艾滋病英语小论文

爱滋病传播途径及预防方法 摘要:艾滋病的医学全称为:"获得性免疫缺陷综合症",英文缩写"AIDS",是由人体感染人类免疫缺陷病毒即艾滋病毒(HIV)引起的免疫缺陷综合症. 大多数感染了艾滋病病毒的人,仍然是健康的,并能在没有症状或只有轻微疾病的情况下生活多年.即使他们看起来健康,自己也感觉健康的时候,他们仍能够将艾滋病病毒传染给其他人,终生具有传染性. HIV 具有严格的宿主特异性,可感染人类并导致AIDS.在实验条件下,HIV-1可感染黑猩猩,HIV-2可感染恒河猴,可导致病血症及血清抗体转为阳性,但不能引起动物发病.从HIV感染者外周血,精液,乳汁,脑脊液,唾液,泪液和其他体液中均可分离到病毒,不过目前尚无经泪液,唾液和汁液等感染HIV的报道.HIV一般通过血液和精液和,其传播途径主要包括: (1)性传播,通过性行为在男同性恋者之间及异性间传播,也可通过人工授精传播; (2)血液传播,通过接受HIV感染者捐献的血液或器官,使用受HIV污染的血染液制品或与HIV感染者共用注射针头而被感染,此外,接触HIV感染者体液或HIV培养物的医务人员和实验人员存在感染HIV的职业危险性; (3)母婴传播,感染HIV者的母亲,可在子宫内或在分娩时将HIV传染给新生儿(Connor,1997).除此之外,人与人的一般接触并不会导致HIV的传播,对此不必过分敏感和恐惧. 在体外,HIV可感染CD4+T淋巴细胞(T4细胞)和单核-巨噬细胞,在其中增殖并引起细胞病变中,表明CD4+T淋巴细胞和单核-巨噬细胞是HIV主要的靶细胞.此外,HIV还可感染正常B淋巴细胞,经EB病毒转化形成的B淋巴母细胞系,小胶质细胞,神经胶质细胞,中幼粒细胞及多种细胞系 (O'Brien,1997) 在体内,HIV除感染结缔组织中的CD4+T淋巴细胞,单核-巨噬细胞,B淋巴细胞,中幼粒细胞和滤泡树突状细胞外,还可感染上皮组织中的朗格汉细胞(Langerhanscell)及神经组织中的小胶质细胞,少突胶质细胞,星形胶质细胞和脑内皮细胞,其分布遍及骨骼,胸腺,脑,心,肺,肠,眼,肾,皮肤和性腺等器官(Dittmar,1997a).HIV具有如此广泛的细胞和组织嗜性,同它所引起的CD4+T淋巴细胞缺陷,淋巴腺病,卡波西肉瘤以及神经系统损伤等多脏器症状是相吻合的. 高度的变异性是HIV及其他反转录病毒所具有的显著特征.突变主要来自反转录过程,其中env和nef等基因变异幅度最大,而gag和pol等则相对保守,变异程度较低且多为沉默的点突变.根据env和gag等基因的变异, 至少可将HIV-1划分为2群,共11个亚型.其中M(main)群由10个亚型组成,即A-J亚型.欧美主要为B亚型,非洲流行A,C,D,E等亚型; 在我国B亚型占优势,其次为C亚弄和A亚型;此外,M群中还存在着各亚型之间的嵌合体(mosaic),如A/E,G/A等.O(outlier)群主要分布于西百和中非,由于成员较少,常被视为一个亚型(O亚型).根据同样的方法,可将HIV-2划分为A,B等亚型(UNAIDS,1997).不仅各地区或不同个体之间HIV存在很大的变异,即使在同一个体内部,差异同样明显.事实上,每个HIV感染者所携带的都是一个异质性的病毒群体,各种突变株共存于体内.高度变异性有助于HIV逃避宿主的免疫监视,同时也为HIV感染的预防,诊断和治疗设置了巨大的障碍. 怎样预防艾滋病 针对不同传播途径,科学家们建议应当采取以下措施: 1,预防艾滋病的性传播 洁身自爱,保持忠贞单一的性关系; 发生危险性行为时正确使用避孕套; 及时治疗性病. 2,预防艾滋病的血液传播 不使用未经检测的血液及血液制品. 不吸毒,不与别人共用针具吸毒. 穿耳或身体穿刺,文身,针刺疗法或者任何需要侵入性的刺破皮肤的过程,都有一定的艾滋病病毒传播危险. 3,母婴传播预防 艾滋病病毒可在怀孕,分娩或者孩子出生后的母乳喂养过程中传播. 感染艾滋病病毒的妇女应避免怀孕,如怀孕应人工流产. 孕,产妇在分娩前,后使用抗病毒药物,可降低母婴传播的几率. 采用人工喂养,也可减少艾滋病病毒感染的危险性.

