豆浆煮菠菜
自己组合~~~~服装面料就是用来制作服装的材料。作为服装三要素之一,面料不仅可以诠释服装的风格和特性,而且直接左右着服装的色彩、造型的表现效果。在服装大世界里,服装的面料五花八门,日新月异。但是从总体上来讲,优质、高档的面料,大都具有穿著舒适、吸汗透气、悬垂挺括、视觉高贵、触觉柔美等几个方面的特点。制作在正式的社交场合所穿著的服装,宜选纯棉、纯毛、纯丝、纯麻制品。以这四种纯天然质地面料制作的服装,大都档次较高。有时,穿著纯皮革制作的服装,也是允许的。我们将不同材质面料的造型特点以及在服装设计中的运用简单介绍如下。1.柔软型面料 柔软型面料一般较为轻薄、悬垂感好,造型线条光滑,服装轮廓自然舒展。柔软型面料主要包括织物结构疏散的针织面料和丝绸面料以及软薄的麻纱面料等。柔软的针织面料在服装设计中常采用直线型简练造型体现人体优美曲线;丝绸、麻纱等面料则多见松散型和有褶裥效果的造型,表现面料线条的流动感。2.挺爽型面料 挺爽型面料线条清晰有体量感,能形成丰满的服装轮廓。常见有棉布、涤棉布、灯芯绒、亚麻布和各种中厚型的毛料和化纤织物等,该类面料可用于突出服装造型精确性的设计中,例如西服、套装的设计。3.光泽型面料 光泽型面料表面光滑并能反射出亮光,有熠熠生辉之感。这类面料包括缎纹结构的织物。最常用于夜礼服或舞台表演服中,产生一种华丽耀眼的强烈视觉效果。光泽型面料在礼服的表演中造型自由度很广,可有简洁的设计或较为夸张的造型方式。4.厚重型面料 厚重型面料厚实挺刮,能产生稳定的造型效果,包括各类厚型呢绒和绗缝织物。其面料具有形体扩张感,不宜过多采用褶裥和堆积,设计中以A型和H型造型最为恰当。5.透明型面料 透明型面料质地轻薄而通透,具有优雅而神秘的艺术效果。包括棉、丝、化纤织物等,例如乔其纱、缎条绢、化纤的蕾丝等。为了表达面料的透明度,常用线条自然丰满,富于变化的H型和圆台型设计造型。下面,对常见的服装面料的特性分别作一些简单的介绍。1、棉布 是各类棉纺织品的总称。它多用来制作时装、休闲装、内衣和衬衫。它的优点是轻松保暖,柔和贴身、吸湿性、透气性甚佳。它的缺点则是易缩、易皱,外观上不大挺括美观,在穿著时必须时常熨烫。 2、麻布是以大麻、亚麻、苎麻、黄麻、剑麻、蕉麻等各种麻类植物纤维制成的一种布料。一般被用来制作休闲装、工作装,目前也多以其制作普通的夏装。它的优点是强度极高、吸湿、导热、透气性甚佳。它的缺点则是穿著不甚舒适,外观较为粗糙,生硬。3、丝绸是以蚕丝为原料纺织而成的各种丝织物的统称。与棉布一样,它的品种很多,个性各异。它可被用来制作各种服装,尤其适合用来制作女士服装。它的长处是轻薄、合身、柔软、滑爽、透气、色彩绚丽,富有光泽,高贵典雅,穿著舒适。它的不足则是易生折皱,容易吸身、不够结实、褪色较快。4、呢绒又叫毛料,它是对用各类羊毛、羊绒织成的织物的泛称。它通常适用以制作礼服、西装、大衣等正规、高档的服装。它的优点是防皱耐磨,手感柔软,高雅挺括,富有弹性,保暖性强。它的缺点主要是洗涤较为困难,不大适用于制作夏装。 5、皮革是经过鞣制而成的动物毛皮面料。它多用以制作时装、冬装。又可以分为两类:一是革皮,即经过去毛处理的皮革。二是裘皮,即处理过的连皮带毛的皮革。它的优点是轻盈保暖,雍容华贵。它的缺点则是价格昂贵,贮藏、护理方面要求较高,故不宜普及。6、化纤是化学纤维的简称。它是利用高分子化合物为原料制作而成的纤维的纺织品。通常它分为人工纤维与合成纤维两大门类。它们共同的优点是色彩鲜艳、质地柔软、悬垂挺括、滑爽舒适。它们的缺点则是耐磨性、耐热性、吸湿性、透气性较差,遇热容易变形,容易产生静电。它虽可用以制作各类服装,但总体档次不高,难登大雅之堂。7、混纺是将天然纤维与化学纤维按照一定的比例,混合纺织而成的织物,可用来制作各种服装。它的长处,是既吸收了棉、麻、丝、毛和化纤各自的优点,又尽可能地避免了它们各自的缺点,而且在价值上相对较为低廉,所以大受欢迎。本章主要介绍这几大类服装面料的性质、特点和鉴别方法等知识。第一节 服装面料成分的鉴别鉴别服装面料成分的简易方法是燃烧法。做法是在服装的缝边处抽下一缕包含经纱和纬纱的布纱,用火将其点燃,观察燃烧火焰的状态,闻布纱燃烧后发出的气味,看燃烧后的剩余物,从而判断与服装耐久性标签上标注的面料成分是否相符,以辨别面料成分的真伪。 一、棉纤维与麻纤维 棉纤维与麻纤维都是刚近火焰即燃,燃烧迅速,火焰呈黄色,冒蓝烟。二者在燃烧散发的气味及烧后灰烬的区别是,棉燃烧发出纸气味,麻燃烧发出草木灰气味;燃烧后,棉有极少粉末灰烬,呈黑或灰色,麻则产生少量灰白色粉末灰烬。 二、毛纤维与真丝 毛遇火冒烟,燃烧时起泡,燃烧速度较慢,散发出烧头发的焦臭味,烧后灰烬多为有光泽的黑色球状颗粒,手指一压即碎。真丝遇火缩成团状,燃烧速度较慢,伴有咝咝声,散发出毛发烧焦味,烧后结成黑褐色小球状灰烬,手捻即碎。三、锦纶与涤纶锦纶学名聚酰胺纤维,近火焰即迅速卷缩熔成白色胶状,在火焰中熔燃滴落并起泡,燃烧时没有火焰,离开火焰难继续燃烧,散发出芹菜味,冷却后浅褐色熔融物不易研碎。涤纶学名聚酯纤维,易点燃,近火焰即熔缩,燃烧时边熔化边冒黑烟,呈黄色火焰,散发芳香气味,烧后灰烬为黑褐色硬块,用手指可捻碎。四、腈纶与丙纶 腈纶学名聚丙烯腈纤维,近火软化熔缩,着火后冒黑烟,火焰呈白色,离火焰后迅速燃烧,散发出火烧肉的辛酸气味,烧后灰烬为不规则黑色硬块,手捻易碎。丙纶学名聚丙烯纤维,近火焰即熔缩,易燃,离火燃烧缓慢并冒黑烟,火焰上端黄色,下端蓝色,散发出石油味,烧后灰烬为硬圆浅黄褐色颗粒,手捻易碎。