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全英文论文开题报告

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全英文论文开题报告

(1)提出问题注意“层次”选题是撰写学术论文的第一步,选题是否妥当,直接关系到论文的质量,甚至关系到论文的成功与否。不同于政策研究报告,学术文章聚焦理论层面、解决理论问题。有的学生的选题不具有新颖性,内容没有创新,仅仅是对前人工作的总结,或是对前人工作的重复。在选题时要坚持先进性、科学性、实用性及可行性的原则。在提出问题时,要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。选题来源包括:1、与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题;2、自己从事的专业某问题发展迅速,需要综合评价;3、从掌握的大量文献中选择反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。所选题目不宜过大,越具体越容易收集资料,从某一个侧面入手,容易深入。(2)瞄准主流文献,随时整理文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础,文献越多,就越好写,选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等,要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性;选择文献应先看近期的(近3~5年),后看远期的,广泛阅读资料,有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读,在阅读时,注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。整理资料时,要注意按照问题来组织文献资料,写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来,而是要按照一定的思路将其提炼出来。只有这样,才能写出好的文献综述,也才能写出好的论文开题报告,进而为写出好的论文打下基础。(3)研究目标具体而不死板一般论文开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标,但认为,研究目标不宜规定得太死板,这是因为,即使条件一定,目标是偏高还是偏低,往往难于准确判断,研究工作本身,涉及求知因素,各个实验室条件不同,具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。英语硕士论文开题报告要想完成好,达到高标准,要满足几大要求。写作要求和格式要求想必大家都能规范好,如果连这点都做不到。那写好的论文别说高标准了,合格到达不到。因此学生首要必须了解并规范好写作格式要求,其次按照文中所写的步骤来完成好每一部分内容。该过程中,还要求学生们必须灵活运用一定的技巧。希望笔者分享的这篇文章,可以指导大家更好的完成英语硕士论文开题报告。(参考资料来源自中国论文网)

论文开题报告基本要素

各部分撰写内容

论文标题应该简洁,且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。

摘要是对论文提纲的总结,通常不超过1或2页,摘要包含以下内容:

目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题, 副标题应缩进。

这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景,缩小研究问题的范围,适当列出相关的参考文献。

这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要,而是必须对其进行批判性评论,并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。

这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下,主要研究问题应该足够广泛,而次要研究问题和假设则更具体,每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。

英语专业论文开题报告模板 题 目:呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫性格的双重性的分析一、选题的目的、意义(理论、现实)和国内外研究概况 1.目的和意义:《呼啸山庄》是十九世纪英国女作家艾米莉·勃朗特生平创作的唯一一部小说。小说的故事情节主要是围绕希斯克厉夫和凯瑟琳的爱情展开的,希斯克厉夫的“爱一恨一复仇一人性复归”既是小说的精髓,又是贯穿作品始终的线索。评论家们对这部经典文学作品历来意见纷纭,尤其是对小说中的男主人公希斯克厉夫的讨论。评论家们对小说中希斯克利夫的性格从不同的方面进行了分析。全面而深入地分析希斯克厉夫这一人物对我们更好地研究小说起至关重要的作用。 小说中最精彩的部分就是希斯克厉夫与凯瑟琳之间的爱情故事,他们之间的爱情已远远超出了一般意义上的爱情,可以说是一种超人间的爱。但也就是这种爱情的产生和发展成了主人公西斯科历夫的性格中双重性形成的一个关键原因。本课题从西斯科历夫的被虐与自虐,懦弱与勇敢来分析主人公的性格成因,从而促使读者更好的理解艾米丽的呼啸山庄 2.国内外研究概况: 国内外许多的专家学者都对呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫的性格进行了分析。许多的专家学者从不同的角度分析了希斯克利夫的性格的双重性形成的原因进行分析,有的从社会背景原因进行了分析。有些学者认为他的性格是扭曲而自虐的,而有的学者则认为他是爱情中的英雄,敢爱敢恨。 许多的学者对希斯克利夫性格的成因进行了分析如闫红梅,张润翻译的艾米莉·勃朗特.呼啸山庄中说到因为欣德利“那样对待希斯克利夫,圣徒也会被他变成恶魔的” 。刘风辉也在《复杂的双面人》中说道希斯克利夫特殊的性格完全是他周围的环境所造成的。毋庸置疑,金钱主宰一切是当时社会的标准,贫穷是可耻的。无论是否因你的过错而导致的贫穷,无论是否你有努力的过程,只要你现在仍是衣衫褴 褛 ,你就注定遭受耻辱。贫穷带来的无穷无尽的耻辱生活就像一把刻刀,不断雕刻、改变着希斯克利夫的性格。而陈一萍在《希斯克利夫是浪漫主义英雄还是恶魔》中认为上帝是有报复性的,人类不会比他做得更好,希斯克利夫他不能超脱于人性,他也会为他所受到的.伤害进行报复。因此,从多角度出发,综合多种角度对希斯克利夫的性格分析有着重大的意义。 二、本课题的理论依据、研究内容和研究方法、步骤及进度安排 1.研究内容: 本课题对呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫的性格的双重性的形成进行分析,分析希斯克利夫性格中自虐与被虐的原因,在爱情中勇敢与懦弱的双重性性格成因。 首先会分析希斯克利夫在幼年时作为一个正常人得性格特征。 【幼年时的被虐】 其次分析长大后的希斯克利夫在复仇中所表现出来的冷酷与扭曲的性格。 【希斯克利夫的自虐】 再次:从希斯克利夫复仇后的性格分析,在他双重性的性格下是人性的扭曲。 最后通过对希斯克利夫的性格的分析,可以得到人性的回归。 2.研究方法: 查阅法:通过对相关文献进行查阅,从多种角度了解西斯科利福性格的成因。 分析法:通过对艾米丽笔下的西斯科历夫的性格分析,分析他性格双重性形成的原因。 比较法:通过西斯科厉夫的被虐与自虐,勇敢与懦弱进行对比。 3.步骤: 选题——开题——初稿——完善——截稿 4.进度安排: 11月 提交开题报告 12月 完成初稿 4月 完成论文写作 三、本课题的重点、难点,预期结果和成果形式 1.本课题的重点、难点: 本文将从西斯科历夫的被虐与自虐,勇敢与懦弱进行分析,从他最开始的正常性格到后来的性和扭曲的变化分析他性格中双重性的形成原因。以及他性格中的勇敢与懦弱也注定了他性格的扭曲。分析中凯瑟琳是一个影响西斯科厉夫的重要人物,而他们的爱情则是他性格双重性形成的至关重要的原因。最后,不论西斯科历夫的性格怎样扭曲,始终抵不过人性,从他最后的结局我们看到了人性的回归。 2.预期结果: 能够做到分析定位,表达清楚,提高对英文小说中人物性格的准确分析,达到论文研究的目的。 3.成果形式: 论文 ;

英文论文开题报告写作技巧

导语:一篇优秀的英语论文离不开开题报告的撰写。那么,如何写好开题报告成为同学们非常苦恼的问题。下面是我分享的英文论文开题报告的写作技巧,欢迎阅读!

