sisley0522
英国人的饮食习惯亦式样简单,注重营养。早餐通常是麦片粥冲牛奶或一杯果汁,涂上黄油的烤面包片,熏咸肉或煎香肠、鸡蛋。中午,孩子们在学校吃午餐,大人的午餐就在工作地点附近买上一份三明治,就一杯咖啡,打发了事。只有到周末,英国人的饭桌上才会丰盛一番。通常主菜是肉类,如烤鸡肉、烤牛肉、烤鱼等。蔬菜品种繁多,像卷心菜、新鲜豌豆、土豆、胡萝卜等。蔬菜一般都不再加工,装在盘里,浇上从超市买回的现成调料便食用。主菜之后总有一道易消化的甜食,如烧煮水果、果料布丁、奶酪、冰激凌等。 British people's eating habits also style is simple, pay attention to nutrition. Breakfast is usually cereal blunt milk or a glass of juice, besmear butter toast, bacon or Fried sausages and eggs. At noon, children eat lunch at school, adult lunch at the workplace nearby bought a sandwich, a cup of coffee, sent settles. Only at the weekend, the British dining table will abundantly xing. Usually the main dish was meat, such as chicken, roast beef, grilled fish, etc. Vegetables varities, such as cabbage, fresh pea, potatoes, carrots, etc. Vegetables are usually no longer processing, packed in pan and poured from the supermarket buy back the ready-made condiment and edible. Main course after total have a digestible sweets, such as cooking fruit, . pudding, cheese, ice-cream, etc. 美国式饮食不讲究精细,追求快捷方便,也不奢华,比较大众化。一日三餐都比较随便。 早餐以面包、牛奶、鸡蛋、果汁、麦片、咖啡、香肠等为主。午餐一般在工作地点用快餐(快餐是典型的美国饮食文化,十分普及),一般有三明治、水果、咖啡、汉堡包、热狗等。晚餐是正餐,比较丰盛,有一二道菜,如牛排、猪排、烤肉、炸鸡等,配面包、黄油、青菜、水果、点心等。也有不少人上餐馆用晚餐。美国餐馆很多,一般供应自助餐、快餐、特餐(固定份饭)、全餐等各种形式的餐饮,价格一般比较低廉,也可点菜,点菜价格最高。早餐一般在8时左右,午餐一般在12时-14时,晚餐一般在18时左右。他们在临睡前有吃点心的习惯,成人以水果、糖果为主,孩子则食用牛奶和小甜饼。 美国人的口味比较清淡,喜欢吃生、冷食品,如凉抖菜、嫩肉排等,热汤也不烫。菜肴的味道一般是咸中带点甜。煎、炸、炒、烤为主要烹调方式,不用红烧、蒸等方式。以肉、鱼、蔬菜为主食,面包、面条、米饭是副食。甜食有蛋糕、家常小馅饼、冰淇淋等。他们喜欢吃青豆、菜心、豆苗、刀豆、蘑菇等蔬菜。所用肉类都先剔除骨头,鱼去头尾和骨刺,虾蟹去壳。 美国人喜欢吃糖醋鱼、咕噜肉、炸牛肉、炸牛排、炸猪排、烤鸡、炸仔鸡等肉食菜品,爱用冰水、矿泉水、可口可乐、啤酒、威士忌、白兰地等饮料,喜欢在饮料中加冰块,不喜欢饮茶。饭前以蕃茄汁、橙汁等作为开胃饮料,吃饭时习惯饮用啤酒、葡萄酒、汽水等饮料,饭后则喝咖啡,很少喝烈性酒。美国人不爱吃猪蹄、鸡爪、海参、动物内脏、肥肉等。烹饪时不放调料,调料放在餐桌上自取,有酱油、醋、味精、胡椒粉、辣椒粉等。 部分美国人喜欢吃蚯蚓、罐头、饼干。制作凉菜时,一般用色拉油、沙司作调料。不少人喜欢吃我国的粤菜、川菜以及甜酱、蚝油、海鲜酱等。喜欢用威士忌、杜松子酒、伏特加等生酒混合调制鸡尾酒。 American food does not pay attention to fine, the pursuit of fast and convenient, also not costly, more popular. Informal meals a day. Breakfast with bread, milk, eggs, fruit juice, cereal, coffee, sausages and give priority to. Lunch generally in the workplace with fast food (fast food is a typical American food culture, very popular), usually have sandwiches, fruit, coffee, hamburgers, hot dogs, etc. Dinner is dinner, compare abundance, there are 12 dish, such as steak, pork chops, barbecue, Fried chicken, match bread, butter, green vegetables, fruits, desserts. There