关于汽轮机震动危害论文的文献

一、汽轮机异常振动原因分析

汽轮机组担负着火力发电企业发电任务的重点。由于其运行时间长、关键部位长期磨损等原因，汽轮机组故障时常出现，这严重影响了发电机组的正常运行。汽轮机组异常振动是汽轮机常见故障中较为复杂的一种故障。由于机组的振动往往受多方面的影响，只要跟机本体有关的任何一个设备或介质都会是机组振动的原因，比如进汽参数、疏水、油温、油质、等等。因此，针对汽轮机异常震动原因的分析就显得尤为重要，只有查明原因才能对症维修。针对导致汽轮机异常振动的各个原因分析是维修汽轮机异常振动的关键。

二、汽轮机组常见异常震动的分析与排除

引起汽轮机组异常振动的主要原因有以下几个方面，汽流激振、转子热变形、摩擦振动等。

（一）汽流激振现象与故障排除

汽流激振有两个主要特征：一是应该出现较大量值的低频分量；二是振动的增大受运行参数的影响明显，且增大应该呈突发性，如负荷。其原因主要是由于叶片受不均衡的气体来流冲击就会发生汽流激振；对于大型机组，由于末级较长，气体在叶片膨胀末端产生流道紊乱也可能发生汽流激振现象；轴封也可能发生汽流激振现象。

针对汽轮机组汽流激振的特征，其故障分析要通过长时间的记录每次机组振动的数据，连同机组满负荷时的数据记录，做出成组曲线，观察曲线的变化趋势和范围。通过改变升降负荷速率，从5T/h到50T/h的给水量逐一变化的过程，观察曲线变化情况。通过改变汽轮机不同负荷时高压调速汽门重调特性，消除气流激振。简单的说就是确定机组产生汽流激振的工作状态，采用减低负荷变化率和避开产生汽流激振的负荷范围的方式来避免汽流激振的产生。

（二）转子热变形导致的机组异常振动特征、原因及排除

转子热变形引发的振动特征是一倍频振幅的增加与转子温度和蒸汽参数有密切关系，大都发生在机组冷态启机定速后带负荷阶段，此时转子温度逐渐升高，材质内应力释放引起转子热变形，一倍频振动增大，同时可能伴随相位变化。由于引起了转子弯曲变形而导致机组异常振动。转子永久性弯曲和临时性弯曲是两种不同的故障，但其故障机理相同，都与转子质量偏心类似，因而都会产生与质量偏心类似的旋转矢量激振力。

与质心偏离不同之处在于轴弯曲会使两端产生锥形运动，因而在轴向还会产生较大的工频振动。另外，转轴弯曲时，由于弯曲产生的弹力和转子不平衡所产生的离心力相位不同，两者之间相互作用会有所抵消，转轴的振幅在某个转速下会有所减小，即在某个转速上，转轴的振幅会产生一个“凹谷”，这点与不平衡转子动力特性有所不同。

当弯曲的作用小于不衡量时，振幅的减少发生在临界转速以下；当弯曲作用大于不平衡量时，振幅的减少就发生在临界转速以上。针对转子热变形的故障处理就是更换新的转子以减低机组异常振动。没有了振动力的产生机组也就不会出现异常振动。

（三）摩擦振动的特征、原因与排除

摩擦振动的特征：一是由于转子热弯曲将产生新的不平衡力，因此振动信号的主频仍为工频，但是由于受到冲击和一些非线性因数的影响，可能会出现少量分频、倍频和高频分量，有时波形存在“削顶”现象。二是发生摩擦时，振动的幅值和相位都具有波动特性，波动持续时间可能比较长。摩擦严重时，幅值和相位不再波动，振幅会急剧增大。

三是降速过临界时的振动一般较正常升速时大，停机后转子静止时，测量大轴的晃度比原始值明显增加。摩擦振动的机理：对汽轮机转子来讲，摩擦可以产生抖动、涡动等现象，但实际有影响的主要是转子热弯曲。动静摩擦时圆周上各点的摩擦程度是不同的，由于重摩擦侧温度高于轻摩擦侧，导致转子径向截面上温度不均匀，局部加热造成转子热弯曲，产生一个新的不平衡力作用到转子上引起振动。

三、在振动监测方面应做好的工作

目前200MW及以上的机组大都装设了轴系监控装置，对振动实施在线监控，给振动监测工作创造了良好的条件。其他中小型机组有的虽装有振动监测表，但准确度较差，要靠携带型振动表定期测试核对，有的机组仅靠推带振动表定期测试记录。对中小型机组的振动监测工作，一般都比较薄弱，不能坚持定期（每周、每10天等）测试或测试记录不全不完整等等，不利于有关振动规定的认真执行。

因此，电厂应明确规定测试振动的周期，给汽机车间专业人员和运行现场配备较高精密度的振动表，并建立专业人员保存的和运行现场保存的振动测试登记簿，按规定周期测试并将测试结果记入登记簿。测试中发现振动比上次测试结果增大时，专业人员应及时向领导汇报，并分析振动增大原因，研究采取措施，必要时增加振动测试次数，以监测是否继续增大。运行中如发现机组振动异常时，应立即使用现场保管的振动表进行测试，如振动比上次测试结果增加了时，应立即打闸停机。如振动增加虽未达到，但振动异常时听到机组有响声（如掉叶片等），或机内声音异常时，也应停机进行检查。对一般的振动增大，也应向车间汇报，以便组织分析原因，采取措施。

