研究虚拟企业的意义论文

什么是虚拟企业

虚拟企业管理模式的兴起，为我国企业的发展提供了重要的借鉴意义。我下面为你整理了关于虚拟企业的文章，希望对你有所帮助。

一、虚拟企业的涵义

21世纪是以高速发达的信息技术为核心的网络经济时代，企业外部市场环境竞争越来越激烈，市场机遇稍纵即逝，单靠企业自身的力量已难于适应这种环境的变化。因此，以“双赢”为目的的企业合作成为企业适应现代竞争环境的最好模式。国内学者则认为，虚拟企业是指两个或多个拥有核心能力的企业或项目组，依托信息网络资源，以业务包干形式独立完成策略联盟的某一子任务块，通过共享彼此的核心能力，使共同利益目标得以实现的统一体。在企业运作中，通过策略联盟和业务外包两种形式达到彼此核心能力的共享。这里的核心能力，是一种竞争能力，是知识经济下企业具有的与众不同和难以模仿的能力，是企业生产、技术、管理、销售、服务、商标和专利等技能或资产的有机融合。

二、虚拟企业运作的几种类型

纵观各国虚拟企业的运作模式，形式很多，但真正运作成功的模式，主要有以下几种类型：

(一)虚拟生产

通过协议、委托租赁等方式将生产车间外化，而企业自身只生产产品中最关键的部分，或者提供品牌、设计等，其他生产任务则交给一些专业公司完成，把全部精力放在确保和提高自身核心能力之上。驰名世界的耐克公司即采用这种形式，其耐克鞋，只有气垫系统由耐克公司自己生产，其余业务均由外部供应商来完成，而公司则集中精力进行产品设计、品牌经营和成本销售。日本的任天堂、香港的金利来，也根本没有属于自己的厂家，整个生产过程全通过外包来完成。

(二)人员虚拟

人员虚拟是一种借脑、集智活动，是企业将外部的智力资源与自身的智力资源相结合，以弥补自身智力资源不足的一种管理模式。随着市场竞争的日益加剧，科学技术对经济增长的贡献越来越大。但是，由于市场需求变化加快以及技术开发的复杂性显著增加，即使是大型企业，要完全依靠自身力量来赢得竞争优势也非易事。因此，越来越多的企业开始借助外部的人才资源以弥补自身智力资源的.不足。

(三)功能虚拟

这是一种局部虚拟化的运作模式。一般而言，任何企业的资源相对于整个外部市场来说都是极其有限的。因而，在企业内部，总有一些部门的功能由于受到资源限制而显得弱一些，有时甚至形成功能“真空”。在这种情况下，企业可以实施功能虚拟化策略，即借用外部力量来改善劣势部门的功能。功能虚拟化形式包括虚拟营销、虚拟储运、虚拟广告设计、虚拟结算和虚拟制造等。

(四)品牌虚拟经营

品牌策略对每一个虚拟企业来说都是非常重要的，需要虚拟企业将自己的核心功能当作名牌商品一样去培育、维护，以提高其知名度、美誉度和忠诚度，赢得较强的市场竞争能力。品牌虚拟经营实现了品牌与生产的分离，它使生产者更专注于生产，从而使品牌持有者从繁琐的生产事务中解脱出来，专注于技术、服务与品牌推广。耐克是品牌虚拟经营战略最为成功的企业之一。从20世纪70年代初开始，耐克决定把精力主要放在设计与营销上，具体生产则承包给劳动力成本低廉的其他国家和地区的厂家，以此降低生产成本，正是这种虚拟经营，使耐克在国际市场上获得了强大的成本竞争优势。

(五)战略联盟

指几家拥有不同关键资源，彼此的市场有某种程度区隔的公司，为了彼此的利益进行战略联盟，交换资源，以创造竞争优势。如微软初出茅庐时就将“视窗”与IBM公司联盟。“视窗”是优秀的面向对象的用户友好界面，IBM则是久负盛名的PC制造商，双方在联盟中共赢。而世界著名的康柏电脑公司为了迅速攻进个人电脑市场，获得竞争优势，一开始就与十多家知名的软硬件公司结成战略联盟，而大部分零件均采用外包加工方式生产，本身只掌握快速的研究、开发能力及行销网络。如此轻巧的高弹性组合，配合低价策略，使它迅速进入个人电脑市场，成为全球个人电脑的第一品牌。日本的JVC公司与法国的辛普森公司两者间实质是互换技能，辛普森公司需要产品技术和制造技术，而JVC公司则需要知道如何在分散的欧洲市场上销售录像机产品，由于优势互补，二者联盟取得了成功。

三、虚拟企业的重要意义

虚拟企业的出现常常使参与联盟的企业追求一种自身能力达不到的超常目标，即这种目标要高于企业运用自身资源可以达到的限度。因而，企业自发要求突破自身组织界限，与其他对此目标有共识的企业实现全方位的战略联盟，共建虚拟企业，这样才有可能实现这一目标。

虚拟企业管理模式的兴起，为我国企业的发展提供了重要的借鉴意义。

首先，应把提高核心竞争力作为自己的首要任务

核心竞争力是指企业创造附加价值最高的、并且是竞争对手难以模仿的能力，如企业拥有的著名品牌、专有技术、销售网络、专门人才等。虚拟企业运作模式告诉我们，只有企业拥有较强的核心竞争力，才可通过把自己处于弱势的职能虚拟化，借助外部资源实现优势互补，获得更大的发展。

其次，应在充分利用内部资源的前提下，积极开发外部资源

企业经营者应尽快转变观念，在充分利用企业内部资源的前提下，积极开发丰富的外部资源，通过多层次、多角度的合作，变竞争者为合作者，从追求一个企业的“单赢”变为两个企业的“双赢”及多个企业的“群赢”。

再次，借助虚拟企业模式，提高顾客服务水平

顾客服务在国外已成为除产品、价格、渠道、促销以外的第五个营销组合要素，组建虚拟服务企业是提高顾客服务水平的有效途径。

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