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proposal论文模板

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proposal论文模板

1、Title选题建议大家认真研读过往文献后再确定题目,Proposal题目尽量和最终毕业论文题目一样,因为有的学校修改题目会很麻烦。2、Research background & problem definition研究背景&定义问题确定你的研究背景,general➡specific,从这个大背景中找到论文研究的问题方向 3、Research questions研究问题从problem提取明确的RQ,可以分为若干个sub-questions4、 Aims & objective研究目的基于上面设计的研究问题阐述你想达到的研究目的5、 Literature review文献综述这里的LR指的是mini review,挑出几篇对你的论文研究最重要的文献进行critical review,可以和研究重要性相关联6、 Research methodology研究方法在这个部分你需要确定是定性还是定量?定性分析的方法用questionnaire or semi-structured interview?Tips:如果选择primary data,有的学校会要求在这部分中特殊列出小标题sources and availability of primary data and evidence7、References以上内容中所有引用到的文献无论是proposal还是其他学术论文都要有in-text和references,标明出处8、 Timeframe时间进度比如x月x日-x月x日完成LR部分,x月x日-x月x日在case firm进行interview并分析,都要准确体现在timeframe有的导师会特殊要求potential outcomes部分,同学们可以在proposal加上。

Proposal写好了,等于整个research就成功了一半。Proposal Title(研究标题):在这里把即将进行的研究及时书面报告的完整标题呈现,表明研究的主题和内容。Abstract(摘要):万字左右的论文,200词左右的摘要差不多了,简要介绍研究的目的,主题,方法,可能的研究发现等Introduction(引言):和abstract有点类似,不过这部分通常交代一下研究topic的背景和本proposal的主要内容和目的。Research Significance(研究意义):这部分主要是表明即将开展的研究是有意义的,或是弥补了前人尚未研究完善或未研究彻底的课题,或是出现了新的问题需要本研究来解决等,总之不管在理论还是实践上都必须有价值,否则研究毫无意义。Research Background(研究背景):这里可以交代一下这个研究问题、目前学术界的研究进展,研究条件等。Research Objectives and Research Question(研究目标和研究问题):这部分尤为关键,是整个研究的核心,没有研究目标和亟待回答的研究问题,研究就会没了方向,好比一艘船没了掌舵的,这样的研究是难以进行的。Literature Review(文献综述): 这个部分的作用是对所研究领域或专业的课题,问题或研究专题大量相关资料;通过分析,阅读,整理,提炼当前课题,问题或研究专题的最新进展,学术见解或建议,做出综合性介绍和阐述。自己的研究需要相对于前人的研究有所补充或发展。Methodology(方法论):这部分包括研究设计(research design),具体研究方法(research methods),数据收集(data collection),抽样(sampling)和数据分析(data analysis)。methodology简单规划了研究是以何种方式进行的。Timescale(时间规划):这部分相当于是对研究的每个部分所花时间,每个时间段做什么,整体进度,整体截止日期等的一个计划。Budget(预算):一些研究步骤是需要花费一定金钱才能完成的,预算一般包含personnel services,travel expenses,technology cost等。另外,有些研究还需要做访谈,问卷调查等来获取数据,这个时候,proposal里面还需要以appendix(附录)形式附上访谈的问题或者问卷的items,加上这些,才能算是一份完整的研究计划。

简单来说,proposal就是论文写作的预演,具体包含以下部分:● Introduction(简介)● Problem Statement(问题陈述)● Objective(目的)● Literature Review(文献综述)● Methodology(研究方法)● References(参考文献)

论文proposal范文

英语专业毕业论文范文(1) english paper A Brief Analysis of english teaching in senior high school Abstract: Classroom teaching is the main way for students to learn English. But in senior high school, a lots of probelms still exsit in the English teaching especially in the teaching of reading and writing. In this paper, the importance and methods of reading and writing will be further discussed. Key words: reading writing techniques Introduction: Classes should be learner-centered, with meaningful, functional activities, often, classes begin by finding out what the students don’t know. These classes operate on the assumption that there is a great deal of information that students lack and that the teacher and textbooks will impact that information to the students. Teachers who hold this assumption view students as plants waiting passively to be fed and watered. But I think the students should be regarded as explorers, active learners who bring a great deal to the learning process and at the same time, draw from their environment as they develop new understandings. The basic principle will be used in the teaching of reading and writing. Section One------ How to teach reading I. Why teach reading There are many reasons why getting students to read English texts is an important part of the teacher’s job. In the first place, many of them want to be able to read texts in English either for their careers, for study purposes or simply for pleasure. Anything we can do to make reading easier for them must be a good idea. Reading texts provide good models for English writing, provide opportunities to study language vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and the way to construct sentences, paragraphs and texts. Lastly, good reading texts can introduce interesting topics, stimulate discussion, excite imaginative responses and be the springboard for well-rounded, fascinating lessons.

