关于问题的研究英文论文

贯彻分类指导、因材施教的原则和适应个性化教学的实际需要，实施有针对性的大学英语分级教学成为一个必然的趋势。然而，分级教学是一个需要不断探索和改进的过程 。以下是我为大家精心准备的：大学英语分级教学问题与对策研究相关论文。内容仅供参考，欢迎阅读!

大学英语分级教学问题与对策研究全文如下：

【摘 要】 本文以内蒙古财经大学为例，分析了大学英语教学改革的现状与教学效果欠佳的原因，指出分级教学是深化改革的必然。并针对分级教学存在的问题提出了相应的解决对策：科学分级，合理分班;建立多元教学评价体系;开展英语拓展课， 提高教学内容的实用性和功能性。

【关键词】 大学英语;分级教学;问题;对策

一、大学英语教学改革与现状

1、成绩显著，问题依存

2007年教育部颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》强调了改革教学模式和开展自主学习的必要性，客观上要求对大学英语教学进行实质性的改革和建设。通过这些年的改革，大学英语教学已完成三个转变：第一，教学目标的转变：从培养学生具有较强阅读能力转变到培养学生自主学习能力，综合应用语言的能力;第二，教学模式的转变：黑板加粉笔模式改变为以多媒体网路技术、教学软体为载体的课堂教学和学生个性化自主学习相结合的自主学习模式;第三，测评体系的转变：建立了注重培养学生语言综合应用能力的形成性评估和终结性评估相结合的科学测评体系。

但教改中仍存在着不足，结合改革中的内蒙古财经大学的外语教学现状，主要问题有：“大班授课，小班辅导”的教学模式效果不理想。由于班级容量较大，学生英语水平参差不齐，同样的教学任务，教学目标，基础好的同学认为教学慢简单，新知识少，学习无动力;基础偏差的学生，认为多媒体课容量大，内容难，因而兴趣低落。

其次，大学英语课属基础知识类课程， 且非英语专业本科生英语课只开设大一、大二俩年，学生们关注四、六级证书，学习英语依然以应试教育为主，培养出来的学生往往只会“哑巴”英语，很多学生毕业就意味着失业。

2、深化改革，分级教学

随着大学英语教学改革进一步深入，分级教学应用而生。分级教学依据教学大纲的不同层次要求，基于学生个体认知能力差异，即学生入校时的不同英语层次，由高到低的顺序将学生划分为不同的级别，因材施教， 藉以实现既定的人才培养目标的一种教学方式。

大学英语分级教学改革旨在汇入“模组化设计、个性化培养”的教育理念，其课程构建为：大学英语多媒体网路综合英语课程与拓展课程相结合的分级教学体系。即由综合英语基础公共类课程和拓展课程两部分组成。拓展课程的开设，既保证大学英语学习的连续性，又进一步拓展学生的知识面和文化视野，优化学生的知识结构，增强学生的就业竞争力和拓宽学生的就业渠道。

二、分级教学的必要性

1、分级教学的理论基础

符合建构主义理论基础。学习者在原有知识结构基础上，对新获悉的知识吸收，理解，消化;从而将新的知识结构输入大脑，实现知识的建构与积累。所以新知识的难易程度直接影响着知识建构的效果。孟凡韶：2009。因此，实行大学英语分级教学，就是考虑到学习者的实际英语水平，既照顾到起点较低的学生，又为英语基础好的学生提供发展空间，充分体现了个性化教学。

从语言学角度分析，如果所输入的语言水平过高或偏低于学习者水平，将不符合语言习得条件。只有难易适当，略高于学习者水平时，才构成最佳条件。分级教学就是为了实现符合语言学习者的最佳语言输入条件。

从教育学理论来分析，分级教学就是依据因材施教理论和学生个体差异相结合而提出的。

2、以人为本，符合个性化教学要求

传统的教学实行一刀切，统一的教学大纲、目标、教材和教学方法以及评测手段;这不符合学生个体需求多样性的现状。分级教学考虑到个体认知水平和实际能力的差异，适应来源不同，基础不同，需求不同的学生个体需求，符合大学英语教学目标要求。