are many people in the restaurant for dinner. Many American restaurants, general supply buffet, snack, special (fixed rice), the meal, etc. Various kinds of forms of catering, low price is compared commonly, also can order, order the highest prices. Breakfast is in commonly 8 at around 12 when in commonly, lunch, dinner - 14 in commonly at around 18. They have snack before sleep habits, and adult with fruit, candy is given priority to, children are eating milk and cookies. The americans is light, like to eat raw, LengShiPin, such as cold dishes, the tender steak shake etc, hot soup also not hot. The general is salty flavor dishes with something sweet. Decoct, fry, fry, roast for main cook means, don't wait for means braise in soy sauce, steamed. With meat, fish, vegetables as staple food, bread, noodles, rice is fushi. Sweets are cakes, homely small pies, ice cream etc. They like to eat beans, vegetables, fabaceous seedling, knife bean, mushrooms, etc vegetables. Used to eliminate all meat, fish bones to the head and tail and spur, shrimp crab shell. Americans like to eat sweet and sour fish, GuLuRou, fry beef, Fried steak, Fried pork, chicken, Fried chickens meat dishes, such as love to use cold water, mineral water, Coca Cola, beer, whisky, brandy and other beverages, like in the beverage with crushed ice, don't like to drink tea. Before meals with tomato juice, orange juice as appetizer, when eating habits drinking beer, wine, beverage, soda etc after is to drink coffee, seldom drink alcohol. Americans do not love to eat pig, chicken feet, sea cucumber, fat liver, etc. When cooking don't put condiment, condiment on table himself, soy sauce, vinegar, monosodium glutamate, pepper, chili powder, etc. Some americans like to eat worms, canned foods, biscuits. Making cold dishes, generally with salad oil, sauces for seasoning. Many people like to eat our guangdong, sichuan and maple syrup, oyster sauce, seafood sauce, etc. Like using whisky, gin, vodka etc born wine mix modulation cocktail.
WSY-recording