五、维纶与氯纶 维纶学名聚乙烯醇缩甲醛纤维,不易点燃,近焰熔融收缩,燃烧时顶端有一点火焰,待纤维都融成胶状火焰变大,有浓黑烟,散发苦香气味,燃烧后剩下黑色小珠状颗粒,可用手指压碎。氯纶学名聚氯乙烯纤维,难燃烧,离火即熄,火焰呈黄色,下端绿色白烟,散发刺激性刺鼻辛辣酸味,燃烧后灰烬为黑褐色不规则硬块,手指不易捻碎。六、氨纶与氟纶 氨纶学名聚氨基甲酸酯纤维,近火边熔边燃,燃烧时火焰呈蓝色,离开火继续熔燃,散发出特殊刺激性臭味,燃烧后灰烬为软蓬松黑灰。氟纶学名聚四氟乙烯纤维,ISO组织称其为萤石纤维,近火焰只熔化,难引燃,不燃烧,边缘火焰呈蓝绿碳化,熔而分解,气体有毒,熔化物为硬圆黑珠。氟纶纤维在纺织行业常用于制造高性能缝纫线。七、粘胶纤维与铜铵纤维 粘胶纤维易燃,燃烧速度很快,火焰呈黄色,散发烧纸气味,烧后灰烬少,呈光滑扭曲带状浅灰或灰白色细粉末。铜铵纤维俗名虎木棉,近火焰即燃烧,燃烧速度快,火焰呈黄色,散发酯酸味,烧后灰烬极少,仅有少量灰黑色灰。第二节 纯毛面料的鉴别纯毛面料色泽自然柔和、保暖效果好、是制作高档西服和大衣的首选面料。但现在仿毛织品越来越多,随着纺织工艺的提高,已达到了大多数顾客难以鉴别的水平,但色泽、保暖性、手感等还远远不及纯毛面料。下面介绍几种鉴别纯毛面料的方法,供您在挑选服装和面料时参考。一、手摸感。纯毛面料通常手感柔滑,长毛的面料顺毛摸手感柔滑,逆毛有刺痛感。而混纺或纯化纤品,有的欠柔软,有的过于柔软松散,并有发粘感。二、看色泽。纯毛面料的色泽自然柔和,鲜艳而无陈旧感。相比之下,混纺或纯化纤面料,或光泽较暗,或有闪色感。三、看弹性。用手将物捍紧,然后马上放开,看织物弹性。纯毛面料回弹率高,能迅速恢复原状,而混纺或化纤产品,则抗皱性较差,大多留有较明显的褶皱痕迹,或是复原缓慢。四、燃烧法鉴别。取一束纱线,用火烧,纯毛纤维气味象烧头发,化纤面料的气味象烧塑料。燃烧后的颗粒越硬说明化纤成分越多。五、单根鉴别。所有动物的毛在显微镜下看是有鳞片的,如果是长毛面料的话只要取一根毛象上图一样搓几下就会向上或向下移动(为了掌握这一技巧可先拿一根头发做试验),如果是普通织物,抽取一根纱线,剪2厘米的两段拆成一根一根的纤维放在手心里搓四五下,看它们会不会移动。第三节 毛纺原料目前,市场上的毛织物所采用的动物毛纤维,大致有绵羊毛、山羊毛、驼羊毛和兔毛几种。一、绵羊毛人们日常用量最大的毛衫、呢绒、毛毡等主要是绵羊身上密生着的绵羊毛。在编织工业中,由于绵羊毛用量最大,所以"羊毛"便成了绵羊毛的简称。世界上绵羊毛产量较多的国家是澳大利亚、独联体、新西兰、阿根廷和中国。羊毛的支数和级数是评定羊毛等级和品质的依据,支数越高,品质越好,级数越高,品质越差。绵羊毛中一直为人们所倾慕的"澳毛",属于美利奴种绵羊,产于澳大利亚,因而得名。其毛纤维细而长,是绵毛羊中最优质的品种。其它如新西兰、南美、欧洲各国、南阿尔卑斯山脉等都有饲养,并在世界上享有盛誉。雪兰毛也是常见的品种。雪兰毛原称雪特兰羊毛,因产于英国苏格兰的雪特兰群岛而得名。由于雪兰毛以绒毛为主体并夹杂较多的粗毛和戗毛,这种天然的粗细混杂,形成了雪兰毛织物特有的丰满而蓬松,柔软而不细腻,光泽和弹性较好的特点,具有粗犷的风格。但是,由于雪兰毛的产量少,供不应求,市场上销售的所谓"雪兰毛衫"多是以新西兰的半细羊毛为原料。更有些名为"雪兰毛"毛衣,卖价每件不足百元甚至仅几十元,实际上是仿雪兰毛风格的产品,有的"雪兰毛"则是由多种杂毛纺成,只能做粗毛线,价格也较便宜。还有以价格低廉、受消费者欢迎的羊仔毛,其实是羊羔毛,其手感较粗, 多做成毛线使用。二、山羊毛山羊毛是指山羊毛身上剪取的粗毛和死毛。一般山羊毛身上的细毛很短,不能纺纱,粗毛也只能造毛笔,刷子之类,只有马海毛例外。马海毛即安哥拉山羊毛,产于土耳其的安哥拉省,北美和南亚等地,是一种优质毛纤维,表面光滑,极少卷曲,长而且粗,具有蚕丝般的柔和很强的光泽,优良的回弹性,耐磨性和高强度,是织制提花毛毯、长毛绒、顺毛大衣呢、人造毛皮等高级织物的理想原料。粗棒针手织的马海毛衫,披挂着柔软的如丝如雾般的纤维,构成高贵、活泼而又粗犷的服装风格,深受人们喜爱。我国西北的中卫山羊毛也属于马海毛类。但在市场上,有人把蓬松风格的腈纶膨体纱称为"马海毛"出售,造成误解,那样的腈纶膨体纱,充其量只能叫做"仿马海毛"。三、羊驼毛羊驼毛(ALPACA),又称"驼羊毛",纤维长达20-40厘米,又白、褐、灰、黑等颜色,因90%产于秘鲁,又称为"秘鲁羊毛"。它的两个品种,一种是纤维卷曲,具有银色光泽,另一种是纤维平直,卷曲少,具有近似马海毛的光泽,常与其它纤维混纺,作为制作高档服装的优质材料。目前市场上的驼羊毛,大多是东欧的产品。四、兔毛 兔毛以轻、细、软、保暖性强、价格便宜的特点而受人们喜爱。它是由细软的绒毛和粗毛组成的,主要有普通家兔和安哥拉兔毛,且以后者质量为优。兔毛与羊毛区别在于纤维细长,表面特别光滑,容易辨认。由于兔毛强度低,不易单独纺纱,因此多与羊毛或其它纤维混纺,制造成针织品和女士呢、大衣呢等服装面料。纯毛的概念和标识在市场上,人们常可看到羊毛产品有"纯羊毛"或"100%"羊毛两种标志,有人以为"纯毛"就等于"100%羊毛",其实不然。从字面上说"纯毛"应当是100%羊毛。但实际上,在生产过程中,为了改善纤维的纺织性能,使织物更加耐用,有的产品常常要加入一些涤纶或锦纶的非毛纤维。对于加入量的多少,国家标准中有明确规定。这样,我们就明白了。纯毛产品并非是100%羊毛,标明纯毛产品的,则是已按规定范围加入非毛纤维,因而应比100%羊毛产品价格低。