开题报告的一般内容

课题来源、开题依据和背景情况,课题研究目的以及理论意义和实际应用价值。

文献综述。在阅读规定文献量(不少于50篇,其中外文文献占40%以上)的基础上,着重阐述该研究课题国内外的研究现状及发展动态,同时介绍查阅文献的范围以及查阅方式、手段。

主要研究内容。包括学术构思、研究方法、关键技术、技术路线、实施方案、可行性分析、研究中可能遇到的难点、解决的方法和措施以及预期目标。

拟采用的实验手段,所需科研和实验条件,估计课题工作量和所需经费,研究工作进度计划。

主要参考文献,列出至少10篇所查阅参考的文献。

写好开题报告的技巧

提出问题注意“层次”

在提出问题时,要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。

选题来源包括:与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题;自己从事的专业。

问题发展迅速,需要综合评价;反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。

所选题目不宜过大,越具体越容易收集资料,从某一个侧面入手,容易深入。

瞄准主流文献,随时整理

文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础。选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等,要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性;选择文献应先看近期的(近3~5年),后看远期的,广泛阅读资料,有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读,在阅读时,注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。

整理资料时,要注意按照问题来组织文献资料,写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来,而是要按照一定的'思路将其提炼出来。只有这样,才能写出好的文献综述,也才能写出好的开题报告,进而为写出好的论文打下基础。

研究目标具体而不死板

一般开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标,但笔者认为,研究目标不宜规定得太死板,这是因为,即使条件一定,目标是偏高还是偏低,往往难于准确判断,研究工作本身,涉及求知因素,各个实验室条件不同,具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。

搜索技能篇

google学术搜索

google学术搜索的功能可以说是相当强大,这里先介绍了几个实用的小技能~

查找图书馆试用资源

试试搜索栏里输入:"intitle:试用数据库 inurl:lib" 便可以快速找到各高校图书馆的免费资源了。这些密码虽然持久不了,但是足够解燃眉之急。这是一个密码页。你可以保存起来,说不定今后你会用到它们。

需要说明的是:百度查找中文的期刊还是很管用,因为百度中文页面更新很快,而google在中文方面就不是很在行了,但是英文网页,google则是一个星期更新一次,频率较快,优先采用检索国外数据!

站内直接搜索

谷歌对于一些流量大户,比如知乎,直接在搜索结果页面呈现了站内搜索框,很是方便。

InfoSeek

提供全文检索功能,并有较细致的分类目录,还可搜索图像。网页收录极其丰富,以西文为主,支持简体和繁体中文检索,但中文网页收录较少。查询时能够识别大小写和成语,且支持逻辑条件限制查询(AND、OR、NOT等)。高级检索功能较强,另有字典、事件查询、黄页、股票报价等多种服务。

Wolfram Alpha

图表数据伸手可得的神器!

Wolfram Alpha是一个绘图计算器、在线图书馆、和搜寻引擎的综合体。它不像Google一样给出零碎的混杂的内容,而是直接将每一帧信息拼接成有效的影像,更直观地呈现结果。

举个例子,想要了解中国人口数量变化,Wolfram Alpha会直接给出折线图;相当的方便、直观。

英文论文开题报告是一篇高质量论文的开始,只有良好的开端,才可以给你的论文奠定坚实的基础。

最新英语论文的开题报告范文

1 introduction

the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.

2 outline

development and major concepts of dts

in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

methodolgy

i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

dts in contrast to other theories

a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

case study

in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

conclusion

based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

论文开题报告英语

综述:opening report可以,用Proposal更正式点。

重点词汇:Proposal

英[prə'pəʊzl]

释义:

n.提议,建议;(计划、建议等的)提出;求婚

[复数:proposals]

短语:

The Proposal假结婚;爱情限时签;求婚的恶魔;弄假成真

词语使用变化:proposal

n.(名词)

1、proposal表示“提议,建议”时,其后可接介词短语或动词不定式作定语,也可接that从句作同位语。

2、proposal所接由that引起的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气。

3、proposal作为名词时,后面通常跟带to的不定式和名词。

英语论文开题报告范文参考

下面是一篇由我为您整理的英语论文的开题报告范文,虽然不是特别好,但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法,有一定的.借鉴价值。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

Development and major concepts of DTS

In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

Methodolgy

I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

DTS in contrast to other theories

A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

Case study

In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

Conclusion

Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

附录1- 引文范例

“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)

“噢,这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐,您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰,1990:59-60)

附录2- 参考文献范例

Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.

Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.

Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

英语论文开题报告

英文论文开题报告写作技巧

导语:一篇优秀的英语论文离不开开题报告的撰写。那么,如何写好开题报告成为同学们非常苦恼的问题。下面是我分享的英文论文开题报告的写作技巧,欢迎阅读!

开题报告的一般内容

课题来源、开题依据和背景情况,课题研究目的以及理论意义和实际应用价值。

文献综述。在阅读规定文献量(不少于50篇,其中外文文献占40%以上)的基础上,着重阐述该研究课题国内外的研究现状及发展动态,同时介绍查阅文献的范围以及查阅方式、手段。

主要研究内容。包括学术构思、研究方法、关键技术、技术路线、实施方案、可行性分析、研究中可能遇到的难点、解决的方法和措施以及预期目标。

拟采用的实验手段,所需科研和实验条件,估计课题工作量和所需经费,研究工作进度计划。

主要参考文献,列出至少10篇所查阅参考的文献。

写好开题报告的技巧

提出问题注意“层次”

在提出问题时,要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。

选题来源包括:与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题;自己从事的专业。

问题发展迅速,需要综合评价;反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。

所选题目不宜过大,越具体越容易收集资料,从某一个侧面入手,容易深入。

瞄准主流文献,随时整理

文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础。选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等,要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性;选择文献应先看近期的(近3~5年),后看远期的,广泛阅读资料,有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读,在阅读时,注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。

整理资料时,要注意按照问题来组织文献资料,写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来,而是要按照一定的'思路将其提炼出来。只有这样,才能写出好的文献综述,也才能写出好的开题报告,进而为写出好的论文打下基础。

研究目标具体而不死板

一般开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标,但笔者认为,研究目标不宜规定得太死板,这是因为,即使条件一定,目标是偏高还是偏低,往往难于准确判断,研究工作本身,涉及求知因素,各个实验室条件不同,具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。

搜索技能篇

google学术搜索

google学术搜索的功能可以说是相当强大,这里先介绍了几个实用的小技能~

查找图书馆试用资源

试试搜索栏里输入:"intitle:试用数据库 inurl:lib" 便可以快速找到各高校图书馆的免费资源了。这些密码虽然持久不了,但是足够解燃眉之急。这是一个密码页。你可以保存起来,说不定今后你会用到它们。

需要说明的是:百度查找中文的期刊还是很管用,因为百度中文页面更新很快,而google在中文方面就不是很在行了,但是英文网页,google则是一个星期更新一次,频率较快,优先采用检索国外数据!

站内直接搜索

谷歌对于一些流量大户,比如知乎,直接在搜索结果页面呈现了站内搜索框,很是方便。

InfoSeek

提供全文检索功能,并有较细致的分类目录,还可搜索图像。网页收录极其丰富,以西文为主,支持简体和繁体中文检索,但中文网页收录较少。查询时能够识别大小写和成语,且支持逻辑条件限制查询(AND、OR、NOT等)。高级检索功能较强,另有字典、事件查询、黄页、股票报价等多种服务。

Wolfram Alpha

图表数据伸手可得的神器!

Wolfram Alpha是一个绘图计算器、在线图书馆、和搜寻引擎的综合体。它不像Google一样给出零碎的混杂的内容,而是直接将每一帧信息拼接成有效的影像,更直观地呈现结果。

举个例子,想要了解中国人口数量变化,Wolfram Alpha会直接给出折线图;相当的方便、直观。

英文论文开题报告是一篇高质量论文的开始,只有良好的开端,才可以给你的论文奠定坚实的基础。

最新英语论文的开题报告范文

1 introduction

the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.

2 outline

development and major concepts of dts

in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

methodolgy

i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

dts in contrast to other theories

a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

case study

in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

conclusion

based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

开题报告是我们在完成文献调研后写成的关于学位论文选题与如何实施的论述性报告。下文是我为大家整理的关于商务英语毕业论文的开题报告的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!

