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英语语言形态学研究的论文

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英语语言形态学研究的论文

一、英语语言学毕业论文题目:1、中西语言方式对比2、 词汇学3、 近代英语语言的衍变二、英语语言学课程由三个知识模块组成:理论启蒙、基础理论、研究方法。理论启蒙模块内容涉及英语的词汇知识、语音知识、语法知识、修辞知识、语体知识、英语变体、英语学习策略等。基础理论模块由英语语言学概论执行,内容涉及语言的各种属性、语言学的学科知识、语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、语言与心理、语言与文化、语言习得等。研究方法模块通过介绍语言学研究的设计与分析方法,帮助学生掌握从事语言研究的本领,并直接与本科毕业论文的写作挂钩。三、毕业论文,泛指专科毕业论文、本科毕业论文(学士学位毕业论文)、硕士研究生毕业论文(硕士学位论文)、博士研究生毕业论文(博士学位论文)等,即需要在学业完成前写作并提交的论文,是教学或科研活动的重要组成部分之一。

由于信息技术的发展,计算机得到了广泛的多层次的应用,尤其是在教育领域内的应用计算机辅助学习、计算机辅助教学和计算机辅助测试等。计算机硬件技术的发展和应用与教学和测试的软件系统的开发催生了大量的帮助学生学习的“语言学习中心”和建设有测试题库的“语言测试中心”。然而,这些中心的题库大部分是为学生的语言技能而建设的,比如听、说、读、写等,尽管目前语言测试中对学生书面表达的测试和评分技术尚处于开发阶段,各种写作的评分手段都在探索中。像“英语语言学”这样的知识理论课题库还较为少见,对于这门课程怎样教和学的讨论,自从1987和1988年的“关于《语言学引论》的教学的自由论坛”以来就很少出现。因此,本文作者付出艰辛的劳动,建设了“英语语言学题库”(ELIB)。本文是对该题库建设和应用的描述。该题库的理论依据是经典测试理论(CTT)、项目反应理论(IRT)和计算机自测试理论(CAT)等测试理论和认知学习理论。其目的是帮助学生学习《英语语言学》这门课程,增强他们对语言的认知能力和运用语言理论解决语言问题的能力。该题库初步建设了一千多道试题,分为选择、填空、判断、名词解释和问答等五种题型,组成一张CD光盘或网络学习测试系统。不能用网络的学生或老师可以通过个人电脑的光盘驱动器进行学习和组题测试;那些可以利用网络的学生或老师可以通过互联网注册后学习或组题测试。这样就可以减轻老师的负担、逐步提高学生的语言学学习能力。参考文献[1] 蓝纯. 本科生“语言学导论”课程的评估与反思(英文)[J]. Teaching English in China. 2007(06)[2] 孔文,邹申. 语料库在语言测试中的应用[J]. 外语电化教学. 2007(04)[3] 杨端和. 大学英语四、六级考试语料库建设分析[J]. 外语电化教学. 2007(01)[4] 邓文英. 基于语料库的中国大学生动/名词搭配研究(英文)[J]. 成都信息工程学院学报. 2005(06)[5] 马广惠. 基于语料库的小说文体学研究[J]. 常熟理工学院学报. 2005(05)[6] 杨端和. 外语考试的计算机语料库建设[J]. 云南民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版). 2005(04)[7] 梁茂成. 利用WordPilot在外语教学中自建小型语料库[J]. 外语电化教学. 2003(06)

语言学可以写的内容很多。基本上不外乎以下一些:一,语音类如语音的属性、音韵与语音的关系、强弱、轻浊、音节等二,词汇类如词汇形态学,语义学,构词,词化,语义场等等三,语法类如语法结构,层次,修辞等四,句子类如分析句子的各种成分,语序,基本句型等五,语篇类如连贯性,思维逻辑性,结构修辞,主体与客体意识等这方面的教材很多,就看你的要求了。现在英语与汉语的对比语言学和对比文学比较热,从这方面下手也不错。

英语语言学毕业论文好写的,很多题目可写,当时我也是不懂,还是师姐给介绍的莫文网,有了高手帮忙就快多了,没几天就过了高校英语语言学教材的建设与思考基于网络自主学习的英语语言学课程教改探索管窥我国英语语言学教材的现状与英语语言学教学语料库数据驱动下的中国外语界英语语言学发展现状及趋势研究高师英语语言学课程教学的问题与改革设想社会建构主义理论指导下的英语语言学课程教学论商务英语语言学的理论体系任务型教学模式启发下的英语语言学课程教学改革本科生“英语语言学导论”教学法探究论高校“英语语言学”与“高级英语”课程体系的有机契合建构主义与英语语言学课堂教学英语语言学发展概述高校英语语言学教学存在的问题及对策分析建构主义与英语语言学关于英语语言学教程的现状分析及几点建议(英文)基于构建主义角度探究英语语言学教学英语语言学书评中的评价性用语解析英语语言学语音和词汇的变化高校英语语言学教学问题及对策论英语语言学研究的多维视角“英语语言学”课程考评体系改革初探《英语语言学》课程教学改革研究发展思维能力 提高科学素质——论英语语言学教学与学生素质培养的关系高校英语语言学课程评价模式的思考关于英语语言学硕士生学术选择错位的研究英语语言学教学存在的问题及对策分析“首届商务英语语言学研讨会”通知英语语言学的发展与研究初探研究性教学视域下的“英语语言学概论”课程教学改革从英语语言学角度探析综合英语教学英语语言学课程学习策略与效果相关性研究——基于英语专业127名学生的调查数据探讨英语语言学在英语教学中的运用研究

英语语言学中的形态学论文

像语音学,音位学,以及形态学,句法都不好下手建议写社会语言学或是心理语言学方面的,可以深入对比一下中西方思维的差异之类的,应该是一个好的论点加油~~

关于英语语言学的论文,论文题目和主要内容已列出,供参考。链接附后1.题目:语言学英文版论文。主要内容:该论文主要讲词汇是构成语言的基本单位,词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家. Wilkins (1972) 说过:“没有语法,人们不能表达很多东西;而没有词汇,人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇,从而提高学习效率和习得效果。.题目:.英语专业毕业论文(语言学)——谈判英语文化差异。主要内容:该论文主要讲国际商务谈判中文化差异的影响,就是汉语习惯思维和西方语言文化之间表达的准确性对商务谈判带来的影响。.题目:外国语言学及应用语言学硕士论文:商务英语信函的词汇特点研究,主要内容:商务英语信函词汇的选择和应用多呈现如下7种特点:1)简单词汇的选择。2)具体词汇多于笼统词汇。3)褒义词多于贬义词。4)缩写词的选择。5)确切词汇多于模糊词汇。6)礼貌、客气的词汇多于不礼貌的词汇。7)商业术语的选择。产生的原因多取决于商务活动的和商业伙伴的合作关系。商务活动的双方均为达至双赢的进行合作。这是本文所分析的词汇特点产生的主要原因。

