苗家婚俗<一> 多数苗族地区婚姻自主程度较高,各地苗族青年都有以择偶为主要目的的传统的自由社交活动形式。湘西叫做“赶边边场”或“会姑娘”,黔东南苗族则称为“游方”,广西融水叫“坐妹”或“走寨”,黔西北称为“踩月亮”,黔中及一些西部苗族称为“跳花”、“跳场”等等。在这类社交活动中,青年男女可以三五成群地或者单独地、公开地或悄悄地对歌和交谈。以对歌的形式谈恋爱是苗族婚俗文化中最具代表性和富于民族色彩的风俗。一些苗族社区还有专供青年们谈恋爱的场所,如黔东南的游方坪、滇东北的姑娘房等。苗族青年择偶不重财产和家境,更看重个人才华和品性。找到合适的恋人后双方即可交换定情物。结婚,一般情况下需征得父母的同意。在大多数苗族地区,青年自主婚姻与父母包办婚姻并存,这两种情况不一定是不可调和的矛盾,只看哪种倾向更重。一般来说,父母和子女都互相尊重和征求意见,强迫成婚的很少。而且社会习俗允许并维护青年人的自由选择。因此更多的情况是自由恋爱后由父母主持婚姻。具体步骤是,青年人谈好了,男方征求父母的意见后请媒人到女方家说亲。正常情况,女方父母不会反对,有时须用鸡卜来决定婚姻是否可行。一经说媒定亲,双方即商谈结婚日期和聘礼。结婚前,男方必须为女孩的舅家送一笔钱或其他财物,称“舅爷钱”。如果父母不同意,青年男女可以私奔,寻求亲属或社会力量的支持,时间长了,父母也就承认既成事实了。当然也有听从父母之命的,也有少数因父母包办酿成感情悲剧的。还有一种形式就是抢婚或类似抢婚的形式。青年男女通过自由恋爱,愿作终身伴侣的,男方在某天夜里,邀约几个朋友或兄弟把女方带到或“抢”到家里来,即成婚姻。三天之后,才请个“全福”的老人带只鸡去给女方父母“报亲”,请他们认可这门婚事。然后双方商定“回门”(回娘家)办婚礼的日期和具体事宜。苗家婚俗<二> 苗族青年结婚的年龄一般在16-20岁之间,也有早婚的现象,大约在十四五岁,早婚夫妻通常要到双方成年方能同居。在婚姻选择上,同宗族(同姓氏)不婚,姑舅表婚优先,不同辈份不相通婚。不同民族甚至苗族不同支系间也基本上不通婚。许多地区苗族有结婚当日夫妻不同房的习俗,新娘与送亲的陪娘及新郎的姐妹共度第一夜。有的地方办婚礼是主要在女方家。黔东南苗族有“不落夫家”(坐家)的习俗,即新娘回门后即长住娘家,仅在逢年过节或农忙时经召唤才回夫家小住,直到怀孕后才长住夫家。坐家时间长达一两年至四五年不等。婚后因感情不合等原因可以离婚。一般地,提出离婚方须向对方赔礼赔钱。寡妇可以改嫁,也有地方有转房习俗,一般是同辈转房,但不带有强制性。苗族均为一夫一妻制家庭。核心家庭和主干家庭为苗族社会主要的家庭结构。女子与男子不管婚前婚后地位比较平等,在家庭事务中妇女有一定的发言权,但总体上还是男权社会。子女的血统从父,世系依父系计算,家庭财产按父系继承。苗族有父子连名制,现以黔东南为典型,其他地区多已不存。苗族有自己民族的姓氏,但是现在大多已通用汉姓。
参考文献一般是写论文中所有参考到的文献。那么,论文参考文献怎么写呢?下面我来教你写论文的参考文献。
论文参考文献标准格式
1.专著:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本(第1版不著录).出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码.
2.期刊:[序号]作者.题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.
3.会议论文集(或汇编):[序号]作者.题名[A].编者.论文集名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码.
4.学位论文:[序号]作者.题名[D].学位授予地址:学位授予单位,年份.
5.专利:[序号]专利申请者.专利题名[P].专利国别(或地区):专利号,出版日期.
6.科技报告:[序号]著者.报告题名[R].编号,出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码.
7.标准:[序号]标准编号,标准名称[S].颁布日期.
8.报纸文章:[序号]作者.题名[N].报纸名,年-月-日(版次).
9.电子文献:[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选).
10.各种未定义类型的文献:[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[Z].出版地:出版者,出版年.
选择参考文献时应该注意的因素
通读备选参考文献并掌握研究范围
在最终确定你需要的参考文献之前,务必摸透每一篇文献的精髓。在信息化尚未如今天这般发达之前,论文作者一般需要亲自前往图书馆翻阅装订厚厚的过刊,并搞到副本之后方能决定最终需要的参考文献,最痛苦的莫过于还得通读全文。
不过,现在在线数据库资源已经非常发达,我们可以通过很多软件或者平台(比如EndNote、RefWorks或者 Mendeley)将可能需要的参考文献直接下载到自己的账户当中即可。
但不幸的是,很多论文所选择的参考文献和作者所讨论的课题相关性不大,有时甚至不存在相关性,这种情况屡见不鲜。有一个早期的调查(Paper Trail Reveals References Go Unread by Citing Authors. DOI: )指出,论文作者真正通读过的参考文献数量只占所有参考文献数量的25%。
这种情况会对读者造成一定的不良影响,比如说,读了你的论文的人会误认为那些与你所讨论研究课题不相关的参考文献有参考价值,因此这些不具备针对性和相关性的参考文献就被引用到了下一篇文章当中。
好好的文献本来与你无冤无仇,不适当的引用的话,你就会成为始作俑者。
使用正确的`引用格式
确保参考文献信息的完整,要包括作者姓名、期刊名以及分页等。与文献的原始发行版本进行比对,以核对信息的准确性。如果数据库中原版信息条目有误且被引用之后,这些错误信息就会像病毒一样扩散。
常见的引文格式有APA、CELL、Chicago、Harvard、MLA、Nature以及Science。下面我们就同一篇文章,列举出这七种引文格式。为了阅读便利,我选了一个较短的文章标题。
论文题目:Graphene as a new sorbent in analytical chemistry
APA格式
Sitko, R., Zawisza, B., & Malicka, E. (2013). Graphene as a new sorbent in analytical chemistry. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 51, 33–43.
CELL格式
Sitko, R., Zawisza, B., and Malicka, E. (2013). Graphene as a new sorbent in analytical chemistry. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry 51, 33–43.
