一夜、一个很纯洁的女孩走在回家的路上、今天是她妈妈的生日、她手里提着给她妈妈的生日礼物、小嘴里哼着即将唱给她妈妈的生日快乐歌、她渴望能和家人幸幸福福的过日子、但是、造化弄人、她走过一条小巷、前面走过来三个三十左右的男人。看样子他们是喝了很多女孩小心的低下头、当走过他们身边的时候、一个男人扯住了她的衣服、三个男人疯狂的扯着她的衣服和裙子、、她无奈的大声呼喊、可路上跟本没有人来解救她、她拼命的反抗、拼命的护着妈妈的礼物。拼命的求他们、求他们放过她、求他们不要碰她、但是,都是不可能的。当她衣服越来越少、当她的短群被撕碎、当她的眼泪流尽时、她失望了、三个男人粗暴的占有着她的身体、胜雪的短群被她流出的鲜血染红了一大遍、很久过后、三个男人不见了、还留下来的是一具冰冷的尸体、身体上青一块、紫一块。残白的脸颊旁边是一节断了的舌头。不知道过了多少年、这条巷子就再没人从这里走了。听说是不敢从那走、有人在那里见到过一幅恐怖的画面、在巷子墙角那里、一个穿着一身雪白的衣服的女孩在那里蹲着、当她把头抬起来、才发现她的脸比衣服更白、那不是雪白、是残白。空洞的眼里没有眼珠、而眼眶里流出的泪水是红色的泪水。不、不是泪水、是血、是鲜红的血泪。她怀里是一个还没成形的婴儿、婴儿也是一身的血、不过、好像没有生命、她慢慢的向你走过来、说、妈妈、是你吗?我在奈何桥上等了你那么久、你还没下来,所以我上来找你了。我把你一起带回去吧!传言那女孩的母亲曾经对女孩说过、《宝贝、奈何桥上等我、我马上就下来》但后来女孩的母亲失踪了。女孩在奈何桥上没等来母亲,所以自己上来找。她要把她妈妈带下奈何桥去。相传女孩设了了祖咒。只要是今天你知道了她的故事。而不可怜她帮她转载这篇文章的话。一个星期内。你的妈妈就会残死在家中。爸爸被别人用车撞死。至于你…便让女孩带在身边、每天帮她擦血泪、帮她那没成形的孩子洗澡
任何一种能力的培养和学习都是需要兴趣来支撑的。学习英语听说可以使英语不再枯燥无味,不再只是冷冰冰的单词和语法,而是一种生活的方式,一种快乐的实践。提高听说能力的最好方法就是把自己完全浸入英语的语言环境,在这里首推多看英文原版电影和电视剧。美国好莱坞电影风靡全球,英文原声电影在我国随处可见,但大多数英语学习者对观看原声电影在英语学习中的策略及作用,存在诸多的疑虑。他们认为,看英语电影是“不务正业”的学习活动。通过观看原版电影,学习者可以更好地了解语言中的文化现象以及语言与文化之间的依存关系。比如,“Friends”以及“DesperateHousewives”等系列电影,备受许多成功英语学习者青睐。在观看过程中,我们不仅要注意学习鲜活的日常生活用语,学习“用英语说话”,而且要注意了解英语文化中特有的“喜怒哀乐”。这样,看电影并不只是一个简单的娱乐和消遣的过程,也是一个丰富英语语言文化知识、提高综合运用英语能力那么我们都知道要想学好英语,应该先从听说入手。英语听力基础差的学生,要注意选择自己喜欢的听力活动。比如,坚持看英语电影,就是提高听力的有效途径,因为电影图像中的视觉支持,使听力理解变得更为容易。在具备了基本听音能力之后,可以坚持听英语广播和英语讲座。这里,值得提醒的是,有效的听音过程包括复杂的学习活动。学习者除了注意模仿语音和语调之外,还应该学习和记忆听音材料中出现的新的语言知识,并注意区分正式口语、日常口语以及书面语的不同表达法。由于电影都有完整的故事情节、优美动听的主题音乐,极具震撼力,与学生获取信息的渠道吻合,,因此合适的影片能给人带来美的享受,激发我们学习英语的兴趣。语言就是环境的产物,所以大家在学习口语,特别是在练听力的时候,要不断地给自己映照出这种环境来。看电影对学习英语最有帮助,世博外语的张峰校长表示,一定要看英文原版电影,不要看字幕,一直听下去,当你可以分清一句很长又被说的很快句子的单词个数的时候,就证明你的英文水平提高了因为国内英语环境的缺乏造成国内英语学习者的口语学习困难,观看英文原版电影其实也是学英语的好途径.文章以风靡美国的情景喜剧《老友记》(Friends)为例,分别阐释了原版电影中的语音、句子与词汇、内容与题材以及文化和思维在英语口语学习中的提高作用。然而,我们平常对于打招呼的话,习惯性的只有:How are you? How do you do? 两句,到底老外在现实生活里面是怎么说话的呢?看看美国电视剧收视神话《老友记》,里面6个年轻人天天和不同的人打招呼,整整10年了,都没有什么重复的话出现。里面大量的时髦日常用语,是大家学习美国口语挖掘不尽的宝藏。一句How you doing?换不同的语音语调,意思也马上随之改头换面。这样学习英语的过程将不再是suffering, 而是有所收获感到高兴的过程。原版电英语句的随意性,不完整是它的主要特征。在英语学习过程中,我国的英语学习者接触的绝大部分是书面语体。而在英语影视剧中,口头体的语言材料是最重要的特征,具体表现为口语中流行的惯用表达方式、俚语以及相关的跨文化因素。而在影视中,角色众多,根据剧情的要求,每个角色都有自身特有的语音、语调和语速,再加上连读、弱读等,这些与我们学习的英语听力材料相差甚远,故造成了难以看(听)懂英语原版影视的情况。因此,看原版英语影视剧是练习英语听说的最好途径,影视剧通过声音与图像共同组成了完整的信息,将视觉刺激和听觉刺激有效地结合在一起,这是其它学习手段所不能达到的,同时还可以调动学习英语的兴趣,做到寓学于乐。那么电影的作用在于:1. 电影为语言的运用提供了更真实的情景,使用者更能领悟语言的意境。近年来随着社会的不断发展,人们的文化生活丰富多彩。 人们对于文化的需求不断的上升。电影事业发展迅速,成为文化阵地的领头羊。往往一部电影的发行和放映,就引起一股社会的潮流和时尚。尤其是一些大片已经与人们的生活息息相关。一部大片的发行,人们争先恐后的观看。生怕走在时代的后面。中学生尤其如此。 大片无论从他的投资和制作都堪称为典范。其中的故事性强,情节曲折,语言考究并具有时代特色。除次之外,还有经过改编的经典文学巨著的影片,其包含的文化和历史可为文化的珠宝,永发光芒。从而使人们走进时间隧道,去遨游的最好去处。人们可以从中不断的汲取精神的营养。电影中包含的语言及风俗习惯,以及历史事实是学生了解世界文化的窗口和主要手段。它可以最大程度的满足学生对于知识和文化的需求。电影中的人物特点,语言,行为举止的独特具有感染力。然而,电影作为一种文化传播工具,提供了最好的语言情景,和最实用的语言.电影的对白配合上情景和人物的表情,不像我们课本上的文字那么枯燥,那么难以理解.如我们在观赏狮子王片段时,当辛巴和父亲一起在晨曦中眺望自己统治的辽阔疆域时,父亲讲到Look, Simba, everything the light touches is our kingdom…。那种唯美的画面和音乐不仅吸引了学生的注意力,也使学生很容易地理解了这句带有定语从句的复合句及他们所说的每一句话,更使他们充分感悟到了生命的价值和狮子王浓浓的父爱。而如果把这一段以书本的形式一字一句的交给学生是无法让他们体验到尊重生命的哲理的。我们还要花更多的时间使学生理解每一句话。这种学习语言的方式是机械的.常常是背了很多到用时还不能用的地道,也不能用的符合英语国家人的习惯。就拿我国的国产影片来讲,近年来推出了不少脍炙人口,走向国际影坛的大片。电影《一个都不能少》“Not one less” ,《神话》, “The myth” 《英雄》 “Hero” 等电影都是用英语字幕,语言中渗透着浓厚的文化,但是从英语把他表现出来。而我们学生所运用的教材也有许多是汲取了电影的营养,使其丰满和具有时代气息。比如现行教材中许多材料都是围绕电影的话题来展开的。如高中第一册的第一单元 “GOOD FRIEND ” 中的阅读就是电影 “Cast away”就是例子。课文中以鲁宾逊的经历来引出话题,谈论如何认识到朋友的重要性及如何交朋友等。设想如果让学生欣赏该部影片,那么将更能吸引学生的学习兴趣。学生不但可以从中加深对于课文的理解,更能触发学生对于语言的认识和体验。2. 电影作为一种视频文本所产生的吸引力是我们书本教材所无法比拟的。这一点是勿庸质疑的。我们天天都在上课,每天都是一样的枯燥,如此学习的结果是可想而知的,厌倦听课,厌倦作业看英文电影重要的是为我们提供了一种学习英语的方式,我想没有哪套课本能对让我们对学习英语产生诱惑力和影响力的,而电影却有。因为电影让英语“活”起来其实,看外文电影学英语的方法在我国由来已久。在我国老一辈的旅美作家和学者中,大部分都有过看电影学英语的经历。如今,通过看电影学英语更成了成人英语教学的常用方法,像“新东方”等国内一些著名英语培训机构就专门开设了类似的培训课,通过观看经典电影来训练学员的英语口语能力。看电影学英语,表面在看,原理在听,这种方法最大的好处就是可以锻炼听力。电影听力不像听磁带那样干巴巴的,观众可以通过故事发展的逻辑推理,感觉到台词的意思。另外,在词汇学习上,可以将词汇的用法做详尽的分析,挖掘词语的深层含义,对词汇有一个全方位的认识,而不仅仅停留在“就词论词”上。另外,通过观看电影,观众可以更加了解西方文化,体会东西方价值观念的不同,将语言上升到真正意义上的交流,让英语真正“活”起来。3电影中所使用的语言是纯正的,地道的,更是实用的。众所周知,学习语言应通过对话进行。不同语言的会话结构差别不大,大部分可以从母语迁移过来。差别大的是参加和进行谈话的习俗,如怎样遵从本族语言国家人的说话方式和礼仪等。电影课可以形象直观的向学习者展示怎样通过会话实现语言的各种功能。使学习者不仅仅学到知识本身,更重要的是可以学到语言的使用背景,真正可以使用到正确的场合。语音作为语言学习的一个重要组成,第二语言的语音系统既不是第一语言的,也不是目的语的。它与第二语言语法系统一样,是学习者自己的一套系统。影响语音习得的因素是多方面的,有的因素与学习者的母语无关,属于语言的普遍性;有的因素属于母语迁移;有的因素属于学习者的认识能力。学习者的困难不是新的语音或者母语中没有的语音,而是与母语相近的语音。如果不考虑目的语系统,只单纯根据本族语者的发音来纠正学生的发音,这样的教学方法有失全面。而通过原版的英文电影,可以有效补充靠中国英语老师来纠正发音的劣势。电影中使用的语言都是最地道的,合乎英语国家人说话习惯的。学语言不光要学所谓的官方的正式的语言,还要充分理解贫民语言和文化,以及发展中的语言。而通过电影学生们不止能学习地道的英语,还能学习很多课本上见不到的俚语和俗语,了解不同民族的文化背景与习俗以及理解相同的句子在不同场合的意义。而电影正为我们的教材提供了这种条件和补充。因此,在英语教学中加入英文电影配音,使学生的英语学习兴趣,口头表达能力,语言认知能力都有了极大的提高。并通过对影视的了解和把握,可以从一个方面了解一个民族的文化,具备艺术素质,为学生理解现当代社会历史与其它门类的文化艺术,提供学习和探究的基础平台,是对现行外语教学方式有机的补充,为我们在国内也能习得流利地道的英语提供了一条捷径。电影借助声音和图像,我们不仅易于理解真实的语言材料,而且能逐渐掌握英语为母语者说话的语言使用特点。日积月累,可帮助我们突破听力理解的大难关,同时对我们的口语也有促进作用。然而,原版电影还有以下作用:1、看英文原版电影有助于你将背下的句子用出去!因为当你发现电影里的人物脱口而出的竟是你能背下的句子时,那是很兴奋的!这也是在间接的卖弄你学的句子。要记住,卖弄一次比背十次的印象还要深!2、英文原版电影是学发音的最好材料!我们平时练习发音都是一个单词一个单词的练,对着枯燥的口腔图纠正发音,似乎发音的练习如此的漫长而又枯燥!对初学者来说,有必要掌握基本的发音规则和规律,但是一旦你有了一定的词汇量和句子量后,就应该投入到实战中去,而英文的原版电影就是非常好的实战!3、 看英文原版电影能激活你学的单词、句子和语法!因为孤立的背单词和语法是没有用的,必须把它用出去,而看英文原版电影则可以将你学的单词全部激活,变成你的口语单词,一个单词一旦变成你的口语单词以后,那这个单词已经达到最高境界了!4、看英文电影是避免枯燥的最好的方式!天天苦行僧似的一个人在默默的背着单词和句子确实很辛苦,而且不见得成效有多大!但如果你去看英文电影,里面的情节会很快吸引你的注意力,在不经意的时候掌握了英语!5、 看英文原版电影能让你学到最鲜活的词汇和表达!这是非常重要的,因为我们平常背的句子其实有很多都是已经过时的或者在口语中不常用的句子,但通过看英文原版电影我们可以学到很多最时髦、最鲜活的词汇和表达法,比如昨天我看老友记时学到了一个地道的表达法,叫Have you put your foot down?(你已经决定好了吗?)还好很多很多好的地道表达等着你去学习和吸收!6、看英文电影给你提供了一个全英文环境!几乎所有学英语的中国人都在抱怨,我们学英语缺的是英语环境。其实不然,通过看英文电影你其实已经完全溶入在那个环境里了,你会想象你就在那个电影里面,扮演着某个角色,操着一口流利的英语在跟别人交谈,多么美妙,多么惬意!
