英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
下文是为大家精选的翻译在职硕士论文开题报告，希望对大家有帮助!
翻译在职硕士论文开题报告
论文题目：从顺应论的视角看企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构
1、选题意义和背景
随着中国加入世界贸易组织，中国企业的对外联系也日益增多。中国企业要想打入国际市场，提高在国际市场上的知名度，企业网站或宣传册上的企业简介扮演着十分重要的地位。通过阅读企业宣传资料，读者可以看出企业外宣材料既有关于企业的基本信息介绍，也有企业所做的文字上、句法上、结构上的这染来达到推广企业、大市场的目的。汉语企业外宣材料的翻译在英译过程中会涉及到与目的语不同的语言习惯、行文方式以及文化因素、社会政治因素、心理因素和审美因素等，这就需要译者对原文本做出适当调整，从内容和形式上对语篇进行重构，以此实现对交际意图的顺应。根据赖斯的文本类型说，本文有三种类型，分别是“信息型”、“表达型”和“诱导型”.笔者认为，企业外宣翻译属于“信息型”和“诱导型”文本兼而有之，而且更侧重于“诱导型”.因此，外宣翻译要更加注重文本的交际功能，要更多的考虑如何使译文所传递的信息更便于目的语读者理解和接受，并让读者产生共鸣，继而付诸行动，实现译文预期的功能。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschuem)提出了顺应论，将语言的使用过程看做语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态选择的过程。因而可以从顺应论的视角研究语言使用。翻译作为一种特殊的交际方式，也可以从顺应论的视角对其进行研究。优秀的企业宣传材料不仅会提高企业的知名度，还会为企业带来不可估量的经济效益，因此任何一个想打入国际市场的企业务必在其外宣材料的翻译上做足功夫。由于中西方文化背景、历史渊源、生活环境的不同，译者在翻译企业外宣材料时为了获取目的语读者的认可并激发他们付诸行动，就要顺应目的语读者的阅读习惯、审美习惯以及心理因素、文化因素等对原文做出形式上和内容上的调整，而这一顺应的过程也是语篇重构的过程。本文突破性的将顺应论与语篇重构结合起来，并结合西麦克展览公司宣传材料和海天调味食品股份有限公司宣传材料及其翻译，试图从顺应论的视角分析企业外宣翻译中的语篇重构现象。
2、论文综述/研究基础
1987年维索尔伦(Verschueren)提出顺应论之后，在语用学界引起了很大反响，不久国内学者就将其引进到中国来。国内学者不仅从理论层面对顺应论进行研究和探索，而且将顺应论应用到翻译理论和实践、外语教学、二语习得、文化传播等领域。在这些领域中，成果最大的当属顺应论对翻译理论和其应用的研究。我国真正将顺应论引入翻译研究开始于21世纪初。
1 国外顺应论研究状况。
比利时语用学家维索尔伦(Verschueren)在《IprA工作文集》(IprA WorkingDocument 1) (1987, 45-48)中发表了一篇名为《作为顺应论的语用学》，标志着顺应论的提出。1995年，他较为详细并系统地在他主编出版的第一本《语用学手册》(handbook of Pragmatics)中对顺应论进行了进一步阐述。他认为，语言的使用过程就是语言为顺应不同的交际目的和交际对象进行动态地选择的过程。他将语用学描述为关于语言整体的、功能性综观，并将语用学定义为语言和交际在认知、社会与文化方面的研究。1998年，阿萨卡瑟(AsaKasher)主编的《语用学的关键概念》Pragmatics;: Critical Concepts)论文集中，维索尔伦发表了一篇名为《交际动态过程的语用模式》(v4 Pragmatic model for the dynamatics of communication )的文章，主要研究了顺应论中顺应的动态性。1999年，在他的专着《语用学新解》(Understaning Pragmatics)中，维索尔伦强调了语用学的地位和作用，这本书的出现标志着顺应论走向成熟。该书主张把语用学当作一种研究视角，突破了以往学者将语用学看作语言学的一个核心分支(语音学、音位学、形态学、句法学、语义学)的看法，而认为语用学是一种语言功能的视角或纵观，贯穿于语言学研究和使用的方方面面，可以照应到语言的各个层次。运用这一视角，可以研究不同的语言材料。这是一种研究方法上的革命，可以为语言的不同层面进行语用分析，也为语用学的学科性质进行了重新定位。
2 国内顺应论研究状况。
钱冠连是国内第一位将顺应论引入中国进行研究的学者。在他发表在《外语教学与研究》上的《语用学：语言适应理论----Verschueren语用学新论评述》(1991,62-66)的文章中，将维索尔伦对语言适应包括五个方面，即适应的对象、层次、阶段、领悟程度和适应策略进行了分析，并且就语言适应、选择和语言功能综观三者的关系进行了探讨，认真分析对比了维索尔伦的语用学新论和以往的语用学的区别。他还在《外语教学与研究》上发表了一篇《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架〈如何理解语用学〉述评》(2000,230-232)，该文章首先解释了语用学综观论的理论源头。维索尔伦从Morris的理论中得出了任何规则里都有语用成分，也能从不同的语言成分中审视到语用视角。其建设性意义体现在将语用学从语言学的并列学科出分割出来，使其不再属于语言资源的语言学，而是加入到语言使用的语言学去，作为是一种语言综观和视角来研究和使用，这不仅仅可以解决语用学问题，还为今后人们从语用学角度解释其他问题提供了一种新的视角。