Chicago格式
Sitko, Rafal, Beata Zawisza, and Ewa Malicka. 2013. “Graphene as a New Sorbent in Analytical Chemistry.” TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry 51 (November): 33–43. doi:.
Harvard格式
Sitko, R., Zawisza, B., Malicka, E., 2013. Graphene as a new sorbent in analytical chemistry. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry 51, 33–43. doi:
MLA格式
Sitko, Rafal, Beata Zawisza, and Ewa Malicka. “Graphene as a New Sorbent in Analytical Chemistry.” TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry 51 (2013): 33–43. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry. Web.
Nature格式
, R., Zawisza, B. & Malicka, E. Graphene as a new sorbent in analytical chemistry. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry 51, 33–43 (2013).
Science格式
1. R. Sitko, B. Zawisza, E. Malicka, Graphene as a new sorbent in analytical chemistry. TrAC - Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 51, 33–43 (2013).
自引的管理
要在一定程度上限制引用自己发表论文作为参考文献的数量。我们心里都非常清楚自己的文章被引用的重要性,因为以前发表的文献提供的信息包括早期发现、实验程序以及与目前工作相关的分析。自引也可以帮助期刊的编辑、审稿人以及读者确定你目前发表的研究结果不仅仅是前期工作的增量推进。
但是作者自己发表的论文不应该占据所有参考文献的支配地位,将自引数量保持在20%至25%以下是比较理想的程度。自引使用过渡的话,你对h指数的功利心便昭然若揭。
比如一位教授的论文引用情况为,共发表了30多篇SCI论文,共被引用为455次,其中他引达432次,也就是自引为23次,他引率超过95%!应该说这个他引率很高。显然,过高的自引率不好,但是,过高的他引率就一定好吗?
高他引率可表示所开展研究工作受到关注或认可度较大,但同时也可能表示其研究工作的离散性大或系统性差。
因此,他引率可能并不是越高越好,至于多高的他引率才比较好,这可能与发表文章的数量和研究内容有关,难以定量推算,但从感性上说,对于发表一定数量论文(如几十篇以上)的作者来说,如果他引率高过95%,可能说明其工作的系统性不够好,如果他引率低于50%,可能说明其工作被别人认可度不高。
在“新”与“旧”之间取舍
这里要讨论的就是如何在开创性论文和目前渐进性论文之间做平衡和取舍。
时代久远的文章提供了概念的起源,会给创造概念、方法和分析的作者一定的信誉度。但从另一个角度来看,近期发表的论文则体现了这个领域内的研究兴趣。
这里要为大家提个醒:如果你选择的参考文献全部都发表于十年前,则意味着你想研究的课题已经被淘汰了。
彝族婚俗是一部“活态”的婚姻发展史,是彝族人民婚姻的缔结,不仅是一家一户的个体行为,而且与整个家族、婚亲、邻居都有关系,是一个民族文化传播与接受的过程。其具有深刻的历史文化内涵,表达了独特的民俗情趣。 那么,下面就随我一起从 彝族文化 的角度去看看彝族的婚俗吧!
彝族婚俗中的恋爱 彝族的恋爱是相对来说比较自由的,他们有专门的恋爱场地——姑娘房。姑娘房是专供青年谈情说爱的场所,姑娘长到十六七岁时,就要离开父母,搬到姑娘房去住,白天回家干活,晚上就在姑娘房绩麻纺线、挑花绣朵。有小伙子来相会时,陪坐谈天。
彝族人认为在家中谈情说爱是不礼貌的,必须在姑娘房进行。姑娘房一般是公房。在姑娘房里,姑娘可以留宿来会自己的小伙子,二人同床而睡。即使同时有几对青年男女也是如此,大家不见怪,无拘束。但是照彝族规矩,姑娘小伙同床,只能动口,而决不能动手。稍有越轨,就会群起而攻之。
姑娘房大小不一,大的可以住十余人,小的可以住三五人,一般都建在村头或村尾,一是方便小伙子与姑娘幽会,二是避免影响村寨中的父母和长辈。姑娘们白天回家干活,晚上就在姑娘房里纺线织布绣花,有的姑娘房中还会准备一些香烟、糖果、瓜子之类的零食,有小伙子来相会时,便陪坐聊天。
姑娘房中来往的小伙子越多、越热闹,说明姑娘的人缘好,喜欢姑娘的人多,魅力也就越大,做父母的面子也就越有光彩。彝族女人就是用这种特定的地点来选择自己的爱情,她们视感情为生命,把温情献给家庭,把欢乐留给了生活,姑娘房见证着她们浪漫的爱情故事。
彝族婚俗中的说媒 彝族婚俗是一般有恋爱,说媒,定亲,迎亲,回门等几个程序,男女青年相识和相恋后,双方都情投意合,称心如意,男方父母就请毕摩选一吉日,并征得女方父母同意后,就为他们举行婚礼。
毕摩是彝族从事原始宗教和文化活动的人,相当于巫师,祭司,经师。“毕”意即诵经者,“摩”即大。毕摩有文化,掌握古彝文和本民族的文化习俗,历史和宗教等知识,可以主持村中的祭祀活动,如祭火神(火把节)、山神等,以及禳鬼治病,测试,婚礼等。毕摩是彝族传统文化的传承者。在彝族,毕摩被视为神的使者。
你可以在人人网限定条件搜索下楚雄彝族在外读大学的同胞,直接找他们了解。希望能帮到你。
