古村落保护研究论文

Eco-tourism Ancient Village Eco-tourism is based on the ecological concept of an ancient village proposed tourism activities, with ancient villages in the background to the ancient village landscape in order to attract objects, and environmentally responsible travel and tourism behavior. Primarily through the protection of the environment to make local sustainable development of ecological and demographic purposes. Eco-tourism is to implement an effective sustainable tourism ancient village ways and means. At present, eco-tourism because of its advocacy of human production and life and social harmony to achieve the regional vision for sustainable development in popular favor. With the continuous development of eco-tourism, it is no longer confined to a number of natural areas, but also includes some unique socio-cultural regions, mainly because some need people to make efforts to protect the culture of fragile zone. Eco-tourism development model with the conventional model of tourism development concept in the development of a fundamental difference. The ancient village of eco-tourism development model Leisure and tourism development model Leisure and tourism development model mainly to appreciate the ancient Ming Ju, ancient architecture, rural scenery, feel the ancient culture so as to achieve self-cultivation and relax for the purpose. The same time, tourists can also participate in the ancient village of farming activities, taste the local cuisine, painting, embroidery and other activities. Ancient village tourism recreation and tourism development model should try to create an ancient village in the ancient and mysterious atmosphere. The characteristics of ancient village tourism resources: old buildings and cultural atmosphere; poetry throughout their homes; quiet nature; QishanxiushuiThe ancient village of eco-tourism development model Leisure and tourism development model Leisure and tourism development model mainly to appreciate the ancient Ming Ju, ancient architecture, rural scenery, feel the ancient culture so as to achieve self-cultivation and relax for the purpose. The same time, tourists can also participate in the ancient village of farming activities, taste the local cuisine, painting, embroidery and other activities. Ancient village tourism recreation and tourism development model should try to create an ancient village in the ancient and mysterious atmosphere. The characteristics of ancient village tourism resources: old buildings and cultural atmosphere; poetry throughout their homes; quiet nature; QishanxiushuiAncient Village Landscape Heritage Protection and Eco-museum building Development model Due to the impact of the industrial revolution and social progress, China has been gradually abandoned the traditional way of life, aroused the people's unique traditional way of life and ancient crafts of the attention and attachment, which makes the ancient village tourism have developed rapidly. However, due to the scarcity of ancient villages in the landscape and its historical value makes it had to strengthen the protection of the landscape of ancient villages. Protection of the heritage of ancient village landscape architecture from space, it is divided into four regions on the protection of: (1) core areas (sensitive areas) - it is not subject to interference or subject only to minimal interference. (2) buffer (dispersed recreation areas) - at the periphery of the core area, are subject to certain human interference in natural ecosystems. (3) intensive recreation areas - are in the periphery of the buffer zone, and residents are closely linked settlements, land-use intensity greater control of certain tourist services and facilities, the main landscape resort, provide an excellent natural environment. (4) to serve the community - located on the periphery of intensive recreation area is the tourism infrastructure and service facilities are concentrated region, is the tourists and managers living region, which in strict accordance with the relevant standards required to deal with garbage and solid waste The landscape of ancient villages, the protection is mainly reflected in two aspe1) The physical geography ecology and environmental protection - mainly manifested in the ancient villages, ancient towns on the mountain style landscape features, landscape is the body and blood of ancient cities and towns; (2) Ancient Villages in human ecology and environmental protection - mainly reflected in the protection of ancient buildings of the original style original, ancient folk customs, rhyme lingering cultural atmosphere, protecting the ancient villages of the whole eco-system of human authenticity is an ancient village in the heart of tourism development and utilization. In order to enhance the landscape of ancient villages, heritage conservation and promotion of local tourism and better development, the building of eco-museum in the old village will be of great significance. Eco-museum of the definition: through science, education and cultural practices, management, research and open community heritage, including the natural environment and cultural heritage. Therefore, the Eco-museum is a kind of public participation in planning and development means. Eco-museum, the application of local language, daily real-life, specific to the physical environment to obtain the desired changes. Eco-museum focusing on the protection of the same time, the use of protected natural ecology and human ecology as a tourist attraction, a modest eco-tourism development, so that local residents benefit from tourism, in the protection and development to establish a balance between the more better resolve the nation's cultural heritage protection and tourism development, the contradiction between increased awareness of ethnic identity and enhance a culture of self-transmission capabilities. Eco-museum tour of a cultural experience of a cultural nature of tourism, eco-museum in the old village center set up a display room, display promotional materials and display pictures, kind, and the introduction of the Eco-museum, the characteristics of goods and customs, to reflect the unique culture of the ancient village. Eco-museum at the same time focus on community involvement, attention to intangible heritage and intangible heritage protection.