总之,要在日益繁荣的市场上买到称心如意的毛纺织品,我们除了运用看、摸、问、比较等办法努力识别外,可以从价位上进行分析。当然,最安全的还是要不断增加对产品知识的了解。识别羊绒、羊驼毛、马海毛一、羊绒羊绒是来自山羊身上的底层细绒毛,山羊生长在高寒的草原上,例如我国的内蒙、新疆、青海、辽宁等地。我国是世界上的羊绒生产大国,羊绒产量占世界总产量的1/2以上,其中又以内蒙的羊绒为上品。羊绒纤维的特点是纤细、柔软。其面料手感柔软、滑糯,光泽柔和,较同样厚度的羊毛面料相比重量轻很多,且多为绒面风格。一般来说,浅色的羊绒大衣多源自白绒,品质较好;而深色的大都取自紫绒或青绒,质量稍逊。二、羊驼毛羊驼毛来自一种叫“羊驼”(亦称“阿尔巴卡”)的动物,这种动物主要生长于秘鲁的安第斯山脉。安第斯山脉海拔4500米,昼夜温差极大,夜间-20~-18℃,而白天15~18℃,阳光辐射强烈、大气稀薄、寒风凛冽。在这样恶劣的环境下生活的羊驼,其毛发当然能够抵御极端的温度变化。羊驼毛不仅能够保湿,还能有效地抵御日光辐射,羊驼毛纤维含有显微镜下可视的髓腔,因此它的保暖性能优于羊毛、羊绒和马海毛。另外,羊驼毛纤维具有17余种天然色泽:从白到黑,及一系列不同深浅的棕色、灰色,是特种动物纤维中天然色彩最丰富的纤维。我们在市场上见到的“阿尔巴卡”即是指羊驼毛;而“苏力”则是羊驼毛中的一种且多指成年羊驼毛,纤维较长,色泽靓丽;常说的“贝贝”为羊驼幼仔毛,相对纤维较细、较软。羊驼毛面料手感滑,保暖性极佳。三、马海毛马海毛则是指安哥拉山羊毛,主要产于南非,其特点是纤维较粗,卷曲小,光泽好。马海毛面料手感滑挺,呢面光泽足。马海毛和羊驼毛面料一样多为短顺毛风格。第四节 丝绸的介绍丝绸织品一般分真丝和仿真丝面料两大类,在丝绸织品上都带有标签,那么怎样识别标签上数字代号呢?这些数字共有5位。第一位数字代表商品所用的原料; 第二位数字代表商品 的织物组织,后面则是商品的序号.在这个数字前, 还用大写的英文字母代表商品 的产地,从丝绸产品的编号上,可以认定产品的原料及产地。丝绸原料的代号:“1”代表真丝,包括桑丝及桑丝占50%以上的桑柞交织品种、双宫丝、桑绢丝绸;“2”代表合成纤维;“3”代表天然纤维与短纤维混纺;“4” 代表柞丝;“5”代表人造丝;“6”代表两种原料以上的长丝交织,或长丝 与短丝维交织;“7”" 代表被面类。 丝绸产品产地代号:B为北京、C为四川、D为辽宁、E为湖北、G为广东、H 为浙江、J为江西、K为江苏、M为福建、N为广西、Q为陕西、S为上海、T为天津、V为河南、W为安徽、X为湖南。
感觉不会再
Clothes Material Clothing Fabrics a wide range of the material science and fiber science aspects of the technology including: *electrically active polymeric materials and the applications of nonionic polymer gel and elastomers for artificial muscles *thermally sensitive fibres and fabrics *cross-linked polyol fibrous substrates stimuli-responsive interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel *permeation control through stimuli-responsive polymer membranes *optical fibre sensors, hollow fibre membranes for gas separation *integrating fibre-formed components into textile structures *wearable electronic and photonic technologies *adaptive and responsive textile structures (ARTS) *and biomedical applications including the applications of scaffolds in tissue engineering This book provides a guide to the fundamentals and latest developments in smart technology for textiles and clothing. The contributors represent a distinguished international panel of experts and the book covers many aspects of cutting edge research and development. It gives you insight into technological developments in the field valuable and FIBRES, FABRICS AND CLOTHING starts with a review of the background to smart technology and goes