彝族“抢亲” 四川凉山彝族自治州,是中国最大的彝族聚居区。50年代以前,这里还处在奴隶社会。那时在奴隶主的统治下。奴隶完全失去人身自 由。奴隶主可以自由买卖奴隶。一个女奴的身价值十五、六只羊,十 几个青壮年男奴隶还敌不上一匹好马的价值。在婚姻制度上,买卖婚姻是奴隶制婚姻形态的主要特征之一。 凉山彝族的婚姻形式,除包办婚姻外,还存在一些其他形式的婚 姻形态。如姑舅优先婚(姨表不通婚)、转房制(兄亡弟娶其嫂)以及不落夫家习俗等均有流传。其中比较有特色的是抢婚习俗。 彝族的抢婚,分暴力抢婚与摹拟抢婚两种。前者往往不经过媒聘,纯粹诉诸武力。抢亲后通过媒人说合,如果男女两家得到谅解,便可正式成婚;如果说合不成,也可能因此结下怨恨,有的甚至男女两家进行械斗,长期打冤家。这种暴力抢亲的习俗今天在彝族地区已很少见到。更多的情况下是摹拟式的带闹剧色彩的“抢婚”。 彝族的抢婚常常以“泼水为媒”。在婚前两三天,男方家在亲友中挑选精壮男子数人,由新郎的兄弟带领,赶上一头猪,抬一桶酒,到女家去迎亲。这支队伍在女家要经受种种考验。第一个考验是泼水。即当女家闻知男家前来迎亲时,新娘的姐妹和至亲好友早就做好了储水准备,专等男方家接亲的人一到门口,一瓢瓢,一盆盆清水劈头盖脸泼来。顿时、迎亲者一个个成了落汤鸡。但迎亲者不能有任何怨言,相反地要表现出拾婚者百倍的勇敢。在一片欢闹声中、迎亲者将身上披的“察尔瓦”聚在头上,乘着混乱之机冲进屋里,或者抢过对方手中的水桶反泼过去。这种水战打得难解难分,往往要经过很长时间才能停止。 这里的水战还未停息,那里的摸黑战又开始了。正当迎亲者被泼得无处藏身时。新娘的女友们又用和着辣椒面的锅烟,趁迎亲者毫无准备时,涂到他们脸上,使迎亲者当众出丑,这常常引起人们的哄堂大笑。还有的彝族地区在娶亲时,对迎亲者施以棍棒之礼,或挥动双拳追打迎亲者。迎亲者面对这些突然袭击,只能忍受,不能还击,要表现得宽宏大度,忍辱受礼。因为每个迎亲者都明白,泼水、摸黑和棍棒之礼,只是对抢婚者的一种象征性的考验,并非真有敌意。一旦新娘抢到手,自然会化干戈为玉帛,握手言欢,重开喜楚。 一阵骚乱之后,迎亲者抢到了新娘,并将新娘背到屋外一间临时搭起的草棚里,为她梳洗打扮,更换新衣。从这时起,新娘开始禁食。“禁食”是彝族婚礼中的一种禁忌。为什么会有这种禁忌,彝族传说是这样讲的: 很久很久以前,有个姑娘远嫁他方,走到半路,新娘要到一边去解手。接亲的人坐在路旁等她(按照彝族的习惯,接亲的都是男子)。不料新娘解手时遇到一只老虎,把新娘吃了。老虎摇身一变,变成新娘的样子,被娶回男家。 男方家结婚的喜酒吃过之后,按照彝族的婚俗新娘要去背水,在背水前,新娘告诉小姑子自己会变成老虎。 这件事被新郎知道了,便千方百计想制服老虎。不料新郎的妹妹也被老虎吃掉了。新郎放火烧,老虎跑了。从此大家一讲起"虎妻"的故事来,都十分警惕,特别是姑娘出嫁时,总是不吃不喝,免得路上解手误事。 这就是彝族姑娘出嫁禁食的由来。这则故事流传在离四川凉山地区不远的贵州省威宁彝族地区。但在云南、贵州、四川许多彝族地区,姑娘出嫁时的禁食习俗却是相同的。 当新娘梳洗打扮之后,便在草棚的一角备酒款待迎亲的客人。酒宴上有彝族传统的摔交表演。先是小孩摔,接着是男女双方两家来客中的年轻小伙子出场,观战的人们拍手欢呼。比赛之后,新娘开始哭嫁,新搭的草棚被拆去,新娘又一次被迎亲人背入屋内。这一夜,人们举杯畅饮,狂欢达旦。 第二天的婚礼仍在女方家进行。入夜时分,两家的力士又要进行角力比赛。当表演达到高潮时,男家的迎亲者乘混乱之机,背起新娘就跑。新娘在迎亲者的背上大哭大喊,女方家的人紧紧追上来,但都不是真追。到了男家,新娘照旧要先进入一个小草屋里。此时男家杀猪宰羊,设宴招待亲朋好友。这一夜新娘和新郎并不同居。 到了第三天,新婚夫妇同往女家。叫做“回门”。去时牵一只羊,带一桶酒。新郎用自己带来的酒肉款待女家的长辈亲人。午后,新郎独自回家,留下新娘在娘家,等到女家献神时再正式婚娶。 正式婚娶时,还要演一出抢婚闹剧,但这次不是在女家,而是在娶亲途中。这天,新娘打扮一新,女家派人将她送至半路,男方家在半路抢亲,抢婚变成一种交接仪式。 彝族居住在云南、贵州两省的约有300多万人。居住虽然比较分散,但传统的婚俗却大同小异。抢婚习俗在云南、贵州彝族地区也有流传。云南彝族在姑娘出嫁的十多天之前,寨子里的青年男女早就做好了泼水准备。他们往往在娶亲者必经的路口上设卡,在那里钉下木桩,拴上绊索,几十桶水放在路边,迎亲者报难逃脱。一般来说,迎亲时的泼水是泼清水,就是十冬腊月也不能免去这一仪式。彝族认为,给迎亲者泼的水越多,将来的婚姻越幸福。也有的地方,泼水用的是牛粪水。《西昌县志》卷12记载大小凉山的泼水习俗说:“婿家请族中黑彝人为代表,偕媒乘马,率姑荷矛,赍聘资,负酒布,驱牛羊,先一日往女家,并饰骏马一匹,为新妇乘骑,谓之迎亲。女家则拒迎亲者于门外,以牛粪和水遍泼之,而后延入欢宴。” 黑彝是彝族中的上层阶级, 在他们中保留的抢婚习俗,对彝族一般民众有很大影响。 云南弥勒县西山地区的彝族阿细人中也流传抢婚习俗、但形式比较简单。在那里青年男女私定终身后,便约定几个好友,在晚上按事先同女方约定好的地点将姑娘抢回,当夜成亲。然后再请人去女方家说合。 抢婚是一种古老的婚姻形式,最早带有强制性,到了后世才成为象征性的表演。另外,枪婚作为一种婚姻仪式,比较简单,所需要的彩礼也很少。所以多为家景贫寒者所采用。现代社会中自由婚姻增多,因此抢婚实际上已失去它原来的意义。