1.解决古村落产权困扰，建立和完善古村建设开发的管理工作机制产权问题是古村落保护困扰已久的难题。目前不少古村成为空心村，保护、修缮工作难以开展的其中一个重要原因是古村中大部分老建筑都属于私人所有，修缮所需大量资金，村民自己没有承担能力，同时也缺乏对老建筑进行保护和维修的动力，但如果是由政府投入进行修缮，一方面古村落中大量的老建筑需要修复，政府未必能承担大量的资金，而另一方面老建筑的所有权并没有改变，用公共资源用于私人物业的修缮存在不合理，在现实中很难开展。为解决古村落中的产权问题，部分古镇古村落的保护开发中都倾向于采取通过收回老建筑的产权进行保护开发。2.统筹新村和古村建设新村、古村统筹建设应首先明确定位新村和古村的不同功能，做好相互衔接，其中一个重要思路应该是“利用古村吸引游客，利用新村完善的设施服务游客”，一方面要保护旧村的原生态的物质和非物质文化遗产，挖掘旧村的历史文化价值，开发旅游特色资源；另一方面是做好新村的规划、整治，为村民提供良好的居住环境，并建设完善古村旅游服务的各项设施，如餐馆、旅店、商品等，这些设施应大部分建在新村，避免在古村过度的建设而破化古村的古朴氛围。3.完善基础设施建设建设社会主义新农村，推进农村城市化进程的号角吹响了神州大地，各项政策和措施纷纷出台。我们认为农村城市化建设的精髓和关键在于完善农村的基础设施和公共服务设施，不能片面地理解为农村的拆旧建新，丝毫不保留农村的特点。我国很多农村的城市化多为大拆大建，将原来很多富有乡村韵味及历史价值的元素无形中抹杀，兴建了大量现代的建筑，使大部分村庄千篇一律，没有了自己的特色和历史底蕴，这也是当今农村城市化建设过程中的一大误区。完善的农村基础设施是农村经济社会持续发展，农民生产生活改善，传统文化保持活力的重要物质基础。现阶段我国大部分村镇(乡村)的基础设施不完善是城乡环境反差较大的一个重要表现，同时也是一个重要原因。长期以来，由于一方面政府的相关职能部门对农村的基础设施建设没有一抓到底，很多村镇(乡村)的基础设施建设处于管理真空状态；另一方面对农村基础设施建设的财政投入不足，以各种临时性的补助居多，而没有一个稳定、持久的财政投入机制，致使我国村镇(乡村)的基础设施建设远远较城市滞后，历史欠账较多，不能满足现代人日常生活的需要。要缩小城乡差别，加快农村城市化进程，首要就是完善农村的基础设施，主要包括道路、下水道、饮水工程、电网改造、网络通信等方面。对古村的基础设施建设应该以保护古村的整体风貌为前提，改善居住环境。古村内的麻石巷道、红粉石巷道是古村建筑特色的重要组成部分，应进行保护，切不可全部铺上水泥或大理石，对部分破烂，凹凸不平的古巷道可进行平整，固定石块，清理杂草碎石，完善路灯等照明设施；对排水系统的整治应维持原状，不进行上盖密封，以清理淤泥杂物、疏通渠道为主，以保留巷道特色；对供电线、网络线、电视信号线等应尽量埋底铺设，避免乱拉乱扯。新村的基础设施应按较高的标准进行建设，以满足村民日常生活的需要及未来一段时间的需求。4.维持古村的整体风貌，对老建筑进行适当修缮，采取措施活化结合股份合作式模式，对所有的古建筑进行详细的摸底调查，登记造册，详细了解古村内每栋老建筑的现状如权属、破损程度、市场价值、需修缮的工作量、资金投入量等，在进行全面普查的基础上联合有关文化部门，聘请专业的设计单位，制订老建筑的详细修缮方案，一是在保留原有建筑风貌前提下，采取原来的特色建筑材料和传统的建筑工艺，对老建筑进行适当修葺和改装，维持老建筑原来的古朴外观和建筑装饰；二是可根据老建筑的用途，在尽量保留原有建筑结构和风格的前提下，大力改善内部的生活设施，如厕所、水电、网络、照明等，满足现代日常生活、办公的需要。古村内的老建筑长期空置，将不利于古村的保护和文化的传承，因此除了对老建筑进行修缮外，还需结合古村的发展方向，在完善老建筑内部现代设施的基础上，采取各种手段合理活化古村内的老建筑。在古迹、古建筑活化方面，北京、香港都有许多值得借鉴的例子。如北京皇家粮仓是一座保存完好的古色建筑，始建于明永乐七年（1409年），是目前全国仅有、规模最大、现状保护最完好的皇家仓廒。历经600年沧桑，如今的“皇家粮仓”成为一座展示文化与时尚的会所，承办新闻发布、庆典、论坛、年会、首映、演出、酒会等商务活动。北京三里屯1949会所原是1949年北京机电研究院在这里开设了一家红砖厂房的工厂，在荒弃多年后，经过改造，成了中西合璧的酒吧及餐厅综合建筑，为人们提供了一个闹中取静的休闲去处。皇家粮仓、1949会所的做法对南社古村古建筑的活化具有一定的借鉴意义。5.结合传统的风俗习惯，加强古村的文化建设文化保护和建设是古村保护开发的一个重要内容。随着原居民逐渐迁出古村，古村的生活气息、传统文化不可避免地逐渐流失，最终使古村变成一个只有历史建筑物，而没有软文化的空壳。在马丘比丘宪章中关于文物和历史遗产的保存和保护部分中提出“城市的个性和特性取决于城市的体型结构和社会特征。因此不仅要保存和维护好城市的历史遗址和古迹,而且还要继承一般的文化传统。一切有价值的说明社会和民族特性的文物必须保护起来。保护、恢复和重新使用现有历史遗址和古建筑必须同城市建设过程结合起来,以保证这些文物具有经济意义并继续具有生命力。”加强古村的文化建设一个重要的措施是要给传统文化注入活水的源泉。为传统文化注入活水的源泉就是为了保留并延续原生态的生活气息、风土人情、传统习俗，使其与现代文明适应，在村镇(乡村)的不断建设、发展中传承下去，并散发出新的活力，而不仅仅是保护和修缮其物质载体——原来的古村落、老建筑，否则将会陷落“有文物没文化”的尴尬。6.加强对古村周边自然环境资源的整治利用，营造与自然和谐融合的氛围 古村落的自然地理环境反映了祖先在建村立围时的智慧。因此古村落自然地理环境的保护和整治也是古村落的保护开发一个重要方面。充分利用自然环境资源，营造亲近自然的氛围，开辟生态旅游对于古村落的开发也极具意义。

