文化差异写毕业论文

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

从 文化 的角度看世界，世界史其实就是一部民族与文化的交融史和碰撞史。受影响的西方历史文化和受儒佛道影响的东方历史文化，自古以来体现出很多相融和冲突的地方，两种文明带来了两种不同的辉煌灿烂。以下是我整理分享的东西方文化差异的论文的相关 文章 ，欢迎阅读!

东西方历史文化的差异

摘要：从文化的角度看世界，世界史其实就是一部民族与文化的交融史和碰撞史。受影响的西方历史文化和受儒佛道影响的东方历史文化，自古以来体现出很多相融和冲突的地方，两种文明带来了两种不同的辉煌灿烂。本文从文化特质、思想观念、宗教观念等方面谈一谈世界历史进程中东西方文化的差异。

关键词：东方文化 西方文化 宗教观念 伦理 文化差异

作者简介：沈树荣，女，汉族，生于重庆南充。现任重庆市铁路中学教师

【中图分类号】G04 【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1002-

从西方历史发展进程来看，西方历史的源头――古希腊文明，就是一部灿烂的文化史，被作为整个西方文明的深厚根基。从东方社会历史发展的进程来看，古代埃及文化、古代两河流域文化、古代中国古代印度文化三大文化圈也成为中古东方社会的源头。世界史从原始部落、氏族斗争，到奴隶制社会，再到后来帝国主义社会、封建主义社会、资本主义社会和社会主义社会，展现出的就是一部博大的东西方文化交融与碰撞的艰难历史。下面，我将从文化、思想观念、宗教观念等几方面谈谈世界史所体现出来的东西方社会文化的差异。

一、东西文化各自的特质

1、东方文化特质。第一，东方文化呈现出多源性：古代埃及文化、古代两河流域文化、古代中印度文化，形成三大文化圈，成为中古东方的文化源头。第二，东方文化呈现出专制性、封闭性、保守性的特点。古代东方文化为大河文化、内陆文化和农业文化，文明成熟较早。马克思说过：“人类社会中有粗野的 儿童 ，有早熟的儿童，古代民族中有许多居于这一类，希腊人是正常的儿童。”东方民族属于早熟的儿童。早熟的原因。东方社会有较优越的自然条件，东方民族大都居住在大河流域，气候好，河流灌溉农田，农业和畜牧业得到发展，同时，东方民族勤劳勇敢，从而使东方社会最早进入文明社会。东方社会从奴隶制度发展到封建宗教社会制度，时间漫长。东方社会的国王大多是来自氏族贵族领袖，宣扬“君权神授”，他们是神的化身，如埃及法老。封建宗法社会以家族为本位，重家族，重血缘，压抑个性，灭人欲，形成东方社会的专制性(主义)。宗法社会的小农经济性质又造成了东方社会的封闭性、保守性。第三，东方文化具有浓厚的神秘主义色彩和宗教色彩。东方社会是犹太教、、印度教、佛教、等主要宗教的发源地。东方文化渗透了宗教思想，并形成不同的宗教思想价值体系。第四，东方文化崇尚尚自然，具有“天人合一”思想和追求“仁爱”“牺牲”的精神。

2、西方文化特质。第一，西方文化源头只有公认的一个：古希腊文明。马克思说，“古希腊人是人类健全的儿童。”古希腊文明成为整个西方文明的奠基。希腊文明富于自由活泼之精神、视宇宙全体为优美之调合，注重现实世界具体之事物。第二，西方文化呈现出重理性、开放性的特点。从古希腊文明开始，西方文化中的个人本位主义和理性主义、英雄主义体现得尤为突出，希腊人重视个人价值的实现、个人功勋的建立，追求个人本位、享乐、情欲。第三，宗教色彩浓厚。宗教是人类社会发展一定阶段的历史现象，马克思恩格斯认为宗教源于人们最初对自然神秘力量和社会神秘力量的盲目崇拜和信仰。费尔巴哈说宗教的本质是人的本质，是人自我异化的结果。西方社会受宗教神权思想影响极为深刻，上帝在他们心中拥有至高无上的地位，使其原罪观念特别泛滥。第四，西方人理性主义思想浓厚。西方人善用理智来思考问题，理性主义在西方泛滥，西方人思想观念里认为人与人之间的关系是建立在法治、实利、利益的基础上，东方人则比较感性，认为人与人之间的关系式建立在血缘、感情、道义的基础上。

