体积扩大，加重水肿，加重功能损害，影响预后。Hyperglycemia has a very important impact on the occurrence and development of hemorrhagic stroke (hemorrhagic apoplexy). It not only acts as an important risk factor in the initiation of HA, but also increases the incidence of disease, and promotes the pathological process of HA, enlarges the volume of hematoma, aggravates edema, aggravates functional damage, and affects prognosis.高血糖参与HA的发生机制是多方面的，包括:脂代谢异常、颈动脉重塑、内皮功能障碍、血小板功能异常、高凝状态、胰岛素抵抗。而高血糖扩大梗死面积，促进HA发展主要与致酸中毒、缺血损伤区域细胞凋亡等机制有关。Hyperglycemia is involved in the pathogenesis of HA in many aspects, including: abnormal lipid metabolism, Carotid Remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, platelet dysfunction, hypercoagulability, insulin resistance. However, hyperglycemia can enlarge the infarct area and promote the development of HA, which is mainly related to the mechanism of acidosis and apoptosis in ischemic injury area.血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）和环氧合酶（COX-2）与脑血管病的关系，已引起人们的重视。血管内皮生长因子的突出作用是诱导体内血管形成，提高血管通透性；近年来发现它也有刺激神经元、胶质细胞、轴突的生长和成活的作用。环氧合酶(cyclooxygenase，COX)，是催化花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid，AA)合成前列腺素(prostgalandin，PG)以及血栓素(thromboxan，TX)的限速酶。其中COX-1为结构型，存在于大多数组织中，催化生成维持正常结构的PG；COX-2为诱导型，在生理状态下，COX-2在大多数组织中以极低拷贝数表达。但IL-1、TNF等许多炎症刺激因子均可诱导COX-2表达。但目前有关血管内皮生长因子和环氧合酶的研究多集中在与脑缺血的关系上，而关于脑出血后脑水肿的动态变化与VEGF、COX-2表达的相关性研究却不多。The relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and cerebrovascular diseases has attracted people's attention. In recent years, it has been found that vascular endothelial growth factor can stimulate the growth and survival of neurons, glial cells and axons. Cyclooxygenase (COX) is a rate limiting enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of prostaglandin (PG) and thromboxane (TX) from arachidonic acid (AA). COX-1 is a structural type, which exists in most tissues and catalyzes the generation of PG maintaining normal structure; COX-2 is an inducible type, which is expressed in a very low copy number in most tissues under physiological conditions. But many inflammatory factors such as IL-1 and TNF can induce COX-2 expression. However, at present, the researches on VEGF and COX-2 are mostly focused on the relationship with cerebral ischemia, but few on the relationship between the dynamic changes of brain edema and the expression of VEGF and COX-2 after cerebral hemorrhage.在认识到高血糖对脑出血损伤危害性同时，控制血糖水平治疗即成为脑血管病治疗手段之一，特别是采用胰岛素降低血糖水平纳入急性脑卒中治疗指南。已有研究发现胰岛素对急性期脑出血周围脑组织的缺血性损伤有保护作用。可能机制为：现已发现脑中存在胰岛素受体，胰岛素可与胰岛素受体结合，降低脑细胞对糖的摄取，从而降低脑细胞内糖的储存，减少乳酸产生的底物，从根本上纠正细胞酸中毒；同时胰岛素还可以降低外周血糖浓度，增加出血周围水肿带的有效血供，造成相对低血糖高灌流状态，从而对脑损害产生改善作用。