发动机点火系统论文文献

一: 汽车故障诊断的四项基本原则: （一）先简后繁、先易后难的原则 （二）、先思后行、先熟后生的原则 （三）、先上后下、先外后里的原则 （四）、先备后用、代码优先的原则 二:汽车故障诊断的基本方法: 1、询问用户：故障产生的时间、现象、当时的情况，发生故障时的原因以及是否经过检修、拆卸等。 2、初步确定出故障范围及部位。 3、调出故障码，并查出故障的内容。 4、按故障码显示的故障范围，进行检修，尤其注意接头是否松动、脱落，导线联接是否正确。 5、检修完毕，应验证故障是否确已排除。 6、如调不出故障码，或者调出后查不出故障内容，则根据故障现象，大致判断出故障范围，采用逐个检查元件工作性能的方法加以排除。 二、常见故障的诊断 1、发动机不能启动或启动困难 （1）起动机不转动或转动缓慢 a）检查蓄电池电压。 b）检查蓄电池极柱、导线联接等是否松动。 c）检查启动系，包括点火开关、启动开关、空档启动开关及起动机情况，各部线路是否连接松动。 （2）起动机转动正常，但发动机不能启动 a）调出故障码。 b）检查燃油泵工作情况。 c）检查怠速系统是否工作正常（若怠速系统工作不正常，踏下加速踏板时发动机能启动）。 d）检查点火系统，包括高压火花、点火正时情况、火花塞等。 e）检查进气系统有无漏气。 f）检查空气流量计或空气压力传感器是否工作不良。 g）检查喷油器、低温启动喷油器是否工作正常。 h）检查EFI系统电路，包括ECU连接器有关端子。 i）检查机械部分有无故障。 2、发动机怠速不良 1）调出故障码，分析故障原因。 2）检查进气系统有无漏气情况。 3）检查曲轴箱通风管的PCV阀的工作情况（怠速时，PCV阀应该关闭）。 4）检查节气门上的怠速调整螺钉是否调整正确，若调整螺钉调整不正确，会导致怠速时混合气过稀，导致发动机怠速不稳。 5）检查点火正时情况。 6）检查喷油器喷射情况。 7）检查EFI系统电路及元件工作情况。 8）检查机械系统的状况。 3、怠速过高 1）检查节气门是否发卡而不能关闭。 2）检查冷启动喷油器是否在继续喷油。 3）检查节气门位置传感器是否输出电压不正确。 4）检查燃油喷射压力是否过高。 5）检查调压器真空传感器软管是否脱落或断裂。 6）检查怠速控制系统和VSV阀是否工作正常

“汽车”这一名词在当今飞速发展的时代，有着举足轻重的位置。它已经成为了人们生活中的一部分，在我国汽车保有量越来越多，车型也越来越复杂。尤其是高科技的飞速发展，一些新技术、新材料在汽车上的广泛应用后，给汽车故障诊断与排除增加了一定难度。汽车点火系统工作状况的好坏,直接影响发动机的动力性和经济性。在汽车维修过程中,点火系统故障率相对较高。因此，本篇论文通过介绍常见的汽车点火系统故障诊断，并提出修理方法。一、汽车点火系统的分类汽车点火系统一般分为有分电器和无分电器两大类。有分电器一般都是由一个点火线圈管理全部汽缸的点火。无分电器点火系统又分两种，一种是两个缸共用一个点火线圈，同时点火，其中一个缸为有效点火，另一个缸为无效点火；还有一种是一个缸一个点火线圈，无高压线顺序独立点火。下面介绍几种常见故障：发动机不能起动、发动机运转不平稳和发动机功率下降、油耗增大、加速不良。故障分析及排除方法：（1）发动机不能起动故障部位：点火开关至分电器间电路，电流表、点火开关，断电器，电容器，传感器，点火控制器，分电器盖或分火头，高压导线，火花塞，分电器，分缸线。故障原因：有短路、断路、接触不良处，电流表、点火开关损坏，点火线圈损坏、附加电阻断路，触点氧化、烧蚀，固定触点搭铁不良，连线断路、搭铁，触点间隙过大、过小，损坏，传感器线圈短路、断路、搭铁，转子凸轮与铁心间隙不当，霍尔元件损坏，损坏，漏电，漏电或断路，积炭或油污，间隙过大、过小，漏电，分电器安装位置有误，分缸线位置插错。排除方法：检查、紧固、更换导线，更换，更换，清洁或更换，修理加强搭铁，修理，调整，更换，修理或更换，调整，更换，更换，更换，更换，清洁或更换热特性适当的火花塞，调整，更换，调整后重新对点火正时，重新配线。（2）发动机运转不稳定故障部位：点火正时，火花塞，高压导线。故障原因：点火正时调整不当，点火提前角调节装置故障，分电器轴松旷、断电器凸轮磨损不均，个别缸火花塞绝缘损坏或积炭，个别分缸线损坏、漏电。排除方法：重新对点火正时，修理或更换分电器，更换分电器，更换火花塞，更换。（3）发动机功率下降、油耗增大、加速不良故障部位：点火正时，断电器。故障原因：点火正时调整不当，点火提前角调节装置故障，触点间隙过大。排除方法：重新对点火正时，维修或更换分电器，修理或更换。传统点火系故障诊断（触点式）传统点火系由电源、点火开关、附加电阻、附加电阻短路开关、点火线圈、分电器（包括断电器、配电器及点火提前角调节装置）、高压线、火花塞组成。断电器触点的闭合与断开控制点火线圈初级电路的通断，当初级电路切断时，产生点火高压，经配电器、高压线送至火花塞跳火，点燃汽缸内的可燃混合气。传统点火系常见的故障原因有：⑴低压电路接触不良、断路、短路、搭铁或搭铁不良；⑵断电器触点烧蚀、油污、间隙过大或过小、连线断路、触点弹簧弹力过弱；⑶电容器损坏、附加电阻断路；⑷蓄电池亏电、点火开关接触不良；⑸点火线圈损坏、高压线漏电；⑹分电器盖破裂、分火头损坏；⑺火花塞积炭、油污、绝缘体破裂或间隙不当；⑻分电器凸轮磨损不均；⑼分电器轴弯曲或磨损松旷；⑽分电器真空点火提前装置或离心点火提前装置失效；⑾点火正时失准、缸线错乱。通常把故障⑴—⑸称为低压电路故障，⑹—⑻称为高压电路故障，⑼—⑾称为综合故障。电子点火系故障诊断（无触点式）电子点火系统由传感器、点火控制器、分电器、火花塞等组成，取消了断电器触点，点火线圈初级电流通断受点火控制器控制，按点火信号传感器工作原理不同，有磁脉冲式、霍尔效应式等多种形式。脉冲无触点电子点火装置的组成及故障诊断磁脉冲无触点电子点火装置由磁脉冲式传感器、点火控制器、点火线圈、点火开关和蓄电池等组成。发动机工作时，磁脉冲传感器产生交变的点火信号，通过点火控制器控制点火线圈初级电流的通断和点火系工作。磁脉冲无触点电子点火装置常见故障原因有：⑴磁脉冲信号发生器损坏；⑵点火控制器损坏；⑶点火线圈损坏或性能不佳；⑷线路接触不良或有断路、短路；⑸分电器盖破裂、分火头损坏；⑹火花塞积炭、油污、绝缘体破裂或间隙不当；⑺分电器真空点火提前装置或离心点火提前装置失效；⑻点火正时失准、缸线错乱。霍尔效应式无触点电子点火装置的组成及故障诊断霍尔效应式无触点电子点火装置由点火开关、蓄电池、点火线圈、高压分线、火花塞、分电器、霍尔信号发生器和点火控制器等组成。点火信号由霍尔传感器产生，点火控制器将点火信号放大整形后控制点火线圈初级电流的通断和点火系工作。 