二、东西文化的差异

东西文化的差异，表现在以下几个方面：

1东西文化的源头和宗教信仰不同，西方文化的源头是基督。中国文化的源头是孔子。东方人信仰佛儒道，西方人信仰。从宗教观来看，东方宗教是解脱之宗教，宣扬脱俗、解脱，相信宿命，主张清静、寂灭。西方宗教是救赎之宗教，提倡人道主义和创化、救赎，上帝这个救世主形象在他们心中有至高无上的地位，西方宗教主张从生活中寻找生命，教导人们发现新生命，创造新生命的道理，其教义也是劝人奋斗不息，才获解救。比如《圣经》所体现出的救赎思想，被作为西方现实世界永恒的经典和文化的象征，成为整个欧洲文化的源头。“浮士德”的永不满足，不断进取的精神，也成为西方精神的象征。

2东方主静，西方主动。西洋民族以战争、个人、法治、实利为本位，东方民族以安息、感情、家族、虚文为本位。中国人好古，循环往复，西方人力今，强调进化。

西洋民族好战是其天性，宗教之战，政治之战，商业之战构成欧洲文明史。西洋民族要求维护个人自由权利和幸福，思想言论的自由，个性的发展，法律之前人人平等。东洋民族自游牧社会进而为宗法社会，自酋长政治进而为封建政治。宗法社会以家族为本位而无个人权利，宗法社会讲求忠孝之道德。

3东方文化重视整体，而西方更重视个体。东方文化重 经验 、现实、功利的世界;西方神性与人性并重，追求超经验、超现实的真理和个人荣誉。东方文化的特色是重人际关系，重现实生活，不重形而上的问题。西方人则重视自己的权利、个人价值的实现，重形而上的理性生活。

4东西方自由观、发展观、中西民力、民智、民德不同。东方文化崇尚含蓄，而西方推崇直接开放。东方泛道德化，以德束人，而西方则法规化，重视个人权利而不是看重道德。东方人的伦理观以牺牲自我为本，西方则以满足自己为人生之本。因此东方的道德是以灭个性而维持，西方的道德是个性的解放。

5 思维方式 和处世态度不同，东方唯情，西方唯智，东方人讲求经验、感性，西方人重视推理、逻辑。东方人重感情、重道义，比较感性，像我们常说的意气用事及仁爱、宽容、忠孝、中庸的思想。而西方人讲究理性，用理智思考问题，追求理性主义和自我主义，重视个体价值的实现、理性胜于感性的思考问题解决问题。