以英语广告语为例

一、 课题背景

当今广告已成为我们生活不可或缺的一部分。我们对于中文广告词或许很了解,但用英文说出广告词却有些难度,同样让你看着英文广告词说中文广告词也是有难度的。本文针对这些问题,从词汇、句法、修辞三方面介绍了广告英语的语言特点,使读者对英语广告的中文含义有更好的、更深的了解;并通过实例分析介绍了广告英语翻译的方法和策略,使读者在了解广告词的同时,能够自己翻译广告词的意思。

二、 毕业设计方案或毕业论文研究方案

本文以英语广告语为对象,从而总结出广告语的创新与否对人们的影响以及广告的重要性。在这个研究目标的指向下,本文采取了理论与文本分析相结合的方法,在进行文献分析总结代写硕士论文前人研究经验的基础上,对各类创意广告语的使用技巧进行详细的文本分析。

目前我已收集了大量的相关信息,以及查阅了很多关于广告英语的资料,所以论文的大致思路已定,提纲如下:

浅论广告英语语言特点及翻译策略

1 英语广告的语言特点

英语广告的词汇特点

使用形容词的比较级和最高级

使用简单动词和口语词汇

使用错别字和杜撰新词

英语的句法特征

使用短语代替整句

使用简单句和省略句

使用祈使句

使用第一、第二人称

英语广告的修辞特征

比喻

排比

拟人

对比

仿拟

押韵

2 英语广告的翻译策略

英语广告的翻译方法

直译

意译

套译

再创型翻译

英语广告的翻译原则

功能定位翻译

语言审美性翻译

文化矫正性翻译

三、毕业设计(论文)预期成果及创新

本文的预期成果是通过分析资料信息,研究广告英语语言特点及翻译策略,以推进大学生对广告英语的认知及翻译能力。从词汇、句法及修辞三方面介绍英语广告的语言特征,并通过实例分析介绍了英语广告翻译的技巧、策略与原则。透彻地了解广告产品和广告语篇的内容及其艺术形式,遵循英汉两种不同语言的特点和表达习惯。

创新点:探索和研究了广告英语语言特点及其对大学生翻译英语广告的影响。

一、 选题的背景与意义:

(一)课题研究来源

在考研过程中遇到类型相关的题目,本人很感兴趣,于是确定选择该题。

(二)课题研究的目的

本文通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义,来叙述《呼啸山庄》中文明与自然的冲突。

(三)课题研究的意义

艾米莉·勃朗特是英国维多利亚时期着名小说家和作家,是着名的勃朗特姐妹之一, 也是三姐妹中最具天赋的一个。她一生只写了一部小说《呼啸山庄》,但是这部伟大的作品却使她扬名于世。通过《呼啸山庄》,艾米莉·勃朗特以维多利亚时代为背景,通过写两个截然不同的家族,三代人之间的爱恨情仇,充分表现了维多利亚时期文明和自然之间的冲突以及怎样反映了艾米莉·勃朗特对自然的偏爱。小说中自然和文明冲突不断,艾米莉·勃朗特在小说中多次运用对比和象征来表现此冲突,例如,呼啸山庄和画眉山庄的冲突,凯瑟琳两种不同的爱情观的冲突。这种冲突正是基于艾米莉·勃朗特对自然异于常人的热爱和当时现代文明盛行的背景。英国文学史上着名的三姐妹从小生活在荒原上,自然在她们心中是神圣之物,这点很像新英格兰超验主义的观点。并且英国浪漫主义时期沃兹沃斯和柯律利治等着名诗人影响,自然,情感和哥特式元素在艾米莉·勃朗特的作品中都发挥着举足轻重的作用。而且,艾米莉·勃朗特生活在物欲横流的维多利亚时代,当时的人们以自然之情为基础的生活受到现代文明的激烈冲击。作为维多利亚时代批判现实主义的代表人物,艾米莉·勃朗特看到了现代文明带来的种种罪恶,内心更加执着于对自然的喜爱。 因此,要想真正读懂这部伟大的着作,就必须要了解小说中艾米莉·勃朗特对自然和文明的观点。只有了解艾米莉·勃朗特对自然和文明的态度,才能真正明白在这爱恨情仇下有着更深刻的寓意-人类生活应该顺应自然和本性。通过《呼啸山庄》中自然和文明的从图矛盾,由此来叙述《呼啸山庄》中回归自然的观点。

二、 国内外研究现状:

(一)国内研究现状

1.陈茂林从艾米莉·勃朗特所受的自然的影响来分析,他的《回归自然返璞归真--<呼啸山庄>的生态批评》认为《呼啸山庄》是一部自然颂歌。小说中自然有着独特的作用,它使人精神放松,包容所有人,它似乎是一个有血有肉的灵魂,分享着人的痛苦和换了。作品表达了作者对自然的深深热爱,同时也反映了自然和文明的冲突和矛盾。 叶利荣则在其《追寻自我的历程--<呼啸山庄>主题探析》一文中提出:艾米莉·勃朗特在小说中塑造的两个富于激情和叛逆的人物形象--希斯克里夫和凯瑟琳,展示了他们在迷失之后寻找自我回归的艰难历程表现了处于自我冲突中的人的内心世界。他们充满抗争的一生是生命个体追寻自我历程的真实写照。

2. 王宏洁则在《自然与文明的冲击》中认为,自然和文明的冲突矛盾也就是《呼啸山庄》中的其中一个重要主题。自然,要求人们生活需要顺从内心情感和自然本性,得到自然错给予的舒适和自得。而文明,则是不同于自然的一种新的生活方式,要求人们生活遵从道德和理智。文明由此带来了物欲横流的社会以及追逐自身利益的人类,因此纯净自然之人被文明所污染。而自然不会随着文明的出现和进步消失,自然会一直存在。所以自文明诞生开始,文明和自然的冲突就不断。

(二) 国外研究现状

1.英国着名女作家弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫在一九一六年就写过《〈简爱〉与〈呼啸山庄〉》一文。她写道:“当夏洛蒂写作时,她以雄辩、光彩和热情说我爱,我恨,我受苦.她的经验,虽然比较强烈,却是和我们自己的经验都在同一水平上。但是在《呼啸山庄》中没有 我,没有家庭女教师,没有东家。有爱,却不是男女之爱。艾米莉被某些比较普遍的观念所激励,促使她创作的冲动并不是她自己的受苦或她自身受损害。她朝着一个四分五裂的世界望去,而感到她本身有力量在一本书中把它拼凑起来。那种雄心壮志可以在全部小说中感觉得到--一种部分虽受到挫折,但却具有宏伟信念的挣扎,通过她的人物的口中说出的不仅仅是我爱或我恨,却是我们,全人类和你们,永存的势力……这句话没有说完。”

2.英国进步评论家阿诺·凯特尔(Arnold Kettle)在《英国小说引论》一书中第三部分论及十九世纪的小说时,他总结说:“《呼啸山庄》以艺术的想象形式表达了十九世纪资本主义社会中的人的精神上的压迫、紧张与矛盾冲突。这是一部毫无理想主义、毫无虚假的安慰,也没有任何暗示说操纵他们的命运的力量非人类本身的斗争和行动所能及。对自然,荒野与暴风雨,星辰与季节的有力召唤是启示生活本身真正的运动的一个重要部分。《呼啸山庄》中的男男女女不是大自然的囚徒,他们生活在这个世界里,而且努力去改变它,有时顺利,却总是痛苦的,几乎不断遇到困难,不断犯错误。”