转摘More and more scholars are now showing an interest in adopting linguistic approaches to translation studies. Between 1949 and 1989, an incomplete survey by the author revealed that there were only about 30 textbook passages discussing the relationship between linguistics and translation, including aspects of general linguistics, pragmatics, stylistics, text linguistics, rhetoric and machine translation. From 1990 to 1994, there was an incredible increase in the number of passages looking at translation from a linguistic point of view. Almost 160 articles published over these five years concerned translation and general linguistics, stylistics, comparative linguistics, semantics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, text linguistics, rhetoric, etc. New terms such as discourse analysis, hermeneutics, dynamic equivalence, deep structure and surface structure, context, theme and rheme, cooperative principles, to mention just a few, appeared in the field of translation studies. We can definitely identify a trend of applying linguistics theories to translation studies in these years. Today, we are at the point of questioning whether linguistics is a necessary part of translation. In recent years, some scholars who are in favour of free translation, have repeatedly raised this question to the public and appealed for an end to the linguistic approach to translation. Some firmly believe that translation is an art and that therefore linguistics is neither useful nor helpful. Such a claim is wrong if we look at translation as a whole, including scientific translation where meanings are rigid and restricted and the degree of freedom is limited. Flexibility, in this case, is neither required nor appreciated. But even in literary translation, linguistics is hardly a burden. Wang Zongyan pointed out that « If one sees linguistics as a body of rules regulating language, translators most probably will yawn with boredom. If it signifies the use of words and locutions to fit an occasion, there is nothing to stop translators from embracing linguistics » (Wang 1991: 38). The controversy over « literal » versus « free » translation has a long history, with convincing supporters on each side. For example, ancient Western scholars like Erasmus, Augustine, and others were in favour of literal translation. Among early Chinese translators, Kumarajiva is considered to be of the free school, while Xuan Zuang appears as literal and inflexible. In modern China, Yan Fu advocated hermeneutic translation, while Lu Xun preferred a clumsy version to one that was free but inexact. There is nothing wrong in any of these stances. When these translators emphasized free translation they never denied the possibility of literal translation, and vice versa. Problems only arise when the discussion turns to equivalent translations. The problem of equivalence has caused much controversy. Some people believed that there could be an equivalence of language elements independent of the setting in which they of occurred. Based on this assumption, some « literal » translators tried to decompose a text into single elements in hopes of finding equivalents in the target language. This is a naive idea. Jakobson (1971: 262) notes that « Equivalence in difference is the cardinal problem of language and the pivotal concern of linguistics. » He does not refer to « equivalence » but to « equivalence in difference » as the cardinal problem. Nida was also misunderstood by many for his notion of « equivalence, » which he took to mean that « Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style » (1969: 12). He further concluded that « Absolute equivalence in translating is never possible » (1984: 14). De Beaugrande and Dressler believed that the success or failure of either free or literal approaches was uncertain: an unduly « literal » translation might be awkward or even unintelligible, while an unduly « free » one might make the original text disintegrate and disappear altogether. To them, equivalence between a translation and an original can only be realized in the experience of the participants (cf. de Beaugrande and Dressler 1981: 216-217). Catford (1965: 27) expressed the same concern that equivalent translation is only « an empirical phenomenon, discovered by comparing SL and TL texts. » In citing the above examples, I have absolutely no intention of insisting on untranslatability. What I mean is that a translator should incorporate his or her own experience and processing activities into the text: solving the problems, reducing polyvalence, explaining away any discrepancies or discontinuities. Linguistic knowledge can help us treat different genres in different ways, always with an awareness that there are never exact equivalences but only approximations. Therefore, amplification and simplification become acceptable. If we agree that texts can be translated, then, in what way does linguistics contribute to translation? To answer this question, we must look at the acceptance of western linguistics in China and its influence on translation. Systematic and scientific study of the Chinese language came into being only at the end of the last century, when Ma Jianzhong published a grammar book Mashi Wentong «马氏文通» in 1898, which was the first in China and took the grammar of Indo-European languages as its model. The study of language was, in turn, influenced by translation studies in China. In Mashi Wenton, the main emphasis is on the use of morphology, which takes up six-sevenths of the book. Influenced by the dominant trend of morphological studies, a word was regarded as the minimum meaningful unit, and a sentence was therefore the logical combination of words of various specific types. Translation was, then, principally based on the unit of the word. In the West, Biblical translation provided a very good example, just as the translation of Buddhist scriptures did in China. Not until the end of the 19th century did some linguists come to realize that sentences were not just the summary of the sequenced words they contained. The Prague School, founded in the 1920s, made a considerable contribution to the study of syntax. According to the analytic approach of the Functional Perspective of the Prague School, a sentence can be broken down into two parts: theme and rheme. Theme is opposed to rheme in a manner similar to the distinction between topic and comment, and is defined as the part of a sentence which contributes least to advancing the process of communication. Rheme, on the other hand, is the part of a sentence which adds most to advancing the process of communication and has the highest degree of communicative dynamism. These two terms help enlighten the process of translating Chinese into English. In the mid-1950s, the study of syntax peaked with the Chomsky's establishment of transformational-generative grammar. This theory of the deep structure and surface structure of language influenced translation tremendously. Nida relied heavily on this theory in developing his « analyzing-transfering-reconstructing » pattern for translation. Some Chinese linguists, in the meantime, tried to raise language studies to a higher plane. Li Jinxi (1982) enlarged the role of sentence studies in his book A New Chinese Grammar, two thirds of which was devoted to discussing sentence formation or syntax. He writes that « No words can be identified except in the context of a sentence. » The study was then improved by other grammarians, including Lu Shuxiang, Wang Li. With the development of linguistic studies, translation based on the unit of the sentence was put forward by some scholars. It was Lin Yu-Tang who first applied the theory to translation in his article « On Translation. » He claimed that « translation should be done on the basis of the sentence [...] What a translator should be faithful to is not the individual words but the meaning conveyed by them » (Lin 1984: r 3). The importance of context in the understanding of a sentence was therefore emphasized. Chao Yuanren, a Chinese scholar and professor at Harvard University, criticized scholars and translators who tended to forget this point and take language for something independent and self-sufficient. In fact, it is obvious that when we translate a sentence, we depend on its context; when we interpret an utterance we rely on the context of the speech (cf. Chao 1967). When a sentence is removed from the text, it usually becomes ambiguous due to the lack of context. Therefore, translation becomes difficult. In the 1960s, people began to realize that the study of language based on sentences was not even sufficient. A complete study should be made of the whole text. A simple sentence like « George passed » may have different interpretations in different contexts. If the context is that of an examination, it means George did well on a test; in a card game it would indicate that George declined his chance to bid; in sports it would mean the ball reached another player. Without a context, how could we decide on a translation? Linguists therefore shifted their attention to the study of texts and to discourse analysis. Text linguistics have become increasingly popular since that time. Van Dijk was a pioneer in this field, and his four-volume edition of the Handbook of Discourse Analysis is of great value. Halliday's Cohesion in English and Introduction to Functional Grammar help us to better understand the English language on a textual level. It is worth noting that de Beaugrande and Dressler (1981) provided an overall and systematic study of text, which is useful to translation studies. De Beaugrande actually wrote a book called Factors in a Theory of Poetic Translating in 1978. The book did not become very popular as it confined the discussion to translating poetry. At the same time, books on a linguistic approach to translation were introduced into China, such as the works of Eugene Nida, Peter Newmarks, . Catford, Georges Mounin, and others. These books gave a great push to the application of linguistic theories to translation studies in China. Textual or discoursive approaches to the study of translation could not keep pace with the development of text linguistics. Some studies remained on the syntactic or semantic level, though even there textual devices were employed. In talking about the translation units of word and text, Nida wrote: ... average person naively thinks that language is words, the common tacit assumption results that translation involves replacing a word in language A with a word in language B. And the more « conscientious » this sort of translation is, the more acute. In other words, the traditional focus of attention in translation was on the word. It was recognized that that was not a sufficiently large unit, and therefore the focus shifted to the sentence. But again, expert translators and linguists have been able to demonstrate that individual sentences, in turn, are not enough. The focus should be on the paragraph, and to some extent on the total discourse. (Nida and Tabber 1969: 152) From that statement we can see that Nida regards a discourse as something larger than a paragraph, as an article with a beginning and an ending. Nida himself never applied text linguistics to translation, and there might be some confusion if we use his term in our interpretation of discourse, because discourse analysis is not merely a study based on a larger language structure. Some Chinese scholars did make the effort to apply text linguistics to the theory and practice of translation. Wang Bingqin's article (1987) was the first academic paper of this sort. He stated his aim to study and discover the rules governing the internal structure of a text in light of text linguistics. He analyzed numerous examples using textual analysis, but unfortunately, all the samples he collected were descriptions of scenery or quotations from the books of great scholars--no dialogue, no illocutionary or perlocutionary forces in the language. He failed to provide a variety of examples. For this reason, his research findings are largely restricted to rhetorical texts in ancient China (cf. Wang 1981; Luo 1994). Scholars like He Ziran applied pragamatics to translation. He's article (1992) put forth two new terms, « pragmalinguistics » and « socio-pragmatics » which, in translation, refer respectively to « the study of pragmatic force or language use from the viewpoint of linguistic sources » and to « the pragmatic studies which examine the conditions on language use that derive from the social and cultural situation. » He discusses the possibility of applying the pragmatic approach to translation in order to achieve a pragmatic equivalent effect between source and target texts; that is, to reproduce the message carried by the source language itself, as well as the meaning carried by the source language within its context and culture. In this article he tries to distinguish « pragma-linguistics » from « socio-pragmatics » but finally admits that « Actually, a clear line between pragma-linguistics and socio-pragmatics may sometimes be difficult to draw. » Still he insists that the application of the pragmatic approach to translation is helpful and even necessary. Ke Wenli (1992) argued that semantics, which in a broad sense combines semantics and pragmatics, should be studied to help understand, explain and solve some of the problems encountered in translation. In this article, he examines four semantic terms--« sense and reference, » « hyponomy, » « changes of meaning » and « context »--giving many examples to illusrate the importance of having some general knowledge of semantics and of understanding the relationship between semantics and translation. This article is clearly written and readers can easily draw inspiration from it. These linguistics approaches shed new lights on the criteria of « faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance » defined by Yan Fu. Chinese scholars began to criticize the vagueness of these three criteria and endeavored to give them concrete significance through the theories of western linguistics. The result is that the content of these three traditional criteria has been greatly enriched, especially by the effect equivalence theory, which in a broad sense means that the target language should be equivalent to the source language from a semantic, pragmatic, and stylistic point of view. But we are still unable to evaluate translations in a very scientific way. Therefore, Chinese scholars like Fan Shouyi, Xu Shenghuan and Mu Lei embarked on quantitative analyses of translations and used the fuzzy set theory of mathematics in accomplishing their analysis. Fan published several articles on this field of study. His 1987 and 1990 articles evaluate translations according to a numerical quantity of faithfulness. Xu's article « A Mathematical Model for Evaluating a Translation's Quality » presents a normal mathematical model. He states that it is difficult to produce an absolutely accurate evaluation of translations with this model because of the uncertainty and randomness of man's thought process. Making such analysis more accurate and objective would require further research. The unit in translation is a hard nut to crack. Without solving this problem, no research in translation studies will ever be sufficient. To date, very few people have focused their research on this area. Nida holds that the unit should be the sentence, and in a certain sense, the discourse. Barkhudarov (1993: 40), Soviet linguist and translation theorist, suggests that: translation is the process of transforming a speech product (or text) produced in one language into a speech product (or text) in another language. [...] It follows that the most important task of the translator who carries out the process of transformation, and of the theorist who describes or creates a model for that process, is to establish the minimal unit of translation, as it is generally called, the unit of translation in the source text. Though he notes the importance of the unit of translation in a text and considers that this unit can be a unit on any level of language, he fails to point out what a text is and how it might be measured in translation. Halliday's notion of the clause might be significant in this case. To him, a clause is a basic unit. He distinguishes three functions of a clause: textual, interpersonal and ideational. According to Halliday, these functions are not possessed by word or phrase. But he is not quite successful in analyzing the relationship between clause and text (cf. Halliday 1985). In China, some people have tried to solve this problem. Wang Dechun (1987: 10) more or less shares Bakhudarov's view that the translation unit cannot be confined just to sentences. In some ways, the phoneme, word, phrase, sentence, paragraph, or even text can all serve as a unit. At this point, we cannot find anything special in treating text translation except for having text as the highest level among translation units. This is not the aim of text linguistics or discourse analysis. If we want to apply these to the theory and practice of translation, we will require a textual approach.