首先来看一篇好的Proposal需要有哪些内容 :•清楚的定义主题,展示你感兴趣的研究领域和目的;•展示你已经确定并开始对Topic和Aims的研究;•证明你了解研究该如何进行;•流利的英文,清晰的结构和适当的标题,使文章看起来更加专业;•Reference格式必须严格按照学校的要求,并且记录下所有文中用到的引用。Proposal和Dissertation有什么关系?如果你在英国、美国和澳大利亚这些西方教育体系国家留学的话,那么你在大二或毕业论文之前,你就会被要求写Proposal,这可能会用于Dissertation的大纲,甚至有些学校还会将Proposal的成绩记录到毕业论文的总分。这时一篇好的Proposal就非常重要,这直接会影响到您毕业论文的最终成绩。接下来为大家分析为什么需要写完成的质量直接能够证明你对某个领域的深层研究,并有助于导师了解你的兴趣所在.下面这四点是要求写proposal的原因:•提升对一个调查的设计和思考的能力•了解如何对文献综述进行全面的审查,以确保要研究的问题没有明确的答案(因为有明确答案的研究问题,就没有进行研究的必要了)•提高研究和写作能力•训练逻辑能力,在一个复杂的调查项目中,达到最后的目标不是件容易的事情最后再给大家说说Proposal写作的大纲.一般情况下,大学要求Proposal的字数在2000-3000字之间,包含总共7个部分:1、Title (Proposal标题)标题需要简明, 准确的解释你提出的研究重点.2、Introduction (介绍部分)开头部分需要包括对文章大体的介绍,研究的方向,目标等来吸引导师的兴趣。3、Justification/Rationale (研究理由)•对以前该方面研究的概述•这个研究是否值得花时间和金钱•研究问题的说明4、Aims (研究目标)•简短的说明你的研究目标•Aims应该是对Topic的缩小,可以集中去实现和管理5、Literature review (文献综述)在这个部分需要展现你对Topic和相关话题的熟悉,从而来说服导师,建议:•不要选择已经研究过的Topic, 确保研究的话题是未知的,有研究意义的•与现存在的知识保持一致的立场6、Methodology (方法论)此章节需详细介绍你打算如何展开研究•你将在这篇文章中使用什么技术或方法,为什么使用它?为什么不是别的方法?•对研究和分析方法的讨论7、References (引用)所有正文里引用的资料的列表,同学们需要注意References格式的正确,这点已经不用多做强调,任何形式的论文都是如此。

很多同学都面临着要写一份 Proposal 那应该怎么去写一份 优秀漂亮的Proposal , 依旧是很多同学的难题~但好在 无论是 学术论文还是Proposal 都可以说的上是 某种程度上的“八股” 即 可以按照固定的模式和形式进行写作 也就是“ 套路” 那么就让我将proposal的各个部分来进行详细剖析。 通常提案内容包括: 1.标题(Title) 2.介绍 (Introduction) 3.研究,目的和目标 (Aims & Objectives) 4.研究方法 (Methodology) 5.文献回顾 (Literature review) 6.研究范围和限制条件 (Scope & Constraints) 7.章节大纲 (Outline of sections/chapters) 8.时间安排 (Timetable) 9.文献 (References) 01 标 题 标题的选取最有技巧性,可能会make或者break整个论文。尤其是对自己未来的第一份工作比较有想法的同学,可能会考虑自己的毕业论文和相关领域或者话题挂钩,这样能够增加面试通过概率。 提案阶段的标题不一定完美,因为这只是个初步想法,之后可能会对语言有进一步措辞,但切记标题的中心要进口文章内容,确保文章和题目相互呼应,否则牛头不对马嘴了。 建议: 选择你喜欢的领域和切入点,有助于帮助你focus整篇文章的写作。 有时间和条件的同学可以看看往届毕业生的论文,或许会获得一些灵感,而且还能避免和往届作品题目冲撞。 仔细消化导师的反馈意见,大部分导师都会告诉你,你的想法是否有可研究性,或者是否被往届学生所研究过。 一旦选好题目,就要一头扎进去,不要朝三暮四总是想换题目。 02 介 绍 论文的介绍应该给读者/导师一个清晰的概念,作者的研究方向以及预计研究成果。内容方面可以包括: 概述: 概述研究的对象/理论有哪些问题事件 解释: 解释为什么你觉得这些问题值得探讨研究 描述: 描述你想如何做调查研究,并且你所期待的结果 总结: 总结这篇论文最终会获得哪些成果 建议: 这是一个很好的摆事实挑问题的好机会,尽可能地想一想研究过程中可能会发生的问题,并和导师讨论如何提前解决。 想得高分的同学们可以适当地发挥延伸,尽可能超越自己学科知识的等级,讨论对当前理论、科研或者社会方面的影响。如此一来,一不小心就可以得distinction啦。 如果同学们卡在介绍这一环节,想不出可以写的东西,那一定要和导师沟通,或许需要换一个话题。 03 研究目的和目标 目的(Aims)其实就是大目标,宽泛的指出大方向,研究此论文的目的。 目标(Objectives)更加具体,细分出想要达到大目的所经过的一步步小目标,以及如何实现这些目标。 建立目标的时候,小OE推荐大家使用SMART分析法: Specific具体-你的目标细化到一步步都可以较容易的实现么? Measurable可衡量-你所设置的目标可以用什么方法进行检测是否达到标准么? Achievable可实现-你的目标切实可行么? Realistic现实的-你手中有资源确实可以支撑做整个的调查研究么? Time-constrained时间强制性-你确定有足够的时间使你达到目标么? 建议: 设立目的或者目标没有数字的限制,只要你可以把大目的和小目标解释清楚,使之环环相扣,就ok啦。 尽量使用肯定、强劲有力的描述词语,避免模糊不清的比如perhaps,consider,possibly。动词上的使用可以选择develop,construct,measure等等。 04 研究方法 研究方法可是提案里的重中之重,内容包括: 项目研究的方法 理论框架 资料源和信息源 获取数据的方法 分析数据的方法 建议: 有时候资料和信息源可能就是简单的图书馆,但是也要系统的、有顺序的列举出你所要找的资料,给读者足够的信心认为你认真对待而不是随便的找寻资料。这也增加了资料的可信度。 有时候解释研究方法可能和向小朋友解释步骤一样,简单直接,自己都觉得可笑,但其实这很正常。 不要在这里放调查问卷或者采访稿子,这些应该都放在附录中。 时刻询问导师意见,尤其如果你选用最原始的调查方法,导师可能会给一些更有效的建议。 05 文献回顾 文献回顾也称之为Literature Survey,主要考察学生在写作时的阅读量以及涉猎范围广度。 浏览以往的文献,可以了解这一领域先前所做过的研究,也可以找到领域的科研带头方向和人物,有了方向标,自己的论文自然不会太过拼凑。 建议: 写文献回顾的目的是挖掘没有被人发现或研究的gap,这样能够体现你自己的研究成果,以及在此领域所做的贡献。 写文献回顾的时候可能会涉及很多的paraphrase,记得做文献标注哦。 06 研究范围和限制条件 研究范围的设定要适量把握,适当宽泛但确保目标不是过大,可以实现;适当狭窄但也要给出充足时间,保证完成研究。最重要的还是研究范围要和论文中心思想以及你所设定的目标挂钩。 在研究过程会有许多限制因素,最普遍的是时间限制,因为没有足够的时间,所以研究的范围和深度广度都会受到影响。其他的限制因素包括没有足够的数据、没有充足的过往文献、项目资金匮乏等等。