国内除钱冠连外，2007年何自然主编的《语用三论：关联论顺应论模因论》一书也对维索尔伦的顺应论进行了详细介绍和评述。和以往语言学及语用学着作不同的是，该书紧紧把握住语用学研究与发展的方向，集语用学的三个前沿理论(关联论、顺应论、模因论)为一体来向国内读者进行西方翻译理论的介绍。
关于顺应论的部分，该书介绍了顺应论的理论来源、顺应论的三个核心概念、顺应论的视角观、顺应论的分析维度、顺应论的应用等。本书中理论与实例有效结合，为读者展现了顺应论的完整框架及其应用。该书指出，顺应论是宏观语用学的核心，顺应论为我们提供了一个研究和探讨语用学的全新视角。谭晓晨发表在《外语与外语教学》上的《语境的动态研究一--维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》(2000, 50-52)中介绍了维索尔伦的语境适应论，探讨了语言和语境互为构建的动态关系，指出动态生成的语境观是对传统语境研究及时而必要的补充。孙炬发表在《山东大学学报》上的《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》(2007,51-55)从语言哲学的立场阐释了维索尔伦的顺应论。语言的使用是哲学立场的反映，纵观维索尔伦的语用思想，折射出体现在意义观、心理认知观和语境观三个方面的语言哲学。此外，刘正光、吴志高从哲学、心理学以及语言学的角度论述了顺应论的理论基础，除了对语言顺应论做出肯定，他们还指出“将‘顺应’看成一把万能的朗匙，以解释所有的语言运用，有运用过度之嫌”(李元胜，2007:124)。
中国学者不仅专门对顺应论进行研究，还将其与其他理论结合或者将顺应论应用到不同的领域。在利用顺应论对其他问题进行研究的过程中，顺应论对翻译的研究占据多数。
从理论研究的角度来看，有的学者侧重于顺应论对翻译理论研究的启示，戈玲玲在发表在《外语学刊》上的《顺应论对翻译研究的启示----兼论语用翻译标准》(2000,7-11) -文中，为我们展现了语用翻译理论的发展历程，它超越了以往语言学研究的框架，将翻译看作是一种动态的信息交流活动。文章还指出，根据顺应论，语言和语境之间的顺应是一个相互的过程，两者可以相互影响，同样，翻译作为语言转换的过程，也会涉及到原语和目的语之间的相互顺应，这种顺应应该以满足交际双方的需要为目的，对交际语境、语言的选择和语言结构做出改变。
有的学者从顺应论的角度分析翻译策略和方法，王建国发表于《外语研究》上的《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》(2005,55-59) -文中，针对国内外翻译界对翻译方法和翻译策略的争论，他指出直译、意译、归化、异化只是翻译方法，而不是翻译策略，动态顺应才是翻译策略。同时，他还指出翻译的过程和结果是动态顺应的过程和结果。
顺应论在与翻译结合的过程中，学者们除了从翻译理论研究的角度分析和阐释顺应论对翻译研究的意义外，还将顺应论应用到具体的翻译实践中去，比如文学作品译作分析、应用文本译作分析，同时还有学者将顺应论与语用策略研究、外语教学研究、跨文化交际等方面联系起来。
叶苗在其着作《应用翻译语用观》COn Pragmatics Translation from theperspective of Pragmatics)中，首先对应用翻译进行了定位，然后从语用学的角度研究应用翻译。同时她主张以顺应论为基础来讨论和解释异化，并以《选美中国》为例，结合应用翻译中“异化”和“归化”之争，提出了在对具有中国文化特色的应用文本翻译时，译者可以采取异化策略，担负起传播中国文化的使命，扩大目的语读者的文化语境、认知语境，激发他们对中国文化和传统的兴趣和探索，增强我国软实力。
纵观国内顺应论的研究现状以及顺应论与翻译结合的研究现状，可以看出在顺应论对翻译的结合方面，研究者几乎都是从文学翻译、应用文翻译的角度进行研究，而且很多研究还是局限于维索尔伦顺应论的推介和重申，缺乏创新点，并且对理论的适用范围没有做出明确规定，导致了顺应论在很多领域的误用和滥用。
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钱冠连。《语用学：统一连贯的理论框架--J. Verschueren〈如何理解语用学〉述评》[J].北京，外语教学与研究。2000(3) :230-232.
钱冠连。《语用学：语言适应理论一“Verschueren语用学新论评述》[J] ?北京，外语教学与研究。1991(1)：61-66.
孙炬。《维索尔伦顺应论的语言哲学观》[J].济南，山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版)。2007 (6) :51-55.
潭晓晨。《语境的动态研究-维索尔伦的语境适应论评介》[J].北京，外语与外语教学。2002 (6)：50-52.
王建国。《从语用顺应论的角度看翻译策略与方法》[J].南京，外语研究。2005(4) :55-59.
叶丽萍《顺应论在企业简介汉英翻译中的应用》。2012,叶苗。《应用翻译语用观研究》M.上海，上海交通大学出版社。2009.