三、分级教学存在的问题

1、分级不够科学

现有的大学英语教学分级模式因各高校实际特点而有所不同。分级的标准一般采用高考成绩或专门的分级考试成绩。即按成绩的高中低段分出A、B、C 三个级别。

内蒙古财经大学对2012级全院一二本新生实行了第一次分级教学尝试。分级标准按A、B、C三个层次进行，A级学生为45-50人，编为一个教学班上课。B级学生为90-100人，编为两个教学班。其余学生进入C级，按自然班上课。分级方式以分级考试成绩划分，试卷由分级教学工作组负责人制出，考试安排在新生军训结束和正式开课前进行，根据成绩由高往低拔选。A班学生免修免考一二学期大学英语1和2级考试，自然获得75分英语1、2级成绩和8个学分。但要求A班学生大一第一学期直接参加大学英语3级的学习和3级期末考试;第二学期期末参加大学英语4级考试。A班学生只利用大一的一学年时间就可以完成大学英语基础课程学习。从第三学期开始，可以根据个人需求参加大学英语拓展课程学习。同理，B级学生大一第一学期直接参加大学英语2级学习和2级考试。在第二、三学期由外国语学院单独命题组织大学英语3、4级考试。B级学生自然获得英语1级免考75分和4个学分。

内蒙古财经大学经过一年的分级摸索，取得了一定的效果，A和B班学生四级过关率高达92%和87%，C班却低于50%。A和B班学生士气大涨，学习模式可按自己意图选择，学习积极性极大提高。相反，C班学生从开始就有一些牴触心理，而且学习效果并没有明显改善。

此外个别A和B班学生向学院申请不免考大学英语1级和2级，想拿到高于75分的成绩。结果参加考试后成绩却出现了英语1、2级不及格现象。这就再次引起分级教学工作组老师的再三思考，分级教学标准设定还是不科学，光凭一次分级考试认定级别，可能会抹杀某些考试失误的学生的学习动机与积极性。A和B班学生直接就免考拿到75分的成绩和4 或8个学分的做法需要修改，也不合理。此外，A和B学生来自全院各个专业，共有的上课时间有限，而且给教务处排课工作带来挑战，最终只能把时间安排在周日，在与其他课不冲突的情况下上英语课。一周只上一次课，而且还在周日，加上节假日调休，实际上A和B班学生一学期64课时英语课实际上课时间只有40多课时。因此，在英语分级教学中产生学生有情绪等一系列问题。 结合实际，及时总结问题，内蒙古财经大学将2013级学生的分级教学工作做了相应调整。明确规定：13级大学英语A、B级学生采用课程免修不免考的政策。如A班学生在第一学期期末参加大学英语1级、3级考试;第二学期期末参加大学英语2级、4级考试。B级学生以此类推。此外，学院把A和B级学生上课时间与C级学生同步。解决了上课时间不合理现象。

2、忽略学生的心理问题

由于分级教学是将学生按成绩分级，容易产生个体歧视的错觉。一次成绩失误，部分学生就“沦落”为低等级，容易产生牴触情绪，厌学。同时C 级学生由于缺乏“领头羊” 的榜样带头作用， 学习效率依然低下。B 级学生存在惰性懒散情绪，缺乏积极向上的动力，而A 级学生中存在着骄傲自满情绪。

3、加大了教学管理难度

分级教学改革付诸实施前，必须明确各个级别的英语学习目标和要求与以前有什么不同，如何制定出不同专业之间合理的标准。此外，由于分级教学打乱了院系 、专业、班级的界限，根据不同专业情况，需要统一分配时间和教室使用管理，这无疑给教学管理带来了更大的任务量。

四、探索性对策

1、科学分级，合理分班

要做到科学的分级，首先要有科学的分级标准和分级试题。在对学生进行统一的英语分级水平测试时，试题应从听力、词汇、语法、综合填空和阅读等几个方面对学生进行较为周密而全面的测试，并将高考成绩作为参照。

此外，关于分级教学各个级别，要给予一定的弹性。杜绝“一分到底”。内蒙古财经大学在2013级新生分级教学中实行：如果A或B班学生在免修课程或考试课程成绩不及格，该生将被取消在A、B级学习的资格，回到本专业自然班按C班教学方案完成大学英语1-4级的学习，并在相应学期参加该门课程的重修考试。由于成绩不及格原因退出A、B级返回C级自然班学习的学生，其在A、B级学习所获得的考试成绩依然有效。对学生同一级考试的两次成绩认定，学院采用就高分原则。这样更加合理的认定级别并考核各个级别的学生。