有非常大的帮助,首先有环境,有语感,自然、流利,很多语法通过看电影耳闻目睹,一些词的实际应用,再加上电影本身的故事情节吸引人,会有很好的帮助。
Definitely help, watching English movies can exercise a lot. They say the best way to learn English is to English-speaking country to take some time, but as many of our students do not have the opportunity to watch English movies so you can have a feeling abroad, even if you get it abroad and in the movies, too, not to mention the film more attractive to it. I learn English by watching movies for some time and read more than 100 European and American classic films, a systematic study of nearly 50 practice listening and speaking for the classic film, although through a lot of detours, but my English listening and spoken with over time, depicting the consolidation has been sustained and has increased significantly. People think of great help in this way, of course, there are software assisted the better, you can always repeat it after, synchronization, and trendy software called "English learning software can fly" feature is very wide, may wish to try....
TOP1.《拯救大兵瑞恩》
在战争电影历史上的地位是里程碑式的,这主要是指它的技术方面,之后的战争电影很少有不受这部影片影响的。《拯救大兵瑞恩》的战争场面追求真实,质感,每个细节都经得起苛刻的研究,而同时又惊心动魄。其中最具代表性的还是开头的诺曼底登陆,相比于经典《最长的一天》的诺曼底登陆战的荡气回肠,《拯救大兵瑞恩》的表现更接近纪录片式的残酷,使用了很多手提摄影机的拍摄,另外《拯救大兵瑞恩》还注意到了大部分电影中诺曼底登陆战中忽视的细节:当天是在下雨的。
TOP2.《兵临城下》
由好莱坞出品,但因为是法国导演拍摄,其意味与好莱坞还是大不相同。比如影片开始也有千万人的战争场面,但在构图、氛围上都不是追求壮观和冲击力,相反倒是充满了讽刺和怜悯,有一将功成万骨枯的意味。后面苏军两人拿一支步枪,在督战队机枪的威逼下发起自杀性的攻击更是再明显不过的讽刺。但瓦西里出场的那场狙杀五名德军的场面确实拍得精彩之极,大有侠之大者的风范。最后瓦西里与德国狙击校长之间的对决也拍出了高手对决的风采。
TOP3.《珍珠港》
以现代电影特效技术再现现代场争场景的典范电影,虽然同时也是矫揉做作,内容空洞的失败商业片典范。本片同样用了几十分钟的时间来再现日军偷袭珍珠港这场历史著名的钢铁大屠杀,与《虎虎虎》相比,因为特效技术的突飞猛进,可以以数字技术模似亚历桑纳号被摧毁的全过程,也可以用第一视角让观众参与到这场战斗之中,本片与相对古典的战争电影相比已显得相当浮躁,美军战机升空后狂揍零式战机的场面虽然精彩,但在行家来看来却是可笑之极:历史上零式战机与P40的近距离缠斗,在战争前期几乎一直如猫戏弄老鼠般的轻松。
TOP4.《巴顿将军》
“为国牺牲从来都不是赢得战争的方法,赢得战争的方法是让你的敌人为国牺牲!”这句话最能代表巴顿的风格,这种个性也导致了他的军事风格的强硬霸道,也为他赢来了铁血老将的称谓。这部70年代的电影主要把重点放在巴顿个性的描绘上,战争场面并不太多,在特技上没有今天的的数字技术,但非洲大平原上的陆空一体的美德坦克大决战还是拍出了波澜壮阔的效果。只可惜的是隆美尔军团的主帅已退出非洲战场,未能令世人一睹当世陆战两大顶级高手(而且二人军事风格完全迥异,隆美尔诡异而巴顿强悍)的对决,令今人大为惋惜。
TOP5.《父亲的旗帜》
把更多的笔触放到了历史的真相和对真实“英雄”的还原上面,但并不妨碍它所拍摄的战争场面成为近年来最杰出的战争场面之一,甚至仅从视觉冲击力而言,它甚至可以说是最好的一步。地狱般的硫磺岛,在美军舰炮的轰炸下腾起阵阵非人间式的烟雾,三天的轰炸没有摧毁日军的防御,三天后的登陆仍成为一修罗场般的厮杀,在这场海陆空三位一体的现代战争中,传统电影手法与电脑CG的运用结合得恰到好处,遍布大海的登陆舰确乎气魄宏大,展示出工业时代的人类所能营造出来的巨大的破坏力,尽管,还远不是极限。
TOP6.《细细的红线》
什么是战争?大部分的战争电影,只是一架望远镜,带人们去观赏战争,而《细细的红线》不同,它是一台时空机器,带你去亲身体验战争,以一个士兵的身份,来亲身体会战争所带来的死亡的恐惧,精神的折磨,心灵的扭曲。就如那场攻击日军高地堡垒的战斗,几十分钟的时间里,你可以循着导演的镜头来亲自聆听一次死神的召唤,完全第一视角的表现,一切未知,日军直到白刃肉搏才真正出现,而当美军冲入日军军营双方血拼的时候,你会体会到“巴别”的意味,也会因此明白为什么在战争中,会有那么多人类的丧心病狂,会有那么多永远洗也洗不清的仇恨和血腥。让我们套用一位越战老兵对《现代启示录》的评价:《细细的红线》不是战争电影,它就是战争。如果你要问战争是什么?那我么我请你去看《细细的红线》。
TOP7.《战斗列车》
以伦敦为首的权威,和领导铁路工人运动的所谓上级,以全人类和“法国的荣耀”的名义将铁路工人带上了战场,这些“崇高”的使命迫使工人们为了达成目标而不惜牺牲自己的生命和敌人的生命,以民族主义的宣言和革命热情的煽动剥夺了工人们进行自由选择的权利。
TOP8.《大偷袭》
看到有人说前半段不好,我因此差点没去看。 看完了,最后的营救固然精彩,我重点要说的是,我很喜欢前半段:第一天的铺垫和第二天的推进。 是不是更喜欢刺激的战斗? 在那种场面中,少不了英雄主义的俗套。一对一的单挑,大快人心的对日侵者的扫射。可是这些都不及前边“冗长”的铺垫的功力深厚,捕捉细腻。
《虎口脱险》
这部片子属于经典的法国喜剧电影了,由法国国宝级喜剧大师Louis de Funès主演。这个个子不高、秃顶的小老头体现了法国人的很多典型性格,比方说办事认真严肃,精打细算,有一点自私,爱调侃别人,爱占点小便宜什么的。当然主角得有配角来衬托,就像唐·吉诃德身边总是站着忠实的桑丘一样,这部片子里就是那个老实八交但能逢凶化吉的油漆工Bourvil了。
TOP10.《最长的一天》
这个片子保持的黑白片花钱纪录直到辛德勒的名单才被打破,何况这是1961年的美元……考虑到通胀的话还是很吓人的。第一牛逼之处在于大部分是实景拍摄,到四大叔拍《拯救大兵瑞恩》的时候据说都不能用实景了,何况《兄弟连》。第二牛逼之处在于,航拍镜头和全景真是多啊,虽然美国人40年之后长相也没啥变化,好莱坞发展了40年大约就是多了点特写和手提摄影机,其他该拍的40年前都被拍过了。
最经典的二战电影有《沉静如海》《穿条纹睡衣的男孩》《从海底出击》《偷书贼》《模仿游戏》等。
1、《沉静如海》
豆瓣评分是。主演是朱莉——德拉姆、米歇尔——加拉布吕。
影片的简介是:法国人André和她的孙女Jeanne原本平静的生活因二战的到来和德军对法国的侵占被打破,更让他们无法接受的是,他们家里的一个房间竟被征用作为一个德国军官Werner的起居室……
2、《穿条纹睡衣的男孩》
豆瓣评分。主演:阿萨——巴特菲尔德、维拉——法米加。
影片的简介:八岁男孩布鲁诺一家随着纳粹军官父亲的一纸调令,由柏林搬迁到了乡下。失去了朋友们的布鲁诺很快对新家附近的“农庄”产生了兴趣,那里有一群身穿“条纹睡衣”的人终日忙碌……
3、《从海底出击》
豆瓣评分。主演:尤尔根——普罗斯诺、赫贝特——格勒内梅厄
影片的简介:二次世界大战期间,德国发明了一艘出没无踪的U型深海潜水艇,在海战中无往不利。一次,这艘潜水艇奉命出击,执行对英国船队的袭击任务,当他们完成任务返航途中,却遭遇上前所未见的危机……
4、《偷书贼》
豆瓣评分。主演:杰弗里——拉什、艾米丽——沃森。
影片的简介:1939年的德国,9岁的小女孩莉赛尔和弟弟被迫送往慕尼黑远郊的寄养家庭。6岁的弟弟不幸死在了路途中。在冷清的葬礼后,莉赛尔意外得到她的第一本书《掘墓人手册》。
5、《模仿游戏》
豆瓣评分。主演:本尼迪克特——康伯巴奇、凯拉——奈特莉。
影片的简介:二战期间,盟军苦于德国的秘密系统“英格玛”无法破译,政府召集了一批民间数学家、逻辑学家进行秘密破解工作,图灵就是其中之一。
很权威的 当代美国电影艺术神话与梦幻 第二次世界大战之后,美国的电影厂系统破裂。麦卡锡时期的反共以及电视的普及大大缩小了电影的文化力量。在60年代,由于对越战采取不同的态度,美国政治文化内部发生了分裂,民权运动风起云涌,少数种族群众为取得应有的社会地位和权利而斗争。这一切化解与动摇了美国意识形态共识的社会基础。 在越战时期,好莱坞所具有的力量仍源自70年代黄金时期的电影,这些电影将民族神话和意识形态非神秘化。在70年代中期,由于美国社会越来越按多元文化而分解,好莱坞实行了一种全面开花的大吹大擂的销售策略推销其耗费巨资拍摄的影片。在全球的电影市场上,它的成功就在于它掌握了诸种风格模式,这些风格模式代表美国的艺术特性,但很少展现当代社会生活的思想,却适宜世界各地的广大观众。 无论是好莱坞电影描述的是外星人,机器人,喜剧连环画里的超英雄还是象印第安那•琼斯那样的人间英雄,它们充满了关于民族神话、梦幻和思想的比喻性内蕴。然而,它们大多数是回顾过去的日子的,是回头看的,是反其道而行之的。它们回顾大萧条和二次大战时期的大众文化,无论是卢卡斯的星际冒险,斯皮伯格的印第安那•琼斯,无论是超人还是蝙蝠侠电影都从往昔的时代的意识形态和共同信念中汲取源泉、叙事和人物以重整美国民族的神话和梦幻。他们这么做也是一种躲避现实的一种方法。他们的电影并不提供对过去的看法,也没有提供过去和现在的关联之所在。 在20世纪的80、90年代,美国社会中出现了文化断裂的现象,对过去的历史的含义存在分歧的意见。这种文化的断裂促使社会去关注历史,关注过往的事件与含义。社会科学家认为,为了使社会凝聚在一起,当今的一代需要有意识地将现在与过去进行比较,而不是仅仅拥有当今的经验。社会学家刘易斯•科塞认为,对历史的记忆只能通过阅读、聆听或者通过节日纪念活动被撩拨起来。由社会机构存储和阐释过去的历史。显然,电影就是这么一个存储和阐释过去历史的主要社会机构。在一个文化断裂的社会中,多样化造成多样的过去。在20世纪后期,美国社会似乎悬在空中一般,似乎拥有太多的过去,又似乎一无所有。这种矛盾在里根时代更显突出,在这个时代中,一方面怀旧,一方面又似乎丧失了对历史的记忆。在这一段时期之后,好莱坞的电影制作人开始不仅关注电影的商业价值,也关注历史的题材了。对历史的回忆成为一部电影的文化力量的试金石。 有影响的好莱坞电影制作人在90年代初开始在他们的创作中关注历史。 奥立弗•斯通拍摄《J•F•肯尼迪》(1991),探索到底是谁谋杀了肯尼迪。电影暗示有可能是高层的政府官员谋划了这一谋杀总统事件。斯派克•李导演《马尔科姆•X》(1992),将同样被谋杀身亡的伊斯兰国领袖的生活戏剧化,重申了他留给后人的精神遗产的重要性。斯皮伯格的《辛德勒名单》(1993)重现了历史的真实的事件。它描述一位德国工业家在二次大战期间德国纳粹企图灭绝犹太民族的行动中拯救了一批犹太人。这些电影试图重现对历史的回忆,这些企图是90年代电影重新界定一个更为广泛的文化言语的重要尝试。正如法国历史学家米歇尔•塞托指出的,对于历史的了解不仅仅是个人研究的结果,也不仅仅是对过去的“现实”的再现,那是“一个地方的产物”。对于斯通来说,那地方就是越南。他1965年在耶鲁大学上了一年之后就退学了,前往西贡中国城当英语教师。他不愿在大学里继续就读,那只会给他提供一个在公司里供职的人生;他希望看看另一个世界。当他在西贡教书的时候,美国对越战争升级了。许多和斯通同年龄的美国人在60年代中期意识到越战将成为规范他们这一代的历史事件,但很少有人希望亲眼见一下,更不用说参与战争了。他在墨西哥写小说呆了一段时间后,参加美军,作为陆军士兵回到越南。在越南15个月中,他参加了战斗,受伤两次。回到美国后,他发现美国人和曾经参战的老兵均对战争十分冷漠,深感震惊。他决意要探索一下美国社会中的政治动向,走进了纽约大学电影学院,希望成为电影编剧家和电影制作人。1976年,他根据自己的作战经验创作《野战排》初稿。第二年,他改编了《生于7月4日》。这是海军陆战队老兵罗恩•科维克的一部自传。科维克在越战中受伤,胸部以下完全瘫痪。 斯通同时为其他导演写作电影剧本。他为艾伦•帕克导演的《夜行快车》(1978)创作了剧本,获奥斯卡奖。这部影片描述一个美国人因为贩毒被囚禁在土耳其。他创作描绘暴力与残酷的电影剧本,如布赖恩•德•帕尔玛的《疤脸》(1983),迈克尔•西米诺的《龙年》(1985)。他自己也导演了自编的恐怖片《手》(1981)。80年代中期,一家英国电影公司请他执导政治片《萨尔瓦多》(1986)。这是他与一位采访过萨尔瓦多内战的摄影记者共同创作的。当时他未能找到资助他拍摄越战电影的公司,《萨尔瓦多》就权且充作他对政治与历史关注的一个替代了。电影对美国的外交政策颇多微词,这在影坛上是极端少有的作品。影片从一个高姿态出发,揭露种种隐蔽的官方丑行。影片是荒诞的,无政府主义的,阴惨的,充满了严肃的愤怒之情。斯通的电影用连续的特写镜头创造了一种恐惧与混乱的气氛,描写萨尔瓦多右翼敢死队谋杀主教、强奸和屠杀美国修女,将喜剧性与恐怖融合在一起。1986年,在《野战排》初稿10年之后,他获得机会执导。《野战排》是荒诞的,无政府主义的,阴惨的,充满了暴力和残酷性。但它的基调也有一种挽歌的情调,用幕后音描述各种不同的时期,阐释电影中发生的事件,重现不安的战争经验。《野战排》获得80年代少有的成功,一部严肃的片子,而又如此流行。它挣得票房6千9百万美元,而生产预算仅6千万美元。《野战排》获奥斯卡最佳影片奖,斯通获最佳导演奖。在此成功的基础上,斯通起用年轻演员汤姆•克鲁斯拍了另一部关于越战的影片《生于7月4日》。正如英国电影评论家指出的,《萨尔瓦多》,在西班牙语中意思是“救星”,与一个人的命运有关,《野战排》与一群人有关。而《生于7月4日》就与整个美国民族有关了。斯通使用主人公的生日来纪念美国的独立日,作为一种历史性的比喻,同时也希望促使整个民族反思它的罪过。《生于7月4日》将美国越战的根源追溯到美国50年代的郊区生活。小科维克在长岛的马萨帕瓜玩战争的游戏:少年棒球协会联赛和学校的球赛,从社区汲取了爱国主义的热情。虽然影片有许多战争和政治的暴力的场景,但它最为情绪化、最为令人感到残酷的倒是它对科维克妈妈的描述。影片批判了“唯母独尊”的思想,认为这是对美国男孩的一种威胁。科维奇在家里受到母亲极大的影响,成为一个如大卫•里斯曼所谓的“外向型”的人物。他早年的好战性使他成为一名积极的反战份子。斯通通过大量镜头的置换与变动,通过从科维奇的轮椅视角看出去的特写镜头,使观众意识到他内心的空虚与惆怅。