霍尔效应式无触点电子点火装置与磁脉冲式无触点电子点火装置故障现象非常相似，不同的是点火信号由霍尔传感器产生。点火正时失准故障诊断最佳点火时刻是随发动机工况变化而变化的，为了使发动机在各种工况都能获得最佳点火提前角，分电器内装有离心式点火调节器和真空点火调节装置，初始点火提前角检查调整（点火正时）需人工进行。将发动机运转至正常温度，在车速为25—30km/h（试验转速因车型而不同）时突然急加速，若能听到短促而轻微的爆燃声并立即消失，表明点火正时正确；若无爆燃声为点火过迟；若爆燃声严重为点火过早。点火过迟或点火过早均应进行调整。松开分电器固定板，逆着分火头旋转方向转动分电器外壳（增大点火提前角）或顺着分火头旋转方向转动分电器外壳（减小点火提前角）。重复上述过程，点火提前角达到正常后将分电器固定。利用点火正时灯检查点火正时经验法诊断点火正时准确性较差，不能测量准确的点火提前角。利用点火正时灯可以测量不同转速下的点火提前角。点火正时灯是一种频率闪光灯，当延时电位器处于零位时，闪光与一缸点火时刻同步。通过调整延时电位器可推迟闪光时刻，当闪光时刻与上止点标记对正时，电位器上的指示值就是点火提前角。测量怠速是的点火提前角，可得到该发动机的初始点火提前角。测量不同工况的点火提前角，还可以反映出离心式点火调节器和真空点火调节装置的工作情况。将测量的值与标准值相比较，就可以判断点火正时是否准确，并为点火正时调整提供技术数据。少数气缸不工作故障诊断和排除步骤：少数气缸不工作故障诊断回火放炮车发抖，“突突”声音有节奏，稍高怠速更明显，缺缸故障莫迟犹。汽车在行驶过程中，如果发动机在各种转速下，消声器均发出有节奏的突突声，并拌有化油器回火、消声器放炮、车身发抖等现象，应停车检查，排除故障。在判断此故障时，应在稍高于怠速的转速下察听，这时，消声器有节奏突突声较为明显。另外，还可以用小油门快提速的方法判断。气缸不工作故障排除步骤：第一步，外部检查：不熄火，检查高压分线是否脱落、漏电或插错。脱落或插错，要重新插置。漏电，要更换高压分线。如果正常，就要断开分电器盖上各高压分线，观察发动机工作情况。第二步，断火试验：断开某缸高压分线后，如果发动机转速下降，为该缸工作良好。如果发动机转速升高，为分电器盖上有两缸旁插孔串电。如果发动机转速没有变化，为该缸不工作，这时，要检查该缸高压分线火花。第三步，吊火试验：高压分线火花无火，是分电器盖旁插孔漏电或凸轮角磨损不均。高压分线火花有火，观察发动机工作情况。第四步，看转速：发动机转速有好转，是火花塞工作不良。如果发动机转速不变，检查火花塞端高压分线跳火情况。第五步，跳火试验：有跳火，是火花塞不工作。不跳火，是高压分线损坏。第六步，检查配气机构的技术状况：可能是气门弹簧折断、过软，也可能是气缸垫损坏，气门座松脱或气门关闭不严。高压火花弱的故障诊断“突突”之声无节奏，低中高速它都有。回火放炮冒黑烟，容易熄火难发动。跳火距离五至七，颜色明亮声清脆。粗细正常看标准，中央跳火莫看错。发动机在各种转速下，消声器均发出无节奏的“突突”声，并冒黑烟，而且高转速比低转速明显，急加速时这种“突突”声加重，并伴有消声器放炮，有时化油器回火，还易造成发动机熄火。这是高压火花弱的故障特征。另外，在判断此故障时，还可观察高压分线跳火情况。以做进一步的检查。即：从分电器盖上取下高压分线，查看跳火情况。如果火花跳距短、声音小、火花较细、颜色发红，有时还有断火现象，即为高压火花弱故障。另外，如果分电器分线轻微漏电，就会出现检查中央高压线时火花强，而检查分线时火花弱的现象。诊断故障时，应特别区分中央高压线故障和分线故障这两个层次。

第一部分摘要：随着电子技术在汽车上的普遍应用，汽车电路图已成为汽车维修人员必备的技术资料。目前，大部分汽车都装备有较多的电子控制装置，其技术含量高，电路复杂，让人难以掌握。正确识读汽车电路图，也需要一定的技巧。电路图是了解汽车上种类电气系统工作时使用的重要资料，了解汽车电路的类型及特点，各车系的电路特点及表达方式，各系统电路图的识读方法、规律与技巧，指导读者如何正确识读、使用电路图有很重要的作用。汽车电路实行单线制的并联电路，这是从总体上看的，在局部电路仍然有串联、并联与混联电路。全车电路其实都是由各种电路叠加而成的，每种电路都可以独立分列出来，化复杂为简单。全车电路按照基本用途可以划分为灯光、信号、仪表、启动、点火、充电、辅助等电路。每条电路有自己的负载导线与控制开关或保险丝盒相连接。

Motorvehicle suspension on the vehicle suspension system is a very important only does it affect the comfort of the car (ride), but also to otherproperties such as the adoption, as well as the stability of the attachmenthave a significant impact on performance, each of the suspension by the elasticcomponents (buffers), body-oriented (from Chuan And stabilizing role), as wellas shock absorbers (from the role of shock absorption). However, not all of thesuspension must have three components. As long as we can play to the role ofthe three. Vehiclemaintenance for the conservation network 1, flying the classification suspension: on both sides of the wheel mounted on atotal-vehicle-bridge, the train-bridge to fly through the frame and suspension structure is simple and reliable power-but by two rounds ofshock and vibration affecting each other. But also because of the quality offlying non-serious suspension of the poor performance of the buffer, the vibrationof a