这种滚动式分级，既施加了压力又促以动力，有利于创造积极向上的学习氛围，从而提高教学效果。

2、建立多元教学评价体系

旧的教学评价体系只以学生期末考试成绩来评定学生和教学质量， 这无疑在某种程度上强化了分数的作用。分级教学建立多层次的教学评价体系，即形成性评价与终结性评价相结合的考核形式。如财经大学除了每学期期末全院统一的考试占总评成绩的60 %。平时形成性考核专案还包括学生出勤10% 、课堂表现10% 、网路成绩10% 、期中测试10%等， 占总评成绩的40 %。这种机制也激励了学生树立正确的学习态度及努力程度。

3、开展英语拓展课， 加强教学内容的实用性和功能性

无论采取什么样的教学模式， 其目的都是要提高学生的综合运用能力， 分级教学可以根据学生的水平和需求在大二到大四学年期间开设相应的拓展课， 内蒙古财经大学分级教学方案将于第3学期开设拓展课程纳入素质教育选修课，学生在相应开课学期内可以选择2门课程，每门课程2学分，共4学分具体包括：语言知识与技能类。如大学英语口语、大学英语写作、大学英语翻译等。语言应用类，主要包括：商务英语、英语演讲与辩论等。语言与文化类，如英美社会与文化、英美文学欣赏、英语影视欣赏等。