三、 课题研究内容及创新

(一)课题研究内容

艾米莉·勃朗特在《呼啸山庄》中多次运用象征主义,例如,呼啸山庄和西斯科拉里夫与儿时的凯瑟琳代表自然,他们崇尚自由,顺应自然和暴风雨似的生活原则而与呼啸山庄对立存在的画眉山庄以及林顿家庭则代表文明,他们彬彬有礼,服从一切社会原则。自然和文明表面风平浪静一直到西斯克里夫和凯瑟琳偶然闯进画眉山庄,于是冲突不断。凯瑟琳的自然之情开始受到文明的真正挑战,她开始背叛自己的内心情感,越来越像淑女,最终她舍弃对西斯克里夫的真爱嫁给埃德加·林顿,表面上文明占取了绝对优势。但是婚后的凯瑟琳被内心的自然之情折磨致死。而西斯克里夫也因为凯瑟琳的背叛自然性扭曲到极端,他变成了复仇的恶魔。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲,约束人的真实自然之情,造成了悲剧。尽管文明带来了进步,但是文明却扼杀了人性。最终,艾米莉·勃朗特让西斯克里夫在死前打开阻碍之窗-文明,让两人的游魂在荒野间游荡。种种表明艾米莉·勃朗特对两人爱情的同情以及要求人顺应人性,重返自然的思想。 本选题拟从三个部分加以阐述:

1. 自然和文明的定义

2. 自然和文明的较量: a.自然和文明的象征:呼啸山庄和画眉山庄;西斯克里夫和林顿及其哈的顿 b.自然和文明的斗争:凯瑟琳的爱情选择和西斯克里夫的疯狂报复导致人性的扭曲

3. 结论 人应该顺从自然,归顺自然。文明的侵犯使人性扭曲以及给人带来毁灭性的灾害。

(二)课题研究创新

本文主要通过对《呼啸山庄》中象征主义的运用,来解析自然和文明的冲突。艾米莉·勃朗特不仅塑造两个截然不同的庄园,分别代表自然和文明,还赋予住在两个山庄中类似他们山庄的性格,通过他们的对比以及他们交织时所产生的矛盾分歧来说明自认和文明之间的对抗。

四、课题的研究方法:

本选题拟采用多种研究手法,然后再结合定性分析研究法、综合查找法、归纳法、翻译法、文献综述法、文献检索法等多种研究方法加以详述。主要包括: 1、定性分析法:根据主观的判断和分析能力,推断出事物的性质和发展趋势的分析方法。 2、归纳法:通过许多个别的事例或分论点,然后归纳出它们所共有的特性,得出一般性的结论。 3、文献法:即历史文献法,就是搜集和分析研究各种现存的有关文献资料,从中选取信息,以达到某种调查研究目的的方法。 4、文献综述法: 即针对某个研究主题,对与之相关的各种文献资料进行收集整理,对所负载的知识信息进行归纳鉴别,清理与分析,并对所研究的问题在一定时期内已取得的研究状况,取得的成果,存在的问题以及发展的趋势进行系统而全面的叙述,评论,建构与阐述。其中,确定一个研究主题,收集整理专题文献,阅读与挖掘文献内容,清理与记述专题研究状况,建构与阐明专题研究发展趋势。

五、 研究计划及预期成果

(一)研究计划

4月15日-4月18日:指定论文指导教师,学生选定题目; 4月19日-4月25日:完成任务书部分和开题报告; 4月26日-5月12日:完成论文第一稿; 5月13日-5月22日:完成并上交论文第二稿; 5月23日-5月31日完成论文三稿(5月31日上午11点之前上交,以便答辩老师阅读),指导教师分组阅读论文,师生做好答辩准备; 6月1日-6月9日:论文答辩(答辩后,学生对教师提出的意见要及时修改,以便装订论文终稿)。 6月10日-6月12日:二次答辩及论文装订、成绩评定。

(二)预期成果

按照规定的时间和进度提交一份具有一定的理论或应用价值的,字数在5000英文 单词左右、英美文学方向的的学术论文。

六、 参考文献:

[1] Bronte Emily. Wuthering Heights [M].Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, Oxford University Press, 1999.

[2] Cecil, Victorian Novelists: Essays in Revaluation. . 1934

[3] 艾米莉·勃朗特(Emily Bronte)着,方平译。呼啸山庄[M]. 上海译文出版社, 2001

[4] 夏洛蒂·勃朗特(Charlotte Bronte)着,宋兆霖译。勃朗特两姐妹全集[M]. 河北教育出版社, 1996

[5] 陈茂林。 --回归自然 返璞归真《呼啸山庄》的生态批评 [J]. 外语教学。 2007(01):69-73

[6] 栗华。 “野孩子”的爱与恨--对《呼啸山庄》意象和主题的一种阐释[J]. 北方论丛。 2001(6):80-83

[7] 裴双。 --人类应有的前行姿态论《呼啸山庄》对野性与文明的取舍 [J]. 绍兴文理学院学报(哲学社会科学版)。 2007(04):80-85

[8] 邵旭东。 何以写出《呼啸山庄》?--也谈艾米丽·勃朗特创作源泉问题[J]. 外国文学研究。1996(04):77-81

七、指导教师评语:

曹全碑论文开题报告

音乐学院本科生毕业论文(设计)开题报告范文

论文题目: 小提琴协奏曲“梁祝”的音乐之美

姓 名:.com

班 级:xxx

学 号:xxxxx

指导老师:xxx

年月日

一、论文选题的意义

《梁祝》是一首融抒情性与戏剧性为一体的作品。作者从梁祝的故事中选取了梁祝相爱、英台抗婚、投坟化蝶这三个最主要的故事情节为题材,采用善于刻画戏剧性矛盾冲突的西洋奏鸣曲式结构,相应地通过呈示部、展开部、再现部这三大部分依次加以表现。同时作者又从地方剧种越剧的优美音调中巧妙提取了音乐素材,那委婉柔美的旋律、和顺清丽的风格、丰富的曲牌唱腔、多变的板眼节奏、复杂的表现手法,都通过独奏小提琴和管弦乐队的交响奏鸣,生动地向人们叙述了这个古老而又美丽的传说,体现出多样的音乐艺术美。《梁祝》早已成为世界上最广为流传的经典作品之一,其艺术价值是值得每一位爱乐者好好挖掘和鉴赏的。从该曲的创作背景、音乐内容、及艺术表现手法等方面进行分析并提出欣赏这首乐曲的一些方法,希望能够更加深入地理解这首乐曲助。

二,研究现状与不足(文献综述)

小提琴协奏曲这一创作形式,在西方的发展己经有几百年的历史了,经历了产生、发展到成熟的阶段。而小提琴这一西洋乐器传入中国也不过百年,中国的小提琴作品的创作大体是在20世纪40, SO年代才开始,那时的小提琴曲基本上是根据中国民族民间音乐素材创作和改编的,直到小提琴协奏曲《梁山伯与祝英台》的创作完成。小提琴协奏曲《梁祝》是中国小提琴曲创作的里程碑,也是中国小提琴协奏曲中的经典之作。

论文综述

从民族性的角度对对小提琴协奏曲《梁祝》的研究,这类文献主要有:

[1] 王娅娜.浅谈小提琴协奏曲《梁祝》的民族性.音乐艺术

[2] 陈永胜.浅析小提琴协奏曲《梁祝》的民族性.研究与探索。

从美学欣赏的角度对小提琴协奏曲《梁祝》的研究,这类文献主要有:

[1] 张蓉蓉.小提琴协奏曲《梁山伯与祝英台》赏析.音乐时空

[2] 彭弋的.小提琴协奏曲《梁祝》音乐美学分析。音乐论坛.

[3] 徐新.《梁祝》小提琴协奏曲的艺术美.音舞百家.

