normal论文范文

楼上说的似乎都太小儿科了，楼主想必是要发表的那种,当然要正式一点.这里的一篇是偏向交作业的下面一个是正式发表的双语版本张彧典人工证明四色猜想 山西盂县党校数学高级讲师用25年业余时间研究四色猜想的人工证明。在借鉴肯普链法和郝伍德范例正反两方面做法的基础上，独创了郝——张染色程序和色链的数量组合、位置（相交）组合理论，确立了仅包含九大构形的不可免集合，从而弥补了肯普证明中的漏洞。现贴出全文（中——英文对照）及参考文献的英译汉全文。欢迎各位同仁批评指正。最后特别感谢英国兰开斯特大学、兰州交大张忠辅、清华大学林翠琴、上海师大吴望名四位教授的无私帮助。附:论文用“H·Z—CP“求解赫伍德构形张彧典 （山西省盂县县委党校 045100）摘要：本文根据色链的数量和位置组合理论，用赫伍德染色程序（简称H—CP）和张彧典染色程序（简称Z—CP）找到一个赫伍德构形的不可避免集。关键词：H—CP Z—CP H·Z—CP《已知的赫伍德范例》〔1〕对求解赫伍德构形有两大贡献。其一，提供了H—CP，使我们用它找到了赫伍德染色非周期转化的赫伍德构形组合；其二，范例2提供了赫伍德染色周期转化的赫伍德构形，使我们发现了Z—CP，解决了这种构形的正确染色。为下面讨论方便，先给出〔1〕文中赫伍德构形的最简单模型。如图1所示：四色用A、B、C、D表示,待染色区V用小圆表示,其五个邻点染色用A1、B1、B2、C1、D1表示，形成的五边形区域叫双B夹A型中心区。中心区外有A1—C1链、A1—D1链（因它们的首尾分别被V连成环，故叫环，以便与开放链区分），其中还有B1—D2链、B2—C2链，A1、A2被C2—D2链隔开。其余赫伍德构形类同。在我们所设的模型中，再添加一些不同的色链后就构成许多不同的标准三角剖分图（记为G′）。当借助H—CP对它们求解时发现，其中色链的不同数量组合和相交组合直接影响解法上的差异。现在具体确立赫伍德构形的不可避免集。在后面图解中，画小横线者表示环，画粗线者表示两点以上染色互换的链，B（D）等表示一个点的染色互换。如图2： 设图1中有B1－A2链、D1－C2链（也可以是B2－A2链）存在时。其解法是：在A1—C1环内作B、D互换，生成新的A—D环（生不成情形归于下一种构形），再作A—D环外的C、B互换，可给V染C色。如图3：设图1中有C1－D2链、D1－C2链存在时。其解法是：在A1—C1环内作B、D互换，生成B—C环；作B—C环外的D、A互换，生成新的A—C环（生不成情形归于下一种构形）；再作A—C环内的B、D互换，可给V染B色。如图4：设图1中有C1－D2链、B2－A2链存在时。其解法是：在A1—C1环内作B、D互换，生成B—C环；作B—C环外的D、A互换，生成B—D环；作B—D环内的A、C互换，生成新的B—C环（生不成情形归于下一种构形）；再作B—C环内的D、A互换，可给V染D色。如图5：设图4中B1－D2链与A1－D1环相交，这时有B1－A3、C1－A3生成。其解法是：在A1—C1环内作B、D互换，生成B—C环；作B—C环外的D、A互换，生成B—D环；作B—D环内的A、C互换，生成A—D环；作A—D环外的C、B互换，生成新的B—D环（生不成情形归于下一种构形）；再作B—D环外的A、C互换，可给V染A色。如图6：设图5中C1－D2链与A1－C1环相交，为简单起见，将C1－D2链在A1－C1环外的D色点均改染B色，见图中B(带圈子的)。其解法是：在A1—C1环内作B、D互换，生成B—C环；作B—C环外的D、A互换，生成B—D环；作B—D环内的A、C互换，生成A—D环；作A—D环外的C、B互换，生成A—C环；作A—C环外的B、D互换，生成新的A—D环（生不成情形归于下一种构形）；再作A—D环内的C、B互换，可给V染C色。如图7：设图6中B1－D2链再与B1－A3链相交，为简单起见，将B1－A3链在B1－D2链内侧的A色点均改染C色，见图中C(带圈子的)。其解法是：在A1—C1环内作B、D互换，生成B—C环；作B—C环外的D、A互换，生成B—D环；作B—D环内的A、C互换，生成A—D环；作A—D环外的C、B互换，生成A—C环；作A—C环外的B、D互换，生成B—C环；作B—C环内的D、A互换生成新的A—C环（生不成情形归于下一种构形）；再作A—C环内的B、D互换，可给V染B色。如图8：设图7中有B1－D2链与C1－D2链在A1－C1环内相交。其解法是：在A1—C1环内作B、D互换，生成B—C环；作B—C环外的D、A互换，生成B—D环；作B—D环内的A、C互换，生成A—D环；作A—D环外的C、B互换，生成A—C环；作A—C环外的B、D互换，生成B—C环；作B—C环内的D、A互换生成B—D环；作B—D环外的A、C互换，生成新的B—C环（生不成情形归于下一种构形）；再作B—C环内的D、A互换，可给V染D色。图9：设图8中有B2－A2链与A1－D1环相交。其解法是：在A1—C1环内作B、D互换，生成B—C环；作B—C环外的D、A互换，生成B—D环；作B—D环内的A、C互换，生成A—D环；作A—D环外的C、B互换，生成A—C环；作A—C环外的B、D互换，生成B—C环；作B—C环内的D、A互换生成B—D环；作B—D环外的A、C互换，生成A—D环；作A—D环内的C、B互换，生成新的B—D环；(生不成情形归于下一种构形)再作B—D环内的A、C互换，可给V染A色。如图10：这是一个十折对称的赫伍德构形。即在图3中，按图6的相交组合方式设C1—D2链与A1—C1环相交，D1—C2链与A1—D1环相交，C1—D2链在A1—C1环外的D色点与D1—C2链在A1—D1环外的C色点均改染B色，见图中B(带圈子的)。；再设改染成的C—B链、D—B链对称相交。这个赫伍德构形就是〔1〕文中范例2的拓扑变换形式。对于图10如果沿用图2—9的求解方法，就会产生四个周期转化的赫伍德构形，无法得解。但是，四个连续转化的赫伍德构形有一个共同的染色特征，即都包含A—B环，于是产生了如下特殊的Z—CP：若已知的是第一（或三）图时，先作A—B环外的C，D互换，生成新的A—C，A—D（或B—C、B—D）环，再作B（D）、B（C）[或A（D）、A（C）]互换，使五边形五个顶点染色数减少到3。解如图10（1）和图10(3)。若已知的是第二（或四）图时，先作A—B环外的C，D互换，生成了新的B—C（或A—D）链，再作B—C（或A—D）链一侧的A（D）[或A（C）〕互换，使五边形五个顶点染色数减少到3。解如图10（2）和10(4)。下面从理论上证明图2—10组成的不可避免集的完备性。在已四染色的G’中，由A、B、C、D四色中任意二色组成的不同色链共C42(=6) 种。反映在赫伍德构形中，有始点终点均在中心区且相交的A1－C1环、A1－D1环，还有始点在中心区，终点在A1－C1、A1－D1二环交集区域边缘上的B1－D2、B1－A2（B2－A2）、B2－C2、C1－D2（D1－C2）四种链。这四种链在赫伍德构形中的不同数量组合共四组：B1－A2、B1－D2、B2－C2、B2－A2B1－A2、B1－D2、B2－C2、D1－C2C1－D2、B1－D2、B2－C2、B2－A2C1－D2、B1－D2、B2－C2、D1－C2而六种色链中任意两种色链的不同位置组合共C62(=15)组。