on to cover a wide range of the material science and fiber science aspects of the technology including: * electrically active polymeric materials and the applications of nonionic polymer gel and elastomers for artificial muscles * thermally sensitive fibres and fabrics * cross-linked polyol fibrous substrates stimuli-responsive interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel * permeation control through stimuli-responsive polymer membranes * optical fibre sensors, hollow fibre membranes for gas separation * integrating fibre-formed components into textile structures * wearable electronic and photonic technologies * adaptive and responsive textile structures (ARTS) * and biomedical applications including the applications of scaffolds in tissue engineering This book provides a guide to the fundamentals and latest developments in smart technology for textiles and clothing. The contributors represent a distinguished international panel of experts and the book covers many aspects of cutting edge research and development. It gives you insight into technological developments in the field valuable and Fibres, Fabrics and Clothingedited by Xiaoming TaoReviews background to smart technology and goes on to cover a wide range of the material science and fiber science aspects of the technology Provides insight into the latest technological developments such as thermally sensitive fibers and fabrics, wearable electronic and photonic technologies, adaptive and responsive textile structures, biomedical applications, and more Contains contributions from a distinguished international panel of experts Covers many aspects of cutting edge research and developmentSmart Fibres, Fabrics and Clothing starts with a review of the background to smart technology and goes on to cover a wide range of the material science and fiber science aspects of the technology including:Electrically active polymeric materials and the applications of nonionic polymer gel and elastomers for artificial muscles Thermally sensitive fibres and fabrics Cross-linked polyol fibrous substrates Stimuli-responsive interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel Permeation control through stimuli-responsive polymer membranes Optical fibre sensors, hollow fibre membranes for gas separation Integrating fibre-formed components into