《梁祝》的诞生,是中国小提琴曲创作的里程碑,也是中国小提琴协奏曲的经典之作.小提琴协奏曲历来都被作曲家所重视,以上的文献分别对小提琴协奏曲《梁祝》民族性的角度、中西文化交流的角度、美学欣赏的角度进行了研究,而从审美的角度出发,对作品的写作背景、写作手法、歌唱性特征和欣赏性等方面进行分析的`文献还不多见。

三. 研究方法与研究难点:

研究方法:

1, 文献法:

通过查阅报刊杂志等各类文章,以及有关音乐评论书籍,试图对这个经典之作有更深入的理解。

2, 比较法:

通过比较《梁祝》与西洋奏鸣曲表现形式上的区别、借鉴与融合,分析这一中西结合的典范作品。

难点:

中国音乐表现为横向线性织体,注重各声部之间旋律横向发展,是一种线性音乐,特点是:重深 邃 、重韵味、旋律呈波浪型、婉转自如,但和声发展较弱;西方音乐表现为纵横交替立体织体,以主调音乐为主,特点是:重形式、重逻辑、突出主旋律,其它声部为辅,音响丰满厚实,强调以和声为主的纵向思维,和声发展较强。在作品中,如何分析作者在织体上,以及作者是怎样借鉴了西方的和声体系,增强了音乐的立体感,使西方和声民族化,使民族音乐交响化,这方面是研究的难点。

四、论文写作进度安排:

2009年11月25日确定论文方向:

2009年12月底确定论文题目:

2010年1月初调研,查找文献:

2010年3月22日论题答辩,开题,完成论文提纲:

2010年4月15日整理资料,完成初稿:

2010年5月5完稿,并进行修改,上交全套材料:

2010年6月中旬完成论文最后修改,并熟练论文资料,为论文答辩做好准备:

五、论文提纲:

一,前言

二、中国的小提琴协奏曲

2. 1小提琴在中国的传播

2. 2中国小提琴协奏曲的创作情况

2. 3中国小提琴协奏曲的特点

三、《梁祝》小提琴协奏曲的艺术美

旋律美

节奏美

音色美

速度美

力度美

四、结论

六、参考文献:

[1]宁佐良.音乐欣赏入门[M].北京:中国社会出版社,2004.

[2]许序雅,周静.音乐知识与欣赏[M].上海:上海文艺出版社,2001.

[3]候书森.青年必知音乐手册[M].北京:中国国际广播出版社,1999.

[4]高宗仁.音乐鉴赏[M].上海:上海交通大学出版社,2002.

[5]伍湘涛.音乐知识与名曲赏析.舰天工业出版社.1993

[6]伍湘涛.交响青乐赏析新编.[M]清华大学出版社2005

[7]周世斌.音乐欣赏.西南师范大学出版社.2000

[8]张俊,郭爱民,音乐与音乐欣赏.中南大学出版社.2004

七.指导教师意见:

签字: 年 月 日

美术教育论文开题报告

范文一

一、课题的目的意义:

课题的目的

1、现实的景色不同于绘画表现,绘画是对表现的再创造,它承载了作者对景色认识与对作者内心感受的表现意图。将现实中斑驳的光影、繁杂的色彩、以及杂乱的空间层次进行梳理,将绘画回归到简约、直接的画面形式语言中,明确并增强画面的表现力度。

2、将客观现实转化为绘画作品过程中,明确画面表现意图,探求现实世界和画面平面化语言需求之间的关系,更直接的明确体现画面视觉语言的本质。

课题的意义

1、将绘画者从现实世界中解放出来,使绘画者面对现实世界进行表现时能够变得从容、清晰,意图更加明确。

2、通过对平面化油画语言的研究,明确平面化油画语言在画面形式意味中的组织技巧和审美彰显,为更好的提高绘画水平和作品质量提供理论的支持和方法的指导。将有助于绘画实践中更自由的进行表现,形成自己独特的绘画风格。

二、文献综述 (分析国内外研究现状、提出问题,找到研究课题的切入点,附主要参考文献,约2000字):

“平面化”在如今的绘画领域,出现的频率越来越多。所谓的平面化,指的就是在绘画的作品中不追求三维真实空间为目的,更好地运用色彩、形状、线条等形式因素,使绘画更臻于作为平面艺术的本质。英国美术评论家赫伯特·里德在《现代绘画简史》中对艺术史的发展有过经典的概括:“整个艺术史就是一部关于视觉方式的历史,是关于人类观看世界所采用的各种不同方式的历史”。康定斯基认为,画家作为创造者应该追求对自己内心世界的表现,不应把模仿自然现象当做自己的目的,画家应当用绘画自身的形式语言,创造出能够展现意图的画面;美国视觉艺术批评家苏珊·格朗在《艺术的问题》中指出:“艺术品是种在某些方面与符号相类似的表现形式,这个表现形式就是艺术符号。”这些论述讲明了绘画形式与现实的关系,现实只是画面创作的依托完全不同于现实世界。更有英国艺术理论家克莱夫·贝尔在《艺术》中提出:“艺术是一种有意味的形式”。清晰地表述出绘画的表现不同于现实的写照,而是创造一种平行于现实世界的平行体。” 与土地和乡村的亲近,仿佛是人与生俱来的天性。无论是在再现现实世界风景画还是个性平面化语言的画面再造的形成都一开始便于土地和乡村息息相关。在土地和乡村同呼吸共命运的绘画取向中,无不充满着生命的气息,无不闪耀着人性的光芒。油画进入二十世纪已不再满足于再现现实世界,逐步进入到对人的本性和个性语言的画面再创造的研究和探索中。在这个多元化的时代,艺术语言形式丰富多样,平面化的艺术语言形式在其中占据了重要的分量。说起平面画,早在旧石器时代晚期,图绘在岩洞深处墙壁上的“洞穴壁画”就初露端倪。平面化的形式语言在印象派时期已经有明确的倾向,在塞尚、高更、和梵高的部分作品中已经能够看到作者在逐步的减弱所现物体的明暗、体积,把更多的精力放在画面的形式布局和结构当中,塞尚以画面的独立表现为目标,从而实现了平面化。他对空间进行再构成,使二维画面可咀自由处理,而不再一味的拘泥于再现。应该说是从塞尚的画法之后,绘画史上开始出现了平面化的画面自立。梵高的作品,在东方绘画的影响下只保留了一些微弱的颜色变化。毕加索在其作品《梦》中突出运用了平面化的形式手法,将画面用舒缓的线条分割,填充色块,形成了具有立体主义语言特点和装饰性效果的油画。马蒂斯是法国二十世纪最为著名的表现性画家之一,他笔下的物体完全是他在作品当中把人物和物体做出了极大地简化处理,有些作品中甚至只保留了物象的大致轮廓;其作品利用色彩的对比关系和画面形的分割,将画面进行了平面化的组织、表现,达到了强烈的视觉效果。在抽象主义的绘画当中,多数作者更加彻底的放弃了现实世界,更为自由的在画面上进行着形与色的自由组合,用更为直接的个性语言传达着对世界的认识,代表性的画家有米罗、克里、康定斯基和蒙德里安等。康定斯基和蒙德里安的作品在抽象表现主义绘画里面具有很强的代表性,康定斯基的热抽象绘画,画面热情,色彩跳动,充满运动感;蒙德里安的作品相比之下则显得安静、理性,简单的色块对比和线条分割,展现着画家对世界和画面平面化语言构成的理性思考。由国内绘画的发展和演变来看,传统的中国画主要是由平面化的形式语言构成,但由于文化背景和认识的不同,其视觉构成不同于西方油画的平面化形式语言。由于受到西学东渐的影响,中国出现了不少油画家,但运用平面化形式语言进行表现创作且能够融汇中西美学思想的为数不多。主要的代表性画家有:四五十年代的林风眠由于受到了西方现代绘画思想特别是马蒂斯等画家的影响,经过多年的探索形成了具有东方韵味的平面化表现形式的油画,成就了很高的艺术造诣。在他的影响下,现代画家吴冠中也形成了运用平面化形式语言结合中国文化和审美特点的绘画形式。另外,现代还有画家如:王克举、谭平等在不断地探索能够融汇中西审美的平面化表现形式,并取得一定得成就。 在探索的过程中,作为中国的画家面临着西方审美思想和东方审美思想的碰撞,西方的绘画材料和中国传统审美根基的不协调等问题。虽然西方油画当中也存在大量的平面化形式语言的绘画形式,但毕竟审美的根基不同,不能完全适合画面意图的表现。 绘画源于对现实世界的观看,观看中将审美意识、意图与现实世界融汇,形成最终的画面。平面化表现语言应注重展示视觉理解世界的方式,在最初的观看中将本民族的审美融汇到画面的平面化形式语言当中。绘画发展越来越注重个性化语言的形成和主体意识的张扬,对平面化形式语言的研究符合本民族审美需求,符合绘画中主体意识增强的发展趋势,亦将促进绘画个性化语言展现。

提出问题:

通过对平面化油画语言的研究,笔者发现在国内外对其的研究不计其数。但真正将画面回归到简约、直接的画面形式语言和真正探究现实世界与画面化语言需求之间关系,还需要在前期学习的基础上做进一步的探索。如何真正将画面回归到简约、直接的画面形式语言?真正探究现实世界与画面平面化语言需求之间关系?