张运桥，严敏芬。《语用三观：关联论、顺应论、模因论评介》[J].广州，外语艺术教育研究。2009(3) :36-38.
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告，欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容：
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富，寓意深刻，具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中，恰当地加以运用，会大大增加语言的表达能力，收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华，是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单，语言精炼，富于形象比喻，充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想，开拓视野，了解英国的历史文化、风土人情，以及英国人民的人生哲理，同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处，详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况：
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报，1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊，1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报，1993/2。
张培基，喻云根，李宗杰，彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京：中国外语教育出版社，xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲：
thesis statemen：this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见：
指导教师签名：
年 月 日
你好，这个不是固定的，你可以和导师商量一下
开题报告，老师一般会给模板，还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告，你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌，刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社，1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日
答辩后会评选优秀毕业论文，如果你想争取这个的话，最好选择语言学方向的题目，因为语言学是比较难的，写这个课题的人很少，大多数人选的都是翻译和文学方向。我毕业时写的是旅游景点名称的翻译问题及解决办法，个人认为这个题目是在翻译中不常见的，没想到书籍资料就不是很好找，有些网上扒来的导师不认可，还让亲自去找错误，所以题目一定要选对，不要给自己挖陷阱，选了题目上报之后再想改就没那么容易了。一般写翻译的都会用到翻译大师尤金奈达的翻译理论--功能对等，答辩的时候答辩组老师一定会问你这个问题，你要是不看这本书把理论吃透，答不好就可能被认为是抄袭。还有其他种种问题啊
英语翻译论文直接找北京译顶科技就行了啊，省时省力，对接也方便。
开题报告范文例文大全6篇。本科毕业论文开题报告论文题目the Application and Innovation zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载of Gothicism in Wuthering Heights一、选题的意义和研究现状zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况 zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。二、研究方案zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲）zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。预期的结果（大纲）:zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1．A Survey of GothiczFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Definition of GothiczFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 the Origin of Gothic NovelszFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Historical ReasonszFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Folklore in Germantic NationalityzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Drama in the RenaissancezFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 the Bible and Legends in ChristianityzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Development of the Novel ItselfzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Challenge of Romanticism to RationalismzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载 Sublime and BeautifulzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载2. 