Procedure The procedure or the methodology is the heart of the proposal because it must tell the reader how you propose to carry out your project. It must convince your advisor (or in industry your manager or potential client) that you clearly understand your task, have a logical time plan for solving your problems, and have identified all the resources you need. If your proposal is for an IQP, you must take special care to explain HOW you plan to relate some aspect of science or technology to society. Note that "technology" need not be defined narrowly here: "technology" can mean the techniques used to manage or evaluate any resource efficiently, not just "nuts and bolts" hardware. But you must explain clearly how your procedure insures that the WPI IQP degree requirement will be satisfied by completing a project which defines, investigates, and reports on a topic relating science or technology to a social need or issue. In short, why is your topic an IQP? Some of the other questions the reader will expect you to answer in this section are: 1. What are the tasks and sub-tasks identified to achieve your objectives? 2. What materials will you need to carry out your project: equipment? computer support? typing? graphics? others? 3. What data are needed for the project and how will they be collected? If the project requires a survey or interviews, the design of this instrument (especially the selection of participants) must be explained and justified. 4. What method or process will be used to analyze this data and where else (if anywhere) has this method or process been used? 5. What time frame do you think you will need to accomplish identified tasks or subtasks? Should schedules be presented in standard forms like PERT or Task Charts? (see Figures 1 and 2.) 6。 If you are working on a team, which teammates will accomplish which sections? 7. What costs do you anticipate the project will incur -- in other words, your budget? (A Budget Summary Request Form must be submitted to the Interdisciplinary Studies Division Office as shown in Appendix 1 for IQP Proposals. A Budget summary for an MQP Proposal should be submitted to the individual department.)

论文proposal怎么写

Project Proposal的写作最好选择自己感兴趣的研究方向,记住,一定要体现出自己的逻辑性,因为这样才能体现出我们的学术研究能力。下面是51due整理的Project Proposal写作要素,大家快来看看吧: 1.背景对于Proposal有意义的要点,如国家职业证书、技能、经验、能力和实习经历等。 2.大纲描述自己明确感兴趣的领域、研究和方向,即我们希望能够通过学习来承接过去的知识并启发未来的职业道路。用3、4句话阐释自己的Project核心,在大纲中我们应回答这些问题:我的Project有什么意义?谁会是它的受众? 3.发展参考特定的领域,重要的想法和先例以支撑和表达我们的Proposal。这个部分需要我们展开来描述自己Project所聚焦的具体领域,特别重要的是我们对于先例的评估使用,以及如何看待自己的Project和它们的联系。 4.研究概述我们想要采用实际、理论和图像研究的逻辑顺序。这个部分要求我们详细计划如何实施自己的Project,并且预想有哪些巨大的困难。 5.评估评估自己目前的作品,我们能得出什么样的结论?我们的作品优势在哪里,有哪些地方需要提高? 6.资料来源记录我们在Proposal中使用的资料来源,包括在职业领域有联系的人,图书馆,博物馆,展览,特别档案,收藏等等。记录任何会支持我们项目的专业领域推荐人,这些可能是上面已列出的人,或者是研究人员,生产商,潜在合作伙伴等等。 7.参考文献给出明确的引用相关文献资料,包括书籍、图片、视频、艺术品、在线资源等。 8.附录(optional)我们可以加入任何与Proposal相关但不是核心的其他材料,这可能是其他项目、笔记本、图纸、公司分析,或额外的研究材料。以上资料由51due整理,希望对您有所帮助。

