A可儿她姑
随着全球信息化时代的到来,当前我国企业信息化正处于高速发展的时期。作为企业信息化的关键,财务会计系统是联系企业财务和业务的重要桥梁。下面是我为大家整理的财务会计论文,供大家参考。
摘要:
财务会计报告包含经营成果及会计信息等经营性信息,企事业单位对内对外提供财务会计信息最为重要的书面性文件。随着社会主义市场经济的发展,当前财务会计报告已经体现了一定的局限性,无法满足更高层次、更多元的财务会计报告使用者的需要,研究财务会计报告当前存在的问题及改进财务会计报告对企事业单位的发展有着重要意义。本文以企业为入手点,分析了当前企业财务会计报告中存在的问题,针对这些问题提出了一些解决建议。
关键词:会计报告;决策;会计信息;问题及对策
财务会计报告用书面形式将企业特定会计期间的经营成果与现金流量表现出来,其目的是为报告使用者提供企业财务状况、先进流量等会计信息,为投资者与企业内部决策者提供重要的决策依据。按照会计准则规定,企业财务会计报告必须按照特定的规则,采用统一、规范的格式进行编制。随着社会主义市场经济的发展,企业经营环境已经发生了重大变化,报表使用者对会计报告的要求也呈现多元化、高层次的特征,传统的财务会计报告已经体现出诸多弊端,因此,必须对当前财务会计报告进行改进,才能更好地为企业与投资者提供必要信息。
一、会计报告质量要求
(一)真实性要求
真实性要求是财务会计报告质量要求的首要条件,财务会计报告数据必须与企业实际经营数据一致,不得隐瞒,不能造虚假报告。
(二)完整性要求
财务会计报告必须能够全面反映企业内部资金、资产、预决算执行状况,不得有疏漏。
(三)时效性要求
会计报告必须为报表使用者提供最新信息,报告才可成为有效报告,使用者才能根据报告信息对工作进行调整,避免问题积压。
(四)有效性要求
财务会计报告不仅要真实、完整、及时,还必须能够反映数据背后的问题,在专业性前提下,财务会计报告还应提供决策支撑,只有这样,报告才是可使用的报告。
二、当前财务会计报告存在的问题
(一)信息披露不完整
经济的发展使得投资主体正呈现多元化态势,财务会计报告应当满足多方需求,其信息应当能符合企业利益关系主体的使用需要,如投资者、经营者、债权债务人等。然而,现行的财务会计报告中的项目体系大多反映经济主体的经济活动,不对某一项目、业务或特定交易特征进行表露,浓缩程度太强,掩盖了部分信息,无法让报告使用者全面掌握企业的实际状况,为报告使用相关利益主体决策、执行、控制等行为带来阻碍。
(二)非货币信息反映不足
当前财务会计报告以反映货币信息为主,且多为企业历史货币计量的成本数据。随着现代企业制度的发展,企业无形资产所占的比重越来越高,对企业的发展影响也越来越大,而传统财务会计报表无法反映非货币计量的经济事项,例如人力资源、金融衍生工具、数字资产等,导致财务会计报表中信息覆盖面缩小,报告对投资者的使用价值无法满足需求。
(三)容易偏向形式工作
实质重于形式是会计的基本特征之一。因此,会计报表必须体现出企业日常经营活动的实际交易及活动事项,而不仅仅是按照既定的会计报表结构形式,对已有数据进行处理,当企业实际发生的经济交易事项与报告形式不一致时,会计核算应当以真实发生的经济事项进行账簿处理。但是,在实际操作中,会计报告很容易出现形式重于实质的问题。例如,当前财务会计的核算方式依然受到资产稳定性管理的影响,结构上不充分考虑企业持续经营,需求体现不完整。
(四)时效性不足
时效性是有效信息的基本特征之一,市场波动频繁的状态下,能否及时获取市场信息及企业经营信息将直接影响决策的有效性,决定了投资者是否能够抓住商机。当前,传统的财务信息报告体系已经无法满足灵活的决策需求,同时,较长的报告周期直接为决策留白,这段空白期中企业情况很可能已经发生变动,时效性受损。此外,由于较长的报告周期,企业可能在这段时期内进行幕后工作,报告出具前,企业可能已经变更了资产、现金流等关键信息,如我国上市公司中,关联交易、资产重组等作为通常在年底报表编制之前。