moving car, the greater the impact. The suspension generally used fortrucks, buses and a number of other ordinary vehicles. (2) independentsuspension: each individual through a set of wheels mounted on the body orsuspension of vehicular bridge, the use of off-Axle, in the middle of a fixedframe or body; such wheel on both sides of the suspension by the shockHubuyingxiang, but due to non-flying than by the quality; buffer with a strongshock absorption capacity, ride comfort. The indicators are better thannon-independent suspension, but the complex structure of the suspension, but italso drive axle, steering system has become complicated. The use of suchsuspension of the following two categories of vehicles. Cars, buses andpassenger vehicles. Can be improved ride comfort, and high speed when drivingthe car to improve stability. Off-road vehicles, military vehicles andmining vehicles. In a bad way and have no say under the circumstances, we canmake sure all the wheels on the ground and contacts to enhance stability anddriving the car attached, to play a speed of the car. for the type of (1) of the leaf spring: the long-range multi-chip andcurvature ranging from the composite plate. After installed at both ends of thenatural upward curve. In addition to the leaf spring with a buffer, there is acertain degree of shock absorption, vertical layout also has a force-oriented,non-independent suspension using most of the leaf spring so flexiblecomponents, save-oriented devices and shock absorbers, simple structure . (2)of the coil spring: only a cushion for the multi-car independent suspension. Inthe absence of damping force and mass functions must also be equipped withspecial shock absorbers and device-oriented. (3) oil and gas spring: a flexiblemedium as a gas, liquid as a medium-power, which not only has a good buffercapacity, also has a role in shock absorption and at the same time frame of ahigh degree of regulation may also be applicable to the use of heavy vehicles andbuses. (4), torsion bar springs; will be made under the torsion bar springsfixed at one end of the frame, on the other side through the arm and connectedto the wheels, and beat at wheel torsion bar the use of reverse deformationplayed the role of buffer, is suitable for independent The use of suspension. use of shock absorber tube shock absorbers, the use of oil in the smallrole to cut energy consumption vibration. Shock absorber and the upper bodyframe or connected with the lower end of the train-bridge connected. Most ofthe trip can be done and the compression of the dual role of the role of flexibility in the independent suspension components, most of them can onlytransfer the vertical loads and can not transmit vertical and horizontal, mustbe a separate device-oriented. As noted, under the arm and vertical, horizontalstabilizer, and