斯通再次获奥斯卡最佳导演奖。这部影片虽然令人痛苦,令人回忆起越战的时代,但它仅仅存储了对昔日的回忆,并没有有力地阐释它。 他终于后来在《.肯尼迪》影片中试图阐释这场战争。一次,斯通看到一些文件,这些文件表明在他被谋杀时,他正计划从越南撤回美国军事力量。这使他整个儿地改变了对肯尼迪的看法。要是他不被谋杀的话,美国也许永远不会在战争中丧失他的许多儿女了。所以,虽然电影的形式是“谁谋杀了肯尼迪?”,但实质上是“为什么要打越战?”《.肯尼迪》撩动了美国敏感的神经,这是继1915年.格里菲思的《一个民族的诞生》之后还没有过的。如果说《一个民族的诞生》迎合了当时美国主流的政治和文化思想,《.肯尼迪》却遭到了有影响的政治精英和媒体评论员的抨击。分歧的焦点是电影认为肯尼迪之所以被谋杀,主要是因为他要限制美国情报机构的地下活动。如果肯尼迪活着,他会将美军从越南撒走,结束世界性的冷战状态。根据电影中的地方检察官加里森,“总统是由美国政府最高层人士预先密谋刺杀的,谋刺由五角大楼和中央情报局最秘密的行动机器中的最疯狂、最有纪律的冷战战士执行的”。加里森谴责了副总统约翰逊、联邦调查局局长胡佛和白宫官员。关于《.肯尼迪》的另一个问题是它作为电影的存在。斯通将片子制成达3个多小时之久,运用的电影叙事风格不仅使之具有批评性效果,而且还要有商业价值。美国电影协会主席杰克•瓦伦蒂将此片与希特勒德国的《意志的胜利》相提并论。电影批评家认为,他的这一说法显然太过份了。在影片中,斯通运用了一系列完全虚构的情景,将事件用似乎是完全写实的手法拍摄,以达到他的视觉效果。同一镜头在不同的场合出现,有时是黑白的,有时是彩色的;不断重复全景镜头。随着幕外音的评论出现不同的形象,以达到视觉验证的效果。在电影半写实半虚构的文体之外,描写了身心交瘁的区检察官个人的情感经历,由此传达了电影的政治观点。这是一部历史性的虚构作品。问题并不在于它在多大程度上忠实于历史事实,而在于它提供一个什么样的令人信服的对历史的回忆,这种回忆的文本要得到观众的认同。电影在美国全国重新撩拨起了对肯尼迪遇刺的历史的回忆。 在斯派克•李的电影《马尔科姆•X》中,这位伊斯兰国教士对肯尼迪被刺事件的看法与斯通截然不同。在一次1963年的聚会上,当记者问他对总统遇刺是否感到悲伤或遗憾时,他回答说,我认为这是一个典型的搬起石头砸自己脚的例子。他在其他国家内挑起了暴力,现在暴力回过头来要了他的命。这一表白犹如诅咒。伊斯兰国领袖伊莱贾•穆罕默德让他沉默了9天。之后,马尔科姆与穆罕默德决裂,自己在纽约城建了清真寺。从麦加朝圣回来不久,当他在纽约奥杜帮大厅演说时被刺身亡。1965年,哈利撰写了他的传记,他的一生成为非洲裔美国人历史理智与道德发展的一个典型。美国作家詹姆斯•鲍德温和另一人合作将传记改编成了电影剧本。1990年左右,演员登泽尔•华盛顿答应扮演马尔科姆•X,白人导演诺曼•朱森有意拍摄这部电影。斯派克•李听说此事之后,立即行动,争取拍摄权。他说,马尔科姆•X的故事属于黑人电影范畴,不可能有另外的角度。他认为,在历史上,亚文化群族裔很少有可能在主流电影中讲述他们的故事;这是一个机会。李导演的电影大多集中在当代背景。在拍摄《马尔科姆•X》过程中,他竭力仿效斯通的《.肯尼迪》。《马尔科姆•X》长度也达3小时21分。这样长的影片一天只能播映4次,比一般影片少1/3收入。他也采取斯通的交替使用黑白与彩色镜头的做法以增强历史的真实感和戏剧效果。但总的来说,《马尔科姆•X》是一部不同的电影。这终久是一部传记作品。社会背景是截然不同的。这部影片描述的社会开始时是一个大街上的阿飞,吸毒的黑帮,强盗,关过监狱,最终成为伊斯兰国教士,国际上知名的黑人分离主义领袖。李在制作这部电影时,运用了他惯用的现实主义手法。传统的音乐剧和黑白电影类型的手法在电影的前半部使用,而后半部则运用记录片手法。第一人称的幕外音给电影一种传记的色彩,不断切换的静止镜头展现了令人可怖的童年生活场景:三K党烧毁了马尔科姆的家,并杀害了他父亲,家破人亡,母亲发疯。李的电影的主要贡献之一就是提供了一种历史的回忆。由于时间的推延,李比传记作者以更为充裕的心态来审视和阐释历史。电影评论家认为,李所描述的马尔科姆•X几乎是一个完人,在他一生的所有时期,包括他当大街阿飞或黑帮期间也是这样。女性主义评论家认为,电影以赞赏的姿态描述马尔科姆在当大街阿飞期间欺侮妇女的行为,即使在他成为公众人物之后,女人仍是他的附属物。李对于马尔科姆的阐释的贡献就在于他并不囿于传记的叙述,而是给叙事以一定的历史记忆的框架。电影映片名时一开头是一面全景的美国国旗,接着是洛杉矶警察殴打黑人罗德尼•金的镜头。国旗烧着了,在片名结束时,现出了X字样。在电影3个多小时结束时,映出了马尔科姆的真实的生活镜头,同时传出非洲裔演员奥西•杰维斯的颂词幕外音。接着是小学课堂,特写的学生镜头不断重复说,“我就是马尔科姆•X。”南非黑人领袖曼德拉在南非教室里作了一个简短的发言。最后,非洲裔篮球球星欧文•约翰逊和迈克尔•乔丹,笑星比尔•科斯比和歌手珍妮特•杰克逊一一出现,戴着标有X的棒球帽。这一切片断表明了李对于马尔科姆•X与当代生活联系的看法。罗德尼•金的事件表明人们必须警惕警察暴行、压迫黑人的现象。而结尾显示,马尔科姆•X是永生的,他生活在所有的黑人青年身上。正如杰维斯称颂的,“马尔科姆是我们的人生,我们的活生生的黑人的人生。这就是他对于他的人民的含意,我们称颂他,实质上我们在称颂我们自己。”《马尔科姆•X》重现了斯通在《.肯尼迪》中所展现的悲悼。李重现了当代的现实以作为对马尔科姆•X一生的历史的记忆。当代美国电影艺术神话与梦幻
美国电影中华人形象的演变从现存的默片《娇花溅血》(Broken Blossoms)(格里菲斯 [D. W. Griffith]执导,1919)算起,美国电影塑造华人形象已有八十五年的历史。本文选择六部不同时期的美国电影,历史地分析、解读华人形象如何成为美国大众文化中种族、性别与政治冲突的体现。在二十世纪初,华人曾一度被塑造为热爱和平、与人为善的形象,如《娇花溅血》,但由于美国十九世纪末驱赶华人劳工后,「黄祸」意识的延续,好莱坞更热衷于将华人想象为对白人构成威胁的「野蛮的」他者,如《阎将军的苦茶》(The Bitter Tea of General Yen)(卡普拉 [Frank R. Capra]执导,1933)。到了中国抗战及欧美二战时期,美国宗教救世话语影响下的好莱坞及时推出了《大地》(The Good Earth)(富兰克林[Sidney Franklin]执导,1937)之类的影片,赞扬中国妇女的勤劳勇敢及对土地的「原始情感」。而冷战时期持续不衰的东方主义想象又投射出一批如《苏丝黄的世界》(The World of Suzie Wong)(奎因[Richard Quine]执导,1960)宣扬西方「白马王子」超俗爱情、东方女子感恩献身的神话故事。美国国内60年代起日益剧烈的种族冲突也使华人一时凸显成「模范少数族群」,「自愿」同化于美国主流白人文化,在银幕上演出了歌舞升平的轻喜剧,如《花鼓歌舞》(Flower Drum Song)(罗杰斯[Richard Rodgers]执导,1961)。作为难得一见反思西方中心的神话影片,《蝴蝶君》(M. Butterfly)(克罗嫩贝格[David Cronenberg]执导,1993)布下性别迷阵,揭露了西方男人的情感和身份危机,精彩地颠覆了西方冷战话语及东方主义的叙事模式。 美国电影中的华人形象可以作种种解读。按学者马凯蒂(Gina Marchetti)所论1: 好莱坞利用亚洲人、美籍华人及南太平洋人作为种族的他者,其目的是避免黑人和白人之间更直接的种族冲突,或逃避白人对美国本土印第安人和西班牙裔人所持悔罪及仇恨交加的复杂心情。 马凯蒂认为好莱坞电影的叙事运作方式是神话般的,利用多种故事模式迷惑观众,如:强奸模式、俘虏模式、诱惑模式、救世模式、牺牲模式、悲剧爱情模式、超俗浪漫模式及同化模式等。本文所分析的影片,都在不同程度上印证了这些好莱坞电影模式经久不衰的影响力。正因为如此,揭示了这些模式的意识形态内涵及其话语运作方式,对我们更深刻地理解好莱坞有着不可忽略的现实意义。 一 《娇花溅血》:种族危机与性别体现 《娇花溅血》讲述一位简称「黄人」(亦称「程环」)的中国人离乡背井到伦敦谋生,暗恋一位屡遭父亲蹂躏的英国少女的悲剧爱情故事。影片开头即明确表现东西方的文化差异。黄人到中国佛寺进香,祈求远赴他乡后的平安,但他一出寺庙,就遇上西洋水兵聚众闹事街头。东方的和平和西方的暴力一方面揭示了两种文化的差异,另一方面又体现了种族的性别定型。踏上异域后,黄人的行为与价值取向一直呈女性化,从而与爱尔兰拳击手巴罗所体现的西方男性化形成二元对立:前者为文弱、温雅的店铺伙记,后者为粗暴、强壮的酗酒工人;前者为浪漫的梦想家,沉溺鸦片,醉心审美,后者为施虐的父亲,折磨女儿露西而得快感。露西为黄人店中的东方精美物品而陶醉,黄人热心献出丝绸衣料,让露西得到前所未有的「家」的温暖。这一跨种族的恋情,威胁了西方父权中心的秩序,巴罗一怒之下鞭打露西致死。赶来营救的黄人与巴罗对峙,一枪击毙巴罗,将露西的遗体抱回店中,放于牀上,烧香超度,然后用匕首刺心自杀而亡。 马凯蒂指出《娇花溅血》标题本身透露了影片中「幻想」的施虐及拜物的本质:吉什(Lillian Gish)扮演的露西像一朵娇花,生长于贫乏之地,虽如期开放,但不可避免地被蹂躏而雕谢夭折2。在影片中,导演格里菲斯为强调东方(女性式的)的温文细腻和西方(男性式的)的蛮横粗暴,将黄人的牀铺同时塑造成一个战场和祭坛。黄人先是在牀边细心照料露西饱受创伤的心灵,然后在牀前尽力保卫露西不被巴罗带回家,最终又在牀边殉情自杀,完成了现世中不被认同的一段跨种族、跨文化情缘。由于格里菲斯在影片结尾时刻意营造香火萦绕的诗意氛围和黄人凝视露西遗体和匕首时的跪拜姿态,马凯蒂等西方学者认为黄人的自杀场景潜意识地表现了一种「恋尸情节」及视觉上的「性快感」,因此更为影片增添欲望和幻想的空间3。影片对这种欲望和幻想的定位也体现在露西身上:作为一个未成年的少女,她代表了一种超越性行为的,因此成为可望而不可及的纯洁女性。 正因为露西的纯洁,施虐的父亲成为《娇花溅血》被抨击的西方男性文化的掠夺形象。格里菲斯在影片中设置了两个象征性的「强奸」场面。第一,巴罗手持象征「阳具」的鞭子,鞭尾从他的腰间向前垂下,正面威胁着摔倒在地、面色惊慌的露西。第二,露西为躲避父亲,藏身在窄小的储藏间门后,而巴罗怒持利器,砸开门洞,破门而入,将露西揪出殴打。两个象征的「强奸」场景都表明了传统女性在西方专横的父权制度下的悲惨境况,也体现了影片的自虐—施虐的情节结构。 从性别的角度看,黄人所代表的是另一种当时可能令西方女性所倾心的男性美德,但却无疑是一种在西方被视为「女性化」的男性形象。勒萨热(Julia Lesage)称黄人为「浪漫的英雄」,一个倾向自审、谦卑、文弱、被动而终究无能的善良人。格里菲斯正是利用这个美学化的形象来表达一种道德观:「亚洲的文明及其利他的精神与欧美的非道德和粗糙相比而光彩耀眼。」4为了提高《娇花溅血》的美学地位,格里菲斯的影片在纽约市首映时,设计了一出由芭蕾舞演出的序幕,因此将影片定位于贵族及中产阶级才能欣赏的高级艺术品,而非当年移民众多的纽约人花五分钱便可观看的一般默片5。 不可否认,格里菲斯美化种族间的谦让和互容,在某种程度上是为了缓减他早年影片《国家的诞生》(The Birth of A Nation)(1915)中对黑人歧视的描写所造成的不良效果。这里,《娇花溅血》对东方文明的赞美本来为的是缓解西方社会的种族冲突,希望电影观众提高修养,认同高雅文化。但从电影史的角度看,格里菲斯在有意无意之间为好莱坞确定了男性华人在银幕上的一种典型的女性化形象,从此产生深远的影响。 二 《阎将军的苦茶》: 性威胁与俘虏情节 当然,另一类众所周知的好莱坞男性华人形象与黄人的成另一极端——杀人不眨眼的军阀或土匪。在《阎将军的苦茶》里,专横跋扈的阎将军在中国目视无人,根本不把西方女传教士玫根的善意劝导放在眼里,当着玫根的面展示他下令集体枪杀战俘而毫不眨眼的绝对权威。不过,《阎将军的苦茶》转而刻意营造阎将军和玫根之间暧昧的情感游戏,因此有别于早一年发行的《上海快车》(Shanghai Express)(斯滕伯格[Josef von Sternberg]执导,1932)。 在《上海快车》中,同样杀人不眨眼的革命党首领是一位混血华人,在骑劫京沪快车后,对乘客中红极一时的西方妓女「上海百合」(迪特里希[Marlene Dietrich]扮演)垂涎三尺。为胁迫「上海百合」就范,他一方面威胁要用火钳弄瞎英国医生(「上海百合」以前的情人),另一方面强迫「上海百合」同车厢的中国妓女慧菲与他过夜。《上海快车》因此融合了好莱坞的强奸模式和俘虏模式,强调了华人对西方人的性威胁。按弗洛伊德的理论,瞎眼是男性去势的象征,而革命党首领用火钳烫伤一个德国鸦片商则意味着象征性的强暴占有之举。 《上海快车》的转折点是慧菲意外地复仇杀死了强奸她的革命党首领,从而解救了京沪快车上的「俘虏」,也完成了影片结尾处「上海百合」与英国医生的爱情梦。在复仇一场戏里,导演斯滕伯格以其特有的神秘场面营造,将华裔影星黄柳霜(Anna May Wong)扮演的慧菲的巨大身影投射到墙壁上,通过扑朔迷离的光影交错,重现了黄柳霜自《巴格达盗贼》(The Thief of Baghdad)(沃尔什[Raoul Walsh]执导,1924)之后所体现的阴险毒辣、深奥莫测的东方「龙女」或「蜘蛛女」的形象。但是,华人的性威胁一旦解除,《上海快车》即以好莱坞固有的白人之间的男女爱情大团圆结局。 回到《阎将军的苦茶》,中国军阀与白人女传教士之间的爱情则难以在常规的好莱坞模式中发展。影片开头,玫根初抵中国与她的白人未婚夫相见,不期在兵荒马乱中落入阎将军的行宫。与《上海快车》中的革命党首领相反,阎将军虽倾心玫根却不强加己意。相反,他让玫根尽其福音传教的义务,自由活动于行宫中,在情感游戏之间证明了最终是谁感化了谁。由于玫根轻信阎将军之妾,使阎将军军事机密外露,军火列车被打劫一空,从此阎将军丧尽权势,众叛亲离。 有趣的是,随着阎将军权势的削弱,他在玫根眼里的「文明」程度则不断增加,从一个野蛮的刽子手渐渐变成风度翩翩的绅士。阎将军的变化在玫根的一场白日梦中充分体现出来。玫根先是梦见阎将军以毫无浪漫色彩的游侠形象出现,这游侠酷似当时在好莱坞盛行(1926-52年间共出品四十六部)的侦探片系列《陈查理探长》(Charlie Chan)中女性化的陈查理探长,随后阎将军又以一副狰狞的、色情的傅满洲的形象出现,追逐玫根不放,使她从梦中惊醒。阎将军在玫根的梦中扮演了好莱坞假设的华人男性的两个极端:其一,善良但女性化或无性威胁的男子,如陈查理或早期的黄人;其二,阴险野蛮的恶魔,如傅满洲或1936-40年间影片《飞侠哥顿》(Flash Gordon)系列中要征服世界的华人奸臣「无情的明」(Ming the Merciless)。 玫根的梦既表达了好莱坞对华人男子形象二元对立的思维,也揭示了这种对立实际上来源于西方人内心的矛盾,一方面向往异国的奇情,另一方面又恐惧他者的威胁。与自己普通乏味的未婚夫相比,在玫根眼中的阎将军既是性威胁又是性诱惑,等到片尾阎将军人去财空时,玫根宁愿留下来服侍阎将军。她穿上阎将军赠送的丝绸中装,跪在阎将军跟前,但一切都已太晚了,因为阎将军此时已服毒自杀,面带性征服异族女性胜利后的欣慰而逝,留下玫根一人在遗弃的行宫里哀叹人世苍凉,命运叵测。 《阎将军的苦茶》在一些细节上回应了《娇花溅血》,玫根身着丝绸中装与露西相仿,而阎将军的自杀更与黄人相似。从象征意义来看,这两部影片——加上《上海快车》中革命党首领的遇刺——都证实了好莱坞叙事模式对华人男子至少是要象征性「去势」的欲望,即从银幕上根本除去华人对西方女子的性威胁。