6东方讲求艺术夸张，如敦煌莫高窟;而西方讲求科学，客观，提倡艺术真实，如蒙娜丽莎。梁漱溟认为西方是艺术科学化，东方是科学艺术化。

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浅谈中西方文化差异 语文是社会的产物，是人类历史和文化的结晶。它凝聚着一个民族世代相传的社会意识，历史文化，风俗习惯等各方面人类社会所有的特征。不同的文化背影和文化传统，使中西方在思维方式，价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在有相当的文化差异。语文是文化的载体，词汇是文化信息的浓缩，是语言的重要组成部分，它反映着文化的发展和变化，同时也直接反映着文化的差异。在中国两千多年的封建社会历史的过程中，儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的弦统治地位，对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典，这便是以儒家的“中庸之道”作为行为的基本准则。“中”是儒家追求的理想境界，人生处世要以儒家仁、义、礼、智、信的思想道德观念作为每个人的行为指南，接人待物，举止言谈要考虑温、良、恭、俭、让，以谦虚为荣，以虚心为本，反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此，中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征，这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。西方国家价值观的形成至少可追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义，即以崇尚个人为中心，宣扬个人主义至上，竭力发展自己表现自我。“谦虚”这一概念在西方文化中的价值是忽略不计的。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事，有才能的强者得到重用，缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此，西方文化体现出个体文化特征，这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。正因为如此，中西两种文化在对某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如：ambition一词，本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义，表示“野心勃勃”，而英美人则取其褒义，表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词，中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”，而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进，有开拓精神”。我国的群体性文化，非常重视家庭亲友关系，把它视为组成社会的细胞；而在西方国家，崇尚独立自主自强自立。中国人重视传统的君臣，父子，论资排辈，等级森严，而在英美国家，长辈与晚辈间地位平等，不计较老少界限，多以朋友相处。中国人的传统观念历来崇尚“四世同堂”“合家团圆”，自古就有“父母在，不远游”的良言古训；而在英美国家，18岁的子女仍住在家里依靠父母生活是不可思议的事情，他们必须依靠自己的双手去独立生活。同样，年龄大的父母即使失去了生活自理能力，一般也不会拖累子女，他们往往要住进老人院，由社会关照。文化的不同带来价值观念的在不相同。如lod一词，中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念，如老祖宗，老爷爷，老先生等。“老张”，“老王”，透着尊敬和亲热，“张老”“王老”更是尊崇有加。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时，年龄越大，资格越老，也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来，长者不仅是智慧的化身，也是威望的象征。然而，西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来，“old” 是“不中用”的代名词，是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老，更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中，他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士，更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄，也要别人猜测其年龄，而此时，他们的真正目的的期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小，是多么年轻。又如，英美人忌讳莫深的fat一词，见人说fat会令人沮丧不快而且反感。说到fatmeat（肥肉）多半会被认为是毫无价值的该扔掉的废物。而中国人见了小孩子说“胖嘟嘟”“胖乎乎”，表示对孩子的喜爱，对成年男子说fat有“发福”之义，对成年女子讲fat有“丰满”之义，都有赞美恭维之意。日常生活工作中，也经常听到人们说某种东西是块“肥肉”或某差使是个“肥缺”的话语，言下之意是不可多得的东西或是求之不得的位置。中国人不但不讨厌fat，而且对其赞美有加。同样的一件事物，不同的文化背影，看法大相径庭。中国人蔑视狗，因而有“走狗”“狗腿子”“狗东西”“赖皮狗”“狗急跳墙”“狗仗人势”“狗眼看人低”等说法。而在西方国家，人们则欣赏狗的勇敢和忠诚，对狗的赞誉也屡见不鲜，并把人比作狗。如aluckdog（幸运儿），loveme,love my dog（爱屋及乌），Every dog has his day.（凡人皆有得意日）。形容人“病得厉害”用sickas a dog.。“累极了”是dog—tired.与此相反，中国人十分喜爱猫，用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴，常有亲昵的成份，而在西方文化中，“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。中西方的文化差异除了表现在价值观，习俗差异等外，还与生存环境，宗教信仰，历史典故的不同有关。1、生存环境方面：语文的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业曾一度领先世界；而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍，人们的生活离不开土地。比喻花钱浪费，大手大脚，英语是spend money like lvater,而汉语是“挥金如土”。英语中有许多关于船和水的习语，在汉语中没有完全相同的对应习语，如to rest on one’s oars（暂时歇一歇），to keep one’s head above water（奋力图存），all at sea（不知所措）等等。在汉语的文化氛围中，“东风”即是“春天的风”，夏天常与酷暑炎热联系在一起，“赤日炎炎似火烧”，“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球，北温带，海洋性气候，报告春天消息的却是西风，英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节，常与“可爱”“温和” “美好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天，shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more 、宗教信仰方面佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切，与此有关的语言很多，如“借花献佛”“闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家，特别是在英美，人们信奉基督教，相关的有“God helps those who help themselves（上帝帮助自助的人）”Go to hell（下地狱吧）这样的诅咒。3、历史典故方面英汉两种语文中有大量的由历史典故形成的。