其中有三组不可相交组合：A－B与C－D、A－C与B－D、A－D与B－C;还有12组可相交组合：A－B与A－C、A－D、B－C、B－D;A－C与A－D、B－C、C－D ;A－D与B－D、C－D;B－C与B－D、C－D;B－D与C－D。我们把上述六种色链的不同数量组合（4组）及不同位置组合（12组可相交的）作为两大变量，一共可得到16种不同组合的赫伍德构形；然后在“结构最简”和“解法相同”的约束条件下逐一检验，具体归纳为：图2——4体现四种不同数量组合，其中图2体现前两种组合；图5——9体现依次增多的相交组合，其中图9已包含了12种相交组合；图10体现特殊的数量组合和相交组合。到此，我们用“H·Z—CP”成功地解决了赫伍德构形的正确染色，从而弥补了肯普证明中的漏洞。参考文献：〔1〕、Holroyd，F．C．and Miller，R．G．．The example that heawood shold have given Quart J Math.(1992). 43 (2),67-71附英文版Using H·Z-CP Solves Heawood ConfigurationZhang Yu-dianYu Xian Party School, Yu Xian 045100, Shanxi, ChinaAbstract: In this text, One Heawood configuration’s inevitable sets is found by using Heawoods-clouring procedure (abbreviated as H-CP) and Zhang Yu-dian clouring procedure (abbreviated as Z-CP), based on quantity and poison combination theory of coloring chain. And, one new procedure is found, which is named as H· words: H-CP Z-CP H·Z-CPIntroduceThesis [1] made two main contributions to solving Heawood configuration. One is H-CP, by using it Heawood-coloring aperiodic transform’s Heawood configuration sets was found. The other one, in example II[1], provided Heawood-coloring periodic transform’s Heawood configuration. With it, Z-CP was found, and solved correct coloring for this the convenience of discuss, the simplest Heawood configuration model is given in [1] as shown in Fig. 1, A, B,C ,D denote four colors, one roundlet denotes section V to be dyed, A1, B1, B2,C1 ,D1, denote five adjacent points border upon V, the pentagon area that forms is defined as pairs of B & A embedded area. Outside of V is A1-C1 chain and A1-D1 chain (because the head and trail is looped by V separately, so called loop, in order to distinguish with others). And there are B1-D2 chain and B 2-C2 chain also. A1, A2 is separated by C2-D2 chain. The other Heawood configuration is this model, if add another coloring chain, many distinct normal triangle section map is formed(is G′). When to find the solution of map, it is found that distinct quantity combination and intersectant combination have effect on solution’s follows, the detailed Heawood configuration’s inevitable sets is is defined in latter figure as: a small transverse thread denotes a loop, a thick thread denotes a chain in which two or more coloring changed. B(D) etc. denotes that one point’s coloring is shown in Fig. 2, if there are B1-A2 chain and D1-C2 chain in Fig. 1(can also be B2-A2 chain):Its solution is: in A1-C1 loop, B and D is interchanged, a new A-D loop is formed (if it can’t be formed, belongs to another configuration). Then, C and B outside A-D loop is interchanged, and then V can be dyed with C shown in Fig. 3, if there are C1-D2 chain and D1-C2 chain in Fig. 1:Its solution is: in A1-C1 loop, B and D is interchanged, a new B-C loop is formed, D and A outside B-C loop is interchanged, a new A-C loop is formed (if it can’t be formed, belongs to another configuration). Then, in A-C loop, B and D is