男女青年相识和相恋后,双方都情投意合,称心如意,男方父母就请结摩选取一吉日,并征得女方父母同意后,就为他们举行婚礼。婚礼举行前几天,姑娘要减饭减水,临出嫁前更是不准吃喝。这种"新娘子饿食饿水"的习俗主要来自彝族"虎妻"的传说,同时也为了避免在迎娶的路上解大小便-彝族认为那样是不吉利的。举行婚礼这天,男方家喜气洋洋,亲朋满座。院子中间用树枝搭起一座青棚,棚内彬外披红挂彩,正中摆放着彝家喜神牌位。彝家歌手不断地演唱着富有民族情调的(青棚调),亲朋好友欢聚一堂,歌声不停,唢呐声不断。男方家聚亲的队伍来到女方家门前时,要接受女方的兄弟姐妹和同辈青年男女的兄弟姐妹和同辈青年男女的泼水,以示欢迎和庆贺。彝家人认为:泼了水,姑娘到丈夫家后就不会到很远的地方背水,即使天旱也有吃有喝。娶亲的队伍进了女方家门后,在供桌上点上香,磕完头,接着就开始展示带来的礼物,如衣服、鞋子、包头、钱币等。女方也展示姑娘的嫁妆,如:橱柜、箱子、衣物、凳子、被褥、彩电、缝纫机等。这时候,由女方父母请来的歌师开始唱娶亲歌,唱一段,展示一样,且唱到什么就必须展示什么,不然歌师就要用簸箕在娶亲人的头上打三下,引得众人哄堂大笑。展示完毕后,女方家招待娶亲的人喝水:先喝茶,后喝糖水,称为"先苦后甜",接着摆好香槟,请女方的舅辈来说一些吉利的话,然后打开红盒,给新郎披上两匹红彩带。一切完毕之后,女方家盛宴招待娶亲的人,亲朋好友以及本村本寨的乡亲。席间,新郎要到每一桌先作揖,后敬酒。等所有的客人都吃完饭后,才能娶新娘动身回家。如果路远,女方家会热情地招待娶亲的人住下,第二天再走,当晚,女方家院子里或房外广场上,人们通宵达旦地跳左脚舞。如果路近,当天就可以娶亲回家。当人们进行上述活动的时候,新娘一般在楼上梳妆打扮,作出嫁前的准备。动身之前女方的舅辈带着新郎去女方家祖宗牌位前拜别,新娘则由哥哥或弟弟从楼上背到堂屋门外与新郎一同上路,媒人在后招呼所有女方家的客人去送亲。送亲的队伍以一对年轻夫妇为主,其余的姑娘的同伴或较亲的小辈,他们可以一直送到男方家。彝家的规矩,不管路有多远,一律走路,不骑马,不坐轿,近年来也有乘坐汽车和拖拉机的,于是,娶亲,送亲的队伍在喇叭和唢呐喜气洋洋的乐曲声中,背、抬着令人眼共缭乱的嫁妆,浩浩荡荡地向男方家出发了。一路上,人们还弹月琴,唱山歌,跳左脚舞,热闹非凡。娶亲队伍回到新郎家门口,要燃放大火炮和鞭炮,请毕摩念头进亲经,然后新娘在手持两枝火把的少女陪同下,走进大门并一直走到洞房中床上坐下。这时,一中年妇女主持,主新郎新娘喝交杯酒。然后新郎走出洞房,来自女方家的女宾则陪着新郎留在房中,按传统习俗,晚饭时,新娘一天不得吃两家饭,由陪娘把女方带来的饭菜热了给新娘,并邀约新朗陪着吃。接着,男方家大宴宾客,之后,在青棚院心中烧一堆火,在家围着火堆弹弦子、唱调子、跳左脚舞,这时,新郎和新娘也参加到跳舞的行列中,大家围成圆圈,尽情地唱和跳,且往往跳到天亮。天亮后,新娘去挑两担水到厨房里,同时在灶里烧一把火,表示新娘已经开始在新郎家烧火做饭,从此就在新郎家生活了。这一天,新朗家还要宴请宾客,宾客大多是本氏族内的人,外来客人已经走了,第三天,新娘要回娘家,俗称回门。回门的时间一般为四五天,新娘即回到夫家来生活,个别地方有回娘家几个月,甚至几年的,这就要看当地的风俗了。滇西北和滇南等地的彝族,还保留有抢婚的习俗。所谓抢婚。其实都是男女双方愿意、父母同意、媒人说好了的,抢婚只是一种娶嫁的形式。在滇西北地区,男方肖出的人一边给女方家送彩礼,一边用毡子强行把姑娘裹走。这时女方家的人可以用假打的方式对付男方来抢婚的人,并把黑黑的锅灰打在抢婚者的脸上。当把姑娘抢回男方家时,抢氏的人们一个个锅灰满面,黑不溜秋的,常逗得宾客开怀大笑。在滇南等地,抢婚的地点、时间都是事先约好了的,往往姑娘在田里劳动、在村边割草或背柴回家的路上被抢走了。抢到的姑娘直接被领到男方家的堂屋。按当地彝族的风俗,女子到了男方家堂屋,就意识着正式缔结婚关系了,就不能再跑了。不管用什么形式抢亲,把姑娘抢到新郎家后,都要按当地彝族的习俗,举行婚礼,并宴请宾客。对于抢婚。彝族人说,这是祖辈传下来的,男方去抢是对女方家的一种尊敬,表示姑娘不是嫁不掉才送去的。
那同学,你这个是多长的篇幅
一、 封建统治下的传统婚姻在传统文化中,婚姻不仅仅是当事人,更是两个家庭甚至是两个家族的实务。所以,家庭夫妻关系的形成以“父母之命、媒妁之言”为准则,男女当事者个人,对自己的婚姻基本上没有选择的自由。而“父母之命、媒妁之言”又大多以“门当户对”或家庭经济情况为标准,对于年、貌、品、才,甚至身体状况,是不管的,更别提感情,青年男女毫无自主权可言。男女双方婚前可能都没有见过面,婚后的感情状况普遍不理想,没有建立在两情相悦的基础上的传统婚姻酿成了许多悲剧。在电视剧与文艺作品中,此类例子枚不胜举。清末的许多学者,都有过失败的第一段婚姻。传统婚姻中,早婚恶习,近亲结婚的习俗的风行。在清末社会,早婚有相当的普遍性,一般青年多在20岁之前完婚,甚至有“有年30抱孙子者,则戚族视为家庆,社会以为人瑞”,少年男女结婚带来的结果是身体易为情欲所伤,父母也不能给子女良好的家庭教育,给整体国民素质影响很大。近亲结婚,出于种种考虑,在偏远地区和皇族内甚为流行,给下一代的质量埋下了很大的隐患,严重影响国民素质。中国有漫长的封建历史,中国妇女一直生活在“三纲五常”的宗族制度之中和男尊女卑的传统伦理中,女子的婚姻全力基本被剥夺。蓄妾,三妻四妾,是旧时婚姻的重要组成部分,也是中国社会贫富贵贱分化和阶级制度的在婚姻制度上的体现。男子可以退婚再娶,女子则不能退婚再嫁,这是封建婚姻的违反人道主义的平等的地方。二、 辛亥革命到新中国成立前的婚姻状况的改变——传统婚姻制度与新式婚姻形式共存清末民初,新世纪初的婚姻在一片热闹沸腾的变革中开始。伴随着辛亥革命、五四运动,大批进步知识分子展开了对旧时婚姻陋俗的大批判。在新婚姻观的引导下,二十世纪初中国的婚姻习俗开始出现了现代文明与自由的曙光。辛亥革命对传统的婚姻制度的冲击还是相当大的,近代留洋后回来的人带来的人人平等,妇女解放等新观念给城市的青年以重大影响,推翻清政府的封建统治也让众多的城市民众开始渐渐改变旧的观念,接受新式的婚姻顾念也开始成为新式婚姻制度的开端。青年男女开始先谈恋爱,再结婚。在大城市接受高等教育的青年,受新式观念的影响,原来的旧的观念被渐渐摒弃,慢慢的解放天性,从自由恋爱开始,也接受一夫一妻制度,当然这只是一小部分人。偏远乡村和传统的家族依旧是传统的形式。梁思成先生和林徽因女士的婚姻即为林觉民和梁启超两位家长包办的。 婚礼的形式开始从简,花费也节省了许多。旧式婚礼的程序极为繁琐,规范了所谓的“六礼”,作为婚礼必要的程序。民国早期,众多有识之士对此进行了猛烈地批判,尤其是在“五四”前后,于是婚礼形式上开始趋于简单,,“往往有借旅馆及青年社结婚者,此亦嫁娶从简之好现象也”。