In recognition of the harm of hyperglycemia to cerebral hemorrhage, the control of blood glucose level has become one of the treatment methods of cerebrovascular disease, especially the use of insulin to reduce blood glucose level has been included in the treatment guidelines of acute stroke. It has been found that insulin has a protective effect on the ischemic injury of brain tissue around acute cerebral hemorrhage. The possible mechanisms are as follows: it has been found that there is insulin receptor in the brain, insulin can combine with insulin receptor, reduce the uptake of sugar by brain cells, thus reduce the storage of sugar in brain cells, reduce the substrate produced by lactic acid, fundamentally correct cell acidosis; at the same time, insulin can also reduce the concentration of peripheral blood sugar, increase the effective blood supply of edema zone around hemorrhage, resulting in relatively low blood supply Hyperperfusion of blood glucose can improve brain damage.为了解这两种细胞因子与糖尿病合并脑出血损伤的关系，本研究在糖尿病模型的基础上，拟通过自体血注入法建立稳定的大鼠脑出血的动物模型，在此基础上动态观察脑出血后行为学和脑含水量的变化趋势，分析VEGF和COX-2在出血后脑组织中的分布特点和表达变化，进而探讨VEGF和COX-2在脑出血后脑组织损伤中的作用和意义，对比糖尿病大鼠和正常血糖大鼠脑水肿体积的差别，初步观察此二因子在糖尿病大鼠和正常血糖大鼠脑出血表达的差异，以期为脑出血的治疗提供新的方法和思路。In order to understand the relationship between these two cytokines and the injury of cerebral hemorrhage in diabetes mellitus, this study is to establish a stable animal model of cerebral hemorrhage by autogenous blood injection on the basis of diabetes model. On this basis, dynamic observation of the change trend of behavior and brain water content after cerebral hemorrhage is made, and the distribution characteristics and expression changes of VEGF and COX-2 in brain tissue after hemorrhage are analyzed, Furthermore, to explore the role and significance of VEGF and COX-2 in brain tissue injury after cerebral hemorrhage, to compare the difference of brain edema volume between diabetic rats and normal glucose rats, and to preliminarily observe the difference of expression of VEGF and COX-2 in cerebral hemorrhage between diabetic rats and normal glucose rats, in order to provide new methods and ideas for the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage.材料与方法Materials and methods1. 实验动物和分组1. Experimental animals and groups健康成年雄性Wistar大鼠，共96只，体重250~280克，由郑州大学实验动物中心提供。按照随机化的原则将实验动物分为4组，即假手术组、正常血糖组、高血糖组和胰岛素干预组。每组均设4个时间点：6h、24h、72h、7d。每个时间点设6只大鼠。96 healthy adult male Wistar rats weighing 250-280 g were provided by the experimental animal center of Zhengzhou University. According to the principle of randomization, the experimental animals were divided into four groups: sham operation group, normal blood glucose group, hyperglycemia group and insulin intervention group. Each group had four time points: 6h, 24h, 72h, 7d. Six rats were set at each time . 高血糖大鼠模型制作及胰岛素干预方法2. Establishment of hyperglycemia rat model and insulin intervention参照STZ诱导法制备高血糖大鼠模型。以STZ 60mg/kg，对高血糖及胰岛素干预组大鼠单次腹腔注射。大鼠正常血糖值为4一6mmol/L，注射后一周检测血糖≥为成功模型备选用。高血糖模型成功后，予干预组大鼠普通胰岛素，腹壁皮下注射，3次/d，4U/次，连用3天，测血糖值达正常范围。The hyperglycemia rat model was established by STZ induction. STZ (60 mg / kg) was used for single intraperitoneal injection in the hyperglycemia and insulin intervention group. The normal blood glucose value of rats was 4-6mmol / L, and the blood glucose ≥ was detected one week after injection as the successful model. After the success of hyperglycemia model, rats in the intervention group were given insulin, subcutaneous injection of abdominal wall, 3 times a day, 4U a time, for 3 days, and the blood glucose value reached the normal range.（论文翻译由学术堂提供）

