学术英语转基因食品论文

Transfers the gene animal is refers to the experimental technique to induct the extraneous source gene, in 染色体组 in the stable conformity and can inherit gives the descendant a kind of animal. In 1981, first successfully inducted the extraneous source gene the animal embryo, established has transferred the gene animal technology. In 1982 obtained transfers the gene mouse. Changes over to the big mouse's growth hormone gene, causes the mouse body weight for normal individual two times, thus is called "the super mouse". Hereafter cultivated one after another successfully has transferred the gene rabbit, the sheep, the pig, the fish, the insect, the cow, the chicken, the goat, the big mouse and so on transfers the gene animal. Because transferred the gene animal system to break the nature to reproduce the inter-species isolation, enabled the gene in to plant is between the relational very far organism flows, it will have the overall situation influence to the entire life science. Therefore, transferred the gene animal technology after 1991 in the first international gene localization conference by the recognition is the genetics relaying chain-like analysis, the somatic cell heredity and the gene clone fourth generation of technology, is listed as in the biology history in 126 years the 14th turning point. Has transferred the gene mouse since 1982 to be published, transfers the gene animal research all to obtain the amazing achievement in many domains. Generally says, according to the different goal, transfers the gene animal operation to be allowed simply the division to be four kind of types: (l) the disease transfers the gene animal; (2) uses transfers the gene animal drugs manufacture; (3) animal improvement; (4) foundation biology research.

Today there are 6 billion people on the earth. By the year 2050 there may be billion. This is a lot of people to feed. We need more food. One way to produce more food is by growing stronger plants. For thousands of years, farmers have made plants better. Every season, they pick the best plants for the next season. It works very slowly. Since 1983, scientists have been able to change plants more quickly by changing their genetic material(遗传物质). Foods from plants grown in this way are called genetically modified foods（转基因食品）, or GM foods. By changing the genetic material of a plant, it is possible to make new plants. They make plants which are strong against plant diseases. They can also help with our diseases: a kind of rice is being prepared(准备), for example, which stops people from becoming blind. Rich countries produce GM foods because they are easy to grow and bring in more money. Poor countries are interested in them because they help produce more food. GM plants are not natural. No one knows how good or bad they are. Making GM foods is only one way of feeding people in 2050. There are strong feelings against them, because they are unnatural. They may feed people, then hurt them or their children later. But, both rich and poor countries are very interested in their use, and they are not going to go away. In 2050 We may think differently about them.