礼俗趋于简朴,摒弃旧婚俗的繁文缛节,更是社会趋于文明,合理的的具体表现,有利于社会风气的转变,也有利于社会进步。男女的婚姻的年龄也开始正常起来,早婚的现象变少,人们开始重视起自己的教育,事业和革命,结婚年龄从原来普遍的16,7岁到20岁出头,这是社会显著的进步,有利于进一步提高下一代的质量。三、 建国后的婚姻状况和婚姻观念在新中国成立的初期,国家一切都刚刚起步,当时急需一部法律为新的婚姻制度作为新的婚姻规范,需要在全国范围内进行婚姻家庭领域内的反封建的民主改革,废除在中国已存在数千年之久的封建婚姻陋习于是, 在二十世纪五十年代的最初几年里,政治色彩颇浓而革命意义极大的《婚姻法》为中国人的婚姻带来了翻天覆地的变化。从其颁布为起始,“男女平等”、“婚姻自由”和“一夫一妻制”以法律形式固定了下来。一夫一妻制开始以法律的形式固定下来,开始在主流媒体的宣传中出现提倡“婚姻自由”,这一切都是过去的年代所没有的,新中国的成立以及《婚姻法》的颁布给中国的婚姻制度带来了质的改变,长足的进步。就在《婚姻法》颁布前一年,法国女权主义思想家西蒙娜·波伏娃的《第二性》出版。藉这本女权主义的“圣经”,波伏娃表达了对马克思主义妇女观的敬意,她坚信社会主义终将消灭男女不平等现象。当然,在这一时期婚姻制度也不是一成不变的。自50年代“反右”运动开始至“文化大革命”结束,中国处于一个政治高于一切的年代,政治成为一切的主题,婚姻如是。其时所谓的“红五类”之间的通婚是理所当然的,而企盼改变命运的所谓的“黑五类”也无一例外地希望能与“红五类”联姻,以便借此获得免于政治迫害的身份条件。与政治条件相比,人们对财富、职业的要求似乎并不高。也许在那个均贫富已被制度化的时代,经济方面的任何期待都显得不合时宜,甚至,人们连爱情也少有期待。爱人,首先应该是革命同志。1978年以后,政治权力与传统道德共同构建的社会监管体系日益松动,令置身其中的人们感受真切而又应接不暇。少了过度的政治负担,人们的婚姻重归朴实的爱情。1981年,新《婚姻法》颁行,将“感情破裂”规定为离婚要件,由此,中国人似乎开始意识到,爱情也是婚姻中颇为重要的东西。婚礼也跟上了开放和经济发展的潮流,新人穿上了套装西服婚纱、喜宴排场越来越大,婚庆事业也走上了快速发展的道路。然而,进入新千年以后, 这是一个规范日渐模糊的时代。80后相继步入婚龄,成为这时期结婚的主力,此时的婚姻染上了80后鲜明的个性色彩-在中国,一些人的爱情开始以“无政府”的方式蔓延,正如罗素在半个多世纪前在《婚姻革命》里说的,“爱是一种无政府的力量,如果放任自流,它是不会安于法律和风俗所规定的范围的。”同时,随着物欲与自由主义的膨胀,结婚的决定开始掺杂着更多无关爱情的考量??四、总结婚姻家庭制度是指被一定社会所公认并被人们普遍接受和遵循的婚姻家庭关系的规范体系,是社会上层建筑的一部分,始终受这个社会的经济基础的发展所决定。可以说,经济基础的变化和发展根本上推动了婚姻制度和婚姻观念的的变迁,当然这不是唯一因素。虽然我们不能确定婚姻制度的未来做准确预知,但是纵观变迁,我们并且发展趋势将是趋于合理与完善。 不能说着将最终决定于经济基础,
中国汉族传统习惯,结婚时要贴红对联,戴红花,新郎新娘要披红挂彩,故称为“红事”。人死了,其子孙要披麻戴孝,一律用白布,故称为“白事”。红白喜事的操办由于民族风俗的不同而异。随着人们文化水平的提高和移风易俗,红白喜事的操办也已大大从简。 1.婚姻习俗我国婚姻习俗有几千年悠久历史,特别经过封建时代的演变与丰富,形成一整套婚俗规范。婚姻习俗直接受婚姻制度的影响,我国由于多民族及其社会发展不平衡,在婚姻的发展过程中形成了众多的婚俗形式,有些婚俗至今都还存在一定影响。就我国民族的婚俗现状来看,我国婚姻目前至少有以下几种礼仪,即求婚、合婚、相亲、订婚(过小节)、完聘(过大节)、定婚期、迎聚、拜堂、婚宴、合卺、闹房、归宁。这些程序联系起来构成了完整的婚礼。 2.丧葬习俗人死为丧,为死者举行一定的安葬仪式称为葬。不以礼仪的葬叫做埋。丧葬礼简称丧礼、葬礼。丧礼的程序一般有停、奔丧、挂孝、坐夜(守灵)、入殓、吊孝、出殡。葬礼有集体葬、合葬、迁葬、蒿葬、水葬、风葬、悬棺、洞穴葬、火葬、土葬、天葬等。现代丧葬礼仪有下面一些具体礼节:成立治丧组织、发讣告、赠挽联、唱挽歌、献花圈、戴黑纱白花、守灵、向遗体告别、开追悼会、致悼词等。
从婚礼的细节
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
找到几篇相关的论文,给你参考用: culture in two countries (文中的两个国家具体是指中国和英国,你也可以把它们代换为东方和西方。这篇论文比较详尽,例证也很翔实,语言不难,可以参考) Contrast and Analyses of Customs in Britain and China (中英婚俗对比与分析) wedding customs and traditions(这篇是世界各地婚俗的介绍,可以当例子使用) Wedding Customs (中国婚俗的详细介绍,里面应该有很多专用名词你会用得到)这些应该够用了,因为前两篇都是很对口的,而后面两篇又保证了论据的充足.不过如果不够的话还可以帮你再找。下面是补的: customs(中外婚俗).还有个来自百度知道的资料,汗,你看下就知道为什么汗了.这个是来自雅虎知识堂的(顺便打广告~哈哈) 's the differences between Chinese marriage and western marriage? (某论坛的帖子,有几个回帖可以参考下) Cultural Differences sends culture shock唉,怎么好象越找越偏了,没想到这方面的研究这么少啊! East and West (这个好象不错) Traditions(这个也不错,主要就是从东西两方面讲差异的) Traditions Of A Western Wedding先这样吧,呵呵晕了.