1.中西语言方式对比2.词汇学3.近代英语语言的衍变大概就这几类了,论文么,跳不出这圈了。要想写点有新意的东西那可真需要点不同的眼光和能力了。祝好运。

关于语言学形态学的论文

越来越多的学者正显示有兴趣在通过语言的方法翻译研究。与1949年和1989年,一个不完整的调查,作者发现,有大约只有30教科书通道的讨论之间的关系,语言学和翻译,包括方面的普通语言学,语用学,文体学,篇章语言学,修辞学和机器翻译。从1990年至1994年,有一个令人难以置信的数目增加了通道,看翻译,从语言学的角度来看。几乎160发表的文章中对这些五年关心的翻译和普通语言学,文体学,比较语言学,语义,语用学,社会语言学,文字语言学,修辞学等新的条款,如话语分析,诠释学,动态等值,深部结构和表面结构,背景,主题和述位,合作的原则,更遑论只是一个数,出现在翻译领域的研究。我们一定可以找出一个趋势,应用语言学理论翻译研究在这些年。 今天,我们在点质疑语言学是一个必要组成部分的翻译。近年来,一些学者,谁是在赞成的免费翻译,曾多次提出这个问题向公众,并呼吁结束了语言的方法翻译。一些坚信,翻译是一种艺术和语言学,因此,既不是有用的,亦无帮助。这种说法是错误的,如果我们看看翻译作为一个整体,包括科学的翻译那里的意思是僵化和限制,自由度是有限的。灵活性,在这种情况下,既不需要也不赞赏。 但是,即使是在文学翻译,语言学,是难以负担。王宗炎指出, «如果一看到语言学作为一个机构的规则,规范的语言,翻译,最可能会哈欠与无聊。如果它标志使用的字和locutions以适合的场合,是没有任何停止译员从概括性的语言学» (王1991年: 38 ) 。争议«字面»银两«免费»翻译有着悠久的历史,与有说服力的支持者,一边一国。举例来说,古代西方学者一样,伊拉斯谟,奥古斯丁,和其他人赞成,直译。其中中国早期翻译,鸠摩罗什是被视为免费的学校,而轩zuang似乎字面和灵活性。在当代中国,严复主张诠释学的翻译,而鲁迅的首选一拙劣的版本,一个是免费的,但不精确。有没有错,在上述任何立场。当这些译员强调,免费翻译,他们从不否认的可能性直译,反之亦然。问题只出现时,讨论,轮流相当于翻译。 问题的等价性已引起很大的争议。有些人认为有可能是一个等价语文元素,独立设置他们在其中的发生。在此基础上假设,一些«字面»翻译试图分解一个文本到单一元素,希望找到等值在目标语言。这是一个天真的想法。 jakobson ( 1971年: 262 )指出, «等价在不同的是枢机主教的问题,语言和关键的关注语言学。 » ,他并不是指«等价» ,但«的等值的不同之处»为枢机主教的问题。奈达也误解了很多,他的概念«等价, »他走上表示«翻译组成,在复制,在受体的语言最接近自然相当于源语言讯息,首先是在条款的含义和在第二条款作风» ( 1969年: 12 ) 。他进一步得出结论认为, «绝对的等值翻译是绝不可能» ( 1984年: 14 ) 。德beaugrande和德雷斯勒认为,成功或失败,无论是免费或直译的方法是不确定的:一不适当«字面»翻译可能会尴尬,甚至费解的,而过分«免费»之一,可能会使原来的文本,分化和完全消失。对他们来说,等价之间的翻译和原创,只能在实现的经验,与会者(参见德beaugrande和德雷斯勒1981 : 216-217 ) 。卡特福德( 1965年: 27 )表达了同样的关注,相等于翻译只是«实证的现象,通过比较发现, SL和铊的案文。 »在列举上述例子,我有绝对无意坚持对不可译。我的意思是,一个翻译者应该把他或她自己的经验和加工活动,到文本:解决问题,减少polyvalence解释,远离任何不一致或不连续性。语言知识可以帮助我们对待不同类型以不同的方式,始终与意识,有没有确切的等价但只有逼近。因此,功放和简化成为可以接受的。 如果我们同意的文本可以翻译,那么,以何种方式是否语言学的贡献翻译?要回答这个问题,我们必须寻求在接受西方语言学在中国及其对翻译的影响。系统性,科学性的研究,中文应运而生年底才在上个世纪,当马建忠出版了一本书的语法马氏文通«马氏文通»于1898年,这是首次在中国了语法印支欧洲语言作为其模型。研究语言,反过来又影响,翻译研究在中国。在麻石wenton ,主要的重点是使用形态,这占用了6 - sevenths的这本书。影响占主导地位的趋势形态学研究,总之,被视为最低有意义的单位,和刑期,因此,合乎逻辑的组合的话,各种具体的类型。翻译,然后,主要是基于该单位的Word 。在西方,圣经的翻译提供了一个很好的例子,正如翻译佛经并在中国。 直到十九世纪末做了一些语言学家来认识到判刑,不只是总结了测序,换句话说,他们所载的。布拉格学派,创立于20世纪20年代,取得了相当大的贡献的研究语法。根据该分析方法的功能的角度来看,布拉格学派,一个句子可以分解成两部分:主题和述位。主题是反对述位在类似方式之间的区别的话题和评论,并定义为一个组成部分,句,至少这有助于推进的过程中的沟通。述位,另一方面,是一个组成部分,一句是增加最与时俱进的过程中的沟通和具有最高程度的交际动力。这两个名词,帮助启发的过程中中文翻译成英文。 在20世纪50年代中期,研究语法达到高峰,与乔姆斯基的建立转换-生成语法。这一理论的深部结构和表面结构的语言翻译的影响极大。奈达依赖于这一理论在发展中国家的他«分析- transfering -重建»模式的翻译。一些中国语言学家,在此期间,试图以提高语文研究,以更高的飞机。李进喜( 1982年)扩大的作用句研究在他的书中一个新的汉语语法,其中三分之二是专门讨论句子的形成或语法。他写道, «没有的话,可以发现除语境中的一个句子。 »研究当时的改善,其他grammarians ,包括吕叔湘,王力。 与发展的语言学研究,翻译的基础上,单位的一句是所提出的一些学者。这是林语堂谁首先运用理论对翻译在他的文章«对翻译。 »他声称«翻译应该做的事的基础上一句[...]什么翻译应忠实,是不是个别的话,但意思转达他们» (林1984年为: r 3 ) 。的重要性的背景下,在理解句子,因此强调。超yuanren ,一个中国学者和哈佛大学教授,学者的批评和笔译谁往往忘记这一点,并采取语言为一些独立和自给自足。事实上,这是显而易见的,当我们翻译句子,我们取决于它的背景;当我们解释1话语,我们依赖的背景下的讲话(参见超1967 ) 。当一个句子,是从文字,它通常变得含糊不清,由于缺乏背景。因此,翻译成为困难。 在20世纪60年代,人们开始认识到学习语文的基础上的刑罚甚至没有足够的。完整的研究报告应作出的全文。一个简单的句子一样, «乔治通过»可能有不同的解释不同语境下。如果背景是一个考试,这意味着没有乔治,以及对测试;在一个卡片游戏,它会表明,乔治拒绝他的机会,出价;在体育这将意味着球达成的另一个球员。没有一个背景下,我们怎么能决定一个翻译?语言学家,因此他们的注意力转移到研究文本和话语分析。篇章语言学已成为越来越受欢迎的自那时起。范dijk是一个先驱在这一领域,和他的4卷版的手册,话语分析是具有极大的价值。哈利迪的凝聚力的中,英文介绍功能语法,帮助我们更好地了解英语语言对文字的水平。值得注意的是,德beaugrande和德雷斯勒( 1981 )提供了一个整体和系统的研究文本,这是有益的翻译研究。德beaugrande其实写了一本书所谓的因素,在一个理论的诗翻译在1978年。这本书并没有成为很受欢迎,因为它仅限于讨论诗歌的翻译。在同一时间内,书籍,语言学的方法,以翻译介绍到中国,如工程尤金奈达,彼得newmarks , , JC卡特福德,乔治mounin ,和其他人。这些书籍了很大的推动,应用语言学理论翻译研究在中国。 文本或discoursive的方式来研究翻译不能跟上发展的篇章语言学。一些研究仍留在句法或语义层面上,虽然甚至有文本装置被聘用。在谈到翻译单位的Word和文字,奈达写道: ...一般人天真地认为,语言是换言之,共同默契的假设,结果翻译涉及更换一个字,语文与一个字,语文乙和更多«认真»这类翻译的是,更为尖锐。在其他换句话说,传统关注的焦点,在翻译上字。人们认识到,这不是一个足够大的单位,因此,重点转移到判刑。不过,专家,翻译和语言学家已能证明个人的句子,在反过来,是不够的。重点应放在该段,并在一定程度上总的话语。 (奈达和tabber 1969 : 152 ) 从这个声明可以看出,奈达的问候话语,作为大于一个段落,作为一篇文章,与一个开始和结束。奈达自己从未申请篇章语言学翻译,可能会有一些混乱,如果我们用他的任期在我们的解释话语,因为话语分析不仅是研究的基础上,较大的语言结构。 一些中国学者没有作出努力申请文本语言学的理论和实践的翻译。王秉勤的文章( 1987年)是第一学术论文这一类的。他说,他的目标是研究和发现规则的内部结构,文字在根据篇章语言学。他分析,许多例子使用的词句分析,但不幸的是,所有的样品,他收集到的描述,风景或报价从书籍的伟大学者-没有对话,没有言外或成事部队在该语言。他未能提供了各种例子。基于这个原因,他的研究结果,主要是限于修辞文本在中国古代(参见王1981 ;罗1994年) 。 学者一样,他自然适用于pragamatics翻译。他的文章( 1992 )提出了两个新的条款, « pragmalinguistics »和«社会经济语用学» ,其中,在翻译,是指分别以«研究务实的武力或语言使用的观点,语言来源» ,并«务实研究其中,研究条件对语言使用所产生的社会和文化情况。 »他讨论的可能性,运用务实的态度,翻译,以达到一个务实的等效之间的来源和目标文本,即是重现的讯息,进行源语言本身,以及含义进行了由源语言其背景和文化。在这方面的文章,他也试图区分«语用语言学»从«社会经济语用学» ,但最后也承认, «其实,一个清晰的线之间的语用语言学和社会经济语用学有时可能难以得出。 »他仍然坚持认为,应用该务实的态度,翻译是有益的,甚至是必要的。柯莉( 1992 )认为,语义,而在广义相结合的语义和语用学的,应加以研究,以帮助理解,解释和解决遇到的一些问题在翻译中。在这篇文章中,他审查了4语义条款-«意义和参考, » « h yponomy, » «变化的意义»和«背景» -让许多例子,i l lusrate的重要性,有一些一般性的知识和语义理解之间的关系和语义的翻译。这篇文章中明确写道,读者可以很容易吸取灵感来自它。 这些语言学的方法,棚灯,对新标准的«信,达,雅»所界定的严复。中国学者开始批评含糊不清,这三个标准和努力给他们具体的意义,通过理论的西方语言学。结果是内容,这三个传统标准已大大丰富了,尤其是影响等值理论,这在广义上是指目标语言应相等于源语言从语义,务实和文体点查看。但我们仍无法评价翻译在一个非常科学的方法。因此,中国学者一样,范守,徐shenghuan和万亩鲤鱼走上了定量分析的翻译,用模糊集理论的数学在完成他们的分析。范发表的几篇文章,对这一领域的研究。他1987年至1990年的文章评价翻译根据的数值数量的忠诚。徐的文章«的数学模型,评价翻译质量的»提出了一种正常的数学模型。他说,是很难产生一个绝对准确的评价翻译与这个模式,因为不确定性和随机性的人的思考过程。作出这样的分析更准确和客观的,需要进一步研究。 该单位在翻译是很难啃的骨头。不解决这个问题,没有研究在翻译研究将以往任何时候都足够了。迄今为止,很少有人都集中在研究这方面的工作。奈达认为,股应判刑,并在一定意义上,话语。巴尔胡达罗夫( 1993 : 40 ) ,苏联的语言学家和翻译理论家,建议: 翻译是转变的过程中讲话的产品(或文字)产生的一种语言,成为一个讲话的产品(或文字)在另一种语言。 [ … … ]它如下认为,最重要的任务,译者谁进行的过程中转型,该理论家谁介绍或创建一个模型,这个过程中,是要建立最低限度的翻译单位,因为它是一般所谓,翻译单位,在源文本。 虽然他注意到的重要性,翻译单位在一个文本,并认为这个单位可以是一个单位,任何级别的语言,他没有指出是什么文字,是和它如何可能来衡量翻译。 Halliday的概念,该条文的可能显着在这种情况下。他说,一个条款,是我国的一项基本单位。他区别的三项职能的条款:文本,人际和概念。据哈利迪,这些职能是不具备的词或短语。但他是不太成功的在分析之间的关系,第和文本(参见哈利迪1985年) 。在中国,有些人曾试图解决这个问题。王春( 1987年: 10 )更多或更少的股份bakhudarov的看法,认为翻译单位不能局限于只为服刑。在某些方面,音素,词,词组,句,段,或什至文本都可以充当一个单位。在这一点上,我们无法找到任何特殊的治疗文本翻译,除因文本作为最高级别之间的翻译单位。这不是目的,篇章语言学或话语分析。如果我们想申请这些理论和实践的翻译,我们会要求考的做法。