(五)形式不够灵活
财务会计报告的编制具有统一标准,确保了财务信息的可比性。但是,完整是相对的,传统财务会计报告的标准形式很可能限制信息的获取,报表重点体现不足,且不少企业的财务会计报告都有模糊财务会计信息的企图。现代经济体制下,不少报告使用者已经开始追求专业化财务会计报告,以获取更为充足,更具针对性的财务会计信息。
三、优化财务会计报告的建议
(一)强化信息化应用,构建实时报告机制
知识经济时代,信息的生命周期大大缩短,经营活动的不强不确定性增加,会计信息的可用实效也会缩短。因此,建议利用信息化系统,在保留传统财务会计报告标准化的基础上,对企业财务会计信息进行短期化、不等距化处理,增加报告中的变量信息含量,从而使财务会计报告中的信息灵活化,报告使用者也能够在特定时间内获取当时、当阶段的财务会计信息,更好满足使用需求。
(二)优化报告结构,进行分部编制
财务会计报告结构的优化早已是业界探讨的热点,要对财务会计报告进行整体优化,就必须优化报告结构。针对企业的实际经营状况,可以适当对财务会计报告结构进行优化,例如,基于集团企业地域性及资产分散性特征,可以适当增加增值表与收益报告,按照集团地区、行业及产品进行分部编制,为各类报表使用者提供专门化报告,结合传统报表形式,实现报告对比,让使用者更为精确的掌握多部门、多区域、多行业的企业集团经营成果,提升决策科学性。
(三)强化基础数据获取真实性,保障会计信息质量
财务会计报告体现的信息由企业财务部门收集并经过会计处理得来,因此,会计报告的真实性受到企业财务部门会计工作的影响。在优化财务会计报告的过程中,一定不能忽视企业财务管理人员的工作,应当积极改革财务管理方式,强化会计内部控制效能,最大限度地保障会计信息的真实性。
(四)强化内部监督,扩大外部监管影响力
内部控制对企业会计信息真实性的重要作用毋庸多言,但是,不少企业内部控制机制在运作过程中,逐渐演变成形式制度,而不是实际的控制程序。强化内部监督,应当从内部控制机制的建设入手,从财务会计报告质量出发,内部控制机制的建设应当着眼与会计岗位职务分离状况,要在财务部门内部形成相互牵制、相互监督的合理职能关系,强化负责人的内部控制思想,从工作实践中发现问题,及时对内部控制制度进行调整完善,构建严格、科学的内部控制制度,切实将制度落实到位。同时,由于会计信息的利益相关性太强,在行业自律性不足的状态下,内部监督机制很可能失效,因此,在保密性原则下,应当提高外部监督力量,避免会计舞弊。
四、财务会计报告发展展望
基于会计信息的时效性、真实性、完整性基本要求,以及市场报告使用者的多元化、专门化需求,财务会计信息报表的发展方向归结起来应当包括四方面。首先,财务会计报表应当能够表露出极强的预见性,为市场波动中的决策主体提供更科学、更合理的预测。第二,图像化发展。图像往往能比文字传递更多信息,多元化需求下,图像所能表征的信息更能符合现代市场经济中使用主体的要求。第三,与信息化紧密结合。当前大多企业已经实现会计电算化,信息化已经成为企业会计的趋势,利用信息化手段,财务会计报告能够更好地抓住时间节点,会计信息能够更加精确,信息传递速度也会有极大提升,更加符合财务会计报告使用者的使用需求。
五、结语
本文对当前财务会计报告中存在的部分问题进行了探讨,其实,财务会计报告总归是财务会计信息的载体,因此,优化财务会计报告,核心出发点当为会计信息表露与使用者需求,基本规范也应以会计信息为基础,在改进会计报告时,应当充分重视市场经济体系下报告使用者对报告的多元化需求,从实际需要出发,保留当期财务会计报告的优势,尽可能实现报告的多样化、专门化。
参考文献:
[1],李英,叶康涛.财务报告的全球可比性——是什么、为什么、如何做以及何时实现[J].会计研究,2013,05:3-10+95.