西方文化(此处的西方文化,定义为以英语为母语的文化)一个最显著的特质(trait),是崇尚性情上的真诚善良与情感上的温馨浪漫。而其中最有代表性的,要数让无数青年人心向神往的教堂婚礼仪式了。(牧师先宣布婚礼开始:)今天我们大家聚在这里,见证这对男女汤姆·克鲁斯和尼可·基德曼的结合,见证他们神圣的、无上荣耀的婚约。这对新人即将成为夫妇。(接下来,牧师按惯例对新人和来宾进行质询:)现在,在场的所有人中,若有任何光明正大的理由,认为他们不宜结合,请马上提出,要不就请永远保持缄默.请务必明白,只有符合主的意愿的婚姻才可称为合法。(众人没有意见,牧师开始询问新郎:汤姆·克鲁斯,你是否愿意娶尼可·基德曼为你的合法妻子,依照主的意旨和她共同开始神圣的婚姻生活?是否愿意从今日起爱她、敬她、抚慰她、呵护她,在你们的有生之年,除她一人以外不再有其他念想?新郎回答:我愿意。(下面牧师质询新娘,重复同样的誓词) 新娘也回答:我愿意。(现在开始交换戒指仪式 牧师先从男傧相手中接过新娘的戒指,念祝词)这枚小小的戒指代表了强大的约束力,你们对彼此的爱情凝聚其中。这个圆圈完好无损、连续不断,没有尽头,因为你们对彼此的爱与承诺也永远没有尽头。戴上戒指,两个各自独立的生命就连在一起了。看到这个戒指,你一定要记得今天在这里对她作出的承诺。(新郎给新娘戴上戒指)牧师以同样的祝词祝福新郎的戒指,新娘给新郎戴上戒指。接下来牧师正对新郎新娘:现在我宣布,你们二人结为合法夫妇。请把对彼此许下的诺言以吻封缄。(对新郎说)现在你可以吻新娘了。婚礼到这里进入高潮,但并没有结束,随后的祈祷将从另一个高度把众人的情绪继续向上抬升,直至完全的浪漫境界。牧师,让我们祈祷主啊,我们为所有已婚夫妇祈祷,他们能够继续彼此付出,能够继续相互原谅,并且每天都能经历越来越多的您的快乐。特别是(新郎名)和(新娘名),一起开始他们的新婚生活,愿他们能够得到您的帮助,永远得到朋友们的支持,健康的度过一生。愿您全部的祝福带给(新郎名)和(新娘名),祝福他们直到永远。阿门。结婚誓词也是多种多样的,一般说来有问答式和自述式两种类型。如:汤姆·克鲁斯,你愿意娶尼可·基德曼为合法妻子,共同过婚姻生活吗?你是否愿意爱她,尊重她,慰籍她,呵护她?不论她是疾病还是健康,在你们的有生之年你能从一而终,真诚对待她吗?我接受你做我的合法妻子/丈夫,自今日起相偎相依;无论贫穷还是富有,不管健康还是生病,爱你宠你,至死不渝。拜堂开始。一拜天地;二拜高堂;夫妻对拜。入洞房。婚礼到这里进入高潮,但还是没有结束。接下来的祝词和闹洞房让婚礼继续往闹剧的方向发展。歌师再唱养小子,要好子,穿蓝衫,戴顶子;养女子,要俏子,十六牡丹冒轿子。婚礼一成就先说最关键的部分,要生养,而且生男做大官,生女嫁大官,总之,一切都为了有实际用途的未来。相比西式婚礼,中国的婚俗少了很多浪漫,却多了不少功利。
中西方婚礼风俗差异The western wedding customs vary众所周知,当今世界正在向全球化的趋势发展,各国之间的关系也变得更为紧密了。今天无论是“借鉴”还是“拿来”西方的礼仪,或者是我们自创一套自己的礼仪系统,这在形式上都不难。难的是我们也能有一个完整而自洽的价值体系,有对自身文化的高度认同和深刻的觉悟。 As everyone knows, the world today is to the trend of globalization, the relations between various countries are also becoming more closely. Whether it is" reference" or" used" the western etiquette, or are we created a set of their own etiquette system, this form is not difficult. The difficulty is that we can have a complete and consistent value system, have to their own cultural identity and profound consciousness of height.自古以来,婚姻就是人的一生中至关重要的一项活动,几乎在每一个社会文化中,都有举办婚礼的习俗。人类似乎天生就有这么一种需要,用婚礼将丈夫和妻子的关系公开并确立下来。而最重要的是人们可以透过纷繁绚丽的风俗来更清楚的认识人类社会历史,探究人类社会的发展历程和规律,因此我门从这方面着手只到整个礼仪系统的学习。 Since ancient times, marriage is vital to people's life in an activity, in almost every culture in society, has held the wedding customs. Humans seem to be born with this kind of need, with the wedding will be husband and wife relationship public and established. And the most important thing is that people can through numerous beautiful custom to better understanding the history of human society, to explore the development of human society and the law, so me from this respect proceed only to the etiquette system study.婚礼同时也体现了中西方文化的碰撞。中国有着5000年灿烂而悠久的传统文化,这是世界各国有目共睹的,而婚礼文化在中国经历了历史的变迁后,已经有非常悠久的历史。而西方的婚礼文化也是随着社会的进步在不断地发生变化。Wedding but also reflects the western culture collision. China has a bright 5000 tradition culture, this is be obvious to people all over the world, and the wedding culture in China has experienced changes in the history, has a very long history. While the western wedding culture is also along with the progress of the society is constantly changing.现在社会上流行中式婚礼西方化,西式婚礼中国化,都在说明着婚礼的形式在不断的发生变化,这体现了婚礼文化的丰富,中西方两种文化的碰撞,以及中西方文化的交融。而文化的进一步交流也必然带动各国之间经济的合作发展,没有了文化上的冲突,政治也会变得相对稳定。 