2 ancient village eco-tourism development model Eco-tourism Ancient Village Eco-tourism is based on the ecological concept of an ancient village proposed tourism activities, with ancient villages in the background to the ancient village landscape in order to attract objects, and environmentally responsible travel and tourism behavior. Primarily through the protection of the environment to make local sustainable development of ecological and demographic purposes. Eco-tourism is to implement an effective sustainable tourism ancient village ways and means. At present, eco-tourism because of its advocacy of human production and life and social harmony to achieve the regional vision for sustainable development in popular favor. With the continuous development of eco-tourism, it is no longer confined to a number of natural areas, but also includes some unique socio-cultural regions, mainly because some need people to make efforts to protect the culture of fragile zone. Eco-tourism development model with the conventional model of tourism development concept in the development of a fundamental difference. The ancient village of eco-tourism development model Leisure and tourism development model Leisure and tourism development model mainly to appreciate the ancient Ming Ju, ancient architecture, rural scenery, feel the ancient culture so as to achieve self-cultivation and relax for the purpose. The same time, tourists can also participate in the ancient village of farming activities, taste the local cuisine, painting, embroidery and other activities. Ancient village tourism recreation and tourism development model should try to create an ancient village in the ancient and mysterious atmosphere. The characteristics of ancient village tourism resources: old buildings and cultural atmosphere; poetry throughout their homes; quiet nature; Qishanxiushui. Ancient Village Landscape Heritage Protection and Eco-museum building Development model Due to the impact of the industrial revolution and social progress, China has been gradually abandoned the traditional way of life, aroused the people's unique traditional way of life and ancient crafts of the attention and attachment, which makes the ancient village tourism have developed rapidly. However, due to the scarcity of ancient villages in the landscape and its historical value