Genetically modified food转基因食品Attack of the really quite likeable tomatoes招人喜爱的西红柿遭攻击The success of genetically modified crops provides opportunities to win over their critics转基因作物的成功为说服其批评者提供了机遇。Feb 25th 2010 | From The Economist print editionIN THE 14 years since the first genetically modified crops were planted commercially, their descendants, relatives and remixes have gone forth and multiplied like profitable, high-tech pondweed. A new report (see article) shows that 25 countries now grow GM crops, with the total area under cultivation now larger than Peru. Three-quarters of the farmland used to grow soya is now sown with a genetically modified variant, and the figures for cotton are not that far behind, thanks to its success in India. China recently gave the safety go-ahead to its first GM rice variety and a new GM maize that should make better pig feed. More and more plants are having their genomes sequenced: a full sequence for maize was published late last year, the soya genome in January. Techniques for altering genomes are moving ahead almost as fast as the genomes themselves are stacking up, and new crops with more than one added trait are coming to stories of success will strike fear into some hearts, and not only in GM-averse Europe; a GM backlash is under way in India, focused on insect-resistant aubergines. Some of these fears are understandable, but lacking supporting evidence they have never been compelling. On safety, the fear which cuts closest to home, the record continues to look good. Governments need to keep testing and monitoring, but that may be becoming easier. More precise modifications, and better technologies for monitoring stray DNA both within plants and in the environment around them, mean that it is getting easier to be sure that nothing untoward is going on. 自转基因首次走向市场的14年中，它们的后代、类似品种以及杂交品种不断出现并增多如可获利的高科技水池草。一份新出的报告显示，目前已有25个国家种植转基因作物，正在培植的作物的面积比秘鲁的面积还要大。曾经种植大豆的四分之三的农田现在都用于种植转基因品种，用于种植棉花的农田面积也并非远远落后，因为它在印度很受欢迎。最近中国确保种植其首个转基因品种和新开发的转基因玉米，这必将给猪带来更好的饲料。越来越多作物的基因序列得到确定，玉米的整个序列在去年年末公布了，大豆的基因在1月份也公布了。技术改变基因的速度与基因自身重组的速度相当，具有多种其它特性的新品种正向市场进发。这种成功的报道将使一些人担心，这种担心不仅仅出现在反对转基因作物的欧洲。转基因作物在印度也遭到强烈的反对，主要集中反对抗虫茄子。其中的一些担心可以理解，但是缺乏可靠证据，它们从来就没有说服力。在安全方面，这种担心与家庭的关系最密切，所作的记录还是表明是好的。政府需要不断试验和监控，不过这或许正变得更加简单。更加精确的改良和更加先进的监控作物及其环境中的游离的DNA的技术意味着更加容易保证不出现异常现象。Then there is the worry that GM crops are a way for big companies to take over the livelihoods of small farmers and, in the end, a chunk of nature itself. Seen in this light the fact that 90% of the farmers growing GM crops are comparatively poor and in developing countries is sinister, not salutary; given Monsanto’s dominance in America’s soyabean market, it seems to suggest incipient world domination. It is certainly true that big firms make a lot of money selling GM seeds: the GM seed market was worth $ billion in 2009, and the crops that grew from that seed were worth over $130 billion. But multinationals are not the only game in town. The governments of China (which has increased agricultural research across the board), India and Brazil are also developing new GM crops. In 2009 a GM version of an Indian cotton variety, developed in the public sector, came to market, and a variety engineered by a private Indian firm has been approved for commercialisation. Charities, such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, are also funding efforts in various countries to make crops more hardy or nutritious. GM seeds that come from government research bodies, or from local firms, may not arouse quite so much opposition as those from large foreign companies, especially when they provide characteristics that make crops better, not just easier to farm.还有一种担心，就是转基因作物是大公司剥夺小农生计的一种方法，最终也会破坏大自然本身。从这种角度看，转基因作物的90%的农民都相对较贫穷，都来自发展中国家是有害的，而不是有益的。Monsanto支配着美国的大豆市场，这似乎暗示着初步支配了世界。大公司通过出售转基因种子可以赚取很多钱，这显然是事实：2009年，转基因种子市场的销售额为105亿美元，而这些种子种出的作物价值为1300亿美元。中国（在全国加强农业研究）、印度和巴西政府也在开发新的转基因作物。2009年，公共部门开发的印度棉花品种的转基因品种走向了市场，有印度一家私营公司研制的品种已经批准用于商业。如比尔梅琳达盖茨基金会等慈善机构也在为多国的努力提高资金，让作物更加的强壮或更加具有营养价值。尤其当他们的品种具有的特性可以使作物更好，而不仅仅是更容易种植时，来自政府研究机构或当地公司的转基因种子或许不会像来自大型外国公司一样遭到很多反对。Moreover, where the seeds come from is a separate question from who should pay for them, as Mr Gates points out. As with drugs and vaccines, it is possible to get products that were developed with profit in mind to the people who need them using donor money and clever pricing and licensing deals. In the longer term, if the seeds deliver what the farmers require, the need for such special measures should diminish. After all, the whole idea is not that poor farmers should go on being poor. It is that poor farmers should get a bit richer, be able to invest a bit more, and thus increase the food available to a growing and predominantly urban population.此外，正如盖茨指出的那样，种子的来源和谁购买它们是两个问题。正如药物和疫苗一样，通过使用捐款者的钱以合理的价格和经许可的协议可以获得产品，这些产品本是以获利为目的而为那些需要它们的人研制的。从长远来说，如果这些种子正是农民们需要的，这种特殊的措施就都没必要了。毕竟，整个理念并不是贫穷的农民必须要继续贫穷，而是贫穷的农民必须要富一点起来，能够多投资点，这样粮食才能满足日益增长和以城市人口为主的人口的需要。More than strange fruits不仅仅是奇怪的水果There is another worry about GM technology, though, that should be taken seriously. It is that its success and appeal to technophiles may, in the minds of those who pay for agricultural research, crowd out other approaches to improving farming. Because it depends on intellectual property that can be protected, GM is ripe for private investment. There is a lot of other agricultural research that is less amenable to corporate ownership but still needs doing. From soil management to weather forecasts to the preservation, study and use of agricultural biodiversity, there are many ways to improve the agricultural systems on which the world’s food supply depends, and make them more resilient as well as more profitable. A farm is not a just a clever crop: it is an ecosystem managed with intelligence. GM crops have a great role to play in that development, but they are only a part of the whole. 必须严肃对待另一种对转基因技术的担忧。转基因作物的成功以及新科技迷对此技术很感兴趣，那些为农业研究提供资金的人可能不会再想其它方法改善种植情况。因为知识产权会受到保护，私人投资转基因作物的机会已经成熟。其它很多农业研究都不那么适合公司掌控，但仍然需要进行。从土壤管理、天气预测到农业生物多样性的保护、研究和利用很多领域，改善农业系统还有很多途径，世界的粮食供应都要依靠农业系统，因此要使它们更加富有活力，产出更多利润。一块农田不仅是一种高产的庄稼：它是需要人为管理的生态系统。转基因作物在这个方向上有很好的发展前景，但它们只是其中的一部分。

可以写出食物对人们的需求，以及自己对食物的一些要求。