很多同学都面临着要写一份 Proposal 那应该怎么去写一份 优秀漂亮的Proposal , 依旧是很多同学的难题~但好在 无论是 学术论文还是Proposal 都可以说的上是 某种程度上的“八股” 即 可以按照固定的模式和形式进行写作 也就是“ 套路” 那么就让我将proposal的各个部分来进行详细剖析。 通常提案内容包括: 1.标题(Title) 2.介绍 (Introduction) 3.研究,目的和目标 (Aims & Objectives) 4.研究方法 (Methodology) 5.文献回顾 (Literature review) 6.研究范围和限制条件 (Scope & Constraints) 7.章节大纲 (Outline of sections/chapters) 8.时间安排 (Timetable) 9.文献 (References) 01 标 题 标题的选取最有技巧性,可能会make或者break整个论文。尤其是对自己未来的第一份工作比较有想法的同学,可能会考虑自己的毕业论文和相关领域或者话题挂钩,这样能够增加面试通过概率。 提案阶段的标题不一定完美,因为这只是个初步想法,之后可能会对语言有进一步措辞,但切记标题的中心要进口文章内容,确保文章和题目相互呼应,否则牛头不对马嘴了。 建议: 选择你喜欢的领域和切入点,有助于帮助你focus整篇文章的写作。 有时间和条件的同学可以看看往届毕业生的论文,或许会获得一些灵感,而且还能避免和往届作品题目冲撞。 仔细消化导师的反馈意见,大部分导师都会告诉你,你的想法是否有可研究性,或者是否被往届学生所研究过。 一旦选好题目,就要一头扎进去,不要朝三暮四总是想换题目。 02 介 绍 论文的介绍应该给读者/导师一个清晰的概念,作者的研究方向以及预计研究成果。内容方面可以包括: 概述: 概述研究的对象/理论有哪些问题事件 解释: 解释为什么你觉得这些问题值得探讨研究 描述: 描述你想如何做调查研究,并且你所期待的结果 总结: 总结这篇论文最终会获得哪些成果 建议: 这是一个很好的摆事实挑问题的好机会,尽可能地想一想研究过程中可能会发生的问题,并和导师讨论如何提前解决。 想得高分的同学们可以适当地发挥延伸,尽可能超越自己学科知识的等级,讨论对当前理论、科研或者社会方面的影响。如此一来,一不小心就可以得distinction啦。 如果同学们卡在介绍这一环节,想不出可以写的东西,那一定要和导师沟通,或许需要换一个话题。 03 研究目的和目标 目的(Aims)其实就是大目标,宽泛的指出大方向,研究此论文的目的。 目标(Objectives)更加具体,细分出想要达到大目的所经过的一步步小目标,以及如何实现这些目标。 建立目标的时候,小OE推荐大家使用SMART分析法: Specific具体-你的目标细化到一步步都可以较容易的实现么? Measurable可衡量-你所设置的目标可以用什么方法进行检测是否达到标准么? Achievable可实现-你的目标切实可行么? Realistic现实的-你手中有资源确实可以支撑做整个的调查研究么? Time-constrained时间强制性-你确定有足够的时间使你达到目标么? 建议: 设立目的或者目标没有数字的限制,只要你可以把大目的和小目标解释清楚,使之环环相扣,就ok啦。 尽量使用肯定、强劲有力的描述词语,避免模糊不清的比如perhaps,consider,possibly。动词上的使用可以选择develop,construct,measure等等。 04 研究方法 研究方法可是提案里的重中之重,内容包括: 项目研究的方法 理论框架 资料源和信息源 获取数据的方法 分析数据的方法 建议: 有时候资料和信息源可能就是简单的图书馆,但是也要系统的、有顺序的列举出你所要找的资料,给读者足够的信心认为你认真对待而不是随便的找寻资料。这也增加了资料的可信度。 有时候解释研究方法可能和向小朋友解释步骤一样,简单直接,自己都觉得可笑,但其实这很正常。 不要在这里放调查问卷或者采访稿子,这些应该都放在附录中。 时刻询问导师意见,尤其如果你选用最原始的调查方法,导师可能会给一些更有效的建议。 05 文献回顾 文献回顾也称之为Literature Survey,主要考察学生在写作时的阅读量以及涉猎范围广度。 浏览以往的文献,可以了解这一领域先前所做过的研究,也可以找到领域的科研带头方向和人物,有了方向标,自己的论文自然不会太过拼凑。 建议: 写文献回顾的目的是挖掘没有被人发现或研究的gap,这样能够体现你自己的研究成果,以及在此领域所做的贡献。 写文献回顾的时候可能会涉及很多的paraphrase,记得做文献标注哦。 06 研究范围和限制条件 研究范围的设定要适量把握,适当宽泛但确保目标不是过大,可以实现;适当狭窄但也要给出充足时间,保证完成研究。最重要的还是研究范围要和论文中心思想以及你所设定的目标挂钩。 在研究过程会有许多限制因素,最普遍的是时间限制,因为没有足够的时间,所以研究的范围和深度广度都会受到影响。其他的限制因素包括没有足够的数据、没有充足的过往文献、项目资金匮乏等等。