运行中如发现机组振动异常时，应立即使用现场保管的振动表进行测试，如振动比上次测试结果增加了时，应立即打闸停机。如振动增加虽未达到，但振动异常时听到机组有响声（如掉叶片等），或机内声音异常时，也应停机进行检查。对一般的振动增大，也应向车间汇报，以便组织分析原因，采取措施。

(1) 转动部分平衡的不正确。

(2)汽轮机、发电机等对中不好。

(3)机组附属转动件，如调速器、主轴带动的油泵、

(4)启动前预热不均匀，机壳产生变形，使机组内动静部件间隙不均匀，甚至产生摩擦，引起振动。

(5)蒸汽管路或气体管路对机组的作用力，使机组变形、移位；管路与机组联接不合要求等等也都造成振动。

(6)轴承润滑不够或不适当，油泵工作不稳定，或者油膜不稳定。

(7)新蒸汽等运行参数与要求值偏差太大。新蒸汽参数偏差过大而末及时调整，使汽轮机部件热膨胀及热应力变化剧烈；汽压、汽温过低未及时采取措施；排汽缸温度过高引起汽缸变形等等。

(8)机组运行转速离实际临界转速太近、机组某部件的固有振动频率等于或低倍于汽轮机运行频率，使部件或汽轮机发生共振。

(9)汽轮机内部转动部件与汽封偏心，产生蒸汽自激振荡引起振动。

(10) 发电机电磁力不平衡引起振动。

Steam turbineFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia• Learn more about citing Wikipedia •Jump to: navigation, search A rotor of a modern steam turbine, used in a power plantA steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into useful mechanical has almost completely replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine (invented by Thomas Newcomen and greatly improved by James Watt) primarily because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio. Also, because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator, about 80% of all electric generation in the world is by use of steam turbines. — it doesn't require a linkage mechanism to convert reciprocating to rotary motion. The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam (as opposed to the one stage in the Watt engine), which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible [hide]1 History 2 Types Steam Supply and Exhaust Conditions Casing or Shaft Arrangements 3 Principle of Operation and Design Turbine Efficiency Impulse Turbines Reaction Turbines Operation and Maintenance Speed regulation 4 Direct drive 5 Speed reduction [edit] HistoryThe first steam engine was little more than a toy, the classic Aeolipile described by Heron of Alexandria. Another steam turbine device was created by Italian Giovanni Branca in year 1629. The modern steam turbine was invented in 1884 by an Anglo Irishman, Charles A. Parsons, whose first model was connected to a dynamo that generated kW of electricity. His patent was licensed and the turbine scaled up shortly after by an American, George Westinghouse. A number of other variations of turbines have been developed that work effectively with steam. The de Laval turbine (invented by Gustaf de Laval) accelerated the steam to full speed before running it against a turbine blade. This was good, because the turbine is simpler, less expensive and does not need to be pressure-proof. It can operate with any pressure of steam. It is also, however, considerably less efficient. The Parson's turbine also turned out to be relatively easy to scale up. Within Parson's lifetime the generating capacity of a unit was scaled up by about 10,000 turbine from the Polish destroyer ORP Wicher II[edit] TypesSteam turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging from small 1 hp ( kW) units (rare) used as mechanical drives for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment, to 2,000,000 hp (1,500,000 kW) turbines used to generate electricity. There are several classifications for modern steam turbines.[edit] Steam Supply and Exhaust ConditionsThese types include condensing, noncondensing, reheat, extraction and or backpressure turbines are most widely used for process steam applications. The exhaust pressure is controlled by a regulating valve to suit the needs of the process steam pressure. These are commonly found at refineries, district heating units, pulp and paper plants, and desalination facilities where large amounts of low pressure process steam is turbines are most commonly found in electrical power plants. These turbines exhaust steam in a partially condensed state, typically of a quality near 90%, at a pressure well below atmospheric to a turbines are also used almost exclusively in electrical power plants. In a reheat turbine, steam flow exits from a high pressure section of the turbine and is returned to the boiler where additional superheat is added. The steam then goes back into an intermediate pressure section of the turbine and continues its type turbines are common in all applications. In an extracting type turbine, steam is released from various stages of the turbine, and used for industrial process needs or sent to boiler feed water heaters to improve overall cycle efficiency. Extraction flows may be controlled with a valve, or left uncontrolled. Induction turbines introduce low pressure steam at an intermediate stage to produce additional power.[edit] Casing or Shaft ArrangementsThese arrangements include single casing, tandem compound and cross compound turbines. Single casing units are the most basic style where a single casing and shaft are coupled to a generator. Tandem compound are used where two or more casings are directly coupled together to drive a single generator. A cross compound turbine arrangement features two or more shafts not in line driving two or more generators that often operate at different speeds. A cross compound turbine is typically used for many large applications.[edit] Principle of Operation and DesignAn ideal steam turbine is considered to be an isentropic process, or constant entropy process, in which the entropy of the steam entering the turbine is equal to the entropy of the steam leaving the turbine. No steam turbine is truly “isentropic”, however, with typical isentropic efficiencies ranging from 20%-90% based on the application of the turbine. The interior of a turbine is comprised of several sets of blades, or “buckets” as they are more commonly referred to. One set of stationary blades is connected to the casing and one set of rotating blades is connected to the shaft. The sets intermesh with certain minimum clearances, with the size and configuration of sets varying to efficiently exploit the expansion of steam at each stage.