interchanged, and then V can be dyed with B shown in , if there are C1-D2 chain and B2-A2 chain in Fig. 1:Its solution is: in A1-C1 loop, B and D is interchanged, a new B-C loop is formed, D and A outside B-C loop is interchanged, a new B-D loop is formed , in B-D loop, A and C is interchanged, a new B-C loop is formed, (if it can't be formed, belongs to another configuration). Then, in B-C loop, D and A is interchanged, and then V can be dyed with D shown in , if B1-D2 chain and A1-D1 loop is intersectant in Fig. 4, new B1-A 3 loop and C1-A 3 loop are solution is:in A1-C1 loop, B and D is interchanged, a new B-C loop is formed, D and A outside B-C loop is interchanged, a new B-D loop is formed, in B-D loop, A and C is interchanged, a new A-D loop is formed, C and B outside A-D loop is interchanged, a new B-D loop is formed, (if it can't be formed, belongs to another configuration). Then, A and C outside B-D loop is interchanged, and then V can be dyed with A shown in , if C1-D2 chain and A1-C1 loop is intersectant in Fig. 5, for simplicity, D can be dyed with B color in C1-D2 chain outside A1-C1 loop. See ○B in solution is: in A1-C1 loop, B and D is interchanged, a new B-C loop is formed, D and A outside B-C loop is interchanged, a new B-D loop is formed, in B-D loop, A and C is interchanged, a new A-D loop is formed, C and B outside A-D loop is interchanged, a new A-C loop is formed, B and D outside A-C loop is interchanged, a new A-D loop is formed, (if it can't be formed, belongs to another configuration). Then, in A-D loop, C and B is interchanged, and then V can be dyed with C shown in , if B1-D2 chain and B1-A3 loop is intersectant in Fig. 6, for simplicity, A can be dyed with C color in B1-A3 chain inside B1-D2 chain. See ○C in Fig. solution is: in A1-C1 loop, B and D is interchanged, a new B-C loop is formed, D and A outside B-C loop is interchanged, a new B-D loop is formed, in B-D loop, A and C is interchanged, a new A-D loop is formed, C and B outside A-D loop is interchanged, a new A-C loop is formed, B and D outside A-C loop is interchanged, a new B-C loop is formed, in B-C loop, D and A is interchanged, a new A-C loop is formed, (if it can't be formed, belongs to another configuration). Then, in A-C loop, B and D is interchanged, and then V can be dyed with B shown in , if B1-D2 chain and C1-D2 chain is intersectant inside A1-C1 loop in Fig. solution is: in A1-C1 loop, B and D is interchanged, a new B-C loop is formed, D and A outside B-C loop is interchanged, a new B-D loop is formed, in B-D loop, A and C is interchanged, a new A-D loop is formed, C and B outside A-D loop is interchanged, a new A-C loop is formed, B and D outside A-C loop is interchanged, a new B-C loop is formed, in B-C loop, D and A is interchanged, a new B-D loop is formed, A and C outside B-D loop is interchanged, a new B-C loop is formed, (if it can't be formed, belongs to another configuration). Then, in B-C loop, D and A is interchanged, and then V can be dyed