不难想象,好莱坞从此很少再编织华人男性与西方女性的爱情故事,取而代之的是西方白马王子征服东方美女的演绎不尽的缠绵情爱(如本文第四节将述)。 三 《大地》:农妇土地与原始情感 马凯蒂推测《阎将军的苦茶》将中国描述成「一个任何事情都可能发生的奇异、危险、混乱的地方」,为的是转移当年饱受经济萧条之害的美国观众的注意力6。这一推测也许言过其实,但数年后《大地》对中国灾荒和贫穷的渲染,的确可能给美国观众一种高人一等的自豪感:美国社会已经进入了现代化,而中国人却还在水深火热中挣扎。美国观众的自豪感还可以来自他们宗教救世的信仰:中国农民像美国建国初期的拓荒者一样,本着对土地坚定不移的信念,克服天灾人祸,建立属于自己的家园。《大地》改编自在中国生长的美国传教士后裔赛珍珠(Pearl S. Buck)的同名英文畅销小说,其中的基督教关联自然不言而喻。 《大地》中的中国农妇勤劳勇敢的形象,被称为是美国电影史上的突破,一改早先刻板的华人形象(如鸦片病鬼、滑稽厨师、洗衣店员等配角,及前文所提阴险妖女和野蛮军阀等主角)。影片描述一位农妇欧兰历尽千辛万险,生儿育女,勤俭节约,默默地帮丈夫种田持家,在荒年也坚决不肯卖地,而宁愿沿途乞讨到南方,维护了立家的根本,最后又为丈夫纳妾安度晚年。影片结尾,欧兰悄然病死,丈夫望着窗外的桃树,缅怀妻子而感叹:「欧兰,你就是土地。」厄尔林(Richard Oehling)认为影片中中国农民对土地的热爱是西方人无法想象的,只有在「原始的」中国才可以理解。厄尔林进一步指出,「《大地》使中国农民的形象变得真实可爱,成功奠定了后来40年代战争片中中国农民形象的塑造。」7诚然,另一部改编自赛珍珠小说的影片《龙籽》(Dragon Seed)(康韦[Jack Conway]与比凯[Harold S. Bucquet]联合执导,1944)同样渲染中国农民对土地的热爱,为了不让日兵收获粮食,他们自愿放火烧毁田园农庄,进山避难,让儿女加入游击队保卫土地。 《大地》代表的形象突破与时局有着密切的关系。一方面,日本的入侵使中国成为美国的盟友;另一方面,好莱坞接受《上海快车》和《阎将军的苦茶》等片在中国屡遭抗议而禁演的教训,在《大地》拍摄时邀请中国官员预审剧本,到中国购买道具,又在洛杉矶动用众多华人自愿者参与摄制8。虽然中国官方对完成的影片不尽如意,但雷纳(Luise Rainer)扮演欧兰的成功,使她荣获当年奥斯卡的最佳女主角大奖。值得说明的是,时至40年代,好莱坞明文规定男女主角不得由少数族群人扮演,使得白人演员为「扮黄脸」而化妆得奇形怪状,面目全非,丝毫谈不上甚么真实或美感。 四 《苏丝黄的世界》:白马王子与超俗爱情 到了放映《苏丝黄的世界》的60年代,「扮黄脸」现象已经结束,女主角已由华人扮演。这部东方主义色彩浓厚的爱情片描写美国白人画家罗伯特到香港寻求自我,爱上苏丝黄小姐,克服种族、阶级和文化的鸿沟,有情人终成眷属。苏丝第一次在轮渡遇见罗伯特即以不标准的英文宣称自己是「美琳」,一位富家「处女」。罗伯特进入九龙城,街道两侧拥挤的货摊、行人和车辆组成一幅东方主义视野中典型的杂乱无序的第三世界城市景象。这一景象令人回想起《上海快车》片头京沪快车被北京古城的行人和动物阻挡的景象,而时隔近三十年,两个景象都表示西方文明的视野对第三世界落后的无奈。然而无奈并不等同无能,在《苏丝黄的世界》里,罗伯特即肩负起改变东方落后无知的责任。他在所住旅店的酒吧里发现「美琳」原来名叫苏丝,是当地颇负盛名的舞妓。泼辣、迷人的苏丝,在罗伯特面前展示自己性感的身体。为了拯救苏丝「堕落」的灵魂,罗伯特请苏丝作模特儿,挖掘她所体现的东方美,从而逐渐改变了她个人形象的艺术品味。 《苏丝黄的世界》依据东方主义的典型话语模式,让罗伯特代表西方文明的视野重新解读「愚昧的」东方,创造出东方人所「不能理解」的「新」意义。一天,罗伯特惊讶地发现苏丝穿了一套在街上买来的昂贵的欧式服装,责怪她「没有任何美感」,装扮得像「下贱的欧洲街头妓女」,进而将苏丝脱个半裸,在银幕上演了一出脱衣舞。讽刺的是,罗伯特从来不曾为苏丝作香港街头妓女的中国服饰提出异议。更讽刺的是,他让苏丝穿上他为她购买的中国古装行头,将她装扮成西方人想象中的「东方公主」。这里,罗伯特重新「创造」东方,为的是强调自己的主体性:是他让西方的「艺术品味」在不知自身价值的东方女性身上「体现」出来。他将作为古装公主的苏丝绘入画中,从此创造出另一个比现实「更美」的苏丝,而丝毫不顾苏丝本人是否认同这种「美」的体现。 似乎单让罗伯特在艺术上「拯救」苏丝还不够,《苏丝黄的世界》又让罗伯特在影片高潮时演出了英雄救美的惊心动魄场面。苏丝与罗伯特同居后经常不辞而别,消失几天后才重返。心怀疑惑的罗伯特跟踪后发现原来苏丝有个私生子,寄养在山上的贫民窟里。适值香港大雨倾盆,山洪暴发,危及贫民窟。苏丝为救孩子,冲破警察的阻拦,冒雨奔向山腰。罗伯特紧跟其后,在钉蓬被洪水冲垮前救出苏丝,但孩子已不幸身亡。影片结尾时,苏丝在庙宇烧香为孩子的亡灵超度,答应同罗伯特移居美国,因此满足了白马王子的心愿。如果说电影中的孩子一般代表将来,那么苏丝的孩子代表的便是第三世界没有前途的将来。所以,作为第三世界贫困、落后的记忆标志,这位无辜的私生子就在好莱坞的超俗爱情故事里轻而易举地一笔勾销了,因为影片要观众憧憬的是苏丝脱离第三世界后与白马王子在西方世界的幸福前程。 五 《花鼓歌舞》:移民故事与文化异同 如果说西方中心的意识形态在以上分析的电影中都以主流话语的形式出现,《花鼓歌舞》则通过华裔移民主动认同美国文化的同化模式,表现西方中心的无所不在。这部改编自畅销百老汇歌剧的电影全部由华人扮演,通过爱情三角的价值设计和两代移民的观念冲突,既赞美了孝顺、贤惠等传统中国美德,又支持华人接受主流文化、享受现代文明的意愿。香港在影片中是美丽和她父亲非法移民的出发地,他们躲在船舱的木桶堆里漂洋过海来到旧金山。美丽自幼许配给他人,此行正是为践婚约。父女初到旧金山,人生地不熟,幸亏美丽灵机一动,在唐人街唱一曲花鼓歌,让有心人带见夫婿(一位开餐馆的花花公子)。但花花公子倾心舞女琳达,而琳达又爱慕吉姆。花花公子介绍美丽到吉姆的父亲家暂时居住,贤惠的美丽打动了吉姆恪守中国传统的父亲,使他有心为吉姆拉线,从而使吉姆陷入两难的三角恋。一次吉姆与琳达驱车郊游,琳达亲吻吉姆,让他享受「美国式的」爱情表示,但如同《苏丝黄的世界》中的罗伯特,内向的书生吉姆在咄咄逼人的新女性面前颇不自在。 《花鼓歌舞》不仅掩盖了当年美国日益剧烈的种族冲突,抹煞历史,粉饰太平,而且还设计了一个各取所需、皆大欢喜的大团圆结局。倾向中国传统美德的吉姆和美丽与沉溺西方物质生活的花花公子和琳达终成眷属,表示美国这个移民国家可以容纳各种趣味、各种理想。这一「融合」主题在另一首歌曲〈大杂碎〉中得以展示:美国社会就像美国人发明的中国菜「大杂碎」,蔬菜、肉类样样都有,而且味道不错。众人高唱〈大杂碎〉这首歌的场合是吉姆的姑姑宣誓加入美国籍的日子,其用心不言而喻。作为美国「新发现的」模范少数族群,华裔似乎避免冲突而追求融合,因此成为好莱坞同化模式的最佳选择。 不可否认,《花鼓歌舞》中歌舞升平的唐人街只是好莱坞自欺欺人的掩饰。在西方主流文化里,唐人街如同军阀混战时的中国,是暴力和危险的象征。唐人街这种恶劣的形象到了80年代仍未消解。《龙年》(Year of the Dragon)(奇米诺[Michael Cimino]执导,1985)即将纽约的唐人街描述成黑社会垄断、暗杀成风地狱般的社区,唯有一位改姓「怀特」(White意指「白人」)、愿为美国越战战败而「复仇」的白人警探孤军奋斗,对唐人街开战。受西方中心与东方主义话语的双重钳制,怀特先在一次餐馆枪战中「英雄救美」,但不久就强暴了美丽的华裔电视台女记者,进而肆意占用她的公寓进行反黑帮活动。怀特的行为再次证明「占有异国女人即占有异国土地」的殖民心态,只是《龙年》的异国就在纽约,而这「异国论」又进一步揭示,美国主流文化从未将唐人街视为美国本土社会的一部分。应该注意的是,80年代的美国华裔社会已渐渐成熟,华人社团联名向好莱坞抗议影片辱华,逼使《龙年》在公映时不得不在片头加上「纯属虚构」之类欲盖弥彰的遁词。 六 《蝴蝶君》:性别迷阵与身份危机 对西方中心的神话进行最彻底颠覆的影片之一是《蝴蝶君》。影片的故事在两条重迭的线索中发展:一是冷战时期东西方之间错综复杂的间谍战,二是东方主义话语中典型的西方男子征服东方女子的爱情游戏。这里说「游戏」,是因为东西方之间犹疑不定的性别—政治迷阵的最终结局,是东方仍然是谜一样地不可思议,而西方到头来自欺欺人,意欲征服他人却无情解构了自己。 影片开始,法国驻北京使馆外交官加利马尔在一次音乐会上被宋丽玲演唱意大利歌剧《蝴蝶夫人》的美妙歌声感动,爱慕之心油然而生,主动追求宋丽玲。宋丽玲不无嘲讽地提醒加利马尔,歌剧《蝴蝶夫人》之美是西方人幻想出来的美,不一定被东方人所认同。这部歌剧赞颂一位日本女子因美军情人离别后哀诉其思念之情,数年后发现情人已娶白人太太而痛苦不堪,殉情自杀,以完成一种坚贞不移的理想。然而,加利马尔无法从东方主义这种刻板的单向思维中自拔,自认是一位西方男子气十足的白马王子,理所当然地要征服才貌双全的东方美女。加利马尔几经周折后如愿以偿,占有了宋丽玲的身体,在文革中回法国后又惊喜地得知宋丽玲像《蝴蝶夫人》故事所述为他生了个孩子。当他们离别多年在法国重逢后,加利马尔惊讶地发现过去的一切都是,宋丽玲原来是中国间谍,两人因此双双入狱。更惊人的是法庭宣布宋丽玲是位男性,丑闻公开后一时成为头条新闻。 其实,这一耸人听闻的间谍案取材于法国真实的故事,影片改编自黄哲伦的同名畅销舞台剧。彻底颠覆西方中心神话的高潮设在影片结尾,此时宋丽玲被法国驱逐出境,乘机回国,而加利马尔则在监狱里自演一出《蝴蝶夫人》后在极端痛苦中自杀。加利马尔的自杀场景意韵深远。他一边用录音机播放一曲哀怨的《蝴蝶夫人》,一边以蝴蝶夫人的扮相粉墨登场,面对走廊上观看的囚犯宣布:「我,加利马尔,就是蝴蝶夫人。」然后用破碎的化妆镜片自尽,而不知就里的观众还在为他精彩的表演热烈鼓掌。加利马尔自杀表演时的诚恳自白揭示了西方想象中的东方美女最终不过是一个幻想,一个可望而不可及的概念,这个概念促使西方男子追逐幻想中的东方,最后意识到这个终生期待的幻想不在异国,而在自身的表演中!加利马尔最精彩的自身表演也是他自我终结的时刻:他不再幻想占有蝴蝶夫人(他原先占有的蝴蝶夫人宋丽玲早已无情地欺他),因为此时此地他自己已经成为蝴蝶夫人(一个永远不会欺他的「她」)。 加利马尔一生所窃取的间谍情报中没有任何一条比他生命终结时所发现的事实更真实:东方主义的完美男人(白种人)和完美女人(东方人)归根结底都不过是西方话语制造出的幻想。周蕾因此指出,加利马尔死心塌地地按这种幻想生活,以致走向极端而自恋自身(即自己的幻想)而死13。好莱坞故事的迷惑模式在影片《蝴蝶君》中绕了一大圈后回头颠覆了自己:西方男性(加利马尔)—东方美女(宋丽玲)—蝴蝶夫人(宋丽玲)—蝴蝶夫人(加利马尔)。换成性别表述,他(西方男性)所幻想的她(蝴蝶夫人)最终不过是幻想本身(他和她的一体性),西方中心内在的身份危机由此揭晓。 显然,影片《蝴蝶君》对西方中心的颠覆是从西方男性身体(自我中心)开始做起。苏内尔(Asuman Suner)认为,现代主义意义上的男性主体性表现在身体对自然的完全控制,一旦经历变化、变异后身体失控,男性就因边界的模糊或瓦解而恐慌,其主体性也濒于崩溃,所以《蝴蝶君》不妨作为后现代的恐怖片来解读14。由此看来,加利马尔—蝴蝶夫人二者的可互换性从根本上瓦解了东西两方和男女性别的界限,颠覆了西方冷战和东方主义的双重话语,对西方观众造成「恐怖」效果。影片《蝴蝶君》精彩地解构了「殖民女性」(既对女性的殖民和被殖民者的女性化)这一西方话语策略,出其不意地来一个男性殖民者(西方)自身的女性化,而且将后者作为西方殖民幻想的本质。颠覆的结果是,西方中心本身是空洞乏味的,西方(男性)的主体性是危机重重的,靠幻想东方离奇、美妙的故事(如《蝴蝶君》及其他本文分析的影片)来充实自己向往扩张的殖民和占有的欲望。 影片《蝴蝶君》表明,对西方而言,东方终究是不可知的。西方想象出的华人形象宋丽玲主动向西方中心交还了东方主义所要的幻想:完美的女人(东方情人)和蝴蝶夫人(悲剧美),但他(她)同时也让西方看到西方所不愿面对的冷战事实:「背信弃义的」中国间谍和危机重重的西方主体。宋丽玲因此同时体现了西方视野中东方的迷人(爱情)和危险(死亡),二者合力摧毁了加利马尔(自大、自负而自欺的西方代表)。不可否认,华人形象的这种双重性正是长期以来驱使好莱坞叙事欲望的一个动力:幻想他者,编造爱情,满足观众,扩张自我。在好莱坞的想象中,华人就像隐藏在奇观的面具背后谜一般的东方女人(华人男性因此必须女性化,从黄人到宋丽玲皆如此设计),既诱人销魂落魄又危及生命安全。但这奇观的面具本身也是好莱坞的虚构之一。面具背后并没有甚么隐藏的真实,因为这面具本身就是好莱坞的真实,或真实的好莱坞:一个奇观的造梦机器,不停地在种族、性别与政治的交错层面间虚构自己的故事。 并不是很完整,仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
推荐你写蝴蝶效应这是一部直达人性的电影。每次的时光轮回,总是希望每个人都幸福,可总是会有一点点的不完美。轮回,也许主人宫最后的毁灭也是种无止的轮回。
The Impressive Features of Forrest GumpForrest Gump is one of the most charming films of recent times. Though it is a comedy, it isn’t only for fun. Its humour and symbols are quite complicated. From the film audiences can see Gump’s life philosophies, American social problems and national characteristics. The use of symbols and motifs in this film are very excellent. My favourite symbol is the feather, which had drifted for a long time finally it landed beside Gump’s feet, and he picked it up. The motif of the feather represents Gump’s willingness to be blown around by the winds of fate and history. And I think the box of chocolates that Gump intends to give Jenney is known by everybody who loves films. Gump says that his mother always told him, “Life is like a box of chocolates—you never know what you are going to get.” The chocolates just represent life. Since the chocolates remind Gump of his mother and they are a gift for Jenny, they also represent his love of these two women. Maybe because of the meaning of the