研究切入点:

在国内外对平面化油画语言研究的基础上,在《乡村》创作中将画面回归到简约、直接的画面形式语言中,更直接的体现画面视觉语言本质作为切入点进行研究。

主要参考文献:

[1] 英.克莱夫·贝尔.薛华译.艺术[M].南京.江苏教育出版社,2005

[2] 房建平另一种艺术上的真实——浅析油画的平面化特征,2011(5)

[3] 赫伯特·里德.现代绘画简史[M].上海.上海人民出版社,1979

[4] 莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂. 眼与心[M].北京.商务印书馆,2007

[5] 让-吕克·夏吕姆.解读艺术[M].北京.文化艺术出版社,2005

[6] 朱良志.中国艺术的生命精神[M].合肥.安徽教育出版社,2006

[7] 张元、赵扬.艺术材料的遐想.北京.高等教育出版社,2005

[8] 王凡.浅谈当代油画创作中平面化倾向[D].四川美术学院

[9] 易苗苗.中西方现当代油画平面性风格比较[j].美术大观,2009(4)

[10] 靳凤华绘画的抽象性--从中西方绘画比较谈抽象[期刊论文] (2004(4)

[11] 何政广.世界名家画集——克里姆特.石家庄.河北教育出版社,2006

[12] 张弘昕.西方画论辑要[M].南京.江苏美术出版社,1998

三、课题研究的内容、方法和预期目标:

课题研究的内容

1、现实世界与画面平面化形式语言表现的需求存在巨大的差异,如何将现实世界转换成画面意图的需要,成为油画创作的重点。在转换过程中,如何体现绘画的意图和如何有意图的观看成为平面化形式语言形成的关键。

2、如何在创作中把握形式语言:创造能够彰显个性特征的平面化形式语言,并能在油画创作中熟练地运用,能够很好的展现创作意图,使创作意图与平面化形式语言完美结合是创作的最终目的。

3、利用平面化油画语言创作油画作品《乡村》。把现实中斑驳的光影、繁杂的色彩杂乱的空间进行梳理,在画面中充分体现出来,将画面回归到简约、直接的画面语言形式中去。

课题研究的方法:

1、读画法:搜集各种相关平面化形式语言表现的作品进行研读,包括不同画种、不同材料和不同国度的绘画。对比、比较大师平面化表现语言的差异,领会画面中表现技法与表现意图和内容的关系。

2、临 摹 法:选择自己喜欢,适合自己的名画进行临 摹 ,研究名家在创作过程中的材料运用、表现方法、意图与画面的结合等,提升对平面化表现形式语言技法的把握能力。

3、实验法:对材料和表现技法结合个性化的表现意图进行反复的实验,在实验过程中发现问题、修正问题,不断寻求更好更适合的表现方法。

课题研究的预期目标:

通过对油画创作中平面化油画语言的研究和应用,初步形成适合画面意图和自我个性化语言的表现形式,形成一篇优秀的论文,并且能够应用平面性油画语言创造出一幅完整的有意味形式的油画作品《乡村》。

四、所需仪器设备、材料情况:

1、各种纸、笔等;2、油画颜料;3、油画内框、油画布;4、媒介剂、乳胶等。五、课题分阶段的进度计划 序号 起止日期工作内容 阶段成果 1 2012年10月22日-2013年1月12日查阅收集论文资料,完成 读书笔记 确定论文选题 2 2013年1月13日-2013年3月14日分析资料,撰写开题报告完成报告开题3 2013年3月15日-2013年4月20日论文开题答辩,确定设计(创作)草图完成论文框架和创作草图4 2013年4月21日-2013年5月10日撰写论文初稿,绘制设计(创作)初稿 完成论文初稿和创作初稿5 2013年5月11日-2013年5月20日修改完善论文初稿,绘制设计(创作)正稿完成论文二稿修改创作正稿6 2013年5月21日-2013年6月10日修改完善论文二稿,绘制设计(创作)正稿完成论文三稿和创作正稿7 2013年6月11日-2013年6月15日修改论文三稿和设计(创作)正稿,参加评审答辩资格审查8 2013年6月16日-2013年6月25日 毕业论文答辩,毕业汇报展览 成绩评定推优

指导 教师 意见 (详细填写指导教师意见) 签字: 年 月 日

范文二

题目:试论水彩画创作的表现形式

(一)选题的根据:

1)本选题的理论、实际意义

理论意义:

水彩画是用水调和透明颜料作画的一种绘画方法,简称水彩,由于色彩透明,一层颜色覆盖另一层可以产生特殊的`效果,但调和颜色过多或覆盖过多会使色彩肮脏,水干燥的快,所以水彩画不适宜制作大幅作品,适合制作风景等清新明快的小幅画作。颜色携带方便,也可作为速写,搜集素材用。绘画艺术审美意识物化形态的特征简单说来,就是——“写意性”。不同的表现形式能够表现出不一样的情感。

实际意义:

对水彩画家来说,作品中表现的物象与反映生活,都有自己的认识和方法。在水彩画作品中,写意性也可以直接作用于观赏者的心理感官,强化着作品所要表达的内涵和作品的意图,以产生深刻的寓意,来丰富作品的艺术表现力和艺术感染力。同时,写意性的运用也进一步触动了人们的潜意识,并感染观赏者对作品的欣赏情绪。掌握水彩画中的写意性的规律和技巧,能够准确、鲜明、生动自然地描绘对象及其色调的特征的惟一途径就是时刻和大自然保持着联系,并且从自然中获取充足的养分,去更进一步追求更高的境界。艺术家借助一定的表现形式直接塑造出可感的艺术形象,以此来表现艺术家对现实的审美认识和创作体验,以此来表达他的情感内容。通过表现形式的运用,艺术家能够灵活、自由、含蓄地表现复杂的现实生活,抒写自己丰富的情感和独特的审美体验。

2)综述国内外有关本选题的研究动态和自己的见解

研究动态:

国外研究动态:有明确文字记载的就可以追溯到150万年以前,西班牙旧石器时代的阿尔太米拉石窟壁画中的野牛、古埃及盛行于Memphie时期用芦笔画在草纸和墙壁上的画以及我国西南地区诸省的崖画,都可以说是原始社会早期的水彩画。水彩画是标志人类文化与文明的最早的艺术形式之一 。但水彩画真正发展成为独立画种,则主要是通过英国水彩画家们的努力来完成的。18世纪到19世纪中期,英国水彩画取得辉煌成就,使水彩画作为一门独立画种真正登上艺术殿堂,在世界艺术格局中占有一席之地。因此,人们把英国作为水彩画的发源地。但几经沿革,由钢笔淡彩发展成多彩风格,直至逐步突破古老画法,大胆追求自然光色,从而创造出英国水彩画最辉煌的时代。技法日趋成熟, 水彩画特性更为明显,名家辈出,享誉世界, 19世纪中期,达到了可与油画相媲美的水平,终于登上绘画艺术的巅峰。然而现代水彩画在美国发展蓬勃,美国已成为 20世纪以来新崛起的“水彩画王国”。流派纷呈,画家众多,如大卫.理勒 .米勒得 (David Lyle Millard)、安德鲁.怀斯 (Amdrew Wyeth)、法兰克.韦伯 (Frank Webb )、查理斯.雷德 (Charles Reid)等。美国最大、最有权威的水彩画组织——“美国水彩画会”建于1866年(前身为纽约水彩画会),每年举行一次画会年展,推动着水彩画的进一步繁荣和发展。现在,水彩画不仅在西方,也在东方蓬勃发展,水彩画已成为一个世界性画种。

在国内研究动态:新中国成立后,在“百花齐放、百家争鸣”方针的指引下,水彩画蓬勃发展。 1949年,“中华全国美术工作者协会”在北京成立,组织创作活动。1954年,中国美术家协会举办“全国水彩画、速写展览”。1956年举办的“全国第一届青年美术作品展览”展出水彩画一百多件。20世纪五六十年代,画家们深入生活,用水彩画来反映新中国的新面貌,写实风格得以确立,奠定了中国水彩画重写实的传统模式。李剑晨的《晨 曦 中的人民英雄纪念碑》、古元的《延河饮马》、萧淑芳的《丁香花》都是当时影响广泛的佳作。

20 世纪50年代,苏联格拉西莫夫、茹可夫、克里马中等画家的水彩画相继传入中国,他们“讲究造型严谨和色彩真实 ” 的写实传统极大地影响了中国水彩画艺术的发展。

自己的见解:

目前存在的许多问题比较复杂,很难归纳。从近几年举行的几次大型美展来看,有一个很突出的现象:水彩画作品中缺少画家内心活动的具体表现。现在画画的人大多都是靠临 摹 照片,缺少对事物的感触,缺乏自己对事物的认识和产生的独特的感觉。水彩画进一步发展,绘画形式的多元化与单纯的技法进一步影响着水彩画的意境。还有一些高科技手段开始被运用到水彩画创作中,甚至使用微喷技术,在专业的美展上这应该是受谴责的。

(二)研究内容

本文从理论出发,联系实际,对水彩画中的写意性进步作了一系列的研究,并对提出了各种技艺对水彩画创作的影响,具体内容如下:

一、题材选择是水彩画创作的“质”

二、作画技巧是水彩画创作中的“法”

(一)干画法和湿画法影响着画中的空间变化

(二)水分是水彩画中不可或缺的媒介

1、时间问题

2、空气的干湿度

3、画纸的吸水程度

(三)“留空”为水彩画中的“点睛之笔”

三、构图方式是水彩画创作中的“形”

四、艺术内容是水彩画创作中的“情”

(一) 静物水彩画

(二)风景水彩画

(三)人物水彩画

五、总结

(三)研究方法、技术路线及可行性分析

研究方法:

(1)调查法:通过对近现代画家的调查,了解水彩虚实技法的发展进步过程。

(2)文献研究法:通过查阅大量的书籍资料,从而全面的、正确的了水彩技法及在当代中国艺术教育中的发展过程和状态,以及在这个过程中出现的一些问题。

(3)定性分析法:对于本研究课题,我们除了要掌握一些资料之外,更多的要形成自己的思维体系。对获得的各种资料进行思维加工,从而了解中国当代水彩技法的虚与实在美术教育中的地位和影响。

可行性分析:

1、资料来源充足:现代网络设备,各种的期刊,报纸杂志都能为我们提供信息。相应的理论研究比较多,对本课题的研究提供了丰富的基础性支撑;

2、导师的精心指导:在导师的精心指导下,我修改论文,查找相关资料,使论文研究更彻底;

3、准备及研究时间充足:我校开展论文写作的时间充足,从2010年7月份开始选题,到2011年5月中旬定稿,将近半年的时间可以供我们写作和研究。

(四)进度安排和采取的主要措施

1、2010年7月10日——8月10日 收集资料,重读作品,确定论文题目,查阅相关资料。

2、2010年9月1日——9月12日 在指导老师的指导下,拟定写作提纲,并按学校相关要求完成开题报告,准备开题答辩。

3、2010年7月13日——12月30日 完成论文初稿,并交指导老师评审。

4、2011年1月1日——3月10日 认真听取指导老师的意见,修改论文。完成论文2稿。

5、2010年3月11日——5月10日 完成第三、四稿,毕业论文中期考核

6、2010年5月11日——5月20日 定稿,装订,成册,准备答辩。

(二)主要措施:

1、查阅有关文献,去期刊网或报纸、杂志等媒体了解相关资料;

2、分析问题,运用所学知识、结合事实分析并解决问题;

3、与指导老师及同学共同探讨有关本题的相关内容。

(五)主要参考文献

[1] 孔新苗,张萍.中西美术比较[M].济南:山东画报出版社,2002.

[2] 蒋跃.水彩画艺术[J].美术杂志社,2000,(5).

[3] 张道一.美术鉴赏[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2003.

[4] 孙宜生.意象素描[M].武昌:华中工学院出版社,1986.

[5]童丽莉.水彩画的当代视野彩绘当代—中国水彩画高峰论坛纪要[N],浙江美术在线-世纪美术

[6]关维兴.我和水彩,光明日报[J]1998,10,(25).

[7]于然.绘画色彩基础[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆美术摄影出版社,1988.

[8]中国水彩画(第六期)[J].天津:天津人民美术出版社, 2002.

[9]文金扬.绘画色彩学[M].济南:山东美术出版社,2001.

[10]王伯敏.中国画构图[M].天津:天津人民美术出版社,1981

英文版论文开题报告

英语论文开题报告范文参考

下面是一篇由我为您整理的英语论文的开题报告范文,虽然不是特别好,但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法,有一定的.借鉴价值。

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies

1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

2 Outline

Development and major concepts of DTS

In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

Methodolgy

I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

DTS in contrast to other theories

A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

Case study

In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

Conclusion

Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

附录1- 引文范例

“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)

“噢,这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐,您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰,1990:59-60)

附录2- 参考文献范例

Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.

Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.

Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.

(1)提出问题注意“层次”选题是撰写学术论文的第一步,选题是否妥当,直接关系到论文的质量,甚至关系到论文的成功与否。不同于政策研究报告,学术文章聚焦理论层面、解决理论问题。有的学生的选题不具有新颖性,内容没有创新,仅仅是对前人工作的总结,或是对前人工作的重复。在选题时要坚持先进性、科学性、实用性及可行性的原则。在提出问题时,要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。选题来源包括:1、与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题;2、自己从事的专业某问题发展迅速,需要综合评价;3、从掌握的大量文献中选择反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。所选题目不宜过大,越具体越容易收集资料,从某一个侧面入手,容易深入。(2)瞄准主流文献,随时整理文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础,文献越多,就越好写,选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等,要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性;选择文献应先看近期的(近3~5年),后看远期的,广泛阅读资料,有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读,在阅读时,注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。整理资料时,要注意按照问题来组织文献资料,写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来,而是要按照一定的思路将其提炼出来。只有这样,才能写出好的文献综述,也才能写出好的论文开题报告,进而为写出好的论文打下基础。(3)研究目标具体而不死板一般论文开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标,但认为,研究目标不宜规定得太死板,这是因为,即使条件一定,目标是偏高还是偏低,往往难于准确判断,研究工作本身,涉及求知因素,各个实验室条件不同,具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。英语硕士论文开题报告要想完成好,达到高标准,要满足几大要求。写作要求和格式要求想必大家都能规范好,如果连这点都做不到。那写好的论文别说高标准了,合格到达不到。因此学生首要必须了解并规范好写作格式要求,其次按照文中所写的步骤来完成好每一部分内容。该过程中,还要求学生们必须灵活运用一定的技巧。希望笔者分享的这篇文章,可以指导大家更好的完成英语硕士论文开题报告。(参考资料来源自中国论文网)

英文论文开题报告写作技巧

导语:一篇优秀的英语论文离不开开题报告的撰写。那么,如何写好开题报告成为同学们非常苦恼的问题。下面是我分享的英文论文开题报告的写作技巧,欢迎阅读!