摘要] 由于自然环境和物产不同,形成了东西方不同的文化,中西饮食便沿着各自的道路发展起来.传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化和海洋文化,中国文化则是一种农耕文化和陆地文化,两种不同的文化反映出人们生产生活空间和方式的差异,其中饮食是具有代表性的一个方面,从菜单命名使用的词汇即可略见一斑.一、由于自然环境和物产不同,形成了东西方不同的文化,中西饮食便沿着各自的道路发展起来.传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化和海洋文化,中国文化则是一种农耕文化和陆地文化,两种不同的文化反映出人们生产生活空间和方式的差异,其中饮食是具有代表性的一个方面,从文化命名使用的词汇即可略见一斑.两种饮食文化的差别主要表现在原料种类、烹饪方法、进餐方式、菜式命名等四个方面.(一)原料种类.西餐原料主要是动物类和海洋鱼类,辅以植物类,中餐原料主要是植物类和淡水鱼类,辅以动物类.随着社会发展和中西方交流的增加,两种饮食体系所使用的原料有趋同的趋势,但差别仍然比较明显.中国人视为珍馐美味的猫、狗、鸽子西方人是不会尝试的,而西方人习以为常的海洋鱼类、贝壳类可能为多数内地中国人见所未见,中国人的"食谱"范围比西方人的丰富得多.(二)烹饪方式.这是中西餐饮的一大差别,也是饮食文化差异的隐性因素.烹饪方法的差异又表现在三个方面:首先是原料的粗加工,所谓"食不厌精、脍不厌细",基础就是原料的粗加工,中餐对此十分讲究,加工后的原料形状多种多样,有整体(Whole)、块(Cubes)、片(Slices)、卷(Rolls)、条(Strips)、段(Segments)、丝(Shreds)、丁(Dice)、粒(Grains)、末(Mince)、蓉(泥)(Mash)、浆(Thickliq 2uid)、汁(Juice)等,西餐原料的处理则较为简单,一般有整体、块、片、丁、泥等几种形状;其次是火候,中式烹调讲究用火,三十多种加工方法许多是西餐中没有的,西餐烹调加工时间较短、火温适中;三是调味,中餐的复合味型多,要求原料入味,西餐则强调原料本味及调料的独立使用.(三)进餐方式.这是中西饮食文化差异的显性因素,也是中西方文化中的社会心理、价值观、民族习俗方面的差异在饮食上的表现.刀叉与筷子、圆桌与条桌等各不相同,在菜式和道数上双方虽然都有程式,但一分一合,互相对立,由此产生的宴请礼仪、饮酒方式、席间气氛也大不相同.(四)菜式命名.中餐讲究"作",西餐注重"吃",中菜命名讲究文雅、含蓄和吉利,注重表情、联想功能,寓情、寓意,便使用了多种修辞手法,除少量大众化菜肴以原料直接命名外,相当一部分菜是以创始人、景物、典故和传闻来命名的,这种命名方法的缺点是菜名与原料无明显关联,往往不知所云,如"八仙过海""、佛跳墙"等.西菜命名则直截了当,突出原料,极少使用类似中菜命名的修辞手段,虽少了艺术性,但多了实用性.当然,西菜命名也讲究高雅,但表现方法则是以法文命名."WhenwetalkofmeatonourtableweuseFrenchwords,(porc)(boeuf).Chickensbecomepoultry(poulet),andacalfbecomesveal(veau).EvenifourmenuswerenotwritteninFrenchoutofsnobbery,theEnglishweusedinthemwouldstillbeNormanEnglish."《(高级英语》P28)这是由于罗曼人曾经征服英国,英国农民在牧养牲畜时,讲的是盎格鲁-撒克逊英语,而这些牲畜被端到餐桌上给法国统治者享用时,就有了法语名称,相沿成习,它变成了一种高雅.另外,由于菜单源于法国以及法国饮食文化对西方饮食文化的深远影响,许多西餐菜肴自然用了法语名称,如:胡萝卜蓉汤(Pureealacrecy)、罗宋汤(Bor2schalaRusse)、芝士左口鱼(Fletanalamornay)等.二、中餐菜单英译的基本原则中餐曾有"食单"而无菜单,它和"番茄"、"洋芋"一样来自于西方,并很快融入中国饮食文化,形成了自己的特色,成为餐饮业不可或缺的一项"硬件".随着东西方文化交流的更加深入和广泛,来到中国的外宾越来越多,一张好的菜单就是一份高明的宣传单,一份本土化的菜单将使他们的中国之行更加完满.菜单最初只是厨师备忘的单子,但今非昔比,当今菜单有了更多功能:11向客人说明食品饮料的种类和价格,便于顾客挑选;21反映餐厅的经营方针,标志着餐厅商品的特色和标准;31是客人和接待者之间的沟通渠道;41是菜品研究的资料;51加强宣传,促进销售.小小菜单,作用多多.由于东西方文化和食物原料、制作方法存在诸多差异,菜单的翻译远不象想象的那么简单.影响菜单翻译的最重要因素是烹饪方法和菜式命名,翻译时应把握好二者的特点,既要符合西餐菜肴命名习惯,又要体现中餐特色,切忌望文生义或按字面含义直译.翻译过程中必须把握以下六个原则:第一,注重菜单的信息功能,保证菜名提供准确、足够的信息,而不能简单地按照中菜名称的修饰词而直译,以便外宾选择.如"麻婆豆腐"译成"Pockmarkedwoman'sbeancurd"、"八仙过海"译为"EightImmortalscrossingthesea"",鱼香肉丝"译为"Fish-flavorshreddedpork"就会使外宾茫然或误解.第二,要发挥菜单的促销作用.应借鉴中菜命名的艺术手法,尽量反映中餐烹饪特色,尤其对一些历史悠久、流传广泛的菜肴在翻译后还可以附加说明.这样既保留菜名信息,又引人兴趣,以达到吸引食客的目的.第三,把握中餐烹调方法的类别.为反映中餐对火候的讲究和其艺术性,可进行适当修饰.中餐烹调方法分类如下:烧、烧、烩、 、焖Braise炖、煨Stew煎、炸、酥Deep-fry爆、炒、熘、滑Stir-fry、Quick-fry干炒、干煸、焙Sauté煮、汆、涮、白灼Boil烧、烤、烘、 Roast、Barbecue、Broil、Bake蒸、腌、卤、酱、熏、酿、扒、烫、糟等有对等词,可一对一翻译,较特殊的做法如"油淋"可归入"煎炸"类,西餐没有拔丝方法,类似方法有Candy、Toffee.第四,尽量译出原料加工后的形状.原料形状在西餐中并不重要,但在中餐中却能反映出烹调的技艺水平,译文应予保留,确实累赘的,则可省略.