makes it had to strengthen the protection of the landscape of ancient villages. Protection of the heritage of ancient village landscape architecture from space, it is divided into four regions on the protection of: (1) core areas (sensitive areas) - it is not subject to interference or subject only to minimal interference. (2) buffer (dispersed recreation areas) - at the periphery of the core area, are subject to certain human interference in natural ecosystems. (3) intensive recreation areas - are in the periphery of the buffer zone, and residents are closely linked settlements, land-use intensity greater control of certain tourist services and facilities, the main landscape resort, provide an excellent natural environment. (4) to serve the community - located on the periphery of intensive recreation area is the tourism infrastructure and service facilities are concentrated region, is the tourists and managers living region, which in strict accordance with the relevant standards required to deal with garbage and solid waste . The landscape of ancient villages, the protection is mainly reflected in two aspects: (1) The physical geography ecology and environmental protection - mainly manifested in the ancient villages, ancient towns on the mountain style landscape features, landscape is the body and blood of ancient cities and towns; (2) Ancient Villages in human ecology and environmental protection - mainly reflected in the protection of ancient buildings of the original style original, ancient folk customs, rhyme lingering cultural atmosphere, protecting the ancient villages of the whole eco-system of human authenticity is an ancient village in the heart of tourism development and utilization. In order to enhance the landscape of ancient villages, heritage conservation and promotion of local tourism and better development, the building of eco-museum in the old village will be of great significance. Eco-museum of the definition: through science, education and cultural practices, management, research and open community heritage, including the natural environment and cultural heritage. Therefore, the Eco-museum is a kind of public participation in planning and development means. Eco-museum, the application of local language, daily real-life, specific to the physical environment to obtain the desired changes. Eco-museum focusing on the protection of the same time, the use of