World Aids Day According to UNAIDS（联合国艾滋病规划署）estimates there were million adults and million children living with HIV at the end of 2002, and during the year 5 million new people became infected with the virus. Around half of all people who become infected with HIV do so before they are 25 and are killed by AIDS before they are 35. 95% of the total number of people with HIV live in the developing world. But HIV still remains a threat to people of all ages and nationalities. Stigma and Discrimination is the theme of the 2003 World AIDS day. In many parts of the world, discrimination prevents people who are known to have HIV from securing a job or caring for their families. Discrimination can cause isolation and marginalizes（排斥）people who have HIV and AIDS. This can prevent people from being offered or seeking the treatment which could save their lives. In order for HIV to be effectively tackled on an international level, efforts need to be made to End the discrimination against people with HIV and AIDS. Educate people in safer sex and drug use, using appropriate media. Provide condoms freely to people in the developing world. Provide financial and medical assistance so that people with HIV and AIDS can be treated. Started in 1988, World AIDS Day is not just about raising money, but also about raising awareness, education and fighting prejudice. World AIDS Day is also important in reminding people that HIV has not gone away, and that there are many things still to be done. Themes for World Aids Day The theme for world AIDS day 2003 is Stigma and Discrimination. Each year there is a particular theme chosen for World AIDS Day, and for the last fourteen years the themes have been as follows: 2004 Women and AIDS 2003 Stigma and Discrimination 2002 Stigma and Discrimination 2001 I care. Do you? 2000 AIDS : Men make a difference 1999 Listen, Learn, Live: World AIDS Campaign with Children and Young People 1998 Force For Change: World AIDS Campaign With Young People 1997 Children Living in a World with AIDS 1996 One World, One Hope 1995 Shared Rights, Shared Responsibilities 1994 AIDS and the Family 1993 Time to Act 1992 Community Commitment 1991 Sharing the Challenge 1990 Women & AIDS 1989 Youth 1988 Communication The Red Ribbon The Red Ribbon is an international symbol of AIDS awareness that is worn by people all year round and particularly around world AIDS day to demonstrate care and concern about HIV and AIDS, and to remind others of the need for their support and commitment. The red ribbon started as a "grass roots" effort, and as a result there is no official red ribbon, and many people make their own. To make your own ribbons, get some ordinary red ribbon, about cms wide and cut it into strips about 15 cms long. Then fold at the top into an inverted "V" shape and put a safety pin through the centre which you use to attach the ribbon to your clothing.

Today, I was at home with nothing to do. I didn't know what to do with my thoughts. I suddenly thought about AIDS, and then I fell asleep unconsciousness.