这些习语结构简单，意义深远，往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译。如“东施效颦”“名落孙山”“叶公好龙”等等。英语中Achilles’heel（唯一致使弱点），meet one’s waterloo（一败涂地），Penelope’s web（永远完不成的工作），a pandora’s box.。（潘多拉之盒――灾难，麻烦，祸害的根源）等。由于各种各样的原因，导致了中西方有诸如此多的文化差异，而文化差异又是跨文化交际的障碍。现代化的进程加速了精神和物质产品的流通，将各个民族纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。一个企业若想让自己的产品畅销国际市场，不仅需要高超的经济和技术手段，而且需要深入了解对象国的文化，使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如，在中国，“龙（dragon）” 是我们的精神图腾，是吉祥和权力的象征，中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪，然而在西方人眼中，对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感，甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕怪物。如果某一企业家对此不甚了解，将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场，试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲？能否给企业创造高效益。所以，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为整个世界共同面临的问题。作为中学阶段的英语老师，在英语教学中应重视语言能力的教学，特别要注意在日常教学中发展学生的交际能力，将语言的文化差异在英语教学中的作用作为一个重要问题对待。中西方的文化差异在中学阶段英语学习给学生带来的干扰主要表现在以下几个方面：1、称呼语汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”“阿姨”；对平辈称“大哥”“大姐”。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“Uncle Smith”“Auntie Brown”，对方听了会觉得不太顺耳。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓且后面不带姓，只带名，如“Uncle Tom”。又如学生知道teacher的含义是“老师”，也就相应地把“王老师”称为“Teacher Wang”。其实，英语中teacher只是一种职业；汉语有尊师的传统，“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业，而成为一种对人的尊称。由于这种文化上的差异，造成学生的简单理解：王老师＝Teacher Wang.此外还把汉语中习惯上称呼的“唐秘书”“张护士”称为Secretary Tang, Nurse Zhang, 英语国家的人听起来感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr., Miss,Mrs.等。2、感谢和答谢一般来说，我们中国人在家族成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合，所有人之间，即使父母与子女，兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声“Thank you..”这是最起码的礼节。当别人问是否要吃点或喝点什么时（would you like something to eat / drink?），我们通常习惯于客气一番，回答：“不用了”“别麻烦了”等。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声“Yes,please.”若不想要，只要说“No,thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人含蓄和英语国家人坦荡直率的不同风格。3、赞美在英语国家，赞美也常用来作为交谈的引子。赞美的内容主要有个人的外貌，外表，新买的东西，个人财物，个人在某方面的出色的工作等。通常称赞别人的外表时只称赞她努力打扮的结果，而不是她的天生丽质。因此赞美别人发型的很多，赞美别人漂亮头发的很少。对别人的赞美，最普通的回答是：Thank you.如，A: Your skirt looks nice. B: Thank 隐私中国人初次见面问及年龄，婚姻，收入，表示关心，而英语国家却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私。如在JEFC Book 1 Lesson 16 中有这样的对话：“How old are you,Mrs Read?”“Ah,it’s a secret!”为什么Mrs Read不肯说出自己的年龄呢？因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得精力充沛，青春永驻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心的“你去哪儿？”“你在干什么？”在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问，监视别人的话语而不受欢迎。5、打招呼中国人日常打招呼习惯于问：“你吃饭了吗？”如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们认为你是想请他们吃饭，英语国家人打招呼通常以天气，健康状况，交通，体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。6、节日中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日（如,New Year’s Day）处，双方还各有自己独特的节日。中国有the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, Mid—Autumn Day.等，英语国家有”Valentine’s Day（情人节），Easter（复活节），April fool’s Day（愚人节），Thanks Giving Day（感恩节），Christmas Day（圣诞节）等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也很不相同。在节日里，对于别人送来的礼物，中国人往往要推辞一番，表现得无可奈何地接受，接受后一般也不当面打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色，可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中，人们对别人送的礼品，一般都要当面打开称赞一番，并且欣然道谢。7、词汇的文化内涵英语词汇在长期使用中积累了丰富的文化内涵，所以在教学中要注意对英语词汇的文化意义的介绍，以防学生单纯地从词汇本身做出主观评价。比如red一词，无论在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关，英语里有“red—letter days”（节假日）。尤其在中国，红色象征革命和社会主义等积极意义，但在英语中“red”还意味着危险状态或使人生气，如“red flag”（引人生气的事）。还有当看到商业英语中的“in the red”，别以为是盈利，相反，是表示亏损，负债。在教学中，文化教育的方法是多种多样的，教师应该采用灵活多变的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性，培养文化意识，使他们能主动地，自学地吸收并融入新的文化环境中。比如：加强中西方文化差异的比较，将中西文化在称呼，招呼语等等谈话题材和价值观念等方面的差异自觉自然地渗透到教学中。又如：利用多种渠道，多种手段，吸收和体验异国文化。可以收集一些英语国家的物品和图片，让学生了解外国艺术，历史和风土人情等。总之，中西方的文化存在着很多差异，在英语教学中不能只单纯注意语言教学，而必须加强语言的文化导入，重视语言文化差异对语言的影响。只有这样，才能在实际中正确运用语言。