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Description of Figure Emotion and PsychologyzFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载Reference2．拟采用的研究方法zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料；zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足;zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载(2) 由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载1．研究进度安排zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载（8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载2. 应收集资料及主要参考文献（不少于8条）zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[1] Bronte, Charlotte. 1907. Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights. London: J. M. Dent Sons Ltd. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts. ed. handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[5] 方平. 1993 .希望在人间?论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M]. 上海译文出版社. 第24页.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[6] 盖斯凯尔夫人. 2000 .夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M]. 张淑荣等译. 北京: 团结出版社. 第11?12页.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[7] 肖明翰. 2001. 英美文学中的哥特传统[J]. 外国文学评论第3期.zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载[8] 鲜于静. 2003. 神秘和怪诞的魅力??福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA]. 中国学位论文全文库. zFs英语帮 - 免费在线英语学习听力口语练习大中小学四六级GRE托福商务英语资料教材下载英语论文开题报告范文例文大全6篇。Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文，供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
翻译学论文开题报告
开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告，供参考阅读，希望对您有所帮助。
1、选题意义和背景
The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.
Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.
Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.
Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.
Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.
2、论文综述/研究基础
1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.
Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.
Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.
In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.
Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.
Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.
This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.
2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.
Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.
As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.
In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.
Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。
Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.
毕业设计创新点写法如下：
1、资料创新，毕业论文的创新点该怎么写呢？首先就是资料创新。论文里面所用到资料可以用新的，最新的科研成果，专业最前沿的数据和资料，这个就要求同学们时刻关注一些相关的报纸新闻等，这样就可以第一时间获取。
2、方法创新，好多同学在写论文的时候，都会按照一些所谓的套路来写。这样写确实不会错，但是老师已经看多了，觉得没有丝毫的新奇。假如我们可以写出一种别人没有用过的方法，写出新颖得的感觉，这样就会给老师人耳目一新。那也自然就会受到大家的青睐。
3、观点创新，别人从来没有提过的观点，你提出来了，这个就是观点创新。不过这个对于同学们来说有一定的难度，因为学术水平的高低，在这方面就可以体现出来出来，这个除了考验同学们的学术水平，也考验同学们的思维能力。
4、角度创新，大家都用同一个角度看待分析问题，而你选择另一个角度看待，不单单角度创新，可能最后得出的结论都会有一定的创新点。就像杨桃在正面看和侧面看是完全不一样的。
其实在准备写论文的时候，我们就已经阅读过大量的文献资料了，那论文的创新点就可以从这方面入手，想想你的论文与你看过的文献相比，有什么突破的地方，那这一点就是你论文的创新点。
1、查看历来创新论文资料，寻找创新灵感。
需要多读相同课题的论文，才知道那些时已经被阐述过的。在读别人的论文的时候不仅是参考他们的思路（参考而已）还可以挑毛病，找突破点。一味的求新，却没有知识积累，所写的论文即使很个性突出，也难免漏洞百出。所以多读是基础。想要高分，最好看看你们导师的论文，不要抄袭，最好在自己的立意鲜明的基础上尽量用另一种说法向导师的观点靠拢，还要看看论文评判的最权威人士的论文，也适用这种方法。虽然有些拍马屁之嫌，但是既然他们是老师，我想知识深度总要比学生深一些吧。而且，谁会知道他们的论文不是参考国内哪个名人的呢？
首先要确定好你的论文方向，然后确定论文题目，主要看可以参考的文献多不多，文献多就好写，然后结合文献再加工你自己的话，一般就可以了，注意写好提纲哦，提纲是最重要的，还有格式也要注意，总之论文是一个很系统的过程，祝早日通过并顺利毕业
提供一些翻译方向的论文题目，供参考。商务合同英汉互译技巧英文品牌汉译知识对于翻译的重要性中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏跨文化交际与商标翻译中式菜肴的命名与翻译浅谈英语电影片名的翻译英文电影片名的翻译策略英文化妆品广告之美学翻译数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究论语境在英汉翻译中的作用浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则中英服饰广告的翻译论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性论译者的风格与译风经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译
那是一场幽幽的千古梦，那是一个美丽纷繁的大观园，万紫千红开遍，却为何落一个万艳同悲？本是富贵温柔乡却为何成为一片白茫茫大地真干净？刚刚才金满床，银满床，为何转眼乞丐人皆谤？让我们走近大观园，独上红楼，体会这幽幽一梦~~~随便写的，献丑了~~~
形象剖析捧心西子病态美 在通篇《红楼梦》中，作者对林黛玉的外在美描写并未花费太多笔墨。然而就是那着墨不多的描写却给人留下了极其美丽形象。我们可从开篇的“绛珠仙草”得“受天地之精华，复得甘露滋养，遂脱了草木之胎，换得人形”，这些句中体会到“仙草化身”一种超凡脱俗，得天地精华的清秀非凡之美。一切自然造化都是美的，一草一木俱是，更何况是一株得受天地精华，甘露滋养的“仙草”了！此时作者虽然尚未直接描述黛玉之美，但在读者心里，早已对这株“仙草修成的女体”心仪已久了。到此作者已经成功塑造了黛玉一种“清丽灵幻”的美丽形象。 黛玉初进贾府，作者也未直接着墨来描写她的外在美，而是巧借凤姐的嘴及宝玉的眼来看出林黛玉的美。心直口快的凤姐一见黛玉即惊叹：“天下竟有这样标致的人物，我今日才算见了！”这话虽未直接写出黛玉的美丽，却给读者在心里留下了一个“绝美”的形象。我们再从宝玉的眼来看看黛玉的形象：“两弯似蹙非蹙罥烟眉，一双似泣非泣含露目。态生两靥之愁，娇袭一身之病。泪光点点，娇喘微微。娴静似娇花照水，行动如弱柳扶风。心较比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分。”宝玉竟称她为“神仙似的妹妹”。笔至此处，一个活生生的“绝艳”黛玉已跃然纸上。这便是林黛玉的“外在美”。然而她的“外在美”是“娇袭一身之病” “病如西子胜三分”的病态的美，就象是个“捧心西子”。以自尊掩饰自卑 在这里，“惟恐被人耻笑去了”的自尊，已经变成了“惟恐被人小看了他去”的自卫。