textile structures Wearable electronic and photonic technologies Adaptive and responsive textile structures (ARTS) And biomedical applications including the applications of scaffolds in tissue engineeringSmart Fibres, Fabrics and Clothing provides a guide to the fundamentals and latest developments in smart technology for textiles and clothing. The contributors represent a distinguished international panel of experts and the book covers many aspects of cutting edge research and development. It gives you insight into technological developments in the field valuable and technology for textiles and clothing - An overview and review Introduction Development of smart technology for textiles and clothing Outline of the book Electrically active polymer materials: application of non-ionic polymer gel and elastomers for artificial muscles Introduction Polymer materials as actuators or artificial muscle Peculiarity of polymer gel actuator Triggers for actuating polymer gels Electro-active polymer gels as artificial muscles From electro-active polymer gel to electro-active elastomer with large deformation Heat storage and thermo-regulated textiles and clothing Development introduction Basics of heat-storage materials Manufacture of heat-storage and thermo-regulated textiles and clothing Properties of heat-storage and thermo-regulated textiles and clothing application Development trends Thermally sensitive materials Introduction Thermal storage and thermal insulating fibres Thermal insulation through polymeric coatings Design of fabric assemblies Cross-linked polyol fibrous substrates as multifunctional and multi-use intelligent materials Introduction Fibrous intelligent materials Experimental Results and discussion Stimuli-responsive interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid) Introduction Experimental Results and discussion Permeation control through stimuli-responsive polymer membrane prepared by plasma and radiation grafting techniques Introduction Experimental Results and discussion Mechanical properties of fibre Bragg gratings Introduction Fabric techniques Mechanisms of FBG sensor fabrication Mechanical properties Influence of the UV irradiation on mechanical properties Polymeric fibre Optical responses of FBG sensors under deformations Introduction Optical methodology for FBG sensors