这样真正把语言教学与文化教学结合起来， 语言知识与语言应用结合起来，而且实现了大学英语教学的不间断性，从而切实提高学生的综合文化素养。

总之，大学英语分级教学是一项系统和复杂的工程，要搞好分级教学，充分发挥其作用，还需要我们在教学实践过程中不断地探索和总结，不断地发现问题和解决问题。

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中国的环境保护问题（英汉对照）中国政府十分重视因人口增长和经济发展而出现的环境问题，把保护环境作为提高人民生活水平和生活质量的一个重要方面。为了促进经济、社会与环境的协调发展，中国在80年代制定并实施了一系列保护环境的方针、政策、法律和措施。The Chinese government has paid great attention to the environmental issues arising from the country's population growth and economic development, and has made protecting the environment an important aspect of the improvement of the people's living standards and quality of life. In order to promote coordinated development between the economy, the society and the environment, China enacted and implemented a series of principles, policies, laws and measures for environmental protection in the 1980s. ——确立环境保护为中国的一项基本国策。防治环境污染和生态破坏以及合理开发利用自然资源关系到国家的全局利益和长远发展，中国政府坚定不移地贯彻执行环境保护这项基本国策。-- Making environmental protection one of China's basic national policies. The prevention and control of environmental pollution and ecological destruction and the rational exploitation and utilization of natural resources are of vital importance to the country's overall interests and long-term development. The Chinese government is unswervingly carrying out the basic national policy of environmental protection. ——制定经济建设、城乡建设和环境建设同步规划、同步实施、同步发展，实现经济效益、社会效益、环境效益相统一的指导方针，实行“预防为主，防治结合”、“谁污染，谁治理”和“强化环境管理”三大政策。-- Formulating the guiding principles of simultaneous planning, simultaneous implementation and simultaneous development for economic construction, urban and rural construction and environmental construction, and combining the economic returns with social effects and environmental benefits; and carrying out the three major policies of ``prevention first and combining prevention with control,'' ``making the causer of pollution responsible for treating it'' and ``intensifying environmental management.'' ——颁布实施环境保护的法律法规，把环境保护建立在法制的基础上，不断完善环境法律体系，严格执法程序，加大执法力度，保证环境法律法规的有效实施。-- Promulgating and putting into effect laws and regulations regarding environmental protection and placing environmental protection on a legal footing, continuously improving the statutes concerning the environment, formulating strict law-enforcement procedures and increasing the intensity of law enforcement so as to ensure the effective implementation of the environmental laws and regulations. ——坚持环境保护纳入国民经济和社会发展计划，实施国家指导下的宏观调控与管理，逐步增加对环境保护的投入，使环境保护与各项建设事业统筹兼顾，协调发展。-- Persisting in incorporating environmental protection into the plans for national economic and social development, introducing to it macro regulation and management under state guidance, and gradually increasing environmental protection input so as to give simultaneous consideration to environmental protection and other undertakings and ensure their coordinated development. ——建立健全各级政府的环境保护机构，形成比较完善的环境管理体制，充分发挥环境监督管理的作用。-- Establishing and improving environmental protection organizations under governments at all levels, forming a rather complete environmental control system, and bringing into full play the governments' role in environmental supervision and administration. ——加速环境科学技术的进步。加强基础理论研究，组织科技攻关，开发和推广防治环境污染的实用技术，扶植环境保护产业的发展，初步形成了环境保护科研体系。-- Accelerating progress in environmental science and technology. Strengthening research into basic theories, organizing the tackling of key scientific and technological problems, developing and popularizing prac"itical technology for environmental pollution prevention and control, fostering the growth of environmental protection industries, and giving initial shape to an environmental protection scientific research system. ——开展环境宣传教育，提高全民族的环境意识。广泛进行环境宣传，逐步普及中小学环境教育，发展环境保护在职教育和专业教育，培养环境科学技术和管理方面的专门人才。-- Carrying out environmental publicity and education to enhance the whole nation's awareness of the environment. Widely conducting environmental publicity work, gradually popularizing environmental education in secondary and primary schools, developing on-the-job education in environ"imen tal protection and vocational education, and training specialized personnel in environmental science and technology as well as environmental administration. ——推进环境保护领域的国际合作。积极发展同世界各国和国际组织在环境与发展方面的交流与合作，认真履行国际环境公约，努力发挥中国在国际环境事务中的作用。-- Promoting international cooperation in the field of environmental protection. Actively expanding exchanges and cooperation concerning the environment and development with other countries and international organizations, earnestly implementing international environmental conventions, and seeking scope for China's role in global environmental affairs. 进入90年代，国际社会与世界各国在探索解决环境与发展问题的道路上迈出了重要一步。1992年6月，联合国环境与发展大会把可持续发展作为未来共同的发展战略，得到了与会各国政府的普遍赞同。Since the beginning of the 1990s the international community and various countries have made an important step forward in exploring solutions to problems of the environment and development. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in June 1992, made sustainable development the strategy for common development in the future, and this won wide acclaim from the governments of all countries represented at the conference. 1992年8月，联合国环境与发展大会之后，中国政府提出了中国环境与发展应采取的十大对策，明确指出走可持续发展道路是当代中国以及未来的必然选择。In August 1992, shortly after that conference, the Chinese government put forward ten major measures China was to adopt to enhance its environment and development, clearly pointing out that the road of sustainable development was a logical choice for China now and in the future. 1994年3月，中国政府批准发布了《中国21世纪议程 ——�中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书》，从人口、环境与发展的具体国情出发，提出了中国可持续发展的总体战略、对策以及行动方案。有关部门和地方也分别制定了实施可持续发展战略的行动计划。