关于英语语言学的论文,论文题目和主要内容已列出,供参考。链接附后1.题目:语言学英文版论文。主要内容:该论文主要讲词汇是构成语言的基本单位,词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家. Wilkins (1972) 说过:“没有语法,人们不能表达很多东西;而没有词汇,人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇,从而提高学习效率和习得效果。.题目:.英语专业毕业论文(语言学)——谈判英语文化差异。主要内容:该论文主要讲国际商务谈判中文化差异的影响,就是汉语习惯思维和西方语言文化之间表达的准确性对商务谈判带来的影响。.题目:外国语言学及应用语言学硕士论文:商务英语信函的词汇特点研究,主要内容:商务英语信函词汇的选择和应用多呈现如下7种特点:1)简单词汇的选择。2)具体词汇多于笼统词汇。3)褒义词多于贬义词。4)缩写词的选择。5)确切词汇多于模糊词汇。6)礼貌、客气的词汇多于不礼貌的词汇。7)商业术语的选择。产生的原因多取决于商务活动的和商业伙伴的合作关系。商务活动的双方均为达至双赢的进行合作。这是本文所分析的词汇特点产生的主要原因。

Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位,词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家. Wilkins (1972) 说过:“没有语法,人们不能表达很多东西;而没有词汇,人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇,从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字: 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition; Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies; Metacognitive strategy; Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects:Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies. Bibliography [1] . Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J. Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987. [2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York: Longman, 1987. [3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House Publishers, 1990. [4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15. [5] 陈桦,张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究,2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2009. [6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究,1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1996. [7] 吴霞,王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究,1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春:吉林大学出版社,2009.