so on. suspension: before and after the truckswere non-independentsuspension bridge, some vehicles such as buses and cars and so on, after thebridge is also a non-independent suspension. Each car of the sedan chair byhoisting two independent non-vertical arrangement of the composition of theleaf spring. Leaf spring fixed in the middle of the train-bridge, with thefront end hinged frame or body, the back-end with the frame or body through theear hanging hinged or connected to use of skateboards. Top of the frame with ashock absorber then, with the lower end of the next school Axle. The truck rearaxle and more without shock types of independent suspension, coil spring as the use of flexiblecomponents. Torsion bar springs for the independent suspension is also dividedinto vertical and horizontal torsion torque Cup two-under. Although many of theadvantages of an independent suspension, but the car would turn the system, theDepartment of driving and driving more complicated structure of the of the engine engine performance merits of a direct impact on theperformance of motor vehicles. First, the use of fuel by the differentcategories according to engine fuel, gasoline engine and the engine is dividedinto two major categories of diesel Motor conservation maintenance, gasoline engine small size, lightweight, low prices; good start, when the maximum power of high-speed;work in asmall vibration and noise; suitable for small and medium-sized car inparticular, the use of high-speed deflagration due to the restrictionscan not be too high compression ratio, thermal efficiency and economy are not,such as diesel. Gasoline is a mixture of the main gas pipeline in the form overinto the cylinder, compressed by the end of close to the spark plugs fire. Thedriver to speed up the adoption of the control pedal into the cylinder of thegas mixture to control the load on the engine, known as the volume ofregulation. Gasoline engine’s fuel supply system and ignition system is a gasoline enginefailure on the part of a higher proportion. Gasoline engine emissions ofharmful material composition of carbon monoxide, carbon compounds and nitrogenoxides than diesel, and so on, but with the current electronically controlledfuel injection system and other exhaust gas purification devices, which havegreatly improved. In addition, the gasoline engine’storque characteristics are very suitable for automotive use, can significantlyreduce the labor intensity of the and gasoline engine, diesel engine size, weight, high prices, poor start(especially when the low temperature); work more vibration and noise; easy tooverload when the black smoke. Diesel is characterized by: 1)the absence of the deflagration, as well as restrictions on the needs of thespontaneous combustion of diesel, diesel engine compression ratio high. Thermalefficiency and economy must be better than the gasoline engine. 