with D shown in , if B2-A2 chain and A1-D2 loop is intersectant in Fig. solution is: in A1-C1 loop, B and D is interchanged, a new B-C loop is formed, D and A outside B-C loop is interchanged, a new B-D loop is formed, in B-D loop, A and C is interchanged, a new A-D loop is formed, C and B outside A-D loop is interchanged, a new A-C loop is formed, B and D outside A-C loop is interchanged, a new B-C loop is formed, in B-C loop, D and A is interchanged, a new B-D loop is formed, A and C outside B-D loop is interchanged, a new A-D loop is formed, in A-D loop, C and B is interchanged, a new B-D loop is formed, (if it can't be formed, belongs to another configuration). Then, in B-D loop, A and C is interchanged, and then V can be dyed with A Fig. 10, it is a ten-fold symmetrical Heawood configuration. Namely in Fig. 3, according intersectant combination method in Fig. 6,if C1-D2 chain and A1-C1 loop intersects, D1-C2 chain and A1-D1 loop intersects, D color point at C1-D2 chain outside A1-C1 loop and C color point at D1-C2 chain outside A1-D1 loop are both exchanged with B coloring, see ○B in Fig. 10. And then presume the exchanged C-B chain and D-B chain are symmetrically intersectant. This Heawood configuration is the topology transform form in example II [1].For Fig. 10, if using the solution way in Fig. 9, 4 periodic transform’s Heawood configurations will come into being, and will be no result. But there is a common coloring character for the 4 sequence transform Heawood configurations, namely, they all contain A-B loop. And then, as follows Z-CP comes into Fig. 10(1) or 10(3) is known, firstly, C and D outside A-B loop interchanged, the new A-C loop and A-D loop(or B-C loop and B-D loop) come into B(D) & B(C) (or A(D) & A(C)) interchange. The coloring number at the point of the pentagon is reducing to 3. Its conclusion is shown in Fig. 10(1) and Fig. 10(3).If Fig. 10(2) or 10(4) is known, firstly, C and D outside A-B loop is interchanged, the new B-C (or A-D) chain come into being, then A(D) (or A(C)) at the side of B-C (or A-D) is interchange. The coloring number at the point of the pentagon is reducing to 3. Its conclusion is shown in Fig. 10(2) and Fig. 10(4).The self-contained inevitable sets composed of Fig 2 to 10 will be proved as the 4 color dyed G’, the quantity of distinct coloring chain formed by two colors in A, B,C ,D four colors have C42(=6) kinds totally. It is reflected in Heawood configuration, there are intersectant A1-C1 loop and A1-D1 loop whose start-point and end-point are all in center area. And there are B1-D2, B1-A2(B2-A2), B2-C2, C1-D2(D1-C2) 4 chains , whose start-point is in center area, and end-point is on the verge of the intersection area of A1-C1 loop and A1-D1 loop. There are 4 groups in total for the 4 kinds of chain’s distinct quantity combination in Heawood configuration:B 1－A2、B 1－A2、B2－C2、B2－A2B 1－A2、B 1－D2、B2－C2、D1－C2C 1－D2、B 1－D2、B2－C2、B2－A2C 1－D2、B 1－D2、B2－C2、D1－C2There are C62(=15) kinds of two different situation’s combination in 6 kinds of chains, among them ,there are 3 kinds of not intersectant combinations:A－B and C－D、A－C and B－D、A－D and B－C;Otherwise there are 12 kinds of intersectant combinations:A－B and A－C、A－D、B－C、B－D;A－C and A－D、B－C、C－D ;A－D and B－D、C－D;B－C and B－D、C－D;B－D and C－D。