越来越多的学者正显示有兴趣在通过语言的方法翻译研究。与1949年和1989年,一个不完整的调查,作者发现,有大约只有30教科书通道的讨论之间的关系,语言学和翻译,包括方面的普通语言学,语用学,文体学,篇章语言学,修辞学和机器翻译。从1990年至1994年,有一个令人难以置信的数目增加了通道,看翻译,从语言学的角度来看。几乎160发表的文章中对这些五年关心的翻译和普通语言学,文体学,比较语言学,语义,语用学,社会语言学,文字语言学,修辞学等新的条款,如话语分析,诠释学,动态等值,深部结构和表面结构,背景,主题和述位,合作的原则,更遑论只是一个数,出现在翻译领域的研究。我们一定可以找出一个趋势,应用语言学理论翻译研究在这些年。 今天,我们在点质疑语言学是一个必要组成部分的翻译。近年来,一些学者,谁是在赞成的免费翻译,曾多次提出这个问题向公众,并呼吁结束了语言的方法翻译。一些坚信,翻译是一种艺术和语言学,因此,既不是有用的,亦无帮助。这种说法是错误的,如果我们看看翻译作为一个整体,包括科学的翻译那里的意思是僵化和限制,自由度是有限的。灵活性,在这种情况下,既不需要也不赞赏。 但是,即使是在文学翻译,语言学,是难以负担。王宗炎指出, «如果一看到语言学作为一个机构的规则,规范的语言,翻译,最可能会哈欠与无聊。如果它标志使用的字和locutions以适合的场合,是没有任何停止译员从概括性的语言学» (王1991年: 38 ) 。争议«字面»银两«免费»翻译有着悠久的历史,与有说服力的支持者,一边一国。举例来说,古代西方学者一样,伊拉斯谟,奥古斯丁,和其他人赞成,直译。其中中国早期翻译,鸠摩罗什是被视为免费的学校,而轩zuang似乎字面和灵活性。在当代中国,严复主张诠释学的翻译,而鲁迅的首选一拙劣的版本,一个是免费的,但不精确。有没有错,在上述任何立场。当这些译员强调,免费翻译,他们从不否认的可能性直译,反之亦然。问题只出现时,讨论,轮流相当于翻译。 问题的等价性已引起很大的争议。有些人认为有可能是一个等价语文元素,独立设置他们在其中的发生。在此基础上假设,一些«字面»翻译试图分解一个文本到单一元素,希望找到等值在目标语言。这是一个天真的想法。 jakobson ( 1971年: 262 )指出, «等价在不同的是枢机主教的问题,语言和关键的关注语言学。 » ,他并不是指«等价» ,但«在等价的不同之处»为枢机主教的问题。奈达也误解了很多,他的概念«等价, »他走上表示«翻译组成,在复制,在受体的语言最接近自然相当于源语言讯息,首先是在条款的含义和在第二条款作风» ( 1969年: 12 ) 。他进一步得出结论认为, «绝对的等值翻译是绝不可能» ( 1984年: 14 ) 。德beaugrande和德雷斯勒认为,成功或失败,无论是免费或直译的方法是不确定的:一不适当«字面»翻译可能会尴尬,甚至费解的,而过分«免费»之一,可能会使原来的文本,分化和完全消失。对他们来说,等价之间的翻译和原创,只能在实现的经验,与会者(参见德beaugrande和德雷斯勒1981 : 216-217 ) 。卡特福德( 1965年: 27 )表达了同样的关注,相等于翻译只是«实证的现象,通过比较发现, SL和铊的案文。 »在列举上述例子,我有绝对无意坚持对不可译。我的意思是,一个翻译者应该把他或她自己的经验和加工活动,到文本:解决问题,减少polyvalence解释,远离任何不一致或不连续性。语言知识可以帮助我们对待不同类型以不同的方式,始终与意识,有没有确切的等价但只有逼近。因此,功放和简化成为可以接受的。 如果我们同意的文本可以翻译,那么,以何种方式是否语言学的贡献翻译?要回答这个问题,我们必须看看在接受西方语言学在中国及其对翻译的影响。系统性,科学性的研究,中文应运而生年底才在上个世纪,当马建忠出版了一本书的语法马氏文通«马氏文通»于1898年,这是首次在中国了语法印支欧洲语言作为其模型。研究语言,反过来又影响,翻译研究在中国。在麻石wenton ,主要的重点是使用形态,这占用了6 - sevenths的这本书。影响占主导地位的趋势形态学研究,总之,被视为最低有意义的单位,和刑期,因此,合乎逻辑的组合的话,各种具体的类型。翻译,然后,主要是基于该单位的Word 。在西方,圣经的翻译提供了一个很好的例子,正如翻译佛经并在中国。 直到十九世纪末做了一些语言学家来认识到判刑,不只是总结了测序,换句话说,他们所载的。布拉格学派,创立于20世纪20年代,取得了相当大的贡献的研究语法。根据该分析方法的功能的角度来看,布拉格学派,一个句子可以分解成两部分:主题和述位。主题是反对述位在类似方式之间的区别的话题和评论,并定义为一个组成部分,句,至少这有助于推进的过程中的沟通。述位,另一方面,是一个组成部分,一句是增加最与时俱进的过程中的沟通和具有最高程度的交际动力。这两个名词,帮助启发的过程中中文翻译成英文。 在20世纪50年代中期,研究语法达到高峰,与乔姆斯基的建立转换-生成语法。这一理论的深部结构和表面结构的语言翻译的影响极大。奈达依赖于这一理论在发展中国家的他«分析- transfering -重建»模式的翻译。一些中国语言学家,在此期间,试图以提高语文研究,以更高的飞机。李进喜( 1982年)扩大的作用句研究在他的书中一个新的汉语语法,其中三分之二是专门讨论句子的形成或语法。他写道, «没有的话,可以发现除语境中的一个句子。 »研究当时的改善,其他grammarians ,包括吕叔湘,王力。 与发展的语言学研究,翻译的基础上,单位的一句是所提出的一些学者。这是林语堂谁首先运用理论对翻译在他的文章«对翻译的。 »他声称«翻译应该做的事的基础上一句[...]什么翻译应忠实,是不是个别的话,但意思转达他们» (林1984年为: r 3 ) 。的重要性的背景下,在理解句子,因此强调。超yuanren ,一个中国学者和哈佛大学教授,学者的批评和笔译谁往往忘记这一点,并采取语言为一些独立和自给自足。事实上,这是显而易见的,当我们翻译句子,我们取决于它的背景;当我们解释1话语,我们依赖的背景下的讲话(参见超1967 ) 。当一个句子,是从文字,它通常变得含糊不清,由于缺乏背景。因此,翻译成为困难。 在20世纪60年代,人们开始认识到学习语文的基础上的刑罚甚至没有足够的。一个完整的研究应该作出的全文。一个简单的句子一样, «乔治通过»可能有不同的解释,在不同背景下。如果背景是一个考试,这意味着没有乔治,以及对测试;在一个卡片游戏,它会表明,乔治拒绝他的机会,出价;在体育这将意味着球达成的另一个球员。没有一个背景下,我们怎么能决定一个翻译?语言学家,因此他们的注意力转移到研究文本和话语分析。篇章语言学已成为越来越受欢迎的自那时起。范dijk是一个先驱在这一领域,和他的4卷版的手册,话语分析是具有极大的价值。哈利迪的凝聚力的中,英文介绍功能语法,帮助我们更好地了解英语语言对文字的水平。值得注意的是,德beaugrande和德雷斯勒( 1981 )提供了一个整体和系统的研究文本,这是有益的翻译研究。德beaugrande其实写了一本书所谓的因素,在一个理论的诗翻译在1978年。这本书并没有成为很受欢迎,因为它仅限于讨论诗歌的翻译。在同一时间内,书籍,语言学的方法,以翻译介绍到中国,如工程尤金奈达,彼得newmarks , , JC卡特福德,乔治mounin ,和其他人。这些书籍了很大的推动,应用语言学理论翻译研究在中国。 文本或discoursive的方式来研究翻译无法跟上发展的步伐篇章语言学。一些研究仍留在句法或语义层面上,虽然甚至有文本装置被聘用。在谈到翻译单位的Word和文字,奈达写道: ...一般人天真地认为,语言是换言之,共同默契的假设,结果翻译涉及更换一个字,语文与一个字,语文乙和更多«认真»这类翻译的是,更为尖锐。在其他换句话说,传统关注的焦点,在翻译上字。人们认识到,这不是一个足够大的单位,因此,重点转移到判刑。不过,专家,翻译和语言学家已能证明个人的句子,在反过来,是不够的。重点应放在该段,并在一定程度上总的话语。 (奈达和tabber 1969 : 152 ) 从这个声明可以看出,奈达的问候话语,作为大于一个段落,作为一篇文章,与一个开始和结束。奈达自己从未申请篇章语言学翻译,可能会有一些混乱,如果我们用他的任期在我们的解释话语,因为话语分析不仅是研究的基础上,较大的语言结构。 一些中国学者没有作出努力申请文本语言学的理论和实践的翻译。王秉勤的文章( 1987年)是第一学术论文这一类的。他说,他的目标是研究和发现规则的内部结构,文字在根据篇章语言学。他分析,许多例子使用的词句分析,但不幸的是,所有的样品,他收集到的描述,风景或报价从书籍的伟大学者-没有对话,没有言外或成事部队在该语言。他未能提供了各种例子。基于这个原因,他的研究结果,主要是限于修辞文本在中国古代(参见王1981 ;罗1994年) 。 学者一样,他自然适用于pragamatics翻译。他的文章( 1992 )提出了两个新的条款, « pragmalinguistics »和«社会经济语用学» ,在翻译,是指分别以«研究务实的武力或语言使用的观点,语言来源» ,并«务实的研究其中,研究条件对语言使用所产生的社会和文化情况。 »他讨论的可能性,运用务实的态度,翻译,以实现一个务实的等效之间的来源和目标文本,即是重现的讯息,进行源语言本身,以及含义进行了由源语言其背景和文化。在这方面的文章,他也试图区分«语用语言学»从«社会经济语用学» ,但最后也承认, «其实,一个清晰的线之间的语用语言学和社会经济语用学有时可能难以得出。 »他仍然坚持认为,应用该务实的态度,翻译是有益的,甚至是必要的。柯莉( 1992 )认为,语义,而在广义相结合的语义和语用学的,应加以研究,以帮助理解,解释和解决遇到的一些问题在翻译中。在这篇文章中,他审查了4语义条款-«意义和参考, » « h yponomy, » «变化的意义»和«背景» -让许多例子,i l lusrate的重要性,有一些一般性的知识和语义理解之间的关系和语义的翻译。这篇文章中明确写道,读者可以很容易吸取灵感来自它。 这些语言学的方法,棚灯,对新标准的«信,达,雅»所界定的严复。中国学者开始批评含糊不清,这三个标准和努力给他们具体的意义,通过理论的西方语言学。结果是内容,这三个传统标准已大大丰富了,尤其是影响等值理论,在广义上是指目标语言应相等于源语言从语义,务实和文体点查看。但我们仍无法评价翻译在一个非常科学的方法。因此,中国学者一样,范守,徐shenghuan和万亩鲤鱼走上了定量分析的翻译,用模糊集理论的数学在完成他们的分析。范发表的几篇文章,对这一领域的研究。他1987年至1990年的文章评价翻译根据的数值数量的忠诚。徐的文章«的数学模型,评价一个翻译的质量»提出了一种正常的数学模型。他说,是很难产生一个绝对准确的评价翻译与这个模式,因为不确定性和随机性的人的思考过程。作出这样的分析更准确和客观的,需要进一步研究。 该单位在翻译是很难啃的骨头。不解决这个问题,没有研究在翻译研究将以往任何时候都足够了。迄今为止,很少有人都集中在研究这方面的工作。奈达认为,股应判刑,并在一定意义上,话语。巴尔胡达罗夫( 1993 : 40 ) ,苏联的语言学家和翻译理论家,建议: 翻译是转变的过程中讲话的产品(或文字)产生的一种语言,成为一个讲话的产品(或文字)在另一种语言。 [ … … ]它如下认为,最重要的任务,译者谁进行的过程中转型,该理论家谁介绍或创建一个模型,这个过程中,是要建立最低限度的翻译单位,因为它是一般所谓,翻译单位,在源文本。 虽然他注意到的重要性,翻译单位在一个文本,并认为这个单位可以是一个单位,任何级别的语言,他没有指出是什么文字,是和它如何可能来衡量翻译。 Halliday的概念,条文可能会显着在这种情况下。他说,一个条款,是我国的一项基本单位。他区别的三项职能的条款:文本,人际和概念。据哈利迪,这些职能是不具备的词或短语。但他是不太成功的在分析之间的关系,第和文本(参见哈利迪1985年) 。在中国,有些人曾试图解决这个问题。王春( 1987年: 10 )更多或更少的股份bakhudarov的看法,认为翻译单位不能局限于只为服刑。在某些方面,音素,词,词组,句,段,或什至文本都可以充当一个单位。在这一点上,我们无法找到任何特殊的治疗文本翻译,除了有文本作为最高级别之间的翻译单位。这不是目的,篇章语言学或话语分析。如果我们想申请这些理论和实践的翻译,我们会要求考的做法。

英语语言学的研究论文

像语音学,音位学,以及形态学,句法都不好下手建议写社会语言学或是心理语言学方面的,可以深入对比一下中西方思维的差异之类的,应该是一个好的论点加油~~

英语语言学课堂教学论文范文

1建构主义下的英语语言学课堂教学方式

建构主义下的英语语言学课堂教学是人们不断地深入认知。建构主义说明了构建学习观点的意义以及观念,建构主义是人们获取知识本质与过程的认识。在建构主义观念指导中,在习英语对老师以及学生都提出了不同的要求。从学生这一主体分析,建构主义要充分体现出学生的地位,英语教师作为课堂参与者以及组织者,应该把学生放在主体地位,同时还要密切关注学生的综合素质发展。在建构主义下开展英语语言学课堂教育可以使学生弘扬个性、充分发挥自身潜能,每一个学生学习的自身基础上提高英语能力。对英语教师来讲,作为英语课堂教学的主要组织人员,应该在课堂上充分给学生创设教学情境,给学生良好的学习环境激发学生在学习中的主动性以及积极性。同时在课堂上通过对学生适当引导,使英语课堂逐步的向着构建主义方向发展,建立互相信任的师生关系,保证提高英语课堂教学的质量。

2构建英语课堂教学的方式

在建立学习环境以及建构学习英语理论时,应该随时与学生为主体对象,在英语课堂教学中老师对学生而言是促进者、帮助者、指导者以及组织者,在课堂教学中充分调动学生学习的积极性,最终达到学生掌握知识和构建主义下学习的目的。

重视学生学习的主体地位

在建构主义下学习英语可强调学生在英语学习中的主体地位,学生在建构主义中学习英语是主动的,而不是由于受到外部刺激被迫接受学习。英语教师的教学效果关键是学生学习英语的积极性以及学习英语效果,学习英语成败与否主要在于学生在学习的过程中有没有主动积极的参与学习过程。只有学生明确学习目标主动学习,才能完成对英语知识的构建。因此要在课堂中有效的教学要充分发挥学生在学习过程中的主体地位,作为老师积极主动的引导学生进行学习,只有把英语学习内容转换成学生的内在需求,变成个人积极主动的学习,学生才可以真正的把自己的潜能发展出来,建构知识体系下的学习方式。重视学生的主体地位,就要让学生积极主动的进行英语学习,作为英语教师要教会学生主动的学习并且及时的归纳英语知识,引导学生自觉的运用知识。提醒学生在学习英语的过程中要不断地自我调整和掌控。