Now the popular Chinese wedding western, Western-style wedding in China, are in the form of a wedding in constant change, which reflects the rich western wedding culture, the collision of two kinds of culture, as well as the western culture blend. And cultural exchanges between countries also will promote the economic cooperation and development, no cultural conflict, political will become relatively stable.中国的婚礼形式在我门年轻人的眼中都觉得很烦琐,首先介绍个对象不说,还得各个亲戚看看是否“通过”,那我就简单说几句吧,相亲,是我们国家的俗称,大多数是男的相女的,哈哈,接下来就是“见面”、“递贴”、“换号”,后边才结婚呢,结婚当天也不是那么简单的,“通路”、“接亲”等等,就是事情比较多,也比较麻烦!现代的婚礼形式受到西方文化的影响,一般是在教堂或酒店里,男女双方在结婚公证处领取结婚证后就是喜宴,在喜宴上新娘要轮流向每位客人进酒,不管男女老少,都要喝一口新娘进的酒。有时双方的朋友会刁难新娘,新娘若回答不出他们的提问就要送一大堆的喜糖作为交换。喜宴结束后,大多数情侣会去度蜜月。 无论是古代还是现代都体现了中国婚礼的特点:隆重,热闹,喜庆。Chinese wedding in my young people feel very cumbersome, first introduced the object does not say, still have various relatives have a look whether" through", I would simply say something, to date, is our country most commonly known as, is male is female, ha ha, the next is"."," stick", pass" change", behind only wedding, wedding day is not so simple," the passage", "the kiss" and so on, is a thing more, have more trouble! Modern wedding has been the impact of western culture, is in the church or in a restaurant, both men and women in marriage notary office received a marriage certificate is the reception at the wedding reception, bride to rotate towards each guest wine, regardless of people of all ages and both sexes, to drink the bride into wine. Sometimes the friends will create difficulties for the bride, bride if you can't answer their questions was to send a lot of candy in exchange. After the wedding reception, the majority of couples take a ancient or modern reflects the Chinese wedding features: grand, lively, happy.西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从一开始就充满了浪漫的气息。一般有以下步骤:1来宾入席。2奏结婚进行曲。亲友点上蜡烛,牧师领唱诗班进场,宣布婚礼开始.伴郎伴娘和新郎陆续进场,女方家长陪新娘进场全体起立.3女方家长入席。新娘挽着父亲的手,步入大堂,伴娘和花童一同进入会场,全体来宾起立,父亲郑重的把女儿交给新郎,女方家长就坐,全体来宾就坐。4牧师证婚。新人进行结婚宣誓,宣告愿意结为夫妻。5新郎新娘互戴婚戒,宣誓。6献诗。来宾在唱诗班的带领下,唱祝福歌。7礼成。奏乐,新郎站右边,新娘站左边,两人一起走出教堂,伴郎伴娘随后,家属以及来宾随后退场。8茶会或晚宴。Western wedding is a romantic type, the whole wedding party from the beginning is full of romantic atmosphere. The general has the following steps: 1 guests attend. 2 played the wedding march. Friends and relatives of a candle, the priest a choir approach, announces the beginning of the wedding. And groom groomsman Bridesmaid enters the arena in succession, the wife's side parents to accompany the bride enters the standing ovation . 3 female parents sitting. The bride in her hand, stepped into the lobby, flower girl bridesmaid and they entered the hall, all the guests stood up, father solemnly put the daughter to the groom, wife's side parents sat, all the guests sitting. The 4 priest. The new marriage oath, declaring to be married. 5 the bride and groom each other wearing a wedding ring, oath. The 6 choir. Guests at the choir 's lead, sing a song. The ceremony is over 7. The bride, groom on the right, stand on the left, along with two people out of the church, a groomsman Bridesmaid subsequently, families and guests then exit. 8 party or dinner.