2)the same power, the diesel engine’s torque, maximum power at the time of low speed, suitable for theuse of the truck. 3)is a mixture of diesel engine cylinder internal form, no inlet throttle, theintake of small resistance. The driver to speed up the adoption of fuelinjection control board, to change the engine load, known as the regulation ofquality, as there is no problem of hypoxia, emissions of hydrocarbons andcarbon monoxide content of less than )In the absence of the ignition system, as well as fuel supply device failurerate low. Therefore, failure to less than diesel gasoline engine. 5)diesel engine torque characteristics are not suitable for car driving cycleneeds, moving the stalls to use frequently, an increase of pilot laborintensity. The main diesel engine for use in medium and heavy vehicles. Second, the number of engine cylinder andarrangement of the engine cylinder displacement equal to the volume of workand. Increasein the number of cylinder engine will not only increase capacity, improve theengine output power, but also to enable the smooth operation of the engine toreduce noise and vibration. Hyundai Motor have adopted multi-cylinder for more than 3-cylinder engine, small trucks, passenger cars andmedium-sized following for more than 4-cylinder engine; medium-sized trucks,large cars and buses for more than 6-cylinder engine; Heavy-Duty Truck Generalof 6-8 cylinder. 6-cylinder engine under a single row multi-cylinder in-linemode; 8-cylinder V-type engines for alignment; some of the cars in order toreduce engine height, length shortened, using V6, V8-type arrangement. Mini-caruse of 3-cylinder engine, most oblique way. In-line engine structure is simpleand cheap. The disadvantage is that a high degree of the engine higher more a way. V-type engines with low height, short length, but thestructure of the complex, more expensive price, suitable for large-scaleengine. Water-cooled engine block using the whole cast. Small engines usedaluminum alloy materials, large-scale multi-engine for the cast iron. Cylinderhead bolts used in a fixed block on the plane, in addition to constitute aclosed cylinder combustion room, into the exhaust, valves are installed, andspark plug valve, and so on. Third,the gasoline engine’sfuel supply 1, the fuel-supply system carburetor gasoline engine fuel supplyline into carburetor and fuel-injection two major categories of carburetor mainoil installations operating principle is: the work of the engine when the outside air Inthe cylinder under the suction air filter to filter through into the the air flow through the pipe section due to the smaller increase in thevelocity and pressure led to the decline in a certain vacuum. Float on theinterior of gasoline in the vacuum from the role of the