首先来看一篇好的Proposal需要有哪些内容 :•清楚的定义主题,展示你感兴趣的研究领域和目的;•展示你已经确定并开始对Topic和Aims的研究;•证明你了解研究该如何进行;•流利的英文,清晰的结构和适当的标题,使文章看起来更加专业;•Reference格式必须严格按照学校的要求,并且记录下所有文中用到的引用。Proposal和Dissertation有什么关系?如果你在英国、美国和澳大利亚这些西方教育体系国家留学的话,那么你在大二或毕业论文之前,你就会被要求写Proposal,这可能会用于Dissertation的大纲,甚至有些学校还会将Proposal的成绩记录到毕业论文的总分。这时一篇好的Proposal就非常重要,这直接会影响到您毕业论文的最终成绩。接下来为大家分析为什么需要写完成的质量直接能够证明你对某个领域的深层研究,并有助于导师了解你的兴趣所在.下面这四点是要求写proposal的原因:•提升对一个调查的设计和思考的能力•了解如何对文献综述进行全面的审查,以确保要研究的问题没有明确的答案(因为有明确答案的研究问题,就没有进行研究的必要了)•提高研究和写作能力•训练逻辑能力,在一个复杂的调查项目中,达到最后的目标不是件容易的事情最后再给大家说说Proposal写作的大纲.一般情况下,大学要求Proposal的字数在2000-3000字之间,包含总共7个部分:1、Title (Proposal标题)标题需要简明, 准确的解释你提出的研究重点.2、Introduction (介绍部分)开头部分需要包括对文章大体的介绍,研究的方向,目标等来吸引导师的兴趣。3、Justification/Rationale (研究理由)•对以前该方面研究的概述•这个研究是否值得花时间和金钱•研究问题的说明4、Aims (研究目标)•简短的说明你的研究目标•Aims应该是对Topic的缩小,可以集中去实现和管理5、Literature review (文献综述)在这个部分需要展现你对Topic和相关话题的熟悉,从而来说服导师,建议:•不要选择已经研究过的Topic, 确保研究的话题是未知的,有研究意义的•与现存在的知识保持一致的立场6、Methodology (方法论)此章节需详细介绍你打算如何展开研究•你将在这篇文章中使用什么技术或方法,为什么使用它?为什么不是别的方法?•对研究和分析方法的讨论7、References (引用)所有正文里引用的资料的列表,同学们需要注意References格式的正确,这点已经不用多做强调,任何形式的论文都是如此。

英国留学的学习不再仅仅是基础知识的积累了,开始偏重于理论和方法的研究,对于数据和证据的收集与分析,来证明自己的观点,最后得出结论。不仅是对学生基础的考查,更是有助于培养独立思考的能力与习惯,由此看来,进步的第一步是要找到一个好的Proposal,也就是好的论文选题。即遵守可行性原则、科学性原则、创新性原则、弹性原则,方法有了,并不代表可以做好一篇论文,这也需要大学期间不断地学习、积累、提高。留学生们可以从以下几点好好准备自己的研究小项目:好好学习自己的专业课程,上课认真听讲,灵活做笔记,包括展示的重点以及老师提出的一些观点。课下找一下导师提出的参考书目,对比几种观点,试着探讨其中的论证方法;充分利用学校的图书馆资源,要有大量的阅读积累,这样导师在谈论起各位名家的观点的时候心里可以将自己的想法与导师的观点作比较。积累包括书籍和电子期刊文献等多方面资源;多与自己的导师沟通交流,对于导师所讲述的内容有不理解的或是不赞同的,可以先独立思考,自己试着解决疑问,有不懂的要及时并较多地与导师沟通;多听几场质量很高的讲座,尤其是有关学术论文或者Proposal的;可以向高年级的留学生请教准备研究项目和写论文的经验,甚至可以拜读他们的优秀论文,这样不仅能够使自己学术方面取得进步,也可以加深祖国同胞之间的感情;自己试着记下自己的Proposal灵感。当积累到一定的程度,听到一些观点的时候,头脑中会闪现很多巨著当中的权威言论,要及时用笔记下来,自己可以先搜集证据,用一些科学论证方法来得出求证。

proposal是什么文章

留学论文的proposal我熟悉欸,就单讲一部分——问题陈述的内容吧,放心我也是从小白开始的,也不用担心我水准啦,毕竟我报了留学论文的辅导机构,英国翰思教育的老师里,我特地选了牛剑大拿(问就是勇气hhhh)。然后我这个问题陈述这块学的还行: 记住啊,proposal包括差不多6部分——Introduction(简介) Problem Statement(问题陈述)Objective(目的)Literature Review(文献综述)Methodology(研究方法)References(参考文献) 我就说问题陈述,这个就说需要描述在研究领域中你要解决的具体问题,不过你不能上来就说问题是什么。 我的内容来举例:The importance of developing a constraint-free and reliable workplan has long been recognized by the industry.(业界早已认识到制定无限制且可靠的工作计划的重要性。) 在这个问题陈述中,我并没有上来先说明问题,而是先肯定了某个对象在研究领域内的重要性: However, numerous construction projects are still plagued by delays and cost overruns, which can frequently be traced to ineffective identification and treatment ofconstraints.(但是,许多建设项目仍然受到延误和成本超支的困扰,这经常可以追溯到对约束的无效识别和处理) 然后话头一转,说明问题仍旧没有得到解决: In summary, thereis a need for a better understanding of constraints in construction and astructured approach in identifying and modeling constraints to ensure aconstraint-free work plan.(总而言之,有必要更好地理解施工中的限制因素并确定和建模约束的结构化方法,以确保无约束的工作计划。) 紧接着从两方面叙述了问题存在的原因,再叙述学术界长久以来对这个问题的观点,从而自然而然的引出待解决的问题。 有时候,我们也可以适当的把问题具体化,把问题分成几条,更清晰。差不多这样,希望帮到你。