Above 6 kinds of chain’s different quantity combinations(4 groups) and different situation combinations (intersectant 12 groups ) are two major variables, 16 kinds of Heawood configurations in different combination can be found totally. Then, on the “simplest structure” and “same solution” restrictive condition, verifiyed one by one, detailed conclusion is: Fig. 2 to Fig. 4 indicate 4 kinds of different quantity combinations. Among them, Fig. 2 indicates the former 2 groups. Fig. 5 to Fig. 9 indicate intersectant combination increased in turn. Among them, Fig. 9 contains12 kinds of intersectant combinations. Fig. 10 indicates specific quantity combinations sand intersectant this time, correct coloring for Heawood configuration is solved. The procedure which solve the problem, we name it H·Z-CP. The conclusion renovate the leak of kengpu :〔1〕、Holroyd，F．C．and Miller，R．G．．The example that heawood shold have given Quart J Math.(1992). 43 (2),67-71

Top Ten Reasons People Are FatThe Washington Post points us to a report in the International Journal of Obesity whose authors looked at more than 100 studies on potential contributors to obesity, besides diet and exercise, The experts concluded that there was at least some scientific support for the following ten reasons:1. Inadequate sleep. (Average sleep amounts have fallen, and many studies tie sleep deprivation to weight gain.)2. endocrine disruptors, which are substances in some foods that may alter fats in the . Nice temperatures. (Air conditioning and heating limit calories burned from sweating and shivering.)4. Fewer people smoking. (Less appetite supression.)5. Medicines that cause weight . Population changes. (more middle-agers and Hispanics, who have higher obesity rates.)7. Older birth moms. (That correlates with heavier children).8. Genetic influences during . Darwinian natural selection. (Fat people outsurvive skinny ones).10. Assortative mating, or "like mating with like," as Allison puts it. Translation: fat people procreating with others of the same body type, gradually skewing the population toward the heavy the way it feels, losing weight isn't a mysterious process. It's a simple matter of burning more calories than you eat. But, if it were really that simple, none of us would have a weight problem, would we? Weight loss can be such a struggle that we start thinking we have to do something drastic to see results -- diets, pills or those weird fitness gadgets on infomercials that promise instant success. The true secret to weight loss is this: Make small changes each and every day and you'll slowly (but surely) lose those extra pounds. The key is to forget about instant results and settle in for the long run.