第五,把握原料这一核心,无论中菜如何命名,均须翻译出原料,再加上烹调方法和味型等辅助因素.第六,避免文化冲突.中菜命名为了吉祥,借用了一些不能食用的物品或西方人忌讳食用的动物名,翻译时应按原料名直译,如果原料本身是西方人忌食的,这道菜可省略不译.如"翡翠鱼翅"、"红烧狮子头",真正的翡翠当然不能食用的,其实它就是蔬菜,而狮子西方人更不会食用,我们也是以其威武来形容"肉圆"罢了,直译会引起"血腥"的感觉.又如"脆皮乳鸽",将象征着和平的鸽子烹而食之,也是西方人不能接受的,所以最好把它略过.三、中餐菜名英译的具体探讨上面提出了中餐菜单英译的六原则,下面就一些中餐菜名英译进行具体探讨.11以原料命名的菜不加修辞,直译最为简便,烹饪方法不必译出.中菜汤类命名一般按此方法,翻译的处理就是"原料加汤".如:双冬牛肉-Beefwithmushroomandbambooshouts口蘑菜心-Mushroomswithcabbageheart青椒肉丝-Shreddedporkandgreenchili豆腐汤-Beancurdwithmushroomsoup21以烹调方法加原料命名.因为烹调方法是饮食文化的核心组成部分,翻译时必须译出烹调方法.中菜的一些烹调方法是西餐所没有的,有些则相近,翻译时用近义词亦可.如"干煸"在西餐中没有,其操作过程是:先用油炸原料,然后以少许油翻炒,迅速将油炒干后起锅,并不是加油直接炒.英语中有两个字与之意义相近,一是sauté--friedquicklyinapanwithalittlehotbutterorotherfat.意识是"快炸、煎";一是torrefy--todryuporparchwithheat(.)意识是"烘干、烤干、焙干",从制作过程看,sauté更合适些.如:炸蛋卷-Deep-friedeggrolls回锅肉-Slicedporkdoublysautéedinsoysauce干煸牛肉丝-Sautéedbeefshreds31烹调方式加原料和作料命名.作料是决定味型的最重要因素,翻译时也不能省略.如豉汁蒸带子,省略作料就成了清蒸,味道完全不同.酱爆肉去掉"soypaste",成了无任何特点的"煎肉",二者有天渊之别.其它如:豉汁蒸带子-Steamedscallopswithcuredsoybean酱爆肉-Quick-friedporkwithsoypaste茄汁石斑鱼-Deepfriedgaroupawithtomatosauce41风味菜肴.风味菜主要因其味型特点而得以广泛流传,所以除原料外,应译出风味,一些有确切起源地的菜,还应该加上地名.鱼香肉丝的确切译名应为"Stir-friedporkshredsSichuanstyle"或"Stir-friedporkshredsingarlicsauce",不能译为"Fish-flavorshreddedpork",是因为"鱼香"作为川菜的一种风味,使用了固定搭配的作料,与真正的鱼没有任何关系,译为"Fish-flavor",菜中并无"Fish",给人以误导之嫌.其他风味菜还有:湘味牛肉丝-SlicedbeefHunanstyle糖醋排骨-Friedporkchopinsweet-soursauce荷叶粉蒸肉-Steamedporkcoatedgroundriceonlotusleaf51以人名、地名命名的菜肴,一般全部译出,人名前最好加上头衔或职业,对那些知之甚少或译出后外宾不能理解的,则去人名加味型.东坡肉-PoetDongpo'sbraisedpork毛氏红烧肉-ChairmanMao'sstewedporkwithsoysauce北京烤鸭-Beijingroastedduck东江酿豆腐-BeancurdstuffedwithporkminceDongjiangstyle61用象形手法或借用典故、传说命名.这是中菜命名的一个特点,它集中反映了中国饮食文化的特色,具有很深的社会内涵,也是翻译的难点,处理方法是还其本原,译出主料、作料或做法,能兼顾修辞含义时则兼顾,切不可拘泥于原名而直译.翡翠鱼翅-Double-boiledshark'sfinwithve 2getable翡翠不能食用,仅是一个代称,指绿色的蔬菜,翻译时不能按字面译为"Jadeshark'sfin",否则外宾会莫名其妙.蚂蚁上树-Sautéedbeanvermicelliwithspicymeatsauce蚂蚁在中餐中虽可以入菜,但此蚂蚁非彼蚂蚁,而是用酱油和淀粉和过的肉末.直译可能引起外宾的惊诧.桔瓣鱼汆-Quick-boiledfishballsorangepet 2alshaped这道菜是指鱼汆外形似桔瓣,其实菜中无桔瓣,也无桔味,翻译时不可将之作为原料,译名中加"orangepetalshaped",是为了增加美感,增强促销功能.叫化鸡-Bakedchickenvagabondstyle或Bakedchickenwrappedwithmud此菜相传为乞丐创制,取名时以"叫化"代"乞丐",是一种美化,翻译时,以"vagabond"代"beg2gar",也是一种美化.后一译名比较实在,但少了前者的浪漫味道.麻婆豆腐-Beancurdwithmincedporkinhotsauce这道菜在我国广为流传",麻婆"成了一个特殊的称谓,外宾没有它的文化背景,翻译时只能取味型.如将之译为"Pockmarkswoman'sbeancurd",即使外宾理解,也失去了美感.霸王别姬-Steamedturtleandchickeninwhitesauce寿比南山-Steamedchickeninpumpkin连生贵子-Lotusnutsinsyrup这些纯为吉利的象征名称,不仅不能直译,也无法直译,所以只能还原处理.