这种自卫，是环境变迁与门第差异在黛玉心灵深处的细微折射。从形景看，不是单冲着周瑞家的，实质是也是冲着薛姨妈与贾府的，她要借送宫花这件小事，称一称自己在皇室与侯门家庭称盘上的份量。这就是问题的实质。 脂砚斋在批这一段时道：“今又到颦儿一段，却又将阿颦天性从骨中一写，方知亦系颦儿正传。” “天性”云云，就是指这种偏执得令别人有点受不了的自尊。最受不得别人伤害的黛玉，却最肆无忌惮的 伤害着别人。然而这位贵族小姐却万万没有想到，冲着周瑞家的这个奴仆发泄，显然是有失身份的表现，她想得到的却恰恰是失掉的，这个细节无疑是黛玉性格底色的点睛之笔，所以脂砚斋才郑重指出“从骨中一写”。 人当然不能没有自尊，但她自尊心太强了，便会发展成为小心眼。等到史湘云说唱小旦的戏子有点像她的时候，林姑娘的微嗔薄讥就变成了雷霆震怒了。不过，她这一次注意到了身份，当时并没有发作出来，回到住处才连珠炮式地向情人倾泄：“我原是给你们取笑的——拿我比戏子取笑？”“这一节还怒得。再你为什么又和云儿使眼色？你安得什么心？莫不是她和我玩，她就自轻自贱了？他原是公侯的小姐，我原是平民的丫头，他和我玩，设若我回了口，岂不他自惹人轻贱呢。是这主意不是？这却也你的好心，只是那个偏又不领你的这个好情，一般也恼了。你又拿我作情，倒说我小性儿，行动肯恼，你又怕他得罪了我，我恼他，与你何干？他得罪了我，又与你何干？”（第22回）在这里，林姑娘把人格价值与门第价值以及两者之间关系说得再也清楚不过了。比作戏子犹可恕，而把湘云看得比她高贵则是不可忍的。虽然这只是她的分析，宝玉并非此意。不过我们不要被黛玉的强词夺理所迷惑，其实最不可恕的还是把她比作戏子。她觉得自己的身份受到了耻辱，自尊心受到了伤害，所以才发泄了这么一大堆，这也正是她维护自尊心的一种鲜明的表现。 其实，对林黛玉来说，自尊与自卑原不过是一对孪生姐妹。前者是后者的外化，后者是前者的内涵。与贾府门第差异，又寄人篱下，使她产生了深深的自卑，她所以要时时刻刻在人前要极力维护她的自尊，是为了用自尊掩饰她内心的自卑。小心眼背后有坦诚 黛玉的小心眼似乎人人皆知，然而还应看到，她的小心眼背后有坦诚。 林黛玉在没有与贾宝玉定情之前，她对两个情敌——薛宝钗、史湘 87版林黛玉饰演者——陈晓旭云有些“小性儿”“见一个打趣一个”，有时简直到了不太近情理的地步。如薛宝钗生病，贾宝玉去看她，本是合情合理的事情，而黛玉见了，心中不悦，竟说出“哎哟，我来得不巧了！”“早知道他来，我就不来了”。这样带刺的话，使薛宝钗和贾宝玉都下不了台。 然而真率的林黛玉，在她几乎毫无遮掩地表露着自己的缺点的同时，也在向人们敞开了她那纯真无邪的心扉。在她眼中心中，容不得微尘，也不记得微嫌。当她对某人某事有看法时，可以锋芒毕露地直陈己见，但这只是就事论事，论过陈过之后也就丢在了一边。正是凭这种待人以诚的直率，她赢得了姐妹们的友情，谁也没有将“行动爱恼人”的林妹妹当外人。如果什么时候缺了她，大家也同样感到空虚与寂寞。她毕竟有一颗晶亮的灵魂。小性儿，尖酸刻薄，只不过是美玉上的小瑕微疵罢了。 在大观园里，她似乎只有与薛宝钗结怨太深了，那是因为她曾一度将宝钗当自己的情敌。但正是她们后来又“互剖金兰语”，结成“金兰契”，谱成了友情中最动人的篇章。她被宝钗善意的批评所感动了，深情地说：“你素日待人，固然是极好的，然我最是个多心的人，只当你心里藏奸，从前日你说看杂书不好，又劝我那些好话，竟大感激你。往日竟是我错了，实在 误到如今。细细算来，我母亲去世的早，又无姐妹兄弟，我长了今年十五岁，竟没一个人象你前日的话教于我。怨不得云丫头说你好，我往日见他赞你，我还不受用，昨儿我亲自经过，才知道了。比如若是你说了那个，我再不轻放过你；你竟不介意，反劝我那些话，可知我竟自误了…….”她向宝钗说的一番话，就如一篇深刻的自我反省。说明她往日所以容不得别人的缺点，是因为还没有认识到自己的缺点；所以听不得别人赞宝钗，是因为他始终以为宝钗“心里藏奸”。在这里，我们看到这位少女自尊得有点偏执的内心世界，又变得虚怀若谷、率真坦诚了。追求真爱 林黛玉在贾府十分孤立无援，她惟一的知己是贾宝玉。对贾宝玉的爱情，是她生命之火，一旦失却这爱情，生命也就终结。 林黛玉不能离开贾宝玉，更不能失去贾宝玉的心。但是，在初恋阶段，他俩若即若离，互相试探，都不肯把真心掏出来。尤其是林黛玉，她在对贾宝玉的真心还没有充分了解之前，不肯轻易地流露出自己对贾宝玉的恋情，因为她很自尊自重。这时的贾宝玉，对纯真圣洁的少女有一种泛爱，对才貌双全的薛宝钗、史湘云，更有着明显的感情波澜，这使林黛玉无法容忍，她直率地对贾宝玉说：“我很知道你心里有‘妹妹’，但只是见了‘姐姐’，就把‘妹妹’给忘了。”正确看待林黛玉的悲剧 87版林黛玉饰演者——陈晓旭林黛玉毕竟是单纯天真的少女，她幻想着与贾宝玉的爱情有朝一日获得统治阶级的认可，配上一个合乎封建礼教的形式，成为合理的存在。但美好的幻想无所附丽，结局如何，林黛玉没有贾宝玉那样乐观自信。她担心着“不知将来如何”，更多的是预感到这爱情的悲剧结局。没有婚姻的爱情是不完整的，林黛玉正是在将爱情发展成为婚姻上碰到了更大的威胁，也更加显得无能为力。 事实是确实有一团不祥的乌云笼罩在宝黛爱情上空，而乌云的制造者就是贾府的最高统治者王夫人。如宝玉的亲信，王夫人就选中了袭人，袭人只是准备作为通房丫头给宝玉的，对宝玉妻妾的要求就更高了，选择自然更加慎重了。 林黛玉性格上的缺陷掩盖不了她叛逆思想的光芒。当她的爱情幸福被扼杀时，表现得那样的勇敢、决绝，她以死向黑暗的社会表示强烈的反抗。至此，她的叛逆性格到了高峰。一个美丽、柔弱、勇敢、决绝的悲剧形象，便深深铭刻在读者心中，屹立在中国文学史上。编辑本段性格剖析 新版林黛玉（蒋梦婕）一、有人说《红楼梦》的主题是多义的，不可以一语指实，这很有道理，但不管怎样“多义” ，总有一个是基本的；也有人说《红楼梦》的内在意象和读者的审美体验均带有一定模糊性，很难对审美对象做出精确的质的界定，这也很有道理，但不管怎样“模糊”，总有一点是明确的；还有人运用各种手段(包括电子计算机)说明前八十回和后四十回的某些差异，这是否也有道理?