[2]孙光国,杨金凤,郑文婧.财务报告质量评价:理论框架、关键概念、运行机制[J].会计研究,2013,03:27-35+95.
[3]冯海虹.财务报告改革与财务分析体系重构的互动研究[D].中国海洋大学,2012.
[4]刘峰,葛家澍.会计职能•财务报告性质•财务报告体系重构[J].会计研究,2012,03:15-19+94.
摘要:
随着社会经济的不断发展,铁路事业也随之增强起来,铁路财务会计控制作为铁路财务系统的重要组成部分之一,在增强企业综合竞争能力和完善铁路企业财务会计体系中发挥了巨大作用,也为铁路工作的有效进行起到了促进的作用。本文针对长效机制在铁路财务会计控制中的发展现状以及存在问题展开分析,就现阶段存在的问题提出合理化的解决对策,为铁路工作的良好发展奠定有力基石。
关键词:长效机制;铁路财务会计;控制;创建
铁路财务会计控制在铁路财会系统中处于举足轻重的地位,是促进现代铁路工作发展的重要手段,但是铁路财务会计控制在现阶段发展中也存在各种问题,使整个财会体系存在弊端。
一、长效机制在铁路财务会计控制中的现状
(一)监督系统存在问题
铁路工作中的财务会计控制监督主要分为内部监督和外部监督两个方面。对于内部监督来说,主要体现在:日常财务核查工作、国有资本的监督、固定资产的监督、财务监察、运输收入的稽查等多个项目的核查工作,而外部监督主要是国家专门派人进行的专项工作核查监察监督,进行年度的审计报算和审计报告。但在实际生产中,这些内部监督和外部监督并没有发挥其本质作用,做到有力监管,多是采取“睁一只眼,闭一只眼”的消极监督管理办法,这使铁路财务会计控制中的长效机制未能科学可循环良好的发展,影响铁路工作的健康运营。
(二)财务风险认识不足
随着市场经济的发展,和经济国际化的发展,对于铁路财务会计控制来说面临着多重风险,例如:筹资风险、汇率风险、投资风险和合同风险等,而铁路基层工作人员并不能够很好的认识并且控制这些风险的发生,并且由于认识的有限,和管理制度的缺陷,无形中增加了铁路财务会计控制的隐性风险,也影响到铁路工作的另行发展。
(三)管理机制的不利作用
现如今的铁路工作组要采用两极化管理,对于财务、工作、人事及业务等都由总部进行设计统筹,使基层人员不能很好的接受任务,任务目标不明确,财务监督也不得力。部门和部门之间的沟通不和谐,信息传达不当,管理机制的缺陷,阻碍了上下级铁路财务的理解与运营,进一步阻碍了铁路工作的有效开展。
二、构建长效机制在铁路财务会计控制中的发展对策
(一)及时健全铁路财务会计控制监管体系
想要健全铁路财务会计控制监管系统,就必须充分了解每个监管系统的重要性和作用,对于内部监管来说,要及时健全内部监管部门的优化,设置专门的审计部门进行监督管理,对于铁路工作的日常财务会计收入与支出及时做好记录统计,对于日常财务保单做好保存,定期进行财务核对,以免日后出现财务漏洞。对于外部监督来说,及时配合国家审计人员的工作,做好资料的提交和保存。
(二)及时健全铁路财务会计风险管理体系
1.健全预警体系铁路财务会计基层部门要根据现有存在风险建立一个财务会计预警体系,针对铁路财务会计体系中存在的风险,将每个风险有分类的进行统计和划分标准预警线,在风险值达到预警线时及时预警,并且要提前规划好预警处理办法,以便在出现预警时及时进行预警处理工作。
2.健全财务风险管理监控制度对于铁路事业的日常工作都应该建立一个全天候的风险管理监控制度,并在监督的过程中提出及时有效的解决对策。
3.建立并完善财务会计风险管理信息体系铁路基层人员要利用高科技信息技术手段对于财务会计数据库践行监督,建立完善的数据库风险制度,在搜集、整理、处理数据信息是及时做好信息保密加密处理,及时为铁路工作的有效进行提供安全可靠的财务数据信息。
(三)及时健全铁路财务会计控制治理结构
1.提高工作职责感铁路工作人员应该通过建立有效的长效机制来实现自身对于下属单位、企业的工作责任感,及时派遣小稽查员或者审计人员,对于下属企业进行调查,以提高铁路部门财务监管的决心。
2.提高长效机制安全认识对于长效机制的有效性进行及时的讲解,是铁路工作人员充分的认识其重要作用,采取相应的措施来提升铁路工作人员对于财务会计控制的认识,以此来强化铁路人员对于下属企业的财务会计控制治理结构的重视。
3.下属企业做好本职工作通过对于铁路工作人员的培训和素质提高,强化对下属企业人员的监管与控制,下属企业也要充分的做好本职工作配合铁路财务会计控制的治理,以此来提高企业的市场竞争能力。
三、结语
随着社会的不断发展和进步,人们对于长效机制在铁路财务会计控制机制中的建设越来越重视,但是实际工作和生产中,长效机制在铁路财务会计控制中的发展并没有人们预期发展那么完美,总是在这里或那里存在着弊端和漏洞,严重影响着铁路事业的发展。因此在新时期铁路事业发展的过程中加强对铁路财务会计控制长效机制的探索与研究,是现代人们必须面临有亟待解决的问题。
参考文献:
[1]张世祥.分析建立铁路财务会计控制长效机制的思考[J].中国经贸(下半月),2013(1).
[2]王强.探讨建立企业财务会计控制长效机制的思考[J].商业文化(下半月),2012(2).
美多多lady
给我汉字 Funds are the lifeblood of our ability to operate normally, while the fund management has become the core content of corporate governance. Finance and Accounting is exclusively through certain technical means and methods of accounting for funds, and specifically for corporate governance, decision-making accounting information in a discipline. As we all know, with the continuous development of the economy, financial accounting in the management, decision-making in an increasingly important role. Accordingly, the financial accounting of quality, a direct impact on the managers, operators, investors and the public interest, but also affect the company's economic, social image and social credibility, and therefore the process of socio-economic operations irreplaceable status. Enterprise Management is designed to achieve maximum benefits in the enterprise, that is a great honor to bring to the enterprise, and the various enterprises will realize the healthy and sustainable development. Business operations and financial condition is through the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and reflected. The accounting department directly through the corporate accounting, business conditions and results for effective financial analysis, not only to promote enterprise managers can quickly understand how much of the current corporate profits and the level of debt capacity, but also can be found Enterprise The size of the risks, pros and cons of corporate capital structure, so that the operators use many aspects of the enterprise to make the right decisions, with minimal risk, the most healthy financial position to achieve the maximum profit the best. At the same time, you can also find some essential issues, in order to improve management to provide the basis of some relevant