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Obesity is the accumulation of excess body fat caused by the phenomenon, not seen as "healthy" logo. Obesity not only affects the physical beauty, but also to the inconvenience of life, more importantly, is likely to cause a variety of complications, accelerated aging and death. No wonder people say that obesity is a precursor to the disease, signs of aging. First, it is the enemy of health and longevity According to statistics, obesity incidence of cerebral embolism and heart failure than normal weight doubled, to more than twice the risk of coronary heart disease than normal weight, the incidence of hypertension than normal-weight two to six times more than those with diabetes increased about four times normal, cholelithiasis were higher than normal four - six times more serious is obesity life can be significantly reduced. It is reported that 10 percent of overweight 45-year-old man, whose life than normal-weight to shorten the four-year, with Japan standard mortality statistics show that the percentage of 100%, obesity mortality rate was . Second, the impact of labor and vulnerable to injury Obese people tend to heat intolerance, sweating, fatigue, lower extremity edema, varicose veins, skin folds suffering from dermatitis, severely obese people, slow, difficult walking activity has little activity flustered shortness of breath, which affects normal life, serious and even lead to loss of labor. Because obesity action slow response, but also vulnerable to a variety of injuries, car accidents, fractures and sprains and so on. Third, prone to coronary heart disease and hypertension Obese adipose tissue increases, oxygen consumption increased cardiac work capacity, myocardial hypertrophy, in particular left ventricular burden, a long time easy to induce hypertension. Lipid deposition in the arterial wall, resulting in luminal narrowing, hardening, easy to coronary heart disease, angina, stroke, and sudden death. Fourth, the susceptibility to endocrine and metabolic diseases With the obesity caused by metabolic, endocrine abnormalities, and often can cause a variety of diseases. Diabetes can cause abnormal glucose metabolism, fat metabolism can cause hyperlipidemia, nucleic acid metabolism can cause hyperuricemia. Obese women due to ovarian dysfunction may cause menstrual irregularities. Fifth, have adverse effects on lung function Lung function is to supply oxygen to the body and expel carbon dioxide. Obesity due to weight gain requires more oxygen, but not the attendant increase in lung function, while the accumulation of abdominal fat and obesity restrict respiratory movement of the lung, it can cause hypoxia and difficulty in breathing, leading to heart and lung failure. Six easy to cause liver and gallbladder disease Because obesity hyperinsulinemia make endogenous triglyceride synthesis hyperthyroidism, it will result in the accumulation of triglycerides synthesized in the liver and thus the formation of fatty liver. Obese compared with normal bile acid cholesterol levels increased more than the bile solubility, so obese easily with a high proportion of cholesterol gallstones, gallstones has been reported suffering from 50 to 80% of women are obese. At the time of surgery, about the height of obesity associated with about 30% of gallstones. Cholelithiasis in the following cases the onset of many: obese women, aged over 40, compared to the incidence of gallstones in obese women with normal weight were about six times higher. Seven, will increase the difficulty of surgery, postoperative infection Obesity increases the risk of anesthesia and post-operative wound dehiscence easily infected fall chance product of pneumonia complications than those who do not as much fat. Eight, can cause joint disease Weight gain can make many joints (such as the spine, shoulder, elbow, hip, ankle joints) wear or tear caused pain. Nine concurrent hernia Obesity may be complicated by a number of hernia, in which the upper part of the stomach to the chest translocation of hiatal hernia is the most common