In March 1994 the Chinese government approved and promulgated China's Agenda 21 -- White Paper on China's Population, Environment, and Development in the 21st Century. This document, proceeding from the country's specific national conditions in these three respects, put forward China's overall strategy, measures and program of action for sustainable development. The various departments and localities also worked out their respective plans of action to implement the strategy for sustainable development. 1996年3月，第八届全国人民代表大会第四次会议审议通过的《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展“九五”计划和2010年远景目标纲要》，把实施可持续发展作为现代化建设的一项重大战略，使可持续发展战略在中国经济建设和社会发展过程中得以实施。 At its Fourth Session in March 1996 China's Eighth National People's Congress examined and adopted the Ninth Five-Year Plan of the People's Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of the Long-Term Target for the Year 2010. Both the Plan and Outline take sustainable development as an important strategy for modernization, thus making it possible for the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development in the course of China's economic construction and social development. 二、逐步完善的法律体系与管理体制 中国重视环境法制建设，目前已经形成了以《中华人民共和国宪法》为基础，以《中华人民共和国环境保护法》为主体的环境法律体系。 《中华人民共和国宪法》规定：“国家保护和改善生活环境和生态环境，防治污染和其他公害。”“国家保障自然资源的合理利用，保护珍贵的动物和植物。禁止任何组织或者个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏自然资源。” 《中华人民共和国环境保护法》是中国环境保护的基本法。该法确立了经济建设、社会发展与环境保护协调发展的基本方针，规定了各级政府、一切单位和个人保护环境的权利和义务。 中国针对特定的环境保护对象制定颁布了多项环境保护专门法以及与环境保护相关的资源法，包括：《水污染防治法》、《大气污染防治法》、《固体废物污染环境防治法》、《海洋环境保护法》、《森林法》、《草原法》、《渔业法》、《矿产资源法》、《土地管理法》、《水法》、《野生动物保护法》、《水土保持法》、《农业法》等。 中国政府还制定了《噪声污染防治条例》、《自然保护区条例》、《放射性同位素与射线装置放射防护条例》、《化学危险品安全管理条例》、《淮河流域水污染防治暂行条例》、《海洋石油勘探开发环境保护管理条例》、《海洋倾废管理条例》、《陆生野生动物保护实施条例》、《风景名胜区管理暂行条例》、《基本农田保护条例》、《城市绿化条例》等30多件环境保护行政法规。此外，各有关部门还发布了大量的环境保护行政规章。 中国地方人民代表大会和地方人民政府为实施国家环境保护法律，结合本地区的具体情况，制定和颁布了600多项环境保护地方性法规。 环境标准是中国环境法律体系的一个重要组成部分，包括环境质量标准、污染物排放标准、环境基础标准、样品标准和方法标准。环境质量标准、污染物排放标准分为国家标准和地方标准。到1995年底，中国颁布了364项各类国家环境标准。中国法律规定，环境质量标准和污染物排放标准属于强制性标准，违反强制性环境标准，必须承担相应的法律责任。 在建立健全环境法律体系的过程中，中国把环境执法放在与环境立法同等重要的位置，连续4年开展了全国环境执法检查，对污染和破坏环境的行为进行严肃查处，对环境违法犯罪行为进行严厉打击。中国十分重视人民群众和新闻舆论对环境违法行为的监督，开辟了人民群众反映环境问题的渠道，加强了新闻媒介对环境违法行为的揭露和曝光。 应该指出的是，中国的环境法制建设还需要进一步完善，如某些方面存在着立法空白、有些法律的内容需要补充和修改、有法不依、执法不严的现象等。因此，继续加强环境法制建设仍是一项重要的战略任务。 中国同样重视环境管理体制建设，现在已经建立起由全国人民代表大会立法监督，各级政府负责实施，环境保护行政主管部门统一监督管理，各有关部门依照法律规定实施监督管理的体制。 全国人民代表大会设有环境与资源保护委员会，负责组织起草和审议环境与资源保护方面的法律草案并提出报告，监督环境与资源保护方面法律的执行，提出同环境与资源保护问题有关的议案，开展与各国议会之间在环境与资源保护领域的交往。一些省、市人民代表大会也相应设立了环境与资源保护机构。 国务院环境保护委员会由国务院有关部门的领导成员组成，是国务院环境保护工作的议事和协调机构。其主要任务是：研究和审议国家环境保护与经济协调发展的方针、政策和措施，指导并协调解决有关的重大环境问题，监督检查各地区、各部门贯彻执行环境保护法律法规的情况，推动和促进全国环境保护事业的发展。省、市、县人民政府也相应设立了环境保护委员会。 国家环境保护局是国务院环境保护行政主管部门，对全国环境保护工作实施统一监督管理。省、市、县人民政府也相继设立了环境保护行政主管部门，对本辖区的环境保护工作实施统一监督管理。目前，中国县级以上环境保护行政主管部门有2500多个，从事环境行政管理、监测、监理、统计、科学研究、宣传教育等的总人数达万人。 中国各级政府的综合部门、资源管理部门和工业部门也设立了环境保护机构，负责相应的环境与资源保护工作。中国多数大中型企业也设有环境保护机构，负责本企业的污染防治以及推行清洁生产。目前，各部门和企业的各类环境保护人员已达20多万人。 China pays great attention to environmental legislative work and has now established an environmental statutory framework that takes the Constitution of the People's Republic of China as the foundation and the Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China as the main body. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China stipulates, ``The state protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, and prevents and remedies pollution and other public hazards,'' and ``The state ensures the rational use of natural resources and protects rare animals and plants. The appropriation or damage of natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohib"iited.'' The Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China is the cardinal law for environmental protection in China. The law has established the basic principle for coordinated development between economic construction, social progress and environmental protection, and defined the rights and duties of governments at all levels, all units and individuals as regards environmental protection. China has enacted and promulgated many special laws on environmental protection as well as laws on natural resources related to environmental protection. They include the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes, Marine Environment Protection Law, Forestry Law, Grassland Law, Fisheries Law, Mineral Resources Law, Land Administration Law, Water Resources Law, Law on the Protection of Wild Animals, Law on Water and Soil Conservation, and Agriculture Law. The Chinese government has also enacted more than 30 administrative decrees regarding environmental protection, including the Regulations for the Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution, Regulations on Nature Reserves, Regulations on the Prevention of and Protection Against Radiation from Radio Isotopes and Radioactive Device, Regulations on the Safe Administration of Chemicals and Other Dangerous Materials, Provisional Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in the Huaihe River Drainage Area, Regulations Governing Environmental Protection Administration in Offshore Oil Exploration and Development, Regulations on the Control of Marine Wastes Dumping, Regulations for the Implementation of the Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife, Pro"ivisional Regulations on the Administration of National Parks, Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland, and Regulations on Urban Afforestation. In addition, departments concerned have also issued a number of administrative rules and decrees on environmental protection. To implement the state's environmental