项目说明(也称为叙事或研究计划)§ 介绍--介绍申请人;建立可信度,特别是在寻求资金的领域里。特别是在寻求资助的领域建立信誉。§ 重要性(也叫问题陈述)--讨论申请人希望改变的状况;提供问题的证据,解释为什么解决该问题对申请资助的领域很重要。讨论申请人希望改变的状况;提供问题的证据,解释为什么解决这个问题对资助者、申请人和其他人来说是重要的。解释为什么解决这个问题对资助者、申请人和其他人都很重要。§ 目标(也叫具体目标)--以可衡量的术语说明项目的具体预期结果,并将目标直接与资助者、申请人和其他人联系起来。目标(也称为具体目标)--以可衡量的术语说明项目的具体预期结果,将目标与所述问题直接联系起来。§ 方法(也称为程序、工作计划或实验设计)--描述为满足所述问题而进行的活动。描述为实现所述目标而要进行的活动;为你选择的活动辩护;讨论谁来执行这些活动;包括时间表。讨论谁将执行这些活动;包括一个时间表。§ 人员和设施(也称为申请人组织的资格)--详细描述关键项目人员和设施的资格。详细描述关键项目人员的资格,并描述已经提供或承诺提供的用于执行项目的设施。承诺用于执行项目的设施。§ 评估--说明评估项目的计划;指出谁将进行评估,以及将如何处理评估结果。说明谁将进行评估,以及如何处理评估结果。§ 长期项目计划--说明项目在申请的资助期结束后的计划;如果它将继续,已经做了什么或将做什么?如果它将继续,已经或将要做什么来确保支持。

对于dissertation写作来说,research proposal是至关重要的,所以今天小编要讲解的就是如何写好research proposal。

首先我们来了解一下什么是research proposal?

Research Proposal就是研究计划,同学们在开始dissertation时,会需要先完成一篇research proposal,其写作目的在于告诉你的读者,在本文中你将会完成怎么样的研究?你的研究动机是什么?课题价值体现在哪?该研究会取得怎样的成果?所以,同学们即可以把research proposal当做是对读者的一种陈述,也可以当做是对自己dissertation写作的一种规划。那么要如何写好research proposal呢?

俗话说得好,磨刀不误砍柴工。在开始写作之前,同学们应该花费一定的时间去对你将要完成的research proposal进行相关资料的研读,其中相关资料应该包含有研究背景、计划以及研究的领域等相关内容。虽说这都是一些基础的东西,但是却对大家的RP写作很有帮助。

除此之外,小编还建议同学们可以设定一个时间计划表,说明在哪个时间段去完成哪一部分的内容,这样更加有利于同学们督促自己的写作进度。

Research Proposal写作注意事项:

无论是dissertation还是proposal,清晰易懂的逻辑结构才是最重要的。关于Research Proposal写作结构小编之前也有介绍过,所以在此就不再多说了,不清楚的同学们可以参考阅读:Research Proposal写作方法(附Proposal代写范文)

其中值得注意的是,部分同学可能对于Methodology的写作不是很清楚,因此就采用了refer to existing literature的方式来进行分析,虽然说refer to existing literature也的确算是一种研究方法,但是它极其容易被同学们错用称references来进行归纳总结,所以这种方法是不可取的。

除此之外,Research Proposal(研究计划)在写作时会需要同学们利用现有资源对你将要进行的研究进行一个计划和设计,该研究方案会涉及到很多细节性的东西,具体到每一步该怎么做,每一个难题该怎样去解决。回答来源于meeloun:原文链接

在英国,无论是写Dissertation,还是申请博士,都会需要先写一篇Research Proposal来告诉你的读者(通常是你的导师),你的研究主题和方向是什么。它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”或“研究报告”,是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述;Research Proposal既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向,也是为了告诉你的读者你的研究动机和课题价值?可能有何成果?你会如何完成这个研究?你会如何规划你的研究时间等等。可以说,好的proposal就等于dissertation成功了一半。