[edit] Turbine Efficiency Schematic diagram outlining the difference between an impulse and a reaction turbineTo maximize turbine efficiency, the steam is expanded, generating work, in a number of stages. These stages are characterized by how the energy is extracted from them and are known as impulse or reaction turbines. Most modern steam turbines are a combination of the reaction and impulse design. Typically, higher pressure sections are impulse type and lower pressure stages are reaction type. [edit] Impulse TurbinesAn impulse turbine has fixed nozzles that orient the steam flow into high speed jets. These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which the rotor blades, shaped like buckets, convert into shaft rotation as the steam jet changes direction. A pressure drop occurs across only the stationary blades, with a net increase in steam velocity across the the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from steam chest pressure to condenser pressure (or atmosphere pressure). Due to this relatively higher ratio of expansion of steam in the nozzle the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity. The steam leaving the moving blades is a large portion of the maximum velocity of the steam when leaving the nozzle. The loss of energy due to this higher exit velocity is commonly called the "carry over velocity" or "leaving loss".[edit] Reaction TurbinesIn the reaction turbine, the rotor blades themselves are arranged to form convergent nozzles. This type of turbine makes use of the reaction force produced as the steam accelerates through the nozzles formed by the rotor. Steam is directed onto the rotor by the fixed vanes of the stator. It leaves the stator as a jet that fills the entire circumference of the rotor. The steam then changes direction and increases its speed relative to the speed of the blades. A pressure drop occurs across both the stator and the rotor, with steam accelerating through the stator and decelerating through the rotor, with no net change in steam velocity across the stage but with a decrease in both pressure and temperature, reflecting the work performed in the driving of the rotor.[edit] Operation and MaintenanceWhen warming up a steam turbine for use, the main steam stop valves (after the boiler) have a bypass line to allow superheated steam to slowly bypass the valve and proceed to heat up the lines in the system along with the steam turbine. Also a turning gear is engaged when there is no steam to the turbine to slowly rotate the turbine to ensure even heating to prevent uneven expansion. After first rotating the turbine by the turning gear, allowing time for the rotor to assume a straight plane (no bowing), then the turning gear is disengaged and steam is admitted to the turbine, first to the astern blades then to the ahead blades slowly rotating the turbine at 10 to 15 RPM to slowly warm the with turbines are now rare and maintenance requirements are relatively small. Any imbalance of the rotor can lead to vibration, which in extreme cases can lead to a blade letting go and punching straight through the casing. It is, however, essential that the turbine be turned with dry steam. If water gets into the steam and is blasted onto the blades (moisture carryover) rapid impingement and erosion of the blades can occur, possibly leading to imbalance and catastrophic failure. Also, water entering the blades will likely result in the destruction of the thrust bearing for the turbine shaft. To prevent this, along with controls and baffles in the boilers to ensure high quality steam, condensate drains are installed in the steam piping leading to the turbine.[edit] Speed regulationThe control of a turbine with a governor is essential, as turbines need to be run up slowly, to prevent damage while some applications (such as the generation of alternating current electricity) require precise speed control. Uncontrolled acceleration of the turbine rotor can lead to an overspeed trip, which causes the nozzle valves that control the flow of steam to the turbine to close. If this fails then the turbine may continue accelerating until it breaks apart, often spectacularly. Turbines are expensive to make, requiring precision manufacture and special quality materials.[edit] Direct driveElectrical power stations use large steam turbines driving electric generators to produce most ( about 80%) of the world's electricity. These centralised stations are of two types: fossil fuel power plants and nuclear power plants. The turbines used for electric power generation are most often directly coupled to their generators. As the generators must rotate at constant synchronous speeds according to the frequency of the electric power system, the most common speeds are 3000 r/min for 50 Hz systems, and 3600 r/min for 60 Hz systems. All large nuclear sets rotate at half those speeds, and have a 4-pole generator rather than the more common 2-pole one.[edit] Speed reduction The Turbinia - the first steam turbine-powered shipAnother use of steam turbines is in ships; their small size, low maintenance, light weight, and low vibration are compelling advantages. (Steam turbine locomotives were also tested, but with limited success.) A steam turbine is only efficient when operating in the thousands of RPM range while application of the power in propulsion applications may be only in the hundreds of RPM and so requiring that expensive and precise reduction gears must be used, although several ships, such as Turbinia, had direct drive from the steam turbine to the propeller shafts. This purchase cost is offset by much lower fuel and maintenance requirements and the small size of a turbine when compared to a reciprocating engine having an equivalent power.

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