protection laws and regulations, people's congresses and people's governments at local levels, proceeding from specific conditions in their own areas, have enacted and promulgated more than 600 local laws on environmental protection. Environmental standards are an important component of China's environmental statutory framework. They include environmental quality standards, pollutant discharge or emission standards, basic environmental criteria, criteria for samples, and criteria for methodology. The environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge or emission standards are divided into state standards and local standards. By the end of 1995, China had promulgated state environmental standards on 364 items. As stipulated in Chinese law, the environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge standards are compulsory standards, and those who violate these compulsory environmental standards must bear the corresponding legal responsibility. In the process of establishing and improving the environmental statutory framework, China attaches equal importance to environmental law enforcement and environmental legislation. For four years in a row, China has conducted nationwide checks on the enforcement of environmental legislation to seriously deal with acts of polluting and damaging the environment and severely punish environmental law violations. China pays great attention to supervision exercised by the people and media over law-breaking activities regarding the environment -- it has opened channels for the masses of people to report on environmental problems and adopted measures for the media to expose environmental law-breaking activities. But it should be pointed out that China's environmental legislative work needs to be further improved. For instance, some areas still remain uncovered, some contents are yet to be amended or revised and there are still the phenomena of not fully observing or enforcing laws. Therefore, to make continuous efforts to strengthen environmental legislative work remains an important strategic task. China attaches equal importance to the establishment of an environmental administrative system. It has established a system in which the National People's Congress enacts the laws, governments at different levels take responsibility for their enforcement, the administrative departments in charge of environmental protection exercise overall supervision and administration and the various departments concerned exercise supervision and administration according to the stipulations of the law. The National People's Congress has established an Environment and Resources Protection Committee, whose work it is to organize the formulation and examination of drafted laws related to environmental and resources protection and prepare the necessary reports, exercise supervision over the enforcement of laws governing environmental and resources protection, put forward motions related to the issue of environmental and resources protection, and conduct exchanges with parliaments in other countries in the field of environmental and resources protection. The people's congresses of some provinces and cities have also established corresponding environmental and resources protection organizations. The Environmental Protection Committee under the State Council is made up of leaders of various related ministries under the State Council. It is the State Council's consultancy and coordination agency for environmental protection work. Its major tasks are studying and examining the principles, policies and measures relating to coordinative development of the country's economy and environmental protection, giving guidance to and coordinating efforts in tackling major environmental problems, exercising supervision over and conducting checks on the implementation of the environmental protection laws and regulations by various localities and departments, and promoting the development of environmental protection undertakings throughout the country. The people's governments at the provincial, city and county levels have also established corresponding environmental protection committees. The National Environmental Protection Agency is the competent environmental protection administration agency under the State Council, whose task it is to exercise overall supervision and administration over the country's environ"imen tal protection work. The people's governments at the provincial, city and county levels have also successively established environmental protection administration departments to carry out overall supervision and administration of the environ"imen tal protection work in their localities. At present, there are nationwide more than 2,500 environmental protection administration departments above the county level with a total staff of 88,000 engaged in environmental administration, monitoring, inspection and control, statistics collection, scientific research, pub"ilicity and education. Environmental protection organizations have also been established in comprehensive administration departments, resources administration departments and industrial departments under governments at various levels to take charge of related environmental and resources protection work. Most of China's large and medium-sized enterprises have also set up environmental protection organizations responsible for their own anti-pollution work and the promotion of cleaner production. At present, the total number of various types of environmental protection workers employed by the various departments and enterprises exceeds 200,000.