protected natural ecology and human ecology as a tourist attraction, a modest eco-tourism development, so that local residents benefit from tourism, in the protection and development to establish a balance between the more better resolve the nation's cultural heritage protection and tourism development, the contradiction between increased awareness of ethnic identity and enhance a culture of self-transmission capabilities. Eco-museum tour of a cultural experience of a cultural nature of tourism, eco-museum in the old village center set up a display room, display promotional materials and display pictures, kind, and the introduction of the Eco-museum, the characteristics of goods and customs, to reflect the unique culture of the ancient village. Eco-museum at the same time focus on community involvement, attention to intangible heritage and intangible heritage protection.纯手工翻译，绝非假货，希望能帮助你

无语了，不是口头文化么？为什么打开却是这个？？！

≤徽州古民居的特点≥ 徽州古民居的一个最显著的特点，就是它分布广泛。在包括婺源、绩溪在内的徽州地界里的千数以上的大村小庄里，几乎每个村庄都有古民居。据专家说，明代民居数以千计，而清代民居则数以万计。徽州古民居的数量之多，建筑风格之美，任何一个地区都无法相比。它将民居建筑推到了极至，在中国有史以来的民居建筑中，徽州民居是一座高峰。徽州民居建筑，无论是古民居还是近代的仿古式民居，都有一种强烈的、优美的韵律感。走进徽州，就走进了一座巨大的园林。这里的每一个村落都依山傍水，十里苍翠入眼，四周山色连天。但这村落里却大都极少有树，即便有，也是一些供观赏的灌木或花草，古木大树往往在村外较远的路口或山脚，并不影响村中的视线。从远处看，一堵堵翘角的白墙被灰色的小瓦勾勒出一幢幢民居的轮廓，像一幅幅酣畅淋漓的水墨画，又像一幅幅高调处理的艺术照片。人在山中走，如在画中行，随时随地都能领略迷人的画意，随时随地都能感到醉人的诗情。在二十世纪三十年代，风流才子郁达夫被徽州的风光感染，写了一首《屯溪夜泊》的诗。诗中写道：“新安江水碧悠悠，两岸人家散若舟。几夜屯溪桥下梦，断肠春色似扬州。”徽州民居的外貌是恬淡而清秀的，有着独特的审美趣味。如果你再带着闲淡的心境走进村里，踏着青青的石板小路，静静地穿过几条小巷，再走进几户人家看看，你会有由恬淡进入醇浓的感觉。浓重的文化气氛紧紧包围着你，时时催促你去不停地观看，还觉得眼睛不够用。只要你抬脚迈进一家大门，就会迎面看到厅堂中间挂着的巨幅中堂，接着便会看到中堂下面佛龛上的自鸣钟及其两边摆放着的各种瓷瓶、瓷筒，属于古董类的艺术品，抬眼可以看到，随手可以摸着。 在徽州，木、石、砖三雕最为出名，人称“徽州三绝”，这“三绝”几乎在每家每户都可能看到。那些门坊、门罩、漏窗上的雕刻，一户之内少有雷同，窗槛、裙板、窗扇、斜撑等处，雕刻更为精美。在西递村，有一户人家天井中的十二个门扇上雕刻着二十四孝图，非常精细，虽然封建伦理观念较为浓重，却极有文化研究价值。 初到徽州的人看民居，满眼都是高大的马头墙灰黑的鱼鳞瓦，以及露了本色的木窗门板等这些居住的地方的景物。其实，徽州民居远不是单纯住人的房子，它是包括祠堂、家庙等建筑在内的整体概念，没有了祠堂也就没有了民居。徽州从外地迁来的富家大户极多，为了巩固他们自己的地位，维护自己的利益，他们聚族而居，形成了极强的宗法观念和极严密的宗族组织。“社则有屋，宗则有祠”。宗祠是他们住宅不可或缺的配套工程，通过它来凝聚宗族里的人心。 在明代以前，民间是不准祭祀始祖的，到了明代嘉靖年间，政府开始允许民间祭祀自己的始祖，从这时起，徽州宗祠才大量涌现。最有典型意义的是绩溪龙川胡氏宗祠。它后枕龙山前伏狮山和象山，一条古道横陈前门，道外的龙川溪水环宗祠流过，注入新安江。站在小溪南岸往北看，宗祠中轴线上的影壁、平台、门厅、正厅、前后天井，寝厅和特祭祠等建筑物，均衡而对称地排列着，纵深84米。加上东、西、北三堵无一窗口的高墙，十多米的三重檐门楼以及从平台到寝厅逐步上升的地平、门楼、正厅屋脊和寝厅屋脊又在空中形成三个高峰，这种深邃、高大和宽阔的比例关系，造成了宗祠的雄伟气势，心中渐渐升起一种沉重的肃穆和浩渺的压抑。 徽州宗祠，没有一句话，没有一处说教，无声无息地立在那里；但当你走近它，继而进入它的腹地，就会有一种强大的精神包围着你，激动着你，感染着你，使你不由自主地就接受了这种感染，接受了这种思想，哪怕是一种暂时的感觉，这种感觉也会永远地留在你的记忆里。这是古人的文明。现在再来看看徽州民居，与其说是一种文化，不如说是一种精神。