chocolates many film fans would like to choose the words said by Gump’s mother as their motto. Through the contrast of Gump and Jenny we can see two different kinds of life styles. These are the two kinds of Americans life styles. Like many Americans, Gump is the optimistic side but he gets his fortune without know his harm to others. Like the other Americans, Jenny’s life is a mess she lives with drugs abuse and caught AIDS. Through Gump’s experiences audiences can learn about some social problems in America, such as segregation, Vietnam. Gump always can be the center of many great events of recent American history. Gump has a charming character. Though he affected by mental disability he is a credible person. His innocent made him loved by audiences. When Lieutenant Dan loses his legs and said “I was Lieutenant Dan.” Gump said “You still Lieutenant Dan.” He always has powers and passions to face every new day. To Bubba and Lieutenant Dan, he gives them his real friendship. For Jenny, he pays his deep Groom give us a good story, Robert Zemeckis give us a good film. I love this film, because of its humour and its deep meaning. Forrest Gump is a memorable comedy, it is far more complicated than I have analyzed. Since it is complicated the critics are divided. This film has produced a series of culture about “Gump”, such as “Gumpish” “Gumpnized”. The writer and the editor can be teachers to the audiences to a degree. This film can let people think more about the life styles of themselves. It made me treasure love and the beauties in my life. After all it is a great film for me to appreciate. 你看下感觉怎么样?
《Alexander》about it. ——《亚历山大大帝》观后感~I am a student, study more onerous task to all immersed in a pile, thick book of other aspects of knowledge about nature also less. In order to broaden their horizons, when choosing courses, I usually choose some human science classes. Remember when a friend gave high school had a Greek mythology to me, that is, from the book, I see a god of the mind and I've also is the traditional Chinese religion in the image of god is completely different. Greek mythology of the gods of the people who have thoughts, feelings, and the joy of the people, sadness, jealous, have fear. But god is the Oriental religions in, or even omnipotent, is ordinary mortals cannot be achieved. But because those books and the names of the gods and long, sometimes make me confused, I eventually failed to read the book. Myth, of course, is part of the culture of the classical Greek, in order to understand with many Greek mythology, when he saw the ancient Greek culture, when elective without hesitation, I chose. Fortunately, I choose. Through a study of the semester, although no Greek culture and in-depth understanding of ancient Greece, but the experienced periods have probably know for certain period of development, the typical of the political system, cultural phenomenon also have certain knowledge, I think is good harvest. Of course, the teacher said to the final paper to write, I still feel a bit silly, I don't know what good, because although much knowledge of ancient Greece, but to really understand some of the problems one write an essay, I think my knowledge is not enough. Just recently saw "Alexander of Alexander's life", interest, but to know before Alexander, so you have to find some information, and some of the facts is mentioned below from these materials, not do introductionAlexander the great was about the history of the world's first emperor Alexander conquered Eurasian of life. Alexander BC, in Macedonian king is Philip ii, once studied Aristotle, 19 years old father was assassinated succession to the throne. He first, then pacify defeated the Persian empire, began 22,000 miles of conquest. 25 years old, Alexander had established including the Nile valley, dry peninsula and the Indus civilization across Europe in Asia, but the Alexander under age 33 because inexplicable disease die this film, Alexander the great friend (Anthony Hopkins ptolemaic general) through memory, the emperor's will as life. Forty years ago, Hollywood has taken Alexander, but only about his hero. The new version, full of adventure and dream from the childhood, thrust his parents fight, then the sad for him by Aristotle and mapping lesson, gradually to his invicible paving the way to conquer. This is the life of the vivid director of Alexander oliver stone said: "this is probably the biggest challenges in my life, hope can make it much objective." In order to do this, stone is hard. Rafer specially invited professor of the university of Oxford robin Ryan fox as the historical consultant. The fox is research of Alexander the great expert, once wrote biographies of Alexander, sales of more than 100 million copies. He accepted the invitation gladly, but a condition, is to them in the emperor's elite cavalry, and must stand in the front of the team, he "fight" for Alexander has invited the ancient linguists, tries to make some of the lines to real effect. Language Fox watched the movie said after school and historical scholars should get there watching for , if the movie copy history book, it obviously lost as the value of the movie. "Alexander" in the context of history, the plot details on again. Films, Alexander's father told him: a woman more dangerous than men, as the king had hurt his lover, Mother kept his place before him, said his father. Without these details on the history, but the parents struggle was mentioned. Alexander, such as wedding night, the bride almost killed him, although not in the historical lee, but the bride was defeated by Alexander, daughter of darius, the plot and have confidence. Therefore, the writer's creation that is reasonable, no violation of addition, the recent history of the new viewpoint about Alexander historiography, more and more absorbed some characters, appear very pursuit of dreamsAbove has been mentioned in the film, and the understanding of Alexander before, so he is the first impression from the movie, here is to put the matter what facts. Admittedly, the film Alexander some arbitrary, even some cold, but sometimes think conversely, if no such a domineering, pride and resolute, he can become a history of Chinese strategists hoyywood hills? However, I want to discuss and not his military command art, but his pursuit of dreams and in the process which reflects personality, it is exciting and amazing. If someone was born, this man is the conqueror Alexander. As a great soldier son, Alexander had been instilled many heroism and high adventure stories. He can reel off in the early lead, read Homer in the shelter