怡安宝贝
Funds are the lifeblood of our ability to operate normally, while the fund management has become the core content of corporate governance. Finance and Accounting is exclusively through certain technical means and methods of accounting for funds, and specifically for corporate governance, decision-making accounting information in a we all know, with the continuous development of the economy, financial accounting in the management, decision-making in an increasingly important role. Accordingly, the financial accounting of quality, a direct impact on the managers, operators, investors and the public interest, but also affect the company's economic, social image and social credibility, and therefore the process of socio-economic operations irreplaceable status. Enterprise Management is designed to achieve maximum benefits in the enterprise, that is a great honor to bring to the enterprise, and the various enterprises will realize the healthy and sustainable development. Business operations and financial condition is through the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and reflected. The accounting department directly through the corporate accounting, business conditions and results for effective financial analysis, not only to promote enterprise managers can quickly understand how much of the current corporate profits and the level of debt capacity, but also can be found Enterprise The size of the risks, pros and cons of corporate capital structure, so that the operators use many aspects of the enterprise to make the right decisions, with minimal risk, the most healthy financial position to achieve the maximum profit the best. At the same time, you can also find some essential issues, in order to improve management to provide the basis of some is the accounting?For many years the popular saying,accounting is accounting,scores and China "accounting" arising out of the Western Zhou Dynasty,mainly referring to the activities of the income and expenditure records,inspection and the Qing Dynasty scholar Jiao Xun "Mencius justice",a book on the "will" and "dollars" for the general explained:"it is sporadic in terms of the total cost-effective it will," it is necessary to carry out the accounting for the individual accounts,individual accounts should be integrated,comprehensive accounting concept:Accounting is the currency as a major units of measurement,using a series of specialized method,the economic activities of enterprises continuous,systematic,comprehensive and integrated accounting and oversight and based on this analysis of economic activity,forecast and control to improve the economy the effectiveness of a management to be a good accountant? In recent years accountant is such a boom that many people are eager to it. Then how to be a good accountant? In the first place a good accountant must have strong technical skills which is the most the second place a good accountant must be careful and have a strong sense of responsibility for his or her job. Besides a good accountant should develop wide relationship with some people who own abundant skil knowedge in order to widen your knowledge. What's more a good accountant should own the ability learning new knowledge by yourself so that you can adapt the fluxion. The last but not the least a good accontant also should have good professional ethics which is ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics, the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics. Accounting