main inlet into thespray nozzle, the gas emitted by high-speed air currents disperse into mist,known as fogging. And then to oil and oil-film evaporation space in the form ofevaporation, and the airway had mixed into the air mixture into the order to achieve the economy, the main oil loading also uses the air main nozzle at the indoor air, and along with a few scheduled to openaround the through-hole and air the same room. When the throttle openinggradually increases, the air hole gradually connected with the air. Not onlyreduces the vacuum so that the mixture-thinning, the main air nozzle is alsobeneficial to the atomization of gasoline. 2. electronically controlled fuelinjection fuel-supply system carburetor fuel-supply device structure is simple,reliable, cheap, easy maintenance. But the biggest drawback is that it can notbe precisely controlled mixture of concentration, resulting in incompletecombustion, emissions of harmful ingredients, do not meet the stringentrequirements of environmental protection today. In addition, due to theexistence of the pipe so that the air resistance increases. There is also thecylinder uneven distribution of gasoline and easy to produce and Qizu ice andso on. In order to solve these problems, 80 electronically controlled fuelinjection system in the car engine on a wide range of applications more fuel injection system advantages: electronically controlled fuelinjection system (referred to as English EFI) has the following advantages: matter under what conditions and in what conditions the engine canaccurately control the mixture of concentration, To make gasoline burncompletely full. This greatly reduces the emission of harmful components ofcontent, also has an excellent combustion engine of the economy. supply, ignition temperature, such as centralized control, so that the workof the engine performance, increased engine power output, lower fuelconsumption. engine can always operate in a stable condition in a variety of conditionsso that all car drivers in accordance with the requirements of normal traffic. 4. In the absence of pipes, a small airresistance. At the same time, difficult to produce Qizu, to the distribution ofgas cylinder uniform, and so on. The shortcomings of the fuel injection systemis the high cost structure of the complex and difficult to repair, and so on. electronicallycontrolled fuel injection system of classification: 1) by way of testing the air quality into theway traffic density and speed of the way the two categories. 2) by way of fuel injection, the following twocategories. According to the location of the jet, into intake manifold junction(SPI) and the jet intake manifold Department (MPI) are two jet, respectively,also known as single-point and multi-point injection jet. MPI iscurrently widely used in the is currently widely used in theway. Department of gasoline ignition gasoline engine ignition system aregenerally three categories: contact-type ignition system, electronic ignitionsystem, computer-controlled ignition system.