英文论文proposal范文

ProcedureThe procedure or the methodology is the heart of the proposal because it must tell the reader how you propose to carry out your project. It must convince your advisor (or in industry your manager or potential client) that you clearly understand your task, have a logical time plan for solving your problems, and have identified all the resources you your proposal is for an IQP, you must take special care to explain HOW you plan to relate some aspect of science or technology to society. Note that "technology" need not be defined narrowly here: "technology" can mean the techniques used to manage or evaluate any resource efficiently, not just "nuts and bolts" hardware. But you must explain clearly how your procedure insures that the WPI IQP degree requirement will be satisfied by completing a project which defines, investigates, and reports on a topic relating science or technology to a social need or issue. In short, why is your topic an IQP?Some of the other questions the reader will expect you to answer in this section are:1. What are the tasks and sub-tasks identified to achieve your objectives? 2. What materials will you need to carry out your project: equipment? computer support? typing? graphics? others? 3. What data are needed for the project and how will they be collected? If the project requires a survey or interviews, the design of this instrument (especially the selection of participants) must be explained and justified. 4. What method or process will be used to analyze this data and where else (if anywhere) has this method or process been used? 5. What time frame do you think you will need to accomplish identified tasks or subtasks? Should schedules be presented in standard forms like PERT or Task Charts? (see Figures 1 and 2.) 6。 If you are working on a team, which teammates will accomplish which sections? 7. What costs do you anticipate the project will incur -- in other words, your budget? (A Budget Summary Request Form must be submitted to the Interdisciplinary Studies Division Office as shown in Appendix 1 for IQP Proposals. A Budget summary for an MQP Proposal should be submitted to the individual department.)

两篇英文proposal。网址 Proposal to Research the Storage Facilityfor Spent Nuclear Fuel at Yucca MountainRoger BloomOctober 1997Introduction Nuclear power plants produce more than 20 percent of the electricity used in the United States [Murray, 1989]. Unfortunately, nuclear fission, the process used to create this large amount energy, creates significant amounts of high level radioactive waste. More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from . commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. Because of the build-up of this waste, some power plants will be forced to shut down. To avoid losing an important source of energy, a safe and economical place to keep this waste is necessary. This document proposes a literature review of whether Yucca Mountain is a suitable site for a nuclear waste repository. The proposed review will discuss the economical and environmental aspects of a national storage facility. This proposal includes my methods for gathering information, a schedule for completing the review, and my of Problem On January 1, 1998, the Department of Energy (DOE) must accept spent nuclear fuel from commercial plants for permanent storage [Clark, 1997]. However, the DOE is undecided on where to put this high level radioactive waste. Yucca Mountain, located in Nevada, is a proposed site. There are many questions regarding the safety of the Yucca Mountain waste repository. Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory disagree over the long-term safety of the proposed high level nuclear waste site located in Nevada. In 1994, Charles Bowman, a researcher at Los Alamos, developed a theory claiming that years of storing waste in the mountain may actually start a nuclear chain reaction and explode, similar to an atomic bomb [Taubes, 1995]. The stir caused by theory suggests that researchers have not explored all sides of the safety issue concerning potentially hazardous situations at Yucca Mountain. Bowman's theory that Yucca Mountain could explode is based upon the idea that enough waste will eventually disperse through the rock to create a critical mass. A critical mass is an amount of fissile material, such as plutonium, containing enough mass to start a neutron chain reaction [Murray, 1989]. Bowman argues that if this chain reaction were started underground, the rocks in the ground would help keep the system compressed and speed up the chain reaction [Taubes, 1995]. A chain reaction formed underground could then generate huge amounts of energy in a fraction of a second, resulting in a nuclear blast. A nuclear explosion of this magnitude would emit large amounts of radioactivity into the air and ground water. Another safety concern is the possibility of a volcanic eruption in Yucca Mountain. The long-term nuclear waste storage facility needs to remain stable for at least 10,000 years to allow the radioactive isotopes to decay to natural levels [Clark, 1997]. There are at least a dozen young volcanoes within 40 kilometers of the proposed Yucca Mountain waste site [Weiss, 1996]. The proximity of Yucca Mountain to these volcanoes makes it possible to have a volcanic eruption pass through the spent fuel waste repository. Such a volcanic eruption could release damaging amounts of radioactivity to the I propose to review the available literature about using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for spent nuclear fuel. In this review I will achieve the following two goals: (1) explain the criteria for a suitable repository of high-level radioactive waste; and (2) determine whether Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. According to the Department of Energy (DOE), a repository for high-level radioactive waste must meet several criteria including safety, location, and economics [Roush, 1995]. Safety includes not only the effect of the repository on people near the site, but also people along the transportation routes to the site. In my research I will consider both groups of people. As far as location, a waste site cannot be in an area with a large population or near a ground water supply. Also, because one of the most significant factors in determining the life span of a possible repository is how long the waste storage canisters will remain in tact, the waste site must be located in a dry climate to eliminate the moisture that can cause the waste canisters to corrode. The economics involved in selecting a site is another criterion. At present, the Department of Energy (DOE) has spent more than billion dollars on the Yucca Mountain project [Taubes, 1995]. For that reason, much pressure exists to select Yucca Mountain as a repository site; otherwise, this money would have been wasted. Other costs, though, have to be considered. For instance, how economical is it to transport radioactive waste across several states to a single national site? I will try to account for as many of these other costs as possible. After explaining the criteria, I will assess how well Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. In this assessment, I will not assign a numerical score for each criterion. Rather, I will discuss qualitatively how well Yucca Mountain meets each criterion. In some situations, disagreement exists among experts as to how well Yucca Mountain meets a criterion. In such cases, I will present both sides. In this assessment, only Yucca Mountain will be considered as a possible site. Although many sites in the United States could meet the DOE's established criteria, I will consider only Yucca Mountain because the DOE is considering only Yucca Mountain [Taube, 1995].Plan of Action This section presents my plan for obtaining the objectives discussed in the previous section. There has been an increase of interest in the nuclear industry concerning the Yucca Mountain site because of the January 1,1998, deadline for the DOE. Several journal articles and papers discussing the possibility of Yucca Mountain as a spent fuel repository in our near future have surfaced as a consequence of that interest. These articles and books about the dangers of nuclear waste should provide sufficient information for me to complete my review. The following two paragraphs will discuss how I will use these sources in my research. The first goal of my research is to explain the criteria for determining whether a nuclear waste repository is suitable. For example, will the rock structure be able to withstand human invasion in the future [Clark, 1997]? What will happen if the waste containers corrode and do not last as long as predicted? Will the natural setting contain the waste? To achieve this goal, I will rely on "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Standards for Yucca Mountain" [Clark, 1997], the DOE Yucca Mountain home page [1997], and the book Understanding Radioactive Waste [Murray, 1989]. A second goal of my literature review is to evaluate Yucca Mountain meets those criteria. I will base my evaluation on the sources mentioned above as well as specific Environmental Protection Agency standards. I also intend to research the validity of possible environmental disasters, such as the explosion theory. To accomplish this goal, I will rely on the paper presented by Clark [1997], and on the book Blowup at Yucca Mountain [Taubes, 1995]. Because engineering students are the primary audience for my proposed research topic and may not be familiar with the history of nuclear waste, I will provide a background on past methods used for waste storage. People in the nuclear field with some knowledge of the waste problem facing the industry may be a secondary Plan This section presents my schedule, costs, and qualifications for completing the proposed research. This research culminates in a formal report, which will be completed by December 5, 1997. To reach this goal, I will follow the schedule presented in Figure 1. Since I already possess literature on the subject of Yucca Mountain as a nuclear waste site, most of my time will be spent sorting through the literature to find key results, and presenting those results to the audience. Figure 1. Schedule for completion of the literature review. The formal presentation will be on October 27, and the formal report will be completed by December 5. Given that all my sources are available through the University of Wisconsin library system, there is no appreciable cost associated with performing this review, unless one takes into consideration the amount of tuition spent on maintaining the university libraries. The only other minor costs are photocopying articles, creating transparencies for my presentation, printing my report, and binding my report. I estimate these expenses will not exceed $20. I am a senior in the Engineering Physics Department at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, majoring in nuclear engineering and physics. I have taken several classes related to nuclear waste, economics, and environmental studies. I believe that these courses will aid me in preparing the proposed review. For further information about my qualifications, see the attached More than 30,000 metric tons of nuclear waste have arisen from . commercial reactors as well as high level nuclear weapons waste, such as uranium and plutonium [Roush, 1995]. This document has proposed research to evaluate the possibility of using Yucca Mountain as a possible repository for this spent nuclear fuel. The proposed research will achieve the following goals: (1) explain the criteria necessary to make a suitable high level radioactive waste repository, and (2) determine if Yucca Mountain meets these criteria. The research will include a formal presentation on November 11 and a formal report on December Clark, Raymond L., "Background on 40 CFR Part 197 Environmental Radiation Protection Standards for Yucca Mountain," Proceedings of the 1997 Waste Management Conference (Washington, .: . Environmental Protection Agency, 1997). Kerr, R., "New Way to Ask the Experts: Rating Radioactive Waste Risks," Science, , (November1996), pp. 913-914. Murray, Raymond L., Understanding Nuclear Waste (Battelle Press, 1989). Roush, W., "Can Nuclear Waste Keep Yucca Mountain Dry-and Safe?" Science, vol. 270, (December 1995), pp. 1761-1762. Taubes, G., "Blowup at Yucca Mountain," Science, , (June 1995), pp. 1836-1839.