重视学生个体特征

在学习的过程中学生应该根据已有的认知行为主动的选择外部信息,对外部英语信息进行处理以及加工,英语知识是学生在学习的过程中逐步建立起来的整体内容。因为学生理解英语知识是根据已有的背景以及经验进行构建的',所以每一个学生都会对同一知识结构有不同理解,每个学生自主学习英语的过程中都印证自我个性以及特征,以往传统的英语教学模式只会阻碍学生的创新能力,严重遏制了学生的个性。所以英语教师在讲授知识时,要以人为本,尊重每一个学生的个性发展,充分给予学生弘扬自我个性以及体现价值的空间,保证每一位学生在已有学习基础的能力上把自我个性进一步发展以及提高。教学的关键是学生之间互相合作,作为英语教师应该鼓励每一位学生都参与到学习之中,推出主动交流、合理创新的英语学习氛围。

鼓励学生自主学习

学习英语的过程就是语言不停结合的过程,这是从知识理论转换到自身应用的一个过程,要想帮助学生成功的转变掌握住学习知识的技巧,就要让学生不断主动参加实践课程。建构主义下开展英语语言学课堂知识就是强调每一位学生参与性以及能动性,所以在教学的过程中应该避免对学生实施“填鸭式”教育。建构主义主要主张学生可以完成设置问题的情况下进行学习,所以作为老师可以采取任务型学习方法以及课题式学习方式进行教学,在英语教学的过程中从生活中寻找好的学习材料,让学生实时参与并且参与解决问题的过程,引发学生建构新知识的欲望。

强调教学互动

学生在学习英语的过程中,教师应该选取资料应该从英语网站、专著以及期刊等专业领域中获取学生所需的资料,把这些资料以多种形式提供给学生,在给学生提供材料的同时把问题一起导入,和学生互相讨论,让学生在学习的过程中自己归纳语言。除此之外还应该及时的整理学生在阅读中所遇到的问题,保证基于建构主义下建构英语教学模式把学生的思维能力进一步提高。

3结语

总而言之,随着新课改不断的深化改革,使英语语言学教学有了更多的理论指导、英语语言教学创新科教学模式以及方法,英语教师可通过和学生之间和谐互动,与各个学科之间的教学成果相互评价,使学生可以自主学习,提高学生建构系统知识的能力。同时在建构主义下实施英语语言学教学可以开展类型多样的教学方式,促进英语教学质量稳定提升。

英语语言学论文提纲

提纲,是一种概括地叙述纲目、要点的`公文。它不把全文的所有内容写出来,只把那些主要内容,提纲挈领式地写出来。以下是我为大家整理英语语言学论文提纲的相关内容,仅供参考,希望能够帮助大家!

I. Introduction

Ⅱ. Euphemism

The Definition of Euphemism

The Features of Euphemism

III.,Pragmatic Failures in English Euphemism

Pragmatic Linguistic Failures

Socio-pragmatic Failures

IV.,The Reasons for the Pragmatic Failure in English Euphemism

The Reasons of Pragmatic Linguistic Failures

The Difference of the Context

The Difference of Expression Patterns

The reasons of Socio-pragmatic failures

The Difference of Customs

The Difference of Social Values

V. The Reflection of Pragmatic Failure in Euphemism

Chapter 1 Gatsby's American Dream and Its Distortion

What is the American Dream

Gatsby's American Dream in Different Phases

Chapter 2 Disillusionment of Gatsby's Distorted Dream

Gatsby's Efforts in Achieving His American Dream

Gatsby's Disillusionment

Chapter 3 New Interpretation of Gatsby's American Dream

The External Factors of the Disillusionment

The Hierarchy System

The Jazz Age

The Internal Factors of the Disillusionment

The Essential Factor of the Disillusionment

Some Hypotheses

The American Dream in the Present Age

Conclusion

This conclusion

F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby is a novel that deals with American dreamto a great extent. In a relatively short novel of nine chapters, Fitzgerald tells the tragicstory of Jay Gatsby's quest for the rich and shallow Daisy. Through the first-personnarrator, Nick Carraway, the emptiness of the materialistic American dream isrevealed and the novel ultimately manifests the failure of this American dream.

The American dream concerns politics as in “The Declaration of Independence”,military affairs as in the participation of America in the World War Ⅰ, economy asabout the matter of material success, moral conventions as about spiritual goodnessand religious freedom, literature as reflected in novels, sports as in the principle“competing fairly, openly and aboveboard”, aesthetics as in the appreciation of thebeauty of happiness, and many other fields. It comes from the old colonist's time,through the Westward Expansion, the Independence War, the Civil War, two worldwars, to the present highly developed society and goes on for ever. It is a method ofcommunication in the way that success is used to show off and that the invisibleuntouchable inner virtues and abilities are to be proved to the society in the form ofvisible success. It is a history of struggle in the sense that people take efforts to makewhat is said and what is done meet. It is the emotional and psychological growth ofindividuals as well as material and spiritual growth of the nation.

The Great Gatsby not only expresses the theme of the disillusioned materialisticAmerican dream, it also constantly urged the society to seek a new cultural insightoutlet---the spiritual American dream, which undoubtedly provides a patch to mendthe already distorted and imperfect American dream culture. So the point is to find abalance between the spiritual and the material. We have experienced and willexperience a lot of adventures or frustrations in our life, we constantly face differenttemptations and moral shortcuts, sometimes we may even vacillate, but what makesus persist and keep striving is the right values and solid faiths, thus bringing usspiritual liberation and inner freedom to live a happy life. That is the power of dream.

The roaring twenties of the United States is the ideal setting for Gatsby's story,but it is only the setting. The story itself is as great as ever. To some degree, theAmerican dream in this story is sublimed to a universal sense which breaks thelimitation of time and space. So any research on the novel and its profound meaningof the American dream will never be outdated.