车辆悬架系统中的机动车辆悬架系统是一种非常重要的系统。它不仅对乘坐汽车的舒适度有影响，而且对附件的稳定性等其他性能有着显著的影响。每个悬挂的弹性元件(弹簧),是车架(起稳定作用)， 以及减振器的角色(减震)组成然而,并非所有的悬架必须有三个组成部分。只要我们能发挥三个作用。汽车的维护，悬架分类：一 非独立悬架：两侧车轮安装在一根整体式车桥上，车轮连同车桥一起通过框架与车身相连。但这种悬架结构简单，可靠，制造方便，而是由两个轮冲击和振动轮互相影响。在载重汽车上被广泛应用。 但减震器的表现不佳，汽车行进中的震动越大，影响越严重，所以这种悬挂通常被用在卡车、客车和其他的普通车辆。 独立悬架:每个元件通过两侧车轮安装或悬挂在车架上，并且采用断开式车桥。安装了这种减震系统的车轮不易失重飞起，具有强大减震能力的缓冲器更是提供了舒适的乘驾感受。若一侧车轮相对于车架(或车身)的位置发生变化时，另一侧车轮不受影响。这种悬架结构复杂，且车身的平稳性和高速行驶的稳定性较好，因此在轿车和小客车上得到普遍采用。以上指标均优于非独立悬架，但是悬架的结构越复杂，驱动桥和转向系统也就越复杂。使用这种悬架的交通工有以下两种：1汽车和客车等客运车辆：可以提高乘驾舒适度，并且当高速驾驶时能提高稳定性。mining vehicles.越野车，军用车和采矿车。在路况不佳时，可以确保所有的车轮接触地面并提高稳定性，避免汽车起伏，发挥出汽车的速度。二.弹性元件类型：1 钢板弹簧：它是由若干片长方形的钢板组合成的复合板，呈弯曲形。安装在自然向上的曲线两端。此外,钢板弹簧通过减震器起到某种程度的减震、传递垂直载荷的作用。在非独立悬架和导向机构中，也使用钢板弹簧这种弹性元件和减震器这样简单的结构。2螺旋弹簧；只为多汽车独立悬架缓冲，在缺少阻尼力和质量职能的情况下，还必须具备特殊的减震器和导向装置。 3油气弹簧: 使用油液和高压气体作为弹性材料，不仅有很好的减震能力，可以吸收冲击。在同样情况下能够提供更好的调节作用，适用于重型车辆和客车。4扭杆弹簧：汽车车架与车轮用扭杆弹簧，其一端固定在车架上而另一端与车轮连接，车轮上下跳动时扭杆产生扭转变形，靠扭转弹力来吸收振动能量适合独立悬架系统。三.减震器减震筒的使用，油的使用可以切断震动造成的能里损耗。减震器上端与车底架相连，下端与车桥相连。减震器在大部分的行程可以起到压缩的双重作用四.导向机构：独立悬架的弹性元件，大多数只能传递垂直载荷，并不能传递水平载荷，必须是分离的导向机构。如上所述，在力臂和垂直和水平稳定器等。五.非独立悬架：非独立悬架位于卡车的前部和后部，像客车，汽车等一些车辆的后桥也是非独立悬架。每个轿车均由两个独立的非垂直的钢板弹簧构成。钢板弹簧固定在车桥中间,其前后端车架或车身通过耳朵悬铰链或使用滑板连接的。上面的框架用减振器的下端连接轴。车后桥一般无减震器。六 .螺旋弹簧作为弹性元件被用在多种类型的独立悬架。 扭杆弹簧torque Cup two-under.为独立悬架分成纵向和横向扭力矩杯两杆。 虽然独立悬架具有许多优点，但汽车将会通过更复杂的桥结构改进系统，驱动和驾驶。 关键词：发动机的结构发动机的性能对机动车辆的性能有着直接的影响。首先，燃料使用不同类别根据发动机的燃料，分为汽油发动机和柴油发动机。1网络汽车养护维修，汽油发动机体积小，重量轻，价格低；当最大速度运行是，启动好；运行时震动小，噪音小，适合小型和中型汽车，尤其是高速车。由于爆燃的限制，汽油机不可以有过高的压缩比，热效率，而且不如柴油经济。汽油是一种进入气缸中的主要气体管道的混合物，在压缩到接近底部的火花塞时点火。驾驶者加速踩油门时混合气体进入气缸来控制发动机的负载，这是常规。汽油发动机的燃料供给系统和点火系统是发生汽油发动机故障的比例较高的一部分。虽然汽油发动机比柴油排放更多的一氧化碳，碳化合物和氮氧化物等有害物质成分，但是,现在的电控燃油喷射系统和其他废气净化装置却有了很大的改善。但与目前的电控燃油喷射系统和其他尾气净化装置，极大地改善。此外，汽油发动机的扭矩特性非常适用于汽车，可以大大降低司机的劳动强度。2柴油发动机和汽油发动机，柴油发动机的大小，重量，价格高，启动差（尤其是低温时），运行时震动和噪音大; 有黑烟，容易超负荷。柴油发动机机的特点是：1）没有爆燃的限制，但柴油需要自燃，所以柴油发动机压缩比很高。 .热效率和经济性比汽油发动机更好。2）柴油发动机适用于卡车，因为同样的功率，扭矩大，最大功率也大。3）柴油发动机汽缸内的内部是的混合物，没有进油门，小阻力的进气管。 司机.司机加快采用燃油喷射控制板，通过改变发动机负荷，作为规管的质量，因为不存在缺氧问题，碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的排放量低于汽油。4）由于没有点火系统，燃料供应设备故障率低。 因此，不低于汽油发动机。5）柴油发动机扭矩特性并不适用于汽车驾驶循环的需求，移动的摊位，经常使用，是适合飞行员劳动强度的增加。主要适用于中型和重型车辆。第二，发动机缸体及发动机缸体位移量相等的工作。因此，增加汽缸发动机的数量，不仅能增加容量，提高发动机输出功率，而且能够使发动机顺利运作，以减少噪音和振动。现代汽车公司已采用多缸发动机。微型车超过3缸发动机，小卡车，客车和中型以下超过4缸发动机;中型卡车，大型轿车和客车超过6缸发动机;重型卡车一般6-8缸。6缸下单列多缸模式下，8缸V型直列发动机，有些的汽车，为减少发动机的高度，将长度缩短，安装使用V6发动机，V8发动机类型。微型汽车使用3缸发动机，大多是倾斜的。 .在直列发动机结构简单，便宜。 .缺点是，发动机的高度更高，长度更长。更是一个方式。.V型发动机高度低，长度短，但其结构复杂，价格更昂贵，适用于大型发动机。.水冷式发动机缸体采用整体铸造。小型发动机采用铝合金材料，而大型发动机多采用铸铁材料。 and so on.气缸盖螺栓是用在飞机上的固定块，除了构成一个封闭的汽缸燃烧室，进入排气管，阀门和火花塞等。第三，汽油发动机的燃料供应1，燃料供应系统汽化器汽油发动机燃料进入汽化器和燃油喷射器两种主要设备工作原理：发动机工作时，外界空气被吸入空气过滤器，通过过滤器进入气缸。当空气流过管道部分由于较小的增长速度及压力的减少导致了真空。