天路历程论文的参考文献

出身贫寒但野心勃勃的贝姬·夏普,从小就立志不惜用任何手段进入上流社会;艾米利亚作为陪衬的人物是她同窗女友、一个富商的女儿。她懦弱温柔，驯顺地随命运播弄。从贫贱进入富裕的道路很不平稳！富家女的运途亦多坎坷，正是两人此起彼落的遭遇，构成一个引人关怀又动人情感的故事。“如果我有5000英磅，我也会是一个好女人。”这是贝姬·夏普的一句经典台词。长篇小说《名利场》是萨克雷的成名作和代表作。它以辛辣讽刺的手法，真实描绘了1810～1820年摄政王时期英国上流社会没落贵族和资产阶级暴发户等各色人物的丑恶嘴脸和弱肉强食、尔虞我诈的人际关系。这部小说篇幅宏大，场面壮观，情节复杂，心理刻画深入，其尖锐泼辣的讽刺风格更为精彩。《名利场》是萨克雷的成名作品，也是他生平著作里最经得起时间考验的杰作，在英国现实主义小说的发展史上开辟了新的天地。不得不承认，这个故事很现实。名利场里的人看不清，名利场外的人同样看不清。所有的人都渴望金钱，地位。一旦你拥有了其中的一样，其他人都会对你另眼相看。都宾用一生的爱等到了他心爱的人，他的青春，他的年华献给了那个名利场中的可怜人。艾米利亚的单纯和爱戴给她半生的苦痛。然而结局是好的。作者不忍心让好人受苦吧，善良的人得到了幸福，在名利场中出入。那些贪婪的，自私的，愚蠢的，骄傲的，不择手段的人得到了应有的报应。把结局看了几遍。有点高兴，有点伤心。这不只只是一部小说，这是一个社会的缩影。不光那时的英国，就是今天。谁又不是为名利二字所累呢？其余的一切都是建立在这个基础上的。当物质生活问题没有解决时，又有谁去追求一种纯洁的莫须有的理想呢？所以，大学生学习的目的成了工作，工作的目的是有一份可以让人另眼看待的生活。当然，这没有错，我们都是命运手中的一颗棋子。算计着自己的身价，算计着该怎么样去抬高自己的身价。无奈啊，人们只会去崇拜，谈论那些光鲜的人物，你不去做，会有人去做的。萨克雷认为：“小说的艺术是表现本质，即尽可能强烈地表达真实的情感。”他的这种理论主张在他的成名作《名利场》中得到了极好的体现。故事发生在19世纪初。在写出《名利场》以前的十余年对于萨克雷来说基本上是一个准备阶段，在这个期间萨克雷对社会上各式各样“上等人”的观察越来越深入细致，艺术手法也日益成熟。《名利场》便是在这个基础上完成的现实主义的杰作。《名利场》里创造了比较丰满的人物形象，描写了社会生活的广阔画面，并通过人物命运的交织而对生活作了总的评价。《名利场》通过情节的安排企图说明“一切都是浮名浮利”，标题本身出自《天路历程》。他揭开了资本主义社会五光十色的繁荣外表，让人们看到它的本质。萨克雷自己说过，他在《名利场》里要写“一群极端愚蠢自私的人，不顾一切地为非作歹而又热烈追求浮名浮利”，同时，他又说，书中所描写的“全是死亡、争吵、金钱和病痛”。《名利场》并没有严密的故事结构，故事的内容基本上是由两个女主人公利蓓加与爱米丽亚的生活道路串联起来的。爱米丽亚是一位资产阶级小姐，而利蓓加则是个一无所有、在资本主义社会里浑水摸鱼的女人，通过这两个主人公的命运，萨克雷描绘出了当时上流社会中形形色色的众生相

《摩诃婆罗多》《梨俱吠陀》《鲁滨逊漂流记》《隋唐演义》《魔戒三部曲》《哈利·波特》《圣僧的天国之行》》《一个佛教徒的天国历程》《封神榜》《东游记》......