如为了促销,可对这些菜附加说明.71菜名含器具的可译出器具,也可直译原料,作为一种特殊的做法,以译出器具为佳.有加工作用的器具在西餐中是不会搬上桌子的,这也是中餐的一个特点,它表现了中餐的艺术性.器具一般有火锅、锅仔、铁板、沙锅、煲等.八珍火锅-Eightdelicacieshotpot锅仔甲鱼-Braisedturtleinminipot铁板牛柳-Vealslicesfriedonironplate汆圆粉丝煲-Stewedmeatballsandbeanver 2micelliincasserole以上探讨了中菜英译的一些基本方法.由于中国菜种系繁多,原料区别大,烹饪方法各具特色,菜名千差万别,翻译时还需具体研究,否则不能把握其特点,准确翻译也就无从谈起.四、菜单的编排除命名方面的差异外,在菜的分类和编排方式上二者也不相同,这是由于用餐方式和上菜顺序不同所引起的.中餐菜单按原料分类,呈纵向序列,西餐菜单按一次食用菜的道数编排,呈平行并列.中餐菜单菜肴的排列一般是按冷菜凉碟类、肉类、鱼类、海鲜类、禽类、蔬菜类、汤类、点心水果类、主食类的顺序进行,饮料酒类单列.西餐菜单菜肴的排列则按进食顺序安排,分为开胃菜类(APPETIZERS)、汤类(SOUPS)、色拉类(SAL2ADS)、主菜类(ENTREES)(包括肉类、鱼类、海鲜
风吹杨柳千条线
中国饮食文化涉及到食源的开发与利用、食具的运用与创新、食品的生产与消费、餐饮的服务与接待、餐饮业与食品业的经营与管理,以及饮食与国泰民安、饮食与文学艺术、饮食与人生境界的关系等,深厚广博。 从外延看,中国饮食文化可以从时代与技法、地域与经济、民族与宗教、食品与食具、消费与层次、民俗与功能等多种角度进行分类,展示出不同的文化品味,体现出不同的使用价值,异彩纷呈。俗话说就是填饱肚子,就是一个“吃”字。形式比较原始,只解决人的最基本的生理需要。境界一“果腹”吃的第一大境界当然是“果腹”,俗话说就是填饱肚子,就是一个“吃”字。形式比较原始,只解决人的最基本的生理需要。这个境界的吃,不需要费心找地儿,各种商场的小吃城;街头的成都美食和中式的快餐店,如:各式面馆、永和豆浆等,西式快餐的麦当劳、肯德基也可列入其中,一盘宫保鸡丁,一盘白菜豆腐,外加一小碗汤,一碗主食足以。一个人,两个人,三五人均可。这个境界的吃千万别麻烦,一麻烦就脱离了本质,吃起来也就十分不爽。境界二“饕餮”吃的第二大境界应该是“饕餮”。吃的是一个“爽”字。呼三五好友去一家稍大众的馆子,稀里哗啦点上满满的一大桌菜,价钱却不贵,胡吃海塞一通,兴致所致,还能吆喝两声,划几下拳,甚至还可以赤膊上阵。适合这种吃法的有涮肉、大众菜等。但免不了一个“俗”字,有不雅之嫌疑,同时也有浪费之嫌疑。境界三“聚会”吃的第三大境界应该是“聚会”。此境界重在这个“聚”字。家人、朋友、加班聚餐等都属于这一类。这种吃不需要太多的讲究,“吃”是个形式,关键在“聚”背后的引申含义。逢年过节、生日聚会、升迁发奖,友人来访,随便找个理由都可以去趟馆子,这是一种礼节上的习惯。这种吃讲究个热闹。不需要太豪华和奢侈。金百万、金鼎轩、小土豆、稍微高档一点的川菜馆如巴国布衣等之类都可以满足需要,高档一点的还可以去吃一些比较流行和有名气的馆子。境界四“宴请”吃的 西餐第四大境界应该是“宴请”。多以招待为主。商场招待、官场招待、公务招待、上下级招待、危机处理招待、重大事情招待等都属于这一范畴。这种吃不以“吃”的本质为主旨,关键在于这个招待背后的目的。所以,这种吃重在讲究一个排场,价钱昂贵,因此也多以公款招待为主。在京城,这是支撑餐饮经济的重要支柱。这种吃都有一个共同点,大多都是在“包间”进行,所以,对馆子的要求要严格一点。如各大宾馆饭店的豪华餐厅,知名大酒楼等、海鲜、鱼翅、鲍鱼宴、官府菜等。但这个境界的吃难免给人一种有暴殄天物之叹,吃后回来,却又发现没有吃饱。境界五“养生”吃的第五大境界应该是“养生”。它比较讲究“食补”,是大吃大喝在认识观念上的一种理性升华。这种吃多以正宗的煲汤为主:甲鱼汤、老鸦汤、野山菌汤等,足足地焖上十多个小时,满满地端上来,味道纯正,饱饱地喝上一顿,无比滋润,真乃人生一大幸事,就是从心理上对积劳的身体也是一个安慰。在北京,这样的馆子有很多,进入饭店的正门,有一排瓷罐摆着,大多比较正宗。江西来的瓦罐、广东来的各式煲、云南来的野山菌汤、正宗的鱼翅煲、潮洲来的燕窝汤、官府菜的南瓜鱼翅都是比较典型的。但有时价钱却是一个瓶颈,不是一般人轻易就能上口的。境界六“解馋”吃的第六大境界应该是“解馋”,吃的东西一定要“鲜”。这个境界有两个层次:一是吃“物”,如那些只常听说却鲜见的鲜物鲍鱼、龙虾、法式大餐之类;二是吃“名”、吃“文化”:如大董和全聚德的烤鸭,顺峰、黎昌的海鲜以及淮扬菜、杭州菜、本帮菜、谭鱼头火锅、皇城老妈、孔乙己酒店等境界七“觅食”吃的第七大境界应该是“觅食”,那就得四处去“找”。在寻找中获得“吃”的乐趣,是本境界的一大妙处。这个“找”又分为两个层次,一个是有目的地去找口头盛传的流行馆子;一个是漫无目的地找寻意中的吃处。这个“找”字重在一个偶然发现,豁然开朗,一下子就对上了当时的心情和感觉。境界八“猎艳”吃的第八大境界应该是“猎艳”,所以馆子要“奇”。这样的馆子都是比较稀罕的特色店,如:非洲来的、越南来的等都在这一范畴。“新”、“奇”、“特”是主要特征。适合这类馆子的人群一般是时尚人士、有品位的少夫少妻、白领人群等。价钱中档,不用担心被宰。境界九“约会”吃的第九大境界应该是“约会”,这时吃的已经不是“物”,而是“情”。大多的时候,点的多,吃的少。这种吃千万不要是两个同性别的人,以免让人误会,最好也不要是夫妻,因为已过了“约会”的阶段。凡是到这种地方来吃的,两人之间大多都有一种心灵上的默契,说出来就变得俗,不表现出来又压抑。于是,以一个“吃”的借口“会”在一起,吃也吃了,谈也谈了,尽管大多的时候没有吃。适合这类吃的馆子如:茶餐厅、有餐饮服务的咖啡店,而且一定还要有柔软的沙发。境界十“独酌”吃的最后一个境界应该是“独酌”,在于一个“品”字,吃什么不太重要,关键是一个寥落的心情,要么伤感、要么闲适。这种馆子一定要是隐匿在很深的巷子里,店面古朴,又十分宁静。这个时候还应该有一瓶古典的酒,最好屋外再飘着零星的雨丝或雪花。一个人浅斟低酌,物我两忘。惟一的遗憾是,这种店已经很少有,恐怕只有在梦里才可以见得着。