I had such a dream that I became a lymphocyte in my body. This person had AIDS, and the AIDS virus was specialized in destroying the lymphocytes of the human body! Ah, how could my dream be so miserable, all of a sudden, a lymph node said to me, "the AIDS virus is moving to us," ah! We're about to be killed by AIDS!" I said. Suddenly, a lymph said, "how can you do this, the fate of the master depends on us, so we will win anyway!! "All of a sudden, I saw their army moving towards us, and we were ready to fight. The battle began, we rushed to fight, and the AIDS virus was not weak, they suddenly killed our troops. I see the cons fall one by one, angry, rushed to the germs, where more than a burst of disorderly, bacteria was first I finished then after a while, many companions all around a germ to play, this is the last germs! I didn't see that bug, and I had to go and hit it a few times, but it didn't work. Suddenly the bug said to fight with me, ah, I was stunned. The companions say: "see you of, refueling, must defeat him!! 'good! I said. I saw a black band coming towards me, and I didn't show any weakness. I hit it with my hand, and when a light and black tie were struck together, it exploded. From here on, we started to use the real kung fu. Suddenly, I saw one of his undefended places, and then he hit the ball and he exploded!

After the victory, my companions were celebrating my defeat of AIDS, ding ding ding, the alarm clock rang, I opened my eyes to see that it was a dream...

今天在家闲着没事做，不知是胡思乱想还是怎么，我怎么突然想到了艾滋病，然后就不知觉地睡着了。

我做了这样一个梦，我居然成了一个人体内的淋巴细胞，这个人得了艾滋病，艾滋病菌可是专门破坏人体的淋巴细胞！啊，我这个梦怎么这么惨，突然，一个淋巴对我说：“艾滋病菌正在向我们这儿移来，“啊！我们马上就要遭到艾滋病的残杀了！”我说。突然，一个淋巴说：“你怎能这样，主人的命运就要靠我们了，所以无论怎样，我们也要获胜！！”突然，我看到他们的大军向我们这移来了，我们便也准备好战斗。战斗开始了，我们冲上去就厮杀，艾滋病菌也毫不示弱，他们一下子就命我军损失惨重。我看到同伙们一个一个地倒下，发怒了，冲到病菌多的地方一阵乱打，病菌一会就被我打完了后来，很多同伴都围着一个病菌打，这也是最后一个病菌！可怎么也不见那个病菌受伤，我便跟了过去也去打了几下，可也没有什么効果。突然而那个病菌说要和我打，啊，我愣了。同伴们说：“就看你的了，加油啊，一定要打败他！！”“好的！”我说。那个病菌一掌打来，我就看到一条黑色的带子向我冲来，我也毫不示弱，也用手一打，一道光和黑带子打在一起，便爆炸了。从这开始，我们便开始使用真功夫了，突然，我看到他的一个没有防守的地方，便一掌打去，他便全身爆炸！

胜利后，同伴们正在庆祝我打败了艾滋病的时候，叮叮叮，闹钟响了，我睁眼一看，才知道这是一场梦……

They become the main source for the spread of the disease will feel life has no meaning, when they know where they were going to die when I found the sky so blue, the grass so green, so beautiful in the world, but they will lose all the good, they will want to a problem we never want to: if can thoroughly live once again, if can not AIDS...

They don't need pity, however, do not need charity, for god, they also have no too much desire, just want to everyone that a little love, maybe just open your arms to hug, maybe it's just on a short play for five minutes, short life, in their hearts, until death, will always remember you, maybe because life really is too short, perhaps because for them, love really is too luxurious for them.

Maybe the world has abandoned them! But will you forget them?

, they just want a normal life, and never expect can be a miracle in the history of AIDS, just, don't want people to be afraid, don't want to be isolated, don't want to always so lonely heart, want to be with friends and relatives.

If the world had abandoned them, would you be disgusted and afraid of them? Or... Love them?

Please love them! Make them feel meaningful in their lifetimes, and help them fend off weird looks and treat them as equals.

That way, they'll live forever, even if it's just in our hearts.