of personality and lyrics. Whether in the house or in the battlefield, he had a pillow YiLiYaTe "with him to sleep. He led his Greek soldiers and defeated the Persian empire, strong and continue to crusade. Along the way, he and his army met with human body is similar, but what we know, hair, it is a monkey. They rode on large and those of the east, the elephant who had never seen defeated the monster. Of course, though, Alexander the great personality charm, many of his soldiers to fight for Alexander has faith, but for a long time, the journey of hard driving, the warriors who still alive and tired, they obviously very to return to his country and so on the roster appeared, the army also appeared a mutiny. One section, I is very impressive, when he determined to continue to advance in India, unwilling to part soldiers, one of the important general said a touching, they finally wish is only in them to the soldiers who died superempirical essence and meet them before the meeting, the wife and children. Alexander said: "yes, you're right, I, Ross, negligence. Should I send you back as soon as possible, all pensions from me to send, respected and wealthy, love, in the rest of you will be his wife and son of a hero, finally died peacefully. But your dreams, Ross, you, the simple, early in your child's life with Persia, with gold and silver in your pockets stuffed with you when you love, because it can destroy everything in the life of a man!" , kelat rose that touching words some long, here I will not lead to, but when I'm hearing his words, I was really touched by it and feel a mortal ordinary and true feelings, in my opinion, that he was not too. Then, Alexander the retort that enthusiasm, yes, Alexander and their pursuit of something different, he pursues the sun rays, the pursuit of great, so the life of ease, money and enjoy attractive for him, he defeated the Persian empire, Babylon the great wealth, costly court life and can't baffel him to continue the after the movie's feelings, then some literatures on Alexander's expedition, some of the objective a detailed analysis. According to the data, Alexander expedition, he himself has said the Persian, and had ravaged sanctuary in Greece was assassinated Philip ii, the purpose is the expedition, revenge against the Persian stronger. But the specific analysis, find the reason for the expedition is just an excuse. Firstly, the assassination of the killer waves Philip ii, paulson and no relationship with the Persian empire. O Nebuchadnezzar, paulson wave is a young aristocrat, he and Philip ii, the generals have personal in Dallas. Whatever wave, is of Nebuchadnezzar's, but he SiYuan what action, really have no direct connection with the Persian empire. Alexander said he was assassinated in Persia, Philip ii, historical records on no. Secondly, from the assassination of Nebuchadnezzar, wave, paulson to Philip ii, so the action in advance of horses prepared assassination scene, it shows that he really otherwise conspiracy. Third, revenge is only according to Greek long-standing extremely extensive mental state, as to stimulate the greeks into the slogan of the , I think it is worth affirmation, Alexander the great dream, in order to realize its can not wealth, enjoy thier durance and courage to explore the Tim HeFei and about Alexander, RONAlexander the great films, especially sexual orientation private life a lot dispute. In fact, he HeFei and ask the relationship, and I was at the movies process has been very puzzled, why history so great a character is gay? Believe that many people have the same , when I accidentally see teacher site of excellent assignments exploring ancient Greek young titled "love", I feel like a life. For the love of the young this phenomenon from different aspects. First is the ancient greeks aesthetic idea. Ancient Greece is extremely attractive appearance and the worship of strong and handsome figure, in this respect, they don't care, as long as the male sex "golden hair, jiongjiongweishen eyes, ruddy complexion, strong muscle, broad shoulders." He must be able to attract others' eyes and love. Beautiful young completely meet greeks aesthetic standards and, in some cases, the young beauty of man can be less attractive girl. Secondly, the ancient Greek culture condition is the root of young love. The ancient culture and modern culture and the fundamental difference between the ancients to men, women, children in the man's eyes is only the mother and the family business managers. The ancient greeks regarded the spirit of man is the center of activities, they think that the girl was not what education, this kind of situation is caused by a woman because education condition, the cultural resources, and the spirit world of ancient Greek men spirit grades. This kind of social status can appear a situation: men and women together only flirting with youth, and can be found in the heart. They are likely to rationally between the dialogue lies not only in the young, beautiful, because they have more abundant knowledge and talent. Therefore, in ancient Greece appeared a modern difficult to understand customs: every man have attracted a boy or a young man, and in close daily life as his tutor, guardian and friends, also encouraged him to study all noble character. If any man have deceived than his little boy, will be considered not perform duties of a man, No one can get to a young man of friendship is a shame for. This kind of social and cultural customs in promoting cultural and ideological progress in a little deeper, to help build social moral standards have contribution. We can not surprised to find that most firmly hold the view that homosexuality is the most important and the most influential cultural elite of ancient Greece. At this point, even the spirit of love, Socrates also no addition, a professor of the university of Oxford robin Ryan fox in the privacy of Alexander is explained. He said, Alexander has three wives, and his mistress, four grow up together, carry the HeFei partners have homosexual relations, and the one who Persian royal eunuch very close. The fox said, many of these ancient historians recorded the plot, compared with these records could be understatement. While these sparked controversy, because of different age has different view. Ancient Greece, polygamy and homosexuality is normal, Christian Europe, strict monogamy was established, homosexuality was considered evil, so, if we use today's morality to request more than 2,000 years ago, the ancients are serious to use words to summarize the feeling after see: "bravely to pursue their dreams!"