各个宗教领袖的书，以世界十大宗教的创始人及经典为例，分别是：1、儒教——大成至圣文宣王孔子—— 《论语》《孟子》《中庸》《大学》《诗经》《春秋》《尚书》《易经》《礼记》2、道教—— 张道陵，张角——《道德经》《太平经》《玉皇经》《黄庭经》《正一经》3、佛教——释迦牟尼—— 《法华经》《圆觉经》《楞严经》《金刚经》《无量寿经》《心经》4、印度教——商羯罗——《吠陀经》5、神道教—— 未详——《古事记》〈日本书纪》6、伊斯兰教——穆罕默德 ——〈古兰经〉7、犹太教—— 未详——〈圣经〉《塔耳慕得》8、东正教——耶酥——〈圣经〉9、罗马天主教—— 耶酥——圣经〉10、新教——耶酥——〈圣经〉

中文的你翻译一下就可以了

An industrial revolution is a fundamental economic change: between 1770 and 1850 the economy of England changed from mostly agricultural to mostly industrial this was the result not of one key invention but of technological progress in different fields coming together its center is the development of factories (which hadn't really existed before this time), but they couldn't have developed without better transportation creating larger markets and better transportation couldn't have existed without the growth of the iron industry, which couldn't have grown without steam engines society had a hard time adjusting to the new economic systemCauses of the British Industrial Revolution: expansion of trade, mercantile economic policy (see previous lecture) decline of: feudalism--farmers were no longer bound to the land guild system--the guild for a particular trade could no longer control who set up a new business the system of customary prices--the market is more free, instead of the old system where changing the price because of a shortage was seen as profiteering agricultural changes enclosure =the abolishment of the old system of communal farming and its replacement with family farms. Supposedly everyone had the same share of land as before, but the smallest farmers didn't have enough to survive as an independent farm and they went out of business and went looking for work. Took place 16th century to about 1820. four field crop rotation--wheat, turnips, barley, clover or alfalfa (turnips and hay crops make it possible to keep more livestock) new scientific approaches to farming (one of the pioneer scientific investigators of agriculture was an Englishman named Jethro Tull ) average agricultural surplus per worker doubled from about 25% to about 50% workers no longer needed in agriculture were available for industrial jobs (discussion) Iron: by 1720 most iron in England was imported due to a shortage of charcoal for smelting in 1709 Abraham Darby invented a way of smelting iron using coke (processed coal) instead of charcoal the iron industry took off after 1760 since iron ore and coal were both very plentiful in England 1779 Iron Bridge ( photo ) The Steam Engine: Newcomen Engine (about 1712) filled a cylinder with steam and then condensed it to draw the piston down. 1/2% efficient, but widely used to pump water out of coal mines. Watt Engine (1774) had had a separate condenser, making the engine much more efficient James Watt later added: sun and planet gear converted reciprocating into rotary motion to power machines automatic control mechanism double-acting engine made for much smoother power Transportation Technology: improved roads built in large numbers 1750-1815 (about 1000 miles), reduced transportation costs 20-30% Canals The Duke of Bridgewater's Canal started in 1759--7 miles but had to cross a river valley. People thought this was a wild dream, but built in 5 years. Very profitable--halved the cost of coal in Manchester canal building boom 1750-1800--by 1830 England had 3875 miles of navigable water (though only 1/3 of that was canals). The Oxford canal paid a 30% return for 30 years. provided much cheaper transportation of bulky goods The Factory System: the first big industry was cotton textile factories, though other kinds of factories developed as well machines had been used some by workers who did piece work at home with spinning wheels and hand looms. What brought the workers together into a factory was the invention of machines for spinning that could spin more than one thread at a time and then the application of water power first to spinning and then to weaving James Hargreaves, Spinning Jenny , invented 1764-1770 Roger Arkwright, Water Frame , 1769 Samuel Crompton, Mule , 1774-1779 Edmund Cartwright, Power Loom, 1786-1788 With these technologies the industry took off--by 1833 237,000 people were employed in cotton textile factories in England this was a whole new way of life 46% of workers were women, 15% children under the age of 13 ( Child Labor ) wages were barely enough for a family to survive if all members over the age of 8 worked in some areas 1/2 to 3/4 of worker families lived in a single room with no plumbing (dumped their chamber pot into the street or gutter) for examples see Living and Working Conditions in the Industrial Revolution reform laws started in 1833-- factory act of 1833 forbade employment of children under 9 and limited hours for children to 9 hours a day for children 9-13 and 12 hours a day for children 13-18 Chartist movement fought unsuccessfully for political change, but conditions gradually improved