ethics were first introduced by Luca Pacioli, and later expanded by government groups, professional organizations, and independent companies. Ethics are taught in accounting courses at higher education institutions as well as by companies training accountants and to the diverse range of accounting services and recent corporate collapses, attention has been drawn to ethical standards accepted within the accounting profession. These collapses have resulted in a widespread disregard for the reputation of the accounting profession. To combat the criticism and prevent fraudulent accounting, various accounting organizations and governments have developed regulations and remedies for improved ethics among the accounting nature of the work carried out by accountants and auditors requires a high level of ethics. Shareholders, potential shareholders, and other users of the financial statements rely heavily on the yearly financial statements of a company as they can use this information to make an informed decision about investment. They rely on the opinion of the accountants who prepared the statements, as well as the auditors that verified it, to present a true and fair view of the company. Knowledge of ethics can help accountants and auditors to overcome ethical dilemmas, allowing for the right choice that, although it may not benefit the company, will benefit the public who relies on the accountant/auditor's is an economic management. In the non-commodity economy accounting directly for property and materials management in commodity economy because of commodity production and exchange of commodities economic activity in the property and materials are a form of value performance accounting is used form of value the management of the property and materials. If accounting is an information system and mainly focused on corporate and external information users then that is an economic management accounting activities was mainly within the enterprises the. History and reality the accounting is social production develops to a certain stage of the product development and production is to meet the needs of the management especially with the development of the commodity economy and the emergence of competition in the market through demand management on the economy activities strict control and the same time the content and form of accounting constantly improve and change from a purely accounting scores mainly for accounting operations external submit accounting statements as in prior operating forecasts decision-making on the matter of economic activities control and supervision in hindsight check. Clearly accounting whether past present or future it is people's economic management will introduce my major .my major is accounting in xxx my major,which lays more stress on practical use, seems to be at the end of both of them interact well enough,the discovries and theories in biology science can be soon turned into products in all of the modern years’ university education gives me a lot of things to learn,a lot of chances to try,and a lot of practices to improve teaches me not only what to study and how to think,but also to see the importance of practical ability (such as doing expriment as much as possible). in the university life,i have made many good help me improve my study and research ability, do ererything just like a man,and often give me good example to follow.
1网络经济下传统财务管理的弊端网络经济时代,由于经济活动的数字化、网络化,出现了许多新的媒体空间,如虚拟市场、虚拟银行。许多传统的商业运作方式将随之消失,而代之
财务管理是基于企业再生产过程中客观存在的财务活动和财务关系而产生的,下面是由我整理的,谢谢你的阅读。 1. 企业集团财务总监制度研究 2. 物流企业
这个,我研究下,再告诉你,我能帮你搞定
我也是会计专业的,你可以写纳税方面的,这是老师比较重视的话题 题目:依法纳税的认识 目录:1、企业所得税概述 2、计税依据概述 3、计算应纳税额根据的标准 4、
1. 上市公司资本结构实证研究 2. 融资约束与会计欺诈 3. 论我国的融资租赁 4. 上市公司再融资问题研究 5. 上市公司并购融资问题研究 6. 民营企业融