众筹融资论文英文文献

...整个上午...我偶然看到这个帖子就进来了...整个上午我都在帮你翻译这篇英文...真辛苦,生词多,句法也不容易,我不停的检查语法和措辞..挣点分太难了..你这文章摘选的是Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs,我以前看过所以有些印象,写得比较深刻.所以我愿意帮你翻译,有些地方我不是全部按照原文翻译的,毕竟语言习惯不同,改动了一些地方更好的符合汉语表达.最后希望你答辩顺利通过!当中小型企业试图融资时会遇到很多困难，这是由于不完善的金融产品与服务，法律体制的僵化和漏洞以及银行和中小型企业双方信息的匮乏所致。银行可能不会对某些类型的企业提供资金，尤其是那些通常缺乏足够抵押品的正在创业的公司和年轻的公司，虽然有些企业的资金回报很高但是同时存在很高的投资风险，也不会得到银行的青睐。 中小型企业由其本身性质显示出他们的经营状况对于较大规模的公司来说具有更大的波动性，他们的增长模式和收入也很不稳定。并且他们在市场中的存活率也低于较大规模的公司，一位分析师指出，比大公司少20名雇员的制造企业往往比大公司更容易在某一年中失利。所以，对于较大规模的公司或者是成立已久的公司，中小型企业在尝试融资时有非常明显的劣势。 潜在的债权人和投资者也很难从公司的所有者了解和辨别公司的经营状况。企业主可以把自己的房子再抵押来作为公司的发展资金。举个例子，有两辆车都在私人车道上，但是这能表明这一辆或者两辆都是公司的资产吗？如果物主死了，谁能接管他的生意？抑或他的生意也和他一起消失了？ 中小型企业也许会有一些股东，但是不像大公司的股东一样，他们经常是企业主的朋友和家人。如果他们中有人决定拿自己的资金到别处投资将会发生什么？其他股东会在投资上做得非常好，还是他们在自己的圈子里寻找一个新的投资者，还是去银行要更多的钱呢？这些情况对于与成立已久的大公司打交道的银行，是一个完全不同的经济现象，所以整个资产风险评估相应的也要做出改变。银行和其他传统的信贷来源认为中小型企业代表了比大公司更高的经营风险，并通过收取更高利率的方式获取回报。这使得中小型企业比大公司更难以向金融机构或金融中介机构筹集资金，信用成本高昂，导致中小型企业的融资效率很低，很多中小型企业借不到款。如果企业主们无法通过常规系统获得经济支持，他们很难开展业务或者损失一项即将到手的业务，这是对整个经济的潜在损失。更加恶劣的是，他们可能会弃置全部的常规融资渠道，非常规经营，逃避税收和规则，而这些情况对经济增长和就业率的提高又造成了极坏的影响。

财务论文的英文参考文献大全

财务是非常有前途的一个职业,也是一个很容易规划自己发展路径的职业。下面是我为大家整理的财务论文英文参考文献，欢迎阅读。

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明显是0分，别当大家是瞎子好吗。

银行参与中小企业融资：超越关系型贷款（降低贷款条件。） 近年来，中型和小型企业（中小企业）的融资问题，已成为致力于财政与经济发展工作的经济学家们和政策家们的重要议题，备受关注。这种趋势的原因在于，市场经济中，中小型企业占绝大多数，并解决了大份额的就业问题（Hallberg，2001）。此外，多数大型企业通常是由小型企业发展而来，因此，中小型企业的发展投资能力正是经济体进一步繁荣的关键。 同时，许多学者与政策家指出，中小型企业的融资问题在于缺乏合适的融资渠道，并理应得到特殊帮助。如，政府应出台增加贷款金额等相关政策。各类研究数据表明了此看法的正确性。举例来说，一项对10,000家来自80多个不同国家的企业数据（Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, Laeven, and Maksimovic 2006）分析表明，其中认为企业发展的最大障碍为融资难的企业，小型企业占到39%，中型企业占据38%，而大型企业占29%。此外，与大型企业的对外融资水平相比，小型企业平均融资资金低于大型企业13个百分点。更为重要的是，特别是对于中小型企业来说，对外融资困难是阻碍企业发展的瓶颈。（Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, and Maksimovic 2005）在政策方面，许多措施与政策的出台，包括政府对给予企业最高贷款的银行单位发放津贴以及提供公共保障金，用以促进各国中小型企业的融资水平。最典型的例子要属中国的FOGAPE（小型企业担保基金）政策，其鼓励银行给予小型企业贷款，使得小型企业可在较低信用额度的情况下获得贷款。该项政策有着众多特点，包括鼓励减少（贷款中）不正当行为，提升银行之间的竞争力以及银行自身的承担力。Bank Involvement with SMEs:Beyond Relationship LendingThe financing of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) has attracted much attention in recent years and has become an important topic for economists and policymakers working on financial and economic development. This interest is driven in part by the fact that SMEs account for the majority of firms in an economy and a significant share of employment (Hallberg 2001). Furthermore, most large companies usually start as small enterprises, so the ability of SMEs to develop and invest becomes crucial to any economy wishing to recent attention on SME financing also comes from the perception amongacademics and policymakers that SMEs lack appropriate financing and need to receive special assistance, such as government programs that increase lending. Various studies support this perception. A number of papers find that SMEs are more financially constrained than large firms. For example, using data from 10,000 firms in 80 countries,Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, Laeven, and Maksimovic (2006) show that the probability that a firm rates financing as a major obstacle is 39% for small firms, 38% for medium-size firms, and 29% for large firms. Furthermore, small firms finance, on average, 13 percentage points less of their investments with external finance when compared to large Importantly, lack of access to external finance is a key obstacle to firm growth, especially for SMEs (Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, and Maksimovic 2005). On the policy side, there are a large number of initiatives across countries to foster SME financing including government subsidized lines of credit and public guarantee funds. One example that has been deemed as relatively successful is Chile’s Fondo de Garantía para Pequeños Empresarios (FOGAPE), a fund created to encourage bank lending to SMEs through partial credit guarantees. This fund has many features that make it attractive,including some incentives to reduce moral hazard, promote competition among banks, and encourage self sustainability.