那同学,你这个是多长的篇幅
西方的婚礼是属于浪漫型的,整个婚礼从开始到结束到充满了浪漫气息。新娘的礼服一般为白色,新郎是黑色的礼服,使整个婚礼显的庄重严肃.到教堂去举行结婚仪式是整个婚礼最重要的环节.首先,随着婚礼进行曲的节奏,新娘挽她的父亲的手走到新郎面前,由她的父亲将她亲手交到新郎手中.牧师会要求新郎新娘对对方作出一辈子的承诺,这也是整个婚礼的高潮.然后他们会在牧师和众人的祝福下,交换结婚戒指并亲吻对方。而新娘手中的花球也不是一般的装饰用品.在婚礼结束时,新娘就会抛给到场的女宾客,如果谁接到花球,谁就是下一个结婚的人,这就使整个婚礼在欢声笑语中结束了。二.西方人结婚时的很多习俗都是大家所熟悉的,婚庆场面既欢快热闹,又美丽浪漫。由于中国的不断开放和东西方文化交流,我国的婚俗不少方面也在受其影响,例如穿婚纱、戴钻戒等等已经成为都市婚礼不可或缺的重要内容。然而究其渊源和象征意义,并不是所有人都很清楚的。下面就简要介绍一下一些西方婚礼用品和名词的来历和含义。 三.比如以浪漫著称的法国就被称为白色婚姻,白色是浪漫的法国婚礼的住色调;在菲律宾,观礼的嘉宾会轮流与新郎跳舞,并把金钱钉在他们的衣服上,有时后候双方亲戚朋友还会比赛哪方得到的金钱多。韩国的婚礼服装也挺有特色,值得一提――“两点”,新娘韩国新郎会穿上大礼服,新娘的嫁衣则是七彩的丝织服,配以长袖子和黑丝顶冠,这以阿拉伯的婚礼服装我认为是挺相似的,因为阿拉伯的新娘会穿着华丽的土耳其长袖袍子,不同的是视礼的女士会依习俗为新娘出嫁而恸哭,所以阿拉伯的婚礼又称为“恸哭”,当然这与我所谈论的服装无关。 四.而西方的婚礼风俗则是浪漫式的,婚礼重在礼而不在乎排场。婚前礼节也没那么复杂。一切都爱轻松自在的气氛下进行。而结婚在西方国家也是各国有各国的独特的方式。如:法国的白色为婚礼的主色调。无论是布置用的鲜花,还是新娘的服饰。可以看出法国人眼中的婚姻应该是纯洁无暇的,而新人用的杯子,也有特定的名称,名为“Coupdemarriage”,意思为“婚礼之杯”。而德国人的“疯狂”与德国人一直崇高的理智与冷静不同。他们的婚礼更多呈现出疯狂的一面。德国人在婚礼中会举行party(派队),派对中,新人会被戏弄。这类似于我们中国的“闹洞房”,其中重头节目就是兴高采烈地将碟子掷碎……西方给东方人带来的最亮点大概就是举行教 回答者:anonymous首先,是在传统结婚仪式上面。中国的传统婚俗有三书六礼”三拜九叩”这些繁俗礼节。所谓三书”,就是指聘书、礼书、迎亲书。(聘书订亲之书,男女双方正式缔结婚约。纳吉(过文定)时用。 礼书过礼之书,即礼物清单,详尽列明礼物种类及数量。纳征(过大礼)时用。 迎亲书迎娶新娘之书。结婚当日(亲迎)接新娘过门时用。)而六礼”是指纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。(纳采古时婚礼之首,属意女方时,延请媒人作谋,谓之纳采,今称「提亲」。 问名男方探问女方之姓名及生日时辰,以卜吉兆,谓之问名,今称「合八字」。 纳吉问名若属吉兆,遣媒人致赠薄礼,谓之纳吉,今称「过文定」或「小定」。 纳征奉送礼金、礼饼、礼物及祭品等, 回答者: 缚灵
苗家婚俗<一> 多数苗族地区婚姻自主程度较高,各地苗族青年都有以择偶为主要目的的传统的自由社交活动形式。湘西叫做“赶边边场”或“会姑娘”,黔东南苗族则称为“游方”,广西融水叫“坐妹”或“走寨”,黔西北称为“踩月亮”,黔中及一些西部苗族称为“跳花”、“跳场”等等。在这类社交活动中,青年男女可以三五成群地或者单独地、公开地或悄悄地对歌和交谈。以对歌的形式谈恋爱是苗族婚俗文化中最具代表性和富于民族色彩的风俗。一些苗族社区还有专供青年们谈恋爱的场所,如黔东南的游方坪、滇东北的姑娘房等。苗族青年择偶不重财产和家境,更看重个人才华和品性。找到合适的恋人后双方即可交换定情物。结婚,一般情况下需征得父母的同意。在大多数苗族地区,青年自主婚姻与父母包办婚姻并存,这两种情况不一定是不可调和的矛盾,只看哪种倾向更重。一般来说,父母和子女都互相尊重和征求意见,强迫成婚的很少。而且社会习俗允许并维护青年人的自由选择。因此更多的情况是自由恋爱后由父母主持婚姻。具体步骤是,青年人谈好了,男方征求父母的意见后请媒人到女方家说亲。正常情况,女方父母不会反对,有时须用鸡卜来决定婚姻是否可行。一经说媒定亲,双方即商谈结婚日期和聘礼。结婚前,男方必须为女孩的舅家送一笔钱或其他财物,称“舅爷钱”。如果父母不同意,青年男女可以私奔,寻求亲属或社会力量的支持,时间长了,父母也就承认既成事实了。当然也有听从父母之命的,也有少数因父母包办酿成感情悲剧的。还有一种形式就是抢婚或类似抢婚的形式。青年男女通过自由恋爱,愿作终身伴侣的,男方在某天夜里,邀约几个朋友或兄弟把女方带到或“抢”到家里来,即成婚姻。三天之后,才请个“全福”的老人带只鸡去给女方父母“报亲”,请他们认可这门婚事。然后双方商定“回门”(回娘家)办婚礼的日期和具体事宜。苗家婚俗<二> 苗族青年结婚的年龄一般在16-20岁之间,也有早婚的现象,大约在十四五岁,早婚夫妻通常要到双方成年方能同居。在婚姻选择上,同宗族(同姓氏)不婚,姑舅表婚优先,不同辈份不相通婚。不同民族甚至苗族不同支系间也基本上不通婚。许多地区苗族有结婚当日夫妻不同房的习俗,新娘与送亲的陪娘及新郎的姐妹共度第一夜。有的地方办婚礼是主要在女方家。黔东南苗族有“不落夫家”(坐家)的习俗,即新娘回门后即长住娘家,仅在逢年过节或农忙时经召唤才回夫家小住,直到怀孕后才长住夫家。坐家时间长达一两年至四五年不等。婚后因感情不合等原因可以离婚。一般地,提出离婚方须向对方赔礼赔钱。寡妇可以改嫁,也有地方有转房习俗,一般是同辈转房,但不带有强制性。苗族均为一夫一妻制家庭。核心家庭和主干家庭为苗族社会主要的家庭结构。女子与男子不管婚前婚后地位比较平等,在家庭事务中妇女有一定的发言权,但总体上还是男权社会。子女的血统从父,世系依父系计算,家庭财产按父系继承。苗族有父子连名制,现以黔东南为典型,其他地区多已不存。苗族有自己民族的姓氏,但是现在大多已通用汉姓。
中国汉族传统习惯,结婚时要贴红对联,戴红花,新郎新娘要披红挂彩,故称为“红事”。人死了,其子孙要披麻戴孝,一律用白布,故称为“白事”。红白喜事的操办由于民族风俗的不同而异。随着人们文化水平的提高和移风易俗,红白喜事的操办也已大大从简。 1.婚姻习俗我国婚姻习俗有几千年悠久历史,特别经过封建时代的演变与丰富,形成一整套婚俗规范。婚姻习俗直接受婚姻制度的影响,我国由于多民族及其社会发展不平衡,在婚姻的发展过程中形成了众多的婚俗形式,有些婚俗至今都还存在一定影响。就我国民族的婚俗现状来看,我国婚姻目前至少有以下几种礼仪,即求婚、合婚、相亲、订婚(过小节)、完聘(过大节)、定婚期、迎聚、拜堂、婚宴、合卺、闹房、归宁。这些程序联系起来构成了完整的婚礼。 2.丧葬习俗人死为丧,为死者举行一定的安葬仪式称为葬。不以礼仪的葬叫做埋。丧葬礼简称丧礼、葬礼。丧礼的程序一般有停、奔丧、挂孝、坐夜(守灵)、入殓、吊孝、出殡。葬礼有集体葬、合葬、迁葬、蒿葬、水葬、风葬、悬棺、洞穴葬、火葬、土葬、天葬等。现代丧葬礼仪有下面一些具体礼节:成立治丧组织、发讣告、赠挽联、唱挽歌、献花圈、戴黑纱白花、守灵、向遗体告别、开追悼会、致悼词等。