1.通常建议写一部电影,比较深入,资料相对好查一些,如果你想写两部电影除非是想进行对比,一般是中西对比比较多。5000字不算多,等你写完了,导师再改一下就剩不了多少了。据我所知,以电影题材写论文一般都归类在文化方向里,个人觉得比较好写,有兴趣就好,不然会很痛苦。 2。我是学英文文学的所以推荐你两部电影,喜福会,红字,因为有解读性所以可以随意选个角度写。 3。肖申克的救赎我很喜欢,建议你对照原版小说来写,可以从主题,写作手法,技巧入手。比如,除了大家熟知的信仰和希望以外,你个人还理解到了什么,发掘出了什么内容。可以分析一些社会问题,比如监狱的制度化可以使人恐惧抵抗,但最终却无法摆脱离不开监狱生活,无法融入正常社会。还可以分析人物,社会影响等等。 英语论文有个关键,就是你的thesis statement(主题)你的论文到底要说明一个什么结论。有了这大方向,你只要分开些观点,论据这里还包括引用,解释介绍一些概念,大体论文就出来了。总之,希望你享受这个难得的过程!may you success!
英语美文欣赏是一种能力,美文读多了,自然会产生一种语感,有时一些精美的语段还可以摘录下来,供我们写作之用。以下是我整理的英语美文鉴赏3篇,供大家品读和赏析。
一:有些事情总是太晚了才明白
What Are The Lessons People Most Often Learn Too Late In Life?
有哪些重要的事人们总是太晚才明白?
Just because you think its a good idea, doesn't mean it is a good idea.
只是因为你认为这是一个好主意,并不意味着这是一个好主意。
Be Careful What You Get Good At
对你擅长的事要小心。
Sacrificing your health to pursue wealth isn't worth it.
牺牲你的健康追求财富是不值得的。
Don't take your body for granted.
不要把你的身体当成理所当然。
Right and Wrong are subjective truths.
正确和错误都是主观的。
None of the best experiences of your life will happen staring a computer screen, a phone screen or a TV.
光是盯着电脑屏幕、手机屏幕或者电视是不可能体验生活的美好的。
Keep yourself strong because forever is a lie.
保持坚强,因为并没有所谓的“永远”。
All you need is enough energy to see tomorrow.
你唯一需要的是活到明天所需的能量。
Over-promise sets you apart from the people who under-promise. Over-deliver sets you apart from people who just delivered.
过度承诺使你从那些不能承诺的人中脱颖而出。给出比预期更好的结果则让你从那些仅仅完成任务的人中脱颖而出。
The secret of Happiness is to find out what you love and then directing all your energy towards doing it.
幸福的秘诀是找出你所爱的事,然后动用你所有的能量来做这件事。
Keep trying until you get it right.
继续尝试,直到你做对为止。
All our dreams can come true, if we have the courage to pursue them.
如果我们有勇气去追求,那我们所有的梦想都可以成真。
The only place where our dreams become IMPOSSIBLE is your thinking.
没有哪个梦想是不可能实现的,“不可能”都是你臆想出来的。
Make sure to wake up smarter tomorrow.
每天都要比昨天更聪明一点。
Don’t let words of mouth control you, take control of your life by yourself.
不要让别人的闲言碎语控制你,自己控制自己的人生。
二:善待自己,善待别人
If you want to know how others treat you, the best starting place is to look at how you treat others.
如果你想知道其他人如何对待你,最好的起点是看你如何对待别人。
And if you don't like the way you're treated, there's only one course of action—to change your own behavior, because you can't change anyone else's.
如果你不喜欢别人对待你的方式,只有改变自己行为这一个行动路线,因为你不能改变别人。
Relationships function like a mirror--eventually that change will reflect back onto how you are treated.
人际关系交往就像一面镜子,最终你对待别人这个改变会映射到别人怎么对待你。
Here are nine important principles to remember about how to treat others:
这里5项关于如何对待别人的重要原则需要铭记:
1. Instead of judging people by their past, stand by them and help them build their future.
1. 与其通过过去评价别人,不如与他们肩并肩帮助他们建立未来。
Everyone has a past. Some are a source of pride, and others are best left behind. But whatever their past, people do change and grow, so instead of judging, stand by and support them as they move toward their future. Treat them with respect and make their journey your own.
每人都有过去。有些是自豪之源,其他最好留在过去。但是无论他们的过去是什么,人们确实在改变和成长,所以与其评价过去,不如在他们走向未来时肩并肩地支持他们。满怀尊重地对待他们并把他们的旅程当作你自己的。
2. Listen with curiosity, speak with candor, and act with integrity.
2. 带着好奇倾听,坦白地讲话并正直地行动。
Listening and curiosity allow relationships to thrive. Speaking your truth allows people to be honest with themselves and with you, and acting with integrity keeps relationships on a high standard. Relationships need curiosity to grow, candor to deepen, and integrity to continue.
倾听与好奇让人际关系生根发芽。真实地表达让人们诚实地面对自己和你,并正直地行动保持人际关系在一个高标准。人际关系需要好奇来维持、坦率来增进、正直来继续。
3. Treat everyone with kindness--not because they are kindhearted, but because you are.
3. 友善地对待每一个人,并非因为他们心地善良,而是因为你是这样的人。
One of the greatest gifts we can give another is kindness. If someone is in need, lend a helping hand. Don't do it only for the people you like and respect--that's easy--but also for the ones who drive you crazy and those you don't even know. True kindness lies in the act of giving without the expectation of getting something in return.
我们能给别人的最好的礼物之一是友善。如果别人需要,帮一把手。不要因为是你喜欢或尊重的人才帮,那比较简单,而是要对那些使你发疯或者不知道的人也要如此。真正的友善在于真诚地付出而不要求回报。
4. Don't try to make yourself great by making someone else look small.
4. 不要试图使别人渺小来成就自己的伟大。
The moment you think you have the right to belittle others because you are better than they are is the moment you prove you have no power. People tend to make others feel how they themselves feel, whether it's great or small. If you can't offer help, support, or love, at least do everything in your power not to hurt them or make them feel small. Treat everyone you meet with honor.
你认为自己比他们好所以有权利贬低他们的时刻就是你证明自己没有权力的时候。无论那感觉是伟大还是渺小,人们倾向于使别人感觉他们所感觉的。如果你不能提供帮助、支持或者关爱,至少在你权力内做一些事情不伤害他们或者使他们感觉渺小的事情。尊重地对待你见到的每一个人。
5. Remember, everyone has a story.
5. 记住,每人都有故事。
It may be something they've gone through in the past or something they're still dealing with, but remember that behavior doesn't happen in a vacuum. Everyone has inner battles and issues. Withhold judgment and instead offer the consideration you'd like to receive.
它可能是他们过去经历的或者一些他们仍在处理的事,但记住行为不凭空产生。每人都有内在的斗争与问题。保留判断而不是提供你想得到的体贴。
三:珍惜你邂逅的每个人
We don't meet people by accident.
我们遇见的人不是偶然。
Every person you meet will have a role in your life, be it big or small. Some will help you grow, some will hurt you, some will inspire you to do better. At the same time, you are playing some role in their lives as well. Know that paths cross for a reason and treat people with significance.
无论大小,你见到的每一个人将在你的人生中扮演一个角色。一些人帮助你成长,一些人伤害你,一些人激励你做的更好。与此同时,你也在他们的人生中扮演一定的角色。知道道路不会无缘无故交错,有意义地对待别人。
The best teachers are those who don't tell you how to get there but show the way.
最佳的老师,并非授人以鱼,而是授人以渔。
There is no better joy then helping people see a vision for themselves, seeing them go to levels higher than they ever would have imagined on their own. But that doesn't mean you have to fix them or enable them; instead, guide them to the source of their own power. Offer them support and motivation as they find their own way and show you what they're capable of. All you have to do is believe in them.
再没有比帮助别人自己看到未来、看到他们到达了他们原来也没想到的高度让人更高兴的事了。但这不意味着你不得不更正他们或者武装他们,取而代之的是,引导他们到达自己的能力之源。当他们找到自己的路并展示给你他们的能力时,提供给他们帮助和激励。你所做的就是相信他们。
Never look down on someone unless you are helping them up.
绝不轻视他人,除非你在帮助他们成长。
We like to think of life as a meritocracy, so it's easy to look down on someone who isn't as successful or accomplished or well educated as you are. But you have no idea how far that person has already climbed or where they will end up. Time could easily reverse your positions, so be sure you treat everyone with dignity.
我们喜欢相信生活是精英统治,所以很容易看低那些还没有像你一样成功,或有成就,或受过良好教育的人。但是你不知道那个人已经攀登到哪里或将要在哪里结束。时间会很容易地翻转你们的位置,所以一定要尊重地对待别人。
Appreciate those who have supported you, forgive those who have hurt you, help those who need you.
欣赏那些支持你的人,原谅那些伤害你的人,帮助那些需要你的人。
Business is complicated, life is complex, and leadership is difficult. Treat all people--including yourself--with love and compassion, and you can't go wrong.
生意是复杂的,生活是难懂的,领导者是难当的。满怀爱和同情地对待所有人,包括你自己,这样你才不会犯错。
Treat people the way you want to be treated and life will instantly get better.
对待他人,如同你所希望被对待的方式,生活也因此更美好。
利用英语经典美文开展阅读教学,是培养学生阅读能力的有效形式。下面是我带来的经典的英文 文章 ,欢迎阅读!
经典的英文文章1
True nobility
真实的高贵
In a calm sea every man is a pilot.
在风平浪静的大海上,每个人都是领航员。
But all sunshine without shade, all pleasure without pain, is not life at the lot of the happiest - it is a tangled and blessings,one following another, make us sad and blessed by turns. Even death itself makes life more loving. Men come closest to their true selves in the sober moments of life, under the shadows of sorrow and loss.
但只有阳光没有阴影,只有快乐没有痛苦,根本不是真正的生活.就拿最幸福的人来说,他的生活也是一团缠结在一起的乱麻。痛苦与幸福交替出现,使得我们一会悲伤一会高兴。甚至死亡本身都使得生命更加可爱。在人生清醒的时刻,在悲伤与失落的阴影之下,人们与真实的自我最为接近。
In the affairs of life or of business, it is not intellect that tells so much as character, not brains so much as heart, not genius so much as self-control, patience, and discipline, regulated by judgment.
在生活和事业的种种事务之中,性格比才智更能指导我们,心灵比头脑更能引导我们,而由判断获得的克制、耐心和教养比天分更能让我们受益。
I have always believed that the man who has begun to live more seriously within begins to live more simply without. In an age of extravagance and waste, I wish I could show to the world how few the real wants of humanity are.
我一向认为,内心生活开始更为严谨的人,他的外在生活也会变得更为简朴。在物欲横流的年代,但愿我能向世人表明:人类的真正需求少得多么可怜。
To regret one's errors to the point of not repeating them is true is nothing noble in being superior to some other man. The true nobility is in being superior to your previous self.
反思 自己的过错不至于重蹈覆辙才是真正的悔悟。高人一等并没有什么值得夸耀的。真正的高贵是优于过去的自已。
经典的英文文章2
Be grateful to life
感恩生活
Once President Roosevelt’s house was broken into and lots of things were stolen. Hearing this, one of Roosevelt’s friends wrote to him and advised him not to take it to his heart so much.
美国总统罗斯福的家曾经失窃,财物损失严重。朋友闻此消息,就写信来安慰他,劝他不必把这件事放在心上。
President Roosevelt wrote back immediately, saying,”Dear friend, thank you for your letter to comfort me. I’m all right now. I think I should thank God. This is because of the following three reasons: firstly, the thief only stole things from me but did not hurt me at all; secondly, the thief has stolen some of my things instead of all my things; thirdly, most luckily for me, it was the man rather than me who became a thief…”
罗斯福总统很快回信说:“亲爱的朋友,谢谢你来信安慰我,我一切都很好。我想我应该感谢上帝,因为:第一,我损失的只是财物,而人却毫发未损;第二,我只损失了部分财物,而非所有财产;第三,最幸运的是,做小偷的是那个人,而不是我……”
It was quite unlucky for anyone to be stolen from.. However, President Roosevelt had such three reasons to be so grateful. This story tells us how we can learn to be grateful in our life.