贪吃的双鱼宝宝
Abstract: The Chinese always “take the food as the day”, regardless of is the basic survival need: Basic necessities of life, further life demand: Makes merry, cannot leave “the food” and “eats”.China's diet culture is well-established, broad and profound, is a Trans-Culture human relations important , in the Trans-Culture translation, the diet culture translation is in a translation important part, it has the Trans-Culture nature as well as the dissemination culture historical article take the diet culture translation essence as a foundation, summarizes in the diet culture translation the common question, the discussion translation optimized strategy, finally induces removes the acupuncture needle to this aspect effective author has analyzed the cooking English characteristic and the Chinese diet culture characteristic in the the cross language and in the cultural exchange process, the different cultural idea can have partial overlapping, the collision and the conflict inevitably, thus brings all sorts of barriers and the difficulty for the language translator only then realizes these differences to be able soberly to translate the work, enable this national the outstanding culture to obtain the after the author proposed the success translates the Chinese diet culture the effective strategy: Literal translation, transliteration, pronunciation and meaning literal translation namely by the word by the sentence translation, translates in Chinese diet culture England is most commonly transliteration namely translates the primitive for the prominent cooked food place characteristic and its and somebody thing relations, may adopt the pronunciation and meaning union the increase is in order to enhance the translation the acceptability, adopts the interpretive method or the increase information in the translation. In brief, when translation the translator must the correct appraisal goal language reader's anticipation field of vision, make the translation to be easier by the goal language reader to accept, thus enable China's diet culture to obtain a more widespread word: Diet culture menu translation culture Trans-Culture diet culture