他们成为了疾病的传染源会觉得自己的生活完全没有了意义，当他们知道知道自己会死的时候才发现天那么的蓝，草那么的绿，世界那样地美好，可是这一切的美好他们都将失去，他们会想一个我们从不想的问题：如果能够再好好的活一次，如果能不得艾滋病……

可是，他们并不需要怜悯，不需要施舍，对於上帝，他们也没有什么过高的愿望，只想要，每个人那一点点爱而已，也许只是敞开双臂的拥抱，也许只是短短的玩上五分钟，短暂的一生，在他们心里，直到死，永远都会记着你，或许因为生命真的太短暂了，或许因为对他们来说，爱真的太奢侈。

或许世界已经抛弃了他们吧！但，你会忘记他们吗？

他们，仅仅是想要正常的生活，也从不奢求可以成为艾滋病史上的奇迹，仅仅是，不希望人们畏惧，不想被隔离，不想心总那么孤单，想和朋友、亲人在一起。

如果，世界已抛弃了他们，你会厌恶、害怕他们吗？还是……深爱他们？

请深爱他们吧！让他们有生之年感到有意义，帮他们抵挡怪异的目光，平等的看待他们吧。

那样，他们会永远活着，即使只是在我们的心里。

For our young people, the story of the film warns us to be self-disciplined and to protect ourselves. In the current situation of HIV/AIDS, once infected with HIV, it was too late to cry, so it was condemned to death.

AIDS is like a demon released from a bottle. It eats our soul relentlessly. Although they are now constantly calling for more care and less discrimination against people living with HIV, they can't get rid of the amblyopia. When they are found to have this virus, they can no longer live in this society as a normal person.

We know that there is no essential difference between AIDS and black death, SARS and other diseases. It is the last catastrophic infectious disease in human history. It can be said that the vast majority of infected people are innocent, since innocent, why should "repent"? ! The fact that AIDS is different from other deadly infectious diseases is being spread by sex. So far, in the subconscious of the public, AIDS still has not divorced from its moral and moral derogatory position. We should face HIV scientifically. First, we need to understand how to decouple disease from ethics, without the shackles of science, so that we can rely on science to overcome the disease.

At present, we are at the risk of AIDS. The data suggest that a young man is infected with HIV every 14 seconds. Therefore, it is very important to publicize the significance of education to prevent AIDS. Now, a lot of young people and their parents, still think AIDS from his very far away, "youth of confession is to remind more young people, parents, school and society to strengthen this aspect of consciousness, strengthen the prevention and control of AIDS. Noteworthy is that we in yunnan is the worst-hit areas of AIDS, gengma county is one of the center of the disaster area in particular, real AIDS in our midst, so, to remind young people, each of us should know how to protect themselves.

对於我们年轻人，电影中的故事警示着我们，要自律，要懂得保护自己。在当前对艾滋病还没有特效药的情势下，一旦感染了艾滋病病毒，那可是哭都来不及了，就等於是被判了死刑。

艾滋病就如一个从瓶子里释放出来的魔鬼，它无情地吞噬着我们的灵魂。尽管现在不断地提出、呼吁要对艾滋病病毒携带者多一份关爱，减少社会对他们的歧视，可他们摆脱不了弱视群体的待遇。当被查出携带有这种病毒，他们便再也不可能像一个正常人一样地生活在这个社会中。

我们知道，其实艾滋病与黑死病、SARS等疾病没有本质区别，它是人类历史上一次灾难性传染病。可以说，绝大多数感染者是无辜的，既然无辜，为什么要“忏悔”？！艾滋病区别於其他几种要命的传染病的备受关注的一点正在於其可以通过性传播。截止目前，在社会公众的潜意识中，艾滋病仍然没有脱离其伦理道德的贬义定位。我们应该科学地面对艾滋病，首先要懂将疾病与伦理脱钩，没有道学桎梏，才能依靠科学战胜病魔。

目前，我们青少年正处在艾滋病的危害之中。有关资料表明，全世界每14秒钟就会有一个青年人感染艾滋病病毒。因此，宣传教育青少年预防艾滋病意义极为重要。现在，很多年轻人以及他们的家长，仍然认为艾滋病离自己十分遥远，《青春的忏悔》正是要提醒更多的年轻人、家长、学校和社会加强这方面的意识，加强艾滋病的防治。值得关注的是：我们云南是艾滋病的重灾区，特别耿马县是灾区的中心之一，真实的艾滋病就在我们身边，所以，提醒年轻人，我们每个人都应懂得去保护自己。

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