Optical responses under tension Optical responses under torsion Optical responses under lateral compression Optical responses under bending Smart textile composites integrated with fibre optic sensors Introduction Optical fibres and fibre optic sensors Principal analysis of embedded fibre Bragg grating sensors Simultaneous measurements of strain and temperature Measurement effectiveness Reliability of FBGs Error of strain measurement due to deviation of position and direction Distributed measurement systems Hollow fibre membranes for gas separation Historical overview of membranes for gas separation Developments of membranes for industrial gas separation Theories of permeation processes Phase inversion and hollow fibre membrane Future hollow fibre membranes and industrial gas separation Embroidery and smart textiles Introduction Basics of embroidery technology Embroidery for technical applications - tailored fibre placement Embroidery technology used for medical textiles Embroidered stamp - gag or innovation? Adaptive and responsive textile structures (ARTS) Introduction Textiles in computing: the symbiotic relationship The Georgia Tech Wearable MotherboardTM GTWM: contributions and potential applications Emergence of a new paradigm: harnessing the opportunity Wearable technology for snow clothing Introduction Key issues and performance requirements The prototype Bio-processing for smart textiles and clothing Introduction Treatment of wool with enzymes Treatment of of cotton with enzymes Enzymatic modification of synthetic fibres Spider silk 'Intelligent fibres' Tailor-made intelligent polymers for biomedical applications Introduction Fundamental aspects of shape memory materials Concept of biodegradable shape memory polymers Degradable thermoplastic elastomers having shape memory properties Degradable polymer networks having shape memory properties Textile scaffolds in tissue engineering Introduction Ideal scaffold system Scaffold materials Textile scaffolds
有个论文,要的话邮箱联系
如果你的毕业论文是第一次没有过,而且你的学校不是那样的严格,不是那种另类的学校,你就有重写的机会,当然了我说的是你的论文是正常的挂的,不是作弊什么挂的,就是因为
纺织材料生态化及其发展趋势摘要:从采用绿色原料、利用生物技术和开发可降解纤维3方面,综述了纺织材料生态化的发展现状,指出循环材料开发和使用是纺织生态材料发展的趋
给排水工程对城市发展建设有着重要意义,因为给排水会影响到城市居民正常生活和社会稳定。下面是我为大家整理的给排水相关论文,供大家参考。 【摘要】看一个城市是否发达
二次引用文献的意思是在一篇论文中多次运用到一个参考文献。参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文