对任何人来说,家中失窃绝非幸事。但是,罗斯福总统却能找到三个感恩的理由。这个 故事 告诉我们,生活中,我们应该学会感恩。
Being grateful is an important philosophy of life and a GREat wisdom. . It is impossible for anyone to be lucky and successful all the time so long as he lives in the world. smile and so will it when you cry to it. ” If you are grateful to life, it will bring you shining sunlight.
感恩是一项重要的处世哲学,是生活的大智慧。人生在世,不可能事事顺通。对于各种失败和不幸,我们要豁达大度,勇敢地面对,并想办法解决。
We should learn how to face failure or misfortune bravely and generously and to try to deal with it. If so, should we complain about our life and become frustrated and disappointed ever since then or should we be grateful for our life, rise again ourselves after a fall? William Thackeray, a famous British writer, said, “Life is a mirror. When you smile in front of it , it will also
面对困难,我们是懊恼抱怨、沮丧气馁,陷入绝望,还是对生活满怀感恩之心,跌倒后再爬起来呢?英国著名作家威廉·萨克雷说过,“生活是一面镜子,你对它笑,它也会对你笑;你对他哭,它也会对你哭。”
If you always complain about everything, you may own nothing in the end. When we are successful, we can surely have many reasons for being grateful, but we have only one excuse to show ungratefulness if we fail.
如果对生活感恩,你的生命将充满灿烂的阳光;如果一味怨恨,终将一无所获。我们成功时,有千万个理由感恩生活,而失败时,只要一个借口就会表现出忘恩负义。
I think we should even be grateful to life whenever we are unsuccessful or unlucky. Only by doing this can we find our weakness and shortcomings when we fail. We can also get relief and warmth when we are unlucky. This can help us find our courage to overcome the difficulties we may face, and receive great impetus to move on. We should treat our frustration and misfortune in our life in the other way just as President Roosevelt did. We should be grateful all the time and keep having a healthy attitude to our life forever, keep having perfect characters and enterprising spirit. Being grateful is not only a kind of comfort, not an escape from life and nor thinking of winning in spirit like Ah Q. Being grateful is a way to sing for our life which comes just from our love and hope.
我想,不论是遭遇失败还是不幸,我们都应该感谢生活。只有这样,失败后,我们才能发现自己的缺点和不足,不幸时,我们还能感受到安慰和温暖。这些就能帮我们找回勇气,战胜困难,并获取前进的强大推动力。我们应像罗斯福总统那样,换一个角度去看待生活中的失败和挫折,永远对生活充满感恩,才能时刻保持健康的心态,积极地生活,并能保持完美的人格和不断进取的精神。感恩不仅仅是一种精神慰藉,也不是对现实的规避,更不是阿Q的精神胜利法。感恩源于我们对生活的热爱和希望,它是我们歌颂生活的一种方式。
When we put a small piece of alum into muddy water, we can see the alum can soon make the water clear. If each of us has an attitude of being grateful, we’ll be able to get rid of impulse, upset, dissatisfaction and misfortune. Being grateful can bring us a better and more beautiful life.
把一小块明矾放入混沌的水中,我们发现,水很快就澄清了。如果人人都有一颗感恩的心,就能沉淀许多的浮躁和不安,消融许多的不满和不幸。感恩能让我们的生活变得更加美好。
摘抄要真正提高习作水平,必须做到多读精思,多思多写。我分享超经典英语美文,希望可以帮助大家!
The summer before fifth grade, my world was turned upside down when my family moved from the country town where I was born and raised to a town near the beach. When school began, I found it difficult to be accepted by the kids in my class who seemed a little more sophisticated, and who had been in the same class together since first grade.
I also found this Catholic school different from the public school I had attended. At my old school, it was acceptable to express yourself to the teacher. Here, it was considered outrageous to even suggest a change be made in the way things were done.
My mom taught me that if I wanted something in life, I had to speak up or figure out a way to make it happen. No one was going to do it for me. It was up to me to control my destiny.
I quickly learned that my classmates were totally intimidated by the strict Irish nuns who ran the school. My schoolmates were so afraid of the nuns' wrath that they rarely spoke up for themselves or suggested a change.
Not only were the nuns intimidating(吓人的), they also had some strange habits. The previous year, my classmates had been taught by a nun named Sister Rose. This year, she came to our class to teach music several times a week. During their year with her, she had earned the nickname Pick-Her-Nose-Rose. My classmates swore that during silent reading, she'd prop her book up so that she could have herself a booger-picking session without her students noticing. The worst of it, they told me, was that after reading was over, she'd stroll through the classroom and select a victim whose hair would be the recipient of one of her prize boogers. She'd pretend to be praising one of her students by rubbing her long, bony(骨的) fingers through their hair! Well, to say the least, I did not look forward to her sort of praise.
One day during music, I announced to Sister Rose that the key of the song we were learning was too high for our voices. Every kid in the class turned toward me with wide eyes and looks of total disbelief. I had spoken my opinion to a teacher - one of the Irish nuns!
That was the day I gained acceptance with the class. Whenever they wanted something changed, they'd beg me to stick up for them. I was willing to take the punishment for the possibility of making a situation better and of course to avoid any special attention from Pick-Her-Nose-Rose. But I also knew that I was being used by my classmates who just couldn't find their voices and stick up for themselves.
Things pretty much continued like this through sixth and seventh grades. Although we changed teachers, we stayed in the same class together and I remained the voice of the class.
At last, eighth grade rolled around and one early fall morning our new teacher, Mrs. Haggard - not a nun, but strict nevertheless - announced that we would be holding elections for class representatives. I was elected Vice President.
That same day, while responding to a fire drill, the new president and I were excitedly discussing our victory when, suddenly, Mrs. Haggard appeared before us with her hands on her hips. The words that came out of her mouth left me surprised and confused. "You're impeached!" she shouted at the two of us. My first reaction was to burst out laughing because I had no idea what the word "impeached" meant. When she explained that we were out of office for talking during a fire drill, I was devastated.
Our class held elections again at the beginning of the second semester. This time, I was elected president, which I took as a personal victory. I was more determined than ever to represent the rights of my oppressed classmates.
My big opportunity came in late spring. One day, the kids from the other eighth grade class were arriving at school in "free dress," wearing their coolest new outfits, while our class arrived in our usual uniforms: the girls in their pleated wool skirts and the boys in their salt and pepper pants. "How in the world did this happen?" we all wanted to know. One of the eighth graders from the other class explained that their teacher got permission from our principal, Sister Anna, as a special treat for her students.
We were so upset that we made a pact to go in and let our teacher know that we felt totally ripped off. We agreed that when she inevitably gave us what had become known to us as her famous line, "If you don't like it, you can leave," we'd finally do it. We'd walk out together.
Once in the classroom, I raised my hand and stood up to speak to our teacher. About eight others rose to show their support. I explained how betrayed we felt as the seniors of the school to find the other eighth graders in free dress while we had to spend the day in our dorky uniforms. We wanted to know why she hadn't spoken on our behalf and made sure that we weren't left out of this privilege.
For years I wanted a flower garden. I'd spend hours thinking of different things I could plant that would look nice together.
But then we had Matthew. And Marvin. And the twins, Alisa and Alan. And then Helen. Five children. I was too busy raising them to grow a garden.
Money was tight, as well as time. Often when my children were little, one of them would want something that cost too much, and I'd have to say, "Do you see a money tree outside? Money doesn't grow on trees, you know."
Finally, all five got through high school and college and were off on their own. I started thinking again about having a garden.
I wasn't sure, though. I mean, gardens do cost money, and after all these years I was used to living on a pretty lean(贫乏的) , no-frills budget.
Then, one spring morning, on Mother's Day, I was working in my kitchen. Suddenly, I realized that cars were tooting(吹奏,狂欢) their horns as they drove by. I looked out the window and there was a new tree, planted right in my yard. I thought it must be a weeping willow(垂柳) , because I saw things blowing around on all its branches. Then I put my glasses on - and I couldn't believe what I saw.
There was a money tree in my yard!
I went outside to look. It was true! There were dollar bills, one hundred of them, taped all over that tree. Think of all the garden flowers I could buy with one hundred dollars! There was also a note attached: "IOU eight hours of digging time. Love, Marvin."
Marvin kept his promise, too. He dug up a nice ten-by-fifteen foot bed for me. And my other children bought me tools, ornaments(装饰品) , a trellis(格子,框架) , a sunflower stepping stone and gardening books.
That was three years ago. My garden's now very pretty, just like I wanted. When I go out and weed(除草,铲除) or tend my flowers, I don't seem to miss my children as much as I once did. It feels like they're right there with me.
I live up in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, where winters are long and cold, and summers are way too short. But every year now, when winter sets in, I look out my window and think of the flowers I'll see next spring in my little garden. I think about what my children did for me, and I get tears in my eyes - every time.
I'm still not sure that money grows on trees. But I know love does!
"If I never saw this kid again, Lord, I wouldn't be sorry!" I thought. Tears clouded my eyes as I stood in our laundry room(洗衣间) . Clenched(紧握的) in both hands were new jeans and a shirt belonging to my 16-year-old stepson, Brett. The clothing was already destroyed from burn holes and vomit stains(污点) after a drunken binge(狂欢,放纵) .
Exhausted and defeated, I sank to the floor. The clothes were just one more thing Brett had ruined. He had already kicked a large hole in his bedroom wall; his bedcovers(床罩) were torn. Numerous windows in our house needed repair due to his breaking in to steal money when he chose to live on the street. Yet none of this could compare to the emotional damage Brett had inflicted(遭受,给予) on our once quiet home.
I knew that Brett's needs were deep, and I had often prayed for wisdom and love. The second greatest commandment, "You shall love your neighbor as yourself," had taken on new meaning when Brett came to live with us when he was 12 years old. If I were to love my neighbor, was I not to love my own troubled stepson even more?
During those four years I had dealt with Brett as patiently as possible, but inside I was churning. "I don't want him in my house another day, Lord," I cried as I knelt on the laundry room floor. "I just can't stand him!"
Chest heaving, I poured out my despair. Then God tenderly spoke to me in my weakness. Matthew 25:35-40 rose in my thoughts---Jesus' declaration that when we invite a stranger, feed the hungry, clothe the naked or visit those in prison, we are doing it as unto Him. For the first time I saw this story in light of the action words. Jesus was saying, "Act. Meet these people's needs. Through your actions you are loving them and Me."
God's encouragement to me that day helped me to gather strength and continue parenting Brett. Still, Brett did not change his behavior.
When Brett was nearly 18, he landed again in Juvenile Hall, this time on suicide watch. Through prayer, my husband, Dave, and I sensed God's leading to send Brett to a boarding school(寄宿学校) with a high success rate for helping troubled teens.
The psychological training at Brett's school was rigorous(严格的,严酷的) . Out of more than 20 people in his class, Brett was one of only five graduates.
At the graduation ceremony the graduates stood one by one to thank those who had helped them. Each graduate held a long-stemmed, white rosebud to give to the person who had meant the most to him or her.
Brett spoke lovingly to his mother and father and for the first time took responsibility for the heartaches he had caused.
Finally Brett spoke to me. "You did so much," he said. "You were always there, no matter what. My mom and dad, I was their kid. But you just got stuck with me. All the same you always showed me such love. And I want you to know that I love you for it."
Stunned, I stood as Brett placed the white rosebud in my hand and hugged me hard.
At that moment I realized the truth in God's words to me. Although I had struggled with silent anger toward my stepson, Brett had seen only my actions.
Love is action. We may not always have positive feelings about certain people in our lives. But we can love them.
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都可以,看您擅长那个方面虽然您打算做量化研究,但在前期打基础时最好看一些比较经典的关于质性研究的论文,这样在前期时你可以将质性研究和量化研究进行对比,总结出相同点和相似点,这样更有利于您开展后续的量化研究。定量研究一般是为了对特定研究对象的总体得出统计结果而进行的。定性研究具有探索性、诊断性和预测性等特点,它并不追求精确的结论,而只是了解问题之所在,摸清情况,得出感性认识。定性研究的主要方法包括:与几个人面谈的小组访问,要求详细回答的深度访问,以及各种投影技术等。在定量研究中,信息都是用某种数字来表示的。在对这些数字进行处理、分析时,首先要明确这些信息资料是依据何种尺度进行测定、加工的,史蒂文斯()将尺度分为四种类型,即名义尺度、顺序尺度、间距尺度和比例尺度。
质性研究论文评价包括的特征有前提假设,思维定势和价值倾向。根据查询相关公开信息得知。古典文学常见论文一词,谓交谈辞章或交流思想。当代,论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章,简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。