1 Introduction

Significance of the research

Organization of the thesis

2 Literature Review

Researches on monolingual mental lexicon

Definition of mental lexicon

Models of mental lexicon: a developing one

Research methodology of bilingual mental lexicon

Word association paradigm

Word translation task

Cross-language priming paradigm

Theories on bilingual mental lexicon

Weinreich’s three hypotheses: the ancestor of bilingual

mental lexicon models

Paivio’s bilingual dual-coding theory

Kroll & Stewart’s revised hierarchical model

De Groot’s distributed representation model

3 Extended Bilingual Distributed Representation Model

Setting and characteristic of L2 word acquisition

Psychological mechanism of L2 word acquisition

Coactivation pattern: L2 word representation manner

Simultaneous formation of semantic memory and episodic memory

Semantic restructuring in L2 vocabulary development

4 Implications for L2 Word Meaning Acquisition

Unbalanced performance on language comprehension

and production

Receptive vs. productive vocabulary: imbalance on

acquisition difficulty

Positive effect of episodic memory

Negative semantic transfer

Episodic memory: the primary cause of negative semantic transfer

Negative effect of episodic memory

Episodic memory and L2 word meaning acquisition

Applying episodic memory: when and how

Strengthening semantic memory: why and how

5 Conclusion

contents

introduction………………………………………………………………1

common historical background……………………………………1

international………………………………………………………1

national…………………………………………………………1

common beliefs of beats and rockers……………………………2

rebellion against conventions……………………………………2

beats in literature………………………………………………2

rockers in music circles………………………………………3

ideologies in between……………………………………………4

beatniks were fed up with their government about

the explanations of why things happened……………………4

their same destiny……………………………………………4

beat culture and rock culture were not accepted by

both capitalist and socialist ideologies………………………5

belief in oriental religion…………………………………………5

beatniks study on chinese buddhism…………………………6

rockers belief in indian buddhism……………………………6

identical lifestyles………………………………………………6

Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies 二语词汇习得策略 [摘 要] 词汇是构成语言的基本单位,词汇习得在语言学习中占有重要地位。英国著名语言学家. Wilkins (1972) 说过:“没有语法,人们不能表达很多东西;而没有词汇,人们则无法表达任何东西。”这就说明了词汇在学习中的重要性。本文旨在分析二语词汇习得策略并应用于不同水平的学习者。学习者根据自己的水平选择正确的习得方法和策略学习词汇,从而提高学习效率和习得效果。 关键字: 二语词汇习得 词汇习得策略 元认知策略 认知策略 Abstract Vocabulary is the basic unit of a language. Language acquisition plays an important role in language learning. Famous linguistics D. A. Wilkins said, “Without grammar, very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed (Lewis, 1993:16).” It speaks volumes for the importance of vocabulary in language learning. This paper aims to analysis the second language acquisition strategies and applies to different levels of learners. According to the different levels, the learners should choose the proper methods and strategies to promote learning efficiency and acquisition effect. Key words: Second Language Vocabulary Acquisition; Vocabulary Acquisition Strategies; Metacognitive strategy; Cognitive strategy Introduction With economic globalization and multi-polarization of the world, especially the population of the internet, English becomes more and more important, because it is considered as the tool for absorbing and communicating information. As we all known, vocabulary acquisition is one of the most noticed-question of the second language learners. “Vocabulary” appears in the area of linguists’ study. Nowadays, researchers still can not give a complete and reasonable definition of vocabulary. Since 1970s, the second language vocabulary acquisition research has gradually become the hot point and important subject in the second language vocabulary acquisition research area. These researches aim to discuss the efficiency vocabulary memory strategies to promote the memory skills and vocabulary levels. Then how to acquire vocabulary become popular among the researchers. Wenden &Rubin (1987), O’Malley& Chamot (1990) refer to the content of vocabulary acquisition strategies; Rubin (1987) and Oxford (1990) classify the memory strategy to the direct cognitive strategies. Especially, CohenAphek (1981), Porte (1988), O’Malley (1990), Vann (90), Cohen (1990), etc made a basic searching of vocabulary acquisition. In a word, there are various opinions in how to acquire vocabulary. Firstly, it talks about the importance of vocabulary. Secondly, what does it mean to “acquire” a word? This paper mainly aims to the detail analysis of the vocabulary acquisition from three aspects:Meta-cognitive Strategy; Cognitive Strategy and Social or Affective Strategy. Especially, it highlights the effect of the context and rending to vocabulary acquisition. This paper talks about the applications of the vocabulary acquisition strategies. And it puts forward some problems and difficulties of vocabulary acquisition. This paper also discusses the influencing factors to the acquisition. It includes the mother tongue, age, language contact, logical thinking ability, identity degree, and academic motivation . The purpose of this paper is to rise the awareness of English learners that the importance of vocabulary in language learning and the vocabulary acquisition strategies can not be neglected, and each strategies is deeply rooted in its language. Through the analysis of the theory of study, the paper tries to draw the learner’s attention to the strategies of the second language vocabulary acquisition and using the vocabulary in communication. In order to improve the acquisition efficiency, some strategies put into practice are introduced. The first presents the importance of vocabulary, some basic concepts of vocabulary and vocabulary learning, the second part tells what does it mean to know a word, the third part deals with the theory of vocabulary acquisition and presents the factors and differences influencing the vocabulary acquisition. The fourth part is detailed discussion of vocabulary acquisition strategies in different levels of learners. The last part is conclusion. Literature review 1. The importance of vocabulary As the first time, when we go to school and our English teacher will tell us that vocabulary is of great importance in learning English. After several years, we understand words gradually, especially when we study in high school. If we know a little about vocabulary, we may have poor English. That is because the listening, speaking, reading and writing show the necessary of learning vocabulary. Many researchers agree that lexis is at least as important as structure, because it is using wrong words and not wrong grammar that usually breaks down communication. Mistakes in lexis much more often lead to misunderstanding and may be less generously tolerated outside classroom than mistakes in syntax. (Carter, 1987). As Stephen Krashen remarked, “When students travel, they don’t carry grammar books, they carry dictionaries. A significant role of vocabulary in both teaching and learning processes was first stated by Stephen Krashen in The Natural Approach (1985): “Vocabulary is basic for communication. If acquirers do not recognize the meaning of the key words used by those who address them they will be unable to participate in the conversation.” Words are basic tools in human communication; therefore they determine the main part of people’s life-relationships between people and associations with the surrounding world that people live in. The larger one’s vocabulary, the easier it is to express one’s thoughts and feelings. In real communication, correctly and idiomatically used vocabulary can even decrease some structural inaccuracy and grammar errors. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). So learners should enrich and expand their knowledge of words as much as possible in order to communicate effectively in a foreign language. 2. What does it mean to “know” a word? Knowing a word is not a simple phenomenon. In fact, it is quite complex and goes far beyond the word’s meaning and pronunciation. (Zhang Jiying, 2002). Richards (1976) think knowing a word means also knowing the frequency of words and their likely collocates; being aware of the functional and situation limitations that apply; knowledge of the “syntactic behavior”; derivational forms and word class; associative and connotative knowledge; semantic value-breaking down words into minimal units as with componential analysis (see Katz&Fodor1963or Leech1974); knowing the other (possible) meaning associated. Nagy and Scott (2000) identify several dimensions that describe the complexity of what it means to know a word. First, word knowledge is incremental, which means that readers need to have many exposures to a word in different contexts before they “know” it. Second, word knowledge is multidimensional. This is because many words have multiple meanings and serve different functions in different function in different sentences, texts, and even conversations. Third, word knowledge is interrelated in that knowledge of one word connects knowledge of other words. What all of this means is that “knowing” a word is a matter of degree rather than an all-or-nothing proposition (Beck&Mckeown, 1991; Nagy&Scott, 2000). The degree of knowing a word are reflected in the precision with which we use a word, how quickly we understand a word, and how well we understand and use words in different modes and different purpose. The memory strategy, cognitive strategy, social strategy and metacognitve strategy are used more frequently than the affective strategy and compensative strategy. Conclusion This paper has attempted to provide some theories of second language vocabulary acquisition and some strategies. Such as metacognitive strategy, cognitive strategy, and social strategy. However, this paper also put forward some microcosmic strategy. As a matter of fact, vocabulary acquisition should combine the context. In addition, this paper hasn’t mentioned that culture is also an important factor in vocabulary acquisition. In the study of second language vocabulary acquisition, we should pay attention to the process and the acquiring results. This paper focuses on the study of the second language vocabulary acquisition strategies. Bibliography [1] . Chamot. The Learning Strategies of ESL Students. In A. L. Wenden & J. Rubin, (eds), Learner Strategies in Language Learning, 1987. [2] Cater. R. and M. McCarthy. Vocabulary and Language Teaching. New York: Longman, 1987. [3] Nation, L. S. P. Teaching and Learning Vocabulary. New Newbury House Publishers, 1990. [4] O’Malley, J. & Chamot, A. U.. Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition [J]. Cambridge University Press, 1990:12-15. [5] 陈桦,张益芳.中国儿童英语词汇记忆策略探究[J].外语学刊,2001(4). [11] 戴曼纯. 论第二语言词汇习得研究[J]. 外语教学与研究,2002(2). [12] 徐德凯.大学英语词汇教学理论与实践[M].长春:吉林出版集团有限责任公司,2009. [6] 王文宇.观念、策略与英语词汇记忆[J].外语教学与研究,1998(1). [13] 文秋芳. 英语学习策略论.上海:上海外语教育出版社,1996. [7] 吴霞,王蔷.非英语专业本科生词汇水平研究. 外语教学与研究,1998(1). [15] 张纪英.英语词汇学教学与研究[M]. 武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2007. [16] 朱厚敏. 英语词汇学习策略研究[M] 长春:吉林大学出版社,2009.

言语交际的体态语研究论文

口语交际灵动课堂教学中的“四多”新的课程标准指出:口语交际是现代公民的必备能力,应培养学生倾听、表达和应对的能力,使学生具有文明和谐地进行人际交流的素养。由此可见,口语交际在语文课堂上实施的重要性和紧迫性。为使口语交际走进灵动课堂,我在实践中作了“四多”的尝试。一、培育自信,多点机会苏霍姆林斯基认为,心理意义上的教学是人的心灵的最微妙的相互接触,而口语交际则起着桥梁的作用。在以往的教学中,教师习惯于一讲到底,而学生缺乏锻炼的机会,即使有问题可以回答,怕回答不到点子上而被老师否定或冷处理,久而久之会形成自卑的心理。 “自信是成功的第一秘密”。在教学实践中,我巧于创设问题情境,尽量选取一些符合学生身心发展、贴近学生生活的话题,以密切联系学生的经验世界和想象世界,培育他们的自信。我们班有一对孪生兄弟,性格较为内向,课堂上很少主动举手发过言。于是,我平时常主动找机会与他们零距离的接触,进行情感沟通。在教学《学会请教别人》口语交际时,我鼓励双胞胎中的弟弟上台扮演“燕莉莉”,哥哥扮演老师,由燕莉莉向老师请教舅妈送的钢笔上的英文。谁知燕莉莉站在那儿憋得满脸通红,一句话也说不出来,在同学们的哄笑声中,“她”的头低下了。这时我用信任期望的语气给他一个台阶:可能“燕莉莉”同学还没考虑好,老师相信他在第二天的语文课上能让大家身临其境。第二天的语文课上,我再次给了兄弟俩一次机会,这回兄弟俩由于配合比较默契:落落大方,角色到位,越表演越自信。我趁热打铁,对他们的精彩表演及时给予鼓励,让他们找到了小有成功的感觉。 二、创设情境,多点演练仔细翻看苏教版,不难发现,单元练习中的口语交际话题大都与学生的生活息息相关。在平时,我注意精心创设情境,让学生自主表演,让他们自己探究,相互合作,这样一来学生的积极性就会提高,课堂气氛就会变得活跃起来。1、摆擂台,挖潜能好胜是儿童的天性,以演讲对抗的形式来进行口语交际教学,大大激发了学生的兴趣,让他们在热烈、愉快的气氛中进行交流,趣味横生。如在教口语交际“介绍校园”时,首先让学生作好充分的准备,然后以讲台为擂台,上台对学校按区划介绍,谁讲得好,谁是第一关擂主。其余同学可以向擂主挑战,只要你介绍得更精彩,便可以把擂主打下台,产生新擂主……,整个交际课,同学们情绪激昂,异彩纷呈。大家在充分挖掘口语交际潜能的同时,体验到了口语交际的快乐。2、角色换位,师生互动《新的课程标准》指出:口语交际是听说双方的互动过程,只有听者和说者双方不断发出信息,接受信息,才能构成真正意义上的口语交际。人都有一种积极的表现欲望。儿童的这种表现欲望特别强烈,交际课上师生共同表演,更能使同学们迸发交际的灵感,闪出智慧的火花。如进行《秋游水绘园》的口语训练,我刚板书完毕,有的学生就跃跃欲试。他们可能是对水绘园太熟悉了,急于想表达,我先向大家摇了摇手,然后对同学们说:“今天这一节课由你们派人来当导游,让我当游客,相信你们会让我满意的。”听我这么一说,学生们不禁欢呼起来,那场面令人难以言表,连最不爱说话的同学也积极投入其中。这我惊讶不已:似乎每个同学都具有演员的素质,演说家的口才。是表演的魅力把学生引进了口语交际的乐园。三、鼓励求同存异,多点个性口语交际课上,教师要始终把学生放在主体地位,给学生选择学习内容、学习方式、学习伙伴的权利。语言表达不能只限于求同,求同则易人云亦云,缺乏创新。唯有各抒己见,实现个性差异互补,才能在合作中竞争,在交流中发展。在教学过程中不应忙于“灌”,而是让学生先去预习,在预习的过程中发表个人见解。学生可以撇开教材的观点、教师的观点提出自己的看法,甚至可以提出相反的意见。这样,学生的个性得到充分的尊重,探究的欲望得以张扬,思维变得开阔、多元化。口语交际训练话题的确为学生提供了一个自我展示的平台。如在教学第九册第二单元的“谈成语”这一话题时,大家争相举手,个个想把自己知道的告诉老师,因为暑假中大家阅读了大量的课外书籍,有的专门看的是《成语故事精选》,能脱口而出,一口气可以倒出几十个。说归说,不能杂乱无章,我来个急转弯:要他们分组按标准归类讨论,(有的搞成语接龙;有的找属于寓言故事的;有的找属于历史典故的,有的围绕数字的)然后汇总。关键之处,为了各自的观念辩论起来了。真是仁者见仁、智者见智,大家的个性化的思维火花四处碰撞,形成了动人心弦的课堂交流。他们在交流中,围绕各自的话题,一下子就能用十几个甚至更多的成语,同学们的脑袋瓜几乎成了“成语仓库”了。彼此之间领略口语交际的精彩与美妙。只有让学生充分张扬个性,亮出自我,才能最大可能地实现口语交际的自身价值。四、课外拓展,多点空间《课程标准》指出:教师要鼓励学生在各科教学活动以及日常生活中锻炼口语交际能力。事实上,口语交际仅靠语文课堂上有限的时间是远远不够的,仅靠教师在课堂上的分析、讲解、引导、示范是难以达到目标的。在学生的学习生活中存在着大量的交际活动,这些都是培养学生口语交际能力的好机会。应拓展口语交际的时空,增强学生在各种场合学习运用的能力。一节课的结束绝不意味着活动的终结,应让学生带着任务回去。如在交流“今天我当家”时,我就鼓励学生去与父母换位,自己拎上菜篮,走上街头,和摊贩砍价较量。方式种种的活动,都能使学生提高语言表达能力,增强应变能力。“一切都是为了孩子们的终生发展奠定基础”。要想让学生的口语交际能力有所提高,上一个新的台阶,我们就必须挖掘身边的素材,多种途径地进行口语交际实践。然而这样的活作业学生乐于做。不懈的努力下去,新的课程改革也就自然而然的落实到了实处,形成“双赢”的格局何乐而不为?让灵动课堂的教育教学成为口语交际的桥梁应当是我们不懈的理想追求。(发表于2008年第五期的《教学交流》本文发表于2008年第4期的《教学交流》杂志(引自:)欲知更多有关“口语交际”的论文,请点击:

1.语言与非言语交际的关系:非言语交际在交际中的作用是不可忽视的,Samova认为:“在面对面的交际中,信息的社交内容只有35%左右是语言行为,其它都是通过非言语行为传递的.”(Sova et al .).美国在这方面的研究还表明,在表达感情和态度时,语言只占交际行为的7%,而声调和面部表情所传递的信息却多达93%,对于西方学者所作的这些调查和统计数字,我们的信任程度有多大并不重要,但有一点是确信无疑:“人类交际是语言交际和非言语交际的结合,或者说,非语言交际是整个交际中不可缺少的组成部分,人们常说的‘仪态、举止、谈吐’中前两项都属于非语言范畴”.(毕继万.9)其实,人们交际时很大程度上都借助于非言语行为.近年来,国外对非言语行为的研究已发展到一个新的阶段,出现了副语言学(Daralingulstics)、身势学(Kinesics)、近体学(Proxcmics)等新兴学科.所谓非言语行为交际,就是通过使用不属于言语范畴的方法来传递信息、表达思想的过程.非言语行为作为信息、情感的载体,具有双重性,一方面,其具有稳定性,是一种精密代码(an elaborate and secret code);另一方面,又具有可变性,因为文字随文化背景不同而各异.研究结果表明,在实际交际过程中,文化背景制约着非言语行为的内涵.在交际中,一个人的仪态和举止所提供的信息量往往大大超过其谈吐所提供的信息量.而且,在谈吐中也还含有大量的属于非言语行为的副语言,如:非语义声音、停顿、笑声和交谈中的话语转接等.然而,对非言语交际行为在交际中的作用及其与语言行为之间的关系应该有一个全面、正确的认识.一方面要看到,在交际中,脱离非语言的配合的单一的语言行为往往难以有效达到交际目的;另一方面也要认识到,非言语行为只能在一定的语境中才能表达明确的含义,而且一种非言语行为只有与语言行为和其他非语言行为配合,才能提供明确的信息.因此,脱离语言行为或其他的非言语行为孤立地理解或应用某一非语言行为的做法往往难以奏效.如果进一步将交际分成书面、口头和非言语部分,我们不难发现,书面语最有时间润色,因而可信度也就低.所以,书面语是最容易控制和掩饰真情的一种方式;口语斟酌和修改的时间较少,自觉控制机会也相对少一些,因而可信度也就高一点,但仍有时间自我掩饰和控制;非言语行为除经过训练的人以外,一般不容易有意识控制,有时甚至完全处于无意识之中,如害羞时满脸通红,害怕时脸色苍白,手脚发抖,心跳加速.呼吸急促等都比其他动作更难控制.所以,非言语行为相对来说最为真实.2.非言语在交际中的作用:了解了语言与非言语交际之间的关系就不难理解非言语交际在跨文化交际中的作用.然而,值得注意的是,许多人认为,在跨文化交际中,要掌握的交际工具只是外语,他们比较注意语言交际的正确性、合理性和可接受性,却容易忽略非言语行为的文化差异及其影响,结果在跨文化交际中文化误解和文化冲突频频发生.其实,在跨文化交际中,非言语交际行为和手段比语言交际行为所起的交际作用则更不可低估.霍尔非常注意非言语交际的隐蔽性(invisible aspect),他用“无声的”(silent)来描述这一特征.霍尔认为“非言语交际与文化一样,常常捉摸不定,难以观察”.目前,在行为学上存在两个学派,一个是心理学派,主张非言语行为体现一定的感彩;另一个是交际学派,坚持非言语行为制约人际交往.交际行为既有表现性又有社会性(Scheflen and Schrflen.),而且都与文化相关联.这是因为非言语交际行为是一定社会文化产物.但是,我们也必须注意到,非言语交际贯穿于整个交际过程之中,非语言交际最能反映一个人的真实面貌.非语言交际礼俗的文化差异交际行为由语言行为和非言语行为两部分组成,交际礼俗包括这两种行为的交际规范.文化不同,交际行为互有差异,商务交往也各有不同的交际规范.举手投足之间往往就反映出不同的文化特征,这种特性的差异还常常引起文化误解和交际障碍.在不同的文化中,非言语所表示的含义不一样,因此,要用外语进行有效的交际,在听别人说某种语言的同时还得了解说话人的手势、动作等所表示的意义,这就是说既要“听其言而知其行”,又要“观其行而知其言”.1.身体的接触(Touching behavior):在商务交际中,人们应当注意体触的方式以及体触行为与人际关系的文化差异.例如,在社交场合,文化不同,体触行为就有许多区别.在英语国家,一般朋友和熟人之间交谈时,要避免身体的任何部位与对方接触,即使是仅仅触摸一下也可能引起不良的反应.中国人的特点是体触频繁,而英语国家的人体触却较为少见.如果一方无意接触到对方一下,他(她)一般也会说“sorry”或“oh, I’m sorry”之类的道歉话.因此,讲话的人一般不喜欢别人说话时靠的太近,除非对方显露出喜爱的表示,要求靠近一点.除了轻轻触摸外,再就是当众拥抱的问题.在许多国家,两个妇女见面时拥抱亲热是很普遍的现象,夫妻之间或久别重逢的亲朋好友也常常互相拥抱.两个男人是否相互拥抱,各个国家的习俗不同.伯、、法国以及东欧和地中海沿岸的一些国家里,两个男人见面后采用热烈拥抱,亲吻双颊来表示欢迎.但在东亚和一些说英语的国家,男人见面一般只是握握手,握手(shaking hands)这一身势语在全世界许多国家都表示同一个意思,即友好(friendly).作为见面和告辞时“握手”已被大多数国家接受.但握手并不是一种全球性的礼节,在有些国家,握手仅限于特殊的场合,如在美国只有被第三者介绍后,被介绍双方才可握手;在日本,见面一般礼节是相互鞠躬致意;在东欧一些国家则是相互拥抱、贴面,而不是握手.在交际中,最常见的体触行为当然是握手、拥抱和亲吻.除此而外还有其它许多体触行为.而作为交际者应谨慎对待,认真了解每一体触行为的含义及其文化差异.2.目光接触(Touching eyes):“眼睛是心灵的窗户”,眼神的千变万化,表达着人们丰富多彩的内心世界.目光接触是非言语交际的一个重要方面.英语国家的人比中国人目光交流的时间长而且更为频繁.他们认为缺乏目光交流就是缺乏诚意.中国人却为了表示礼貌、尊敬或服从而避免一直直视对方.在交往中,英语国家的人会为中国人回看时间过短而反感,认为他们看不起自己,或者认为中国人表情羞羞答答,目光躲躲闪闪;中国人却感到英语国家的人在交流过程中总爱死盯着人,特别是年青女子对于英语国家的男子这种相视有时就极为反感.所以,在这方面有许多约定俗成的规范:看不看对方、什么时候看、看多久等等.因此,商务人员在商务交往中应充分利用这种非言语,并要注意正确使用礼节.3.手势表达(Hand gesture):手势也是常用的非言语表达方式.打手势的动作稍有不同就可能会与原来的意图不同.对某种手势理解错了,也会引起意外的反应,甚至是意想不到的结果.在日常交往中,人们也有两种基本手势,手掌心朝上,表示真诚或顺从;手掌心向下,表示压制.在日常交际中手势表达可谓繁复,商务人员应细心观察、多多领会.英美人习惯伸出食指并用食指弯曲这一手势表示“请过来(Please come over)”,但在日本等一些亚洲国家这个手势万万使不得,因为他们常以此来召唤一条狗或别的动物,而在大部分中东和远东国家,用一个手指召唤人是对人的极大侮辱.

人们的日常交际分为言语交际和非言语交际,一直以来人们往往重视言语交际而忽略非言语交际。直到20世纪50年代,才有一些学者对非语言交际进行了一些系统的研究。时至今日,非语言交际以取得了一些成果并以发展成为了一门边缘性学科。体态语是非语言交际的一个重要组成部分。Birdwhistell对同一文化的人在对话中语言行为和非语言行为做了一个量的估计,认为语言交际最多只占整个交际行为中的30%左右而非语言行为(主要是身势语)所传达的信息高达65%。80年代以来 ,国内相继开展了对体态语的研究 ,出版了一些体态语研究方面的著作。国内最早以专著形式出版的非语言交际的研究成果是耿二岭的《体态语概说》差不多就设这样吧,我当年写的也是这个题目,我记得我写的大概就是这些~~~你再找点别的什么,加点东西~~

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