candy00606
Chinese have always "to eat for days," whether basic survival needs: the basic necessities of life needs, or further: eat, sleep, play, is inseparable from the "food" and "eat". The Chinese diet culture has a long history, and profound in cross-cultural communication, is an important content. Therefore, in the intercultural translation, the diet culture is an important part of translation, it has the nature of cross-cultural communication culture and the historical significance. Based on the essence of diet culture translation based on diet culture, summarizes the common problems in translation, discusses the translation strategies, finally concludes optimized for the effective methods. In the article the author analyzed the features of English and Chinese cooking food culture. In the language and culture of communication process and different cultural concept will inevitably occur and local collisions and conflict, thus to bring all the obstacles and difficulties. The translator is clearly aware of these differences to produce good works, make the nation's outstanding culture spread. Then the author put forward some successful translation of the Chinese diet culture effective strategies: literal translation, free combination, pronunciation. That sentence word for word translation in China, the translation of English translation of diet culture is the most commonly used. Free that produce. Sometimes in order to highlight the characteristics of the local cuisine, and the relationship with a person, can adopt the method of combining significance. In order to improve the increase is acceptable in translation, interpretation of law or to add information. Anyhow, translation the translator must correct estimation of the target readers to make the translation is easier to target readers, so that the Chinese diet culture spread more extensively.中国人一直“吃了好几天,“无论基本的生存需求:生活的基本必需品的需求,或者进一步:吃喝玩乐,都离不开“食物”和“吃”。中国饮食文化历史悠久,具有深刻的文化交流中,是一种重要的内容。因此,在跨文化翻译、饮食文化的重要组成部分,是翻译,它具有跨文化交际文化和历史意义。基于饮食文化翻译的本质的基础上,总结了饮食文化在翻译过程中常见的问题,探讨了翻译策略,最后得出优化的有效方法。作者在文中分析了英语的特点和中国烹饪美食文化。在语言和文化交流的过程中,不同的文化理念,必然会发生碰撞与冲突,因此当地带给所有的障碍和困难。译者显然是了解这些差异产生良好的工作,使民族优秀文化的传播。然后提出一些成功的翻译中国饮食文化的有效策略:直译,自由组合,发音。那个句子逐字翻译,翻译中英文翻译的饮食文化是最常用的方法。免费的产生。有时为了突出当地的特色美食,和关系的人,可以采用相结合的方法,起着非常重要的作用。为了提高增长是可以接受的笔译、口译的法律或添加信息。总之,翻译的翻译必须正确的估计,使译文读者更容易地锁定的读者,使中国的饮食文化得到更广泛的传播。不知道可不可以呢,我很认真的查了的