也有，但不管怎样“差异”，至少有一点是一致的。这种“基本”的、“明确” 的、“一致”的是什么呢?即：哭泣。读者的眼光可以有种种，有人看到了“淫”，看到了 “缠绵”，看到了“病”和“梦”等等，但谁都无法否认《红楼梦》写的“哭泣”。大观园女儿没有一个不哭的，“千红一窟(哭)”，“万艳同杯(悲)”。上至荣贵人元妃，作为小说人物正面出现时，“呜咽对泣”“泪下如雨”；下至丫环侍女，无辜罹难而饮泣者比比。真是哭声嗷嗷，血泪斑斑。梁启超论《桃花扇》是“一部哭声泪痕之书”，《红楼梦》更复如是，皆为哭泣之作。刘鹗《老残游记序》指出，一切优秀文学作品都是在哭泣，浸渍着作家的眼泪。“盖哭泣者，灵性之现象也，有一分灵性即有一番哭泣，而际遇之顺逆不与焉”，又说：“灵性生感情，感情生哭泣”“其感情愈深者，其哭泣愈痛”。刘鹗这一艺术见解无疑是精邃破的而发人深省的然而，《红楼梦》之哭泣者莫过于林黛玉，“想眼中能有多少泪珠儿，怎禁得秋流到冬，春流到夏”。海涅诗曰：“从我的泪珠里，长出娇花朵朵”。黛玉何尝不是如此。她那一颗颗晶莹的泪珠凝结成一首首美丽动人的诗篇，交织回荡着她那深切悲痛的爱情心曲和疾愤抑郁的叛逆心声，了解她的哭泣，才能理解她的性格；抓住她那些光彩闪烁的泪珠，才能映照出全书的主题；亦可领悟到作家的创作契机，并可重新认识一些有争议的问题。 二、黛玉为何而哭泣，作家创造了一个神话般的“还泪说”。怎样解释这个还泪说的现实基因 ?《礼记?檀弓》曰：“哭有二道：有爱而哭之，有畏而哭之。”畏而哭之极为常见，为智能低下之哭泣。爱而哭之则是艺术天才冶炼之洪炉，熔铸建构出无数精妙的文学巨著和感人至深的典型人物。“创作总根于爱”(鲁迅)，林黛玉就是“爱而哭之”的光辉典范。小说写她自进贾府之后，就和宝玉一见如故，情投意合，亲密无间，“日则同行同坐，夜则同止同息，真是言和意顺，似漆如胶。不想如今忽然来了一个薛宝钗”，自此，生活的平静打破了，心灵的爱河之水翻起波澜，性格也迅速嬗变。廿三回写她与宝玉一起阅读《西厢记》，“ 但觉词句惊人，余香满口”，及至听到《牡丹亭》的动人词曲，并细嚼“如花美眷，似水流年”八个字的“滋味”时，更是“心痛神驰，眼中落泪”。这表明，外界情事的触发，正在这个早慧而又早熟的少女的心弦上跳动着人生的旋律和爱的颤音，使她由青春的觉醒已进入对人生价值和爱情归宿的思考，这思考显然是痛苦的。等级森严的贾府，寄人篱下的处境，尔虞我诈的人际关系，尤其是代表着宗法思想、家族势利和神的意志的“金玉相对”之说，象一座座无形的高山横亘在爱之路上，使她很快意识到环境和自身、现实和理想的距离，意识到爱的历程的艰难与渺茫，是爱而不得所爱，但又不能忘其所爱的悲哀。因此，就在这位痴情而又敏感的少女的心理感应上，处处形成客观世界和内心世界的触发点，每次触发都会引起她对现实和自身的省视，引起感情层次的迭加和心理机制的变化，这种触发和变化一次比一次激涨，哭泣也一次比一次悲怆。“志撼恨而不逞兮，抒中情而属诗”，于是才哭泣吟唱出那些血泪交进的《葬花吟》、《柳絮词》、《风雨词》和《拂琴曲》等等哭泣之作。“ 花谢花飞花满天，红消香断有谁怜?”这正是由爱的觉醒而启发了她的人生忧患意识，一种敏锐的失落感袭上心头。 三、所谓“哭泣者，灵性之现象也”，灵性即天赋的聪明才智，也包括人的性格和气质。灵性高则天姿秀，颖慧敏锐，省视力强，感受力也强，觉悟亦快。明清以来，随着王学左派和“ 异端之尤”等思想家掀起的以“人学”和人的解放为核心的新思潮的发展，随着《牡丹亭》、《西厢记》等情词淋漓、人欲纵横的戏曲小说的进入大观园，一种新的时代气息也正浮动在“花谢花飞”的广阔空际，最先呼吸而领会之者也是宝玉黛玉而已。然而，封建堡垒的锢钥，历史传统的沉积，重重压在黛玉的心头。这种历史的重压和自我萌生的当代意识的冲突，使她表现出对礼教的强烈的束缚感，不自由感，因而产生种种难以复加的愁、怨、感伤郁闷和愤恨。马克思曾经说过：“当旧制度本身还相信而且也应当相信自己的合理性的时候，它的历史是悲剧性的”。⑴在这可悲的时代，黛玉表现出顽强的抗争力与叛逆精神。尽管她还没有完全跳出传统的轨道，但至少是在不规则的行走，而且时而迸发出新思想的火花。尤其在男女关系上，闪烁着一种新的“性爱”要求和新的价值观念，较之那些匍伏在礼教之下，不仅自己受其毒害，也极力为之说教又去毒害别人的人如薛宝钗等辈，不知高出多少倍。且看第二十九回的一段描写，黛玉揣度宝玉：你心里自然有我，虽有“金玉相对”之说，你岂是重这邪说而不重人的呢? 这话说得何等好呵，这真是问题的实质!一部《红楼梦》一曲宝黛爱情的悲歌，可以说自始至终都是在“金玉姻缘”和“木石姻缘”的交织冲突中演进的。前者以“天理”自命，以客观物的配合为基础；后者以“人欲”自命，以人的主观感情为基础。前者是伦理的，后者是人性的。再如第四十五回，写到夜间下雨，宝玉要从黛玉那里回去：黛玉听说，回手向书架上把个玻璃绣球灯拿下来，命点一枝小蜡，递与宝玉道：“这个比那个亮，正是雨里点的。”宝玉道：“我也有这么一个，怕他们失脚滑了打破了，所以没有点来。”黛玉道：“跌了灯值钱呢，是跌了人值钱?怎么忽然变出这‘剖腹藏珠’的脾气来! 这些开启黛玉的心扉之处，散发出一种芬芳的气息，其心地何等之纯净而美好!正是这种觉醒了的人的价值观念，所以她挚着地追求着实在的人生和真正的爱情，热恋着“心情相对 ”的“知己”。紫娟告诫她：“万两黄金容易得，知心一个也难求!”这正符合黛玉的思想。她多次声称自己“一无所有”，“比不得宝姑娘，什么金哪玉的，我们不过是个草木之人罢了”，并明确对宝玉说：“我那里能够象人家有什么配的上你的呢?”(第二十九回)这些虽是气话，也是真话。有时宝玉误解了她，说她“多心”(有的读者也这样误解她)，可是她回答得很好：“我为的是我的心”(第二十回)，这“心”，就是人格和尊严和感情的真挚纯洁，不允许掺有任何杂质。然而，这种觉醒了的意识，这种美好的理想与合理的要求，却为那个时代所不容，她那皎洁的性格也和那个龉龊的贵族世家格格不入，爱之路上不仅荆棘丛生，更是风刀霜剑交架。所以她的哭泣也是一种梦醒了之后无路可走的悲哀，这是她精神痛苦的主要形式。因而，她常常感到孤独、寂寞、无援以助，并渴望为人理解而求其友声：“醒时幽怨同谁诉?衰草寒烟无限情!”“娇羞默默同谁诉?倦依西风夜已昏。”“满纸自怜题素怨，片言谁解诉秋心?”“孤标傲世偕谁隐?一样花开为底迟!” 因而，她感叹人生竟象草木那样凋零失落，也象讽忽的柳絮那样无所凭依：“叹今生，谁舍谁收!嫁与东风春不管：凭尔去，忍淹留!” 因而，在极度痛苦之时，感情升华的理性意念借幻想的羽翼飞腾了：“愿侬此日生双翼，随花飞到天尽头。天尽头!何处有香丘?未若锦囊收艳骨，一杯净土掩风流，质本洁来还洁去，不教污淖陷渠沟!” 这都是一个无路可走的觉醒者的哭泣心声。 黛玉与宝玉四、所谓“感情愈深者，其哭泣愈痛”，在黛玉来说，即爱得愈深，哭泣愈痛，愈是宝玉向她表示出真正爱情的时候，她愈是伤心落泪，不能平静。黑格尔说：“生命的力量，尤其是心灵的威力，就在于它本身设立矛盾，忍受矛盾，克服矛盾。”⑵所以这种爱而不得所爱但又不能忘其所爱的矛盾与苦痛，经常使她反常与失衡：“眼空蓄泪泪空垂，暗洒闲抛更向谁 ?尺幅鲛绡劳惠赠，为君那得不伤悲!”“抛珠滚玉只偷潸，镇日无心镇日闲；枕上袖边难拂拭，任他点点与斑斑。”当感情流量超过神经负荷时，心理就易失去平衡，所以“蛇影杯弓 ”“痴魂惊恶梦”，哭泣变成梦魂的惊悸。在长期禁锢郁积于内心深处的欲望和愤懑在失衡时的自然爆发就产生了“我问问宝玉去!”的反常行动，但这反常之中又蕴含着正常的人性，是正常人性被窒息的反常行动。最后，生存失去支柱，所以“焚稿”、“断痴情”、自戕。世界的存在既是如此荒诞、丑恶、无道理、无人性，那么生命又值得活下去么?她已不是历史上闺怨诗词中的女性那样自哀自怜与无可奈何的逆来顺受，而是明知世途险恶也宁肯将人生的支点选置于个人感情的你我，也不肯丧失人格的独立与尊严而对家族实力附会攀缘。她的人生道路、恋爱心态早就表明：苟勿爱勿宁死!早就意识到并准备了一条自杀之路。“ 尔今死去侬收葬，未卜侬身何日丧?侬今葬花人笑痴，他年葬侬知是谁!试看春残花渐落，便是红颜老死时。”鲁迅论贾宝玉说：“他看见许多死亡”，“先有可卿自经；秦锺夭折；自又中父妾厌胜之术，几死；继以金钏投井；尤二姐吞金；而所爱之侍儿晴雯又被遣，随殁。 ”这些死亡，宝玉看见了，不用说，黛玉也看见了，所以她对“黄土陇中，女儿命薄”异常敏感。随着爱情的发展，自我意识的深化和对现实丑恶的省视，在黛玉面前展现的种种幻影都变成了无数病痛、破败、幻灭和死亡。在那“千红一哭”“万艳同悲”的罪恶渊薮，“女儿薄命”是普遍的，所以她眼前无非是一片坟墓和死场。“白骨如山忘姓氏，无非公子与红装”，“则看那白杨村里人呜咽，青枫林下鬼吟哦，更兼着，连天衰草遮坟墓，这的是，昨贫今富人劳碌，春荣秋谢花折磨”，她的诗也和她那倍受“折磨”的性格一样，到后来也由热而冷、由怨转悲、由明变暗，表现出“冷月葬花魂”的一种“死”的预照和冷的美。 五、林黛玉之哭泣不仅有深刻的内涵，也有鲜明的个性。表象呈现着“悲哀的秀美”，深层意蕴则充溢着忧愤之壮美；既是缠绵悱恻，又是刚烈果决，强烈地表现出一种女性的自我意识和叛逆精神，有着可贵的“坚韧”性与“挚着”性。所谓“灵性生感情，感情生哭泣”黛玉正是如此。小说写她“痴”“狂”“灵窍”“心较比干多一窍”，这即黛玉之灵性。灵性真感情深，则不落世俗，孤标傲世，容易被说成痴狂。其实李贽曰：“狂者不轨于道”(《藏书》卷三十二)，正是不守礼法的表现。当然，黛玉不是“狂士”，也不是宝钗批评的“轻狂 ”，但她确有个性解放的要求。所谓“痴”，蒲松龄曰：“性痴，则其志凝。故书痴者文必工，艺痴者技必良……是以知慧黠而过，乃是真痴。”这话用之于黛玉，恰是其灵性的最好评语。她不仅是书痴、艺痴，更是情痴。情痴者情必真而挚，感情深沉炽烈，锲而不舍，挚着于现实，挚着于人生，挚着于爱情。因其爱得真、爱得挚，“积好成痴，积痴成魔”，所以悲愤、哭泣、叛逆是必然的。从哭泣中可以看出林黛玉品格之高标，尽管她是一个“弱女”，但实是古来第一“烈女”，第一“奇女”。 六、黛玉之哭泣实际上是曹雪芹哭泣之投影，从这里可以领悟到作家的创作契机。小说透露，曹雪芹的书斋曰“悼红轩”，他在此对《红楼梦》“披阅十载，增删五次”，一边哭泣一边创作。第一回有“满纸荒唐言，一把辛酸泪”的话。脂砚斋说他“泪尽而逝”。林黛玉常以花自喻，《葬花吟》是她“泣残红”之作。由此我们可以看到两个哭泣的影子的重合：泣残红=葬花=悼红=辛酸泪，最后都是泪尽而逝。朱光潜先生说，感情深沉悲哀的作品都是“痛定思痛”的结果。看来，林黛玉之“还泪” ，实是作家在“还泪”，他之所以“还泪”，同样是“爱而不得所爱，但又不能忘其所爱的悲哀”。于是生发出无比强烈的身世之恨、世家之恨、时代之恨。倾泻内心郁结的激愤之情 “滴泪为墨，研血成字”(脂砚斋)，创作《红楼梦》一书以寄托其孤愤。二知道人《红楼梦说梦》曰：“蒲松龄之孤愤，假鬼狐以发之；施耐庵之孤愤，假盗贼以发之；曹雪芹之孤愤，假儿女以发之，同是一把辛酸泪也。”当然，曹雪芹之“孤愤”更有其深邃的内涵和鲜明的时代特征。因此可知，“哭泣”不仅是曹雪芹的创作动力，也是他的创作灵魂和艺术生命力。没有曹雪芹之哭泣，便没有百廿回《红楼梦》，也不会有林黛玉之哭泣个性。由此也可重新认识一些长期争论的问题。红玉和黛玉的玉是同一个字，但她们的性格大不相同.红玉是一心往高处爬，争求翻身,黛玉就不必说了。 但是她们还是有相同的地方。 身体同样有弱症：当时小丫头佳蕙还劝红玉去问黛玉要点药吃。 同样痴情：红玉惦记贾芸的心事与林黛玉是比较像的。 有点喜欢瞎琢磨：宝钗无意间听见了红玉的心事，结果宝钗拿黛玉圆谎，红玉闻之整天猜疑不定。八十回后应该还有与之相关的情节。 然而红玉与黛玉差别