开题报告的一般内容

课题来源、开题依据和背景情况,课题研究目的以及理论意义和实际应用价值。

文献综述。在阅读规定文献量(不少于50篇,其中外文文献占40%以上)的基础上,着重阐述该研究课题国内外的研究现状及发展动态,同时介绍查阅文献的范围以及查阅方式、手段。

主要研究内容。包括学术构思、研究方法、关键技术、技术路线、实施方案、可行性分析、研究中可能遇到的难点、解决的方法和措施以及预期目标。

拟采用的实验手段,所需科研和实验条件,估计课题工作量和所需经费,研究工作进度计划。

主要参考文献,列出至少10篇所查阅参考的文献。

写好开题报告的技巧

提出问题注意“层次”

在提出问题时,要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。

选题来源包括:与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题;自己从事的专业。

问题发展迅速,需要综合评价;反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。

所选题目不宜过大,越具体越容易收集资料,从某一个侧面入手,容易深入。

瞄准主流文献,随时整理

文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础。选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等,要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性;选择文献应先看近期的(近3~5年),后看远期的,广泛阅读资料,有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读,在阅读时,注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。

整理资料时,要注意按照问题来组织文献资料,写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来,而是要按照一定的'思路将其提炼出来。只有这样,才能写出好的文献综述,也才能写出好的开题报告,进而为写出好的论文打下基础。

研究目标具体而不死板

一般开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标,但笔者认为,研究目标不宜规定得太死板,这是因为,即使条件一定,目标是偏高还是偏低,往往难于准确判断,研究工作本身,涉及求知因素,各个实验室条件不同,具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。

搜索技能篇

google学术搜索

google学术搜索的功能可以说是相当强大,这里先介绍了几个实用的小技能~

查找图书馆试用资源

试试搜索栏里输入:"intitle:试用数据库 inurl:lib" 便可以快速找到各高校图书馆的免费资源了。这些密码虽然持久不了,但是足够解燃眉之急。这是一个密码页。你可以保存起来,说不定今后你会用到它们。

需要说明的是:百度查找中文的期刊还是很管用,因为百度中文页面更新很快,而google在中文方面就不是很在行了,但是英文网页,google则是一个星期更新一次,频率较快,优先采用检索国外数据!

站内直接搜索

谷歌对于一些流量大户,比如知乎,直接在搜索结果页面呈现了站内搜索框,很是方便。

InfoSeek

提供全文检索功能,并有较细致的分类目录,还可搜索图像。网页收录极其丰富,以西文为主,支持简体和繁体中文检索,但中文网页收录较少。查询时能够识别大小写和成语,且支持逻辑条件限制查询(AND、OR、NOT等)。高级检索功能较强,另有字典、事件查询、黄页、股票报价等多种服务。

Wolfram Alpha

图表数据伸手可得的神器!

Wolfram Alpha是一个绘图计算器、在线图书馆、和搜寻引擎的综合体。它不像Google一样给出零碎的混杂的内容,而是直接将每一帧信息拼接成有效的影像,更直观地呈现结果。

举个例子,想要了解中国人口数量变化,Wolfram Alpha会直接给出折线图;相当的方便、直观。

英文论文开题报告是一篇高质量论文的开始,只有良好的开端,才可以给你的论文奠定坚实的基础。

最新英语论文的开题报告范文

1 introduction

the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.

2 outline

development and major concepts of dts

in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

methodolgy

i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

dts in contrast to other theories

a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

case study

in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

conclusion

based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

开题报告的一般内容课题来源、开题依据和背景情况,课题研究目的以及理论意义和实际应用价值。文献综述。在阅读规定文献量(不少于50篇,其中外文文献占40%以上)的基础上,着重阐述该研究课题国内外的研究现状及发展动态,同时介绍查阅文献的范围以及查阅方式、手段。主要研究内容。包括学术构思、研究方法、关键技术、技术路线、实施方案、可行性分析、研究中可能遇到的难点、解决的方法和措施以及预期目标。拟采用的实验手段,所需科研和实验条件,估计课题工作量和所需经费,研究工作进度计划。主要参考文献,列出至少10篇所查阅参考的文献。写好开题报告的技巧提出问题注意“层次”在提出问题时,要以“内行”看得懂的术语和明确的逻辑来表述。选题来源包括:与自己实际工作或科研工作相关的、较为熟悉的问题;自己从事的专业。问题发展迅速,需要综合评价;反映本学科的新理论、新技术或新动向的题目。所选题目不宜过大,越具体越容易收集资料,从某一个侧面入手,容易深入。瞄准主流文献,随时整理文献资料是撰写好学术论文的基础。选择文献时应选择本学科的核心期刊、经典著作等,要注意所选文献的代表性、可靠性及科学性;选择文献应先看近期的(近3~5年),后看远期的,广泛阅读资料,有必要时还应找到有关文献所引用的原文阅读,在阅读时,注意做好读书卡片或读书笔记。整理资料时,要注意按照问题来组织文献资料,写文献综述时不是将看过的资料都罗列和陈述出来,而是要按照一定的思路将其提炼出来。只有这样,才能写出好的文献综述,也才能写出好的开题报告,进而为写出好的论文打下基础。研究目标具体而不死板一般开题报告都要求明确学位论文的研究目标,但笔者认为,研究目标不宜规定得太死板,这是因为,即使条件一定,目标是偏高还是偏低,往往难于准确判断,研究工作本身,涉及求知因素,各个实验室条件不同,具体研究时条件也不同。学位论文选题和研究目标体现了研究工作的价值特征。搜索技能篇google学术搜索google学术搜索的功能可以说是相当强大,这里先介绍了几个实用的小技能~查找图书馆试用资源试试搜索栏里输入:"intitle:试用数据库 inurl:lib" 便可以快速找到各高校图书馆的免费资源了。这些密码虽然持久不了,但是足够解燃眉之急。这是一个密码页。你可以保存起来,说不定今后你会用到它们。需要说明的是:百度查找中文的期刊还是很管用,因为百度中文页面更新很快,而google在中文方面就不是很在行了,但是英文网页,google则是一个星期更新一次,频率较快,优先采用检索国外数据!站内直接搜索谷歌对于一些流量大户,比如知乎,直接在搜索结果页面呈现了站内搜索框,很是方便。InfoSeek提供全文检索功能,并有较细致的分类目录,还可搜索图像。网页收录极其丰富,以西文为主,支持简体和繁体中文检索,但中文网页收录较少。查询时能够识别大小写和成语,且支持逻辑条件限制查询(AND、OR、NOT等)。高级检索功能较强,另有字典、事件查询、黄页、股票报价等多种服务。Wolfram Alpha图表数据伸手可得的神器!Wolfram Alpha是一个绘图计算器、在线图书馆、和搜寻引擎的综合体。它不像Google一样给出零碎的混杂的内容,而是直接将每一帧信息拼接成有效的影像,更直观地呈现结果。举个例子,想要了解中国人口数量变化,Wolfram Alpha会直接给出折线图;相当的方便、直观。英文论文开题报告是一篇高质量论文的开始,只有良好的开端,才可以给你的论文奠定坚实的基础。

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