英语专业毕业论文范文(1) english paper A Brief Analysis of english teaching in senior high school Abstract: Classroom teaching is the main way for students to learn English. But in senior high school, a lots of probelms still exsit in the English teaching especially in the teaching of reading and writing. In this paper, the importance and methods of reading and writing will be further discussed. Key words: reading writing techniques Introduction: Classes should be learner-centered, with meaningful, functional activities, often, classes begin by finding out what the students don’t know. These classes operate on the assumption that there is a great deal of information that students lack and that the teacher and textbooks will impact that information to the students. Teachers who hold this assumption view students as plants waiting passively to be fed and watered. But I think the students should be regarded as explorers, active learners who bring a great deal to the learning process and at the same time, draw from their environment as they develop new understandings. The basic principle will be used in the teaching of reading and writing. Section One------ How to teach reading I. Why teach reading There are many reasons why getting students to read English texts is an important part of the teacher’s job. In the first place, many of them want to be able to read texts in English either for their careers, for study purposes or simply for pleasure. Anything we can do to make reading easier for them must be a good idea. Reading texts provide good models for English writing, provide opportunities to study language vocabulary, grammar, punctuation, and the way to construct sentences, paragraphs and texts. Lastly, good reading texts can introduce interesting topics, stimulate discussion, excite imaginative responses and be the springboard for well-rounded, fascinating lessons.

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