你可以去创新医学网上看看，而且还有翻译服务。

这个简单啊。你可以到PubMed中下载。输入关键词，然后检索即可。

医学论文写作一般有几种类型：综述、个案报道、病例分析、临床研究、科研课题论著、学位论文等等。医学论文的撰写要看你的经历和年资，这决定了您对问题理解、了解的深度和广度，也就是能力，简要建议如下：1、在校学生，一般只能写综述等理论探讨型的论文；2、低年资者，综述、病例个案报道、回顾性病例分析等。3、高年资者哪一种类型的论文都可以。至于怎么写医学论文，以下步骤供参考：结合自己平时的工作和学习，借助数据库查找相关的参考资料，大量参阅相关文献，筛选自己喜欢的、熟悉的内容，找出具有科学性、实用性的论点，着手撰写。以下内容供参考：医学论文的基本格式及写作方法（一）标题（title）标题要求：1.阐述具体、用语简洁：一般不超过20个字。2.文题相称、确切鲜明：标题体现内容，内容说明标题。3.重点突出、主题明确：突出论文主题，高度概括，一目了然。不足以概括论文内容时，可加副标题（破折号、括号或加序码）。（二）作者署名（author）1.作者署名的意义(1)明确论文责任：文责自负(2)获得应有的荣誉：载入科技发展的史册(3)文献检索的需要：著者检索(4)明确著作权：人身权和财产权2.作者署名的原则署名的个人作者，只限于选定研究课题和制定研究方案，直接参加全部或主要部分研究工作并做出贡献，以及参加撰写论文并对内容负责的人。(GB7713-87《科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》)3.作者署名的要求(1)分为集体署名和个人署名。(2)第一作者应是论文课题的创意者、设计者、执行者，是论文的执笔者。(3)多人合写时，主在前，次在后；多单位合写时，用脚注标明。(4)作者人数不易过多，一般不超过6人。(5)指导、协作、审阅者可列入致谢中。（三）摘要（abstract）1.摘要内容和格式一般格式：(1)目的（objective）：说明论文要解决的问题及其起源、由来。(2)方法（methods）：说明研究时间、参加完成研究的患者或受试者的人数和研究的主要方法。(3)结果（results）：说明研究内容中主要结果，包括数据和统计学检验结果。(4)结论（conclusions）：说明主要结论，包括直接的临床应用。其它格式(1)目的（objective, purpose, aim, background）：论文要解决的问题及其起源、由来、研究背景。(2)设计（design）：论文基本研究设计。(3)地点（setting）：研究地点、单位、等级。(4)对象（subjects, patients）：论文研究的时间、参加完成研究的患者或受试者的人数和研究的主要方法。(5)处理（intervention）：论文的临床治疗和其它处理方法。(6)检测（measures）：论文为评定结果而进行的主要测试项目。(7)结果（results）：说明研究内容中主要结果和数据。(8)结论（conclusions）：说明主要结论，包括直接的临床应用。2.摘要的写作要求(1)连续写出，不分段落，不加小标题，不举例证。(2)格式规范化。(3)简短、完整，一般占全文文字的10%左右。(4)文字性资料，不用图、表、化学结构式。(5)内容基本一致的英文摘要。（四）关键词（key words）关键词是表达科技文献的要素特征，是具有实际意义的词或词组。主题词是规范化的关键词，关键词是具有灵活性和广泛性的自由语言。现阶段关键词和主题词都作为检索语言使用。由于关键词是自然语言，同义词、近义词、多意词未统一，造成检索误差，故目前多采用从医学主题词表（MeSH）中选择。1.关键词格式3-8个词或词组，之间空一格书写，不加标点符号。外文字符之间可加逗号，除专有名词的字首外，余均小写。2.选择关键词的方法(1)可从标题、摘要和全文内容中选择，以从标题中选择最常用。(2)要严格筛选，充分、准确、全面地反映文章的中心内容。(3)查阅医学主题词表确认。（五）引言（introduction）1.引言的基本内容(1)简要叙述研究此项工作的起因和目的(2)研究此项工作的历史背景(3)国内外对研究此项工作的研究现状和研究动态(4)强调此项工作的重要性、必要性和研究意义(5)适当说明研究此项工作的时间、材料和方法2.引言的写作要求(1)简明扼要，重点突出：一般为200-500字，约占全文的1/8-1/10。(2)实事求是、客观评价：不能蓄意贬低前人，切忌妄下断言。(3)少用套话：水平如何，自有共论。(4)勿与摘要相同，避免与正文重复：不涉及结果或结论。(5)一般不写“引言”字样标题。(六)材料与方法（materials and methods）1.材料与方法的主要内容(1)实验对象：①动物：名称、品种、数量、来源、年龄、性别、分组标准与方法。②微生物或细胞：种、型、株、系、培养条件和实验室条件。③临床病例：来源、数量、性别、年龄、病因、病程、病理诊断、分型标准、选择标准。(2)实验仪器：仪器设备名称、生产厂家、型号、操作方法、改进之点。(3)实验材料：药品和试剂的名称、成份、规格、纯度、来源、出厂时间、批号、浓度、剂量、给药方法、途径、用药总量。(4)实验方法与条件：①临床病例：观察方法、指标、治疗方法、药物名称、剂量、使用方法、疗程。②手术与标本：手术名称、术式、麻醉方法、标本制备过程。③实验室：实验与记录手段、观察步骤、指标、注意事项、方法改进及依据。（5）统计学方法：（七）结果（results）结果是论文价值所在，是研究成果的结晶。全文的结论由此得出，讨论由此引发，判断推理和建议由此导出。1.结果的内容(1)数据：不用原始数据，要经统计学处理。(2)图表：用于显示规律性和对比性。(3)照片：能形象客观地表达研究结果。(4)文字：对数据、图表、照片加以说明。2.结果的写作要求(1)按实验所得到的事实材料进行安排，可分段、分节，可加小标题。(2)解释客观结果，不要外加作者的评价、分析和推理。(3)结果要真实性，不可将不符合主观设想的数据或其它结果随意删除。(4)因图表和照片所占篇幅较大，能用文字说明的问题，尽可能少用或不用图表或照片。（八）讨论（discussion）讨论是论文的重要主体部分，是作者对所进行的研究中所得到的资料进行归纳、概括和探讨，提出自己的见解，评价其意义。1.讨论的内容(1)对实验观察过程中各种数据或现象的理论分析和解释。(2)评估自己结果的正确性和可靠性，与他人结果比较异同，并解释其原因。(3)实验结果的理论意义及对实践的指导作用和应用价值。(4)作用机制或变化规律的探讨。(5)同类课题国内外研究动态及与本文的关系。