tobyzhao520
Chinese people have always been "take the food as the day", whether it is basic survival needs: clothing, food, housing, or further needs: dining, we can not do without "food" and "eat." Chinese food culture goes back to ancient times, profound, cross-cultural communication is an important element. Thus, in cross-cultural translation, the food culture of translation is the translation of an important part, it has cross-cultural nature of the historical significance of the dissemination of culture. In this paper, food culture is based on the nature of translation, summed up in the food culture of translation in the frequently asked questions to explore the optimal strategy of translation, and finally summed up in this area for an effective this paper, the authors analyzed the characteristics of English cooking and Chinese food culture. In cross-language and cultural exchange process, the concept of different cultures inevitably occur partial cross the collision and conflict, so as to bring all sorts of language barriers and difficulties. Translator only aware of these differences can be translated into good works, so that the nation's best spread of culture. The author then made a successful translation of the Chinese food culture of effective strategies: literal translation, free translation, combining sound and meaning. That is, sentence by sentence-by-word literal translation, the Chinese food culture in the English translation of the most commonly used. Translation that translated the original meaning of the , in order to highlight the cuisine of local characteristics and their relationship with a character, can be taken with the method of combining sound and meaning. Increase in order to enhance the acceptability of translations in the translation to interpret the law or add information. In short, the translation, the translator must be an accurate assessment of the target language readers look forward vision, so that more easily asked readers to accept the target, so that China's food culture has been more widely disseminated.
家乡饮食文化论文 中国饮食文化涉及到食源的开发与利用、食具的运用与创新、食品的生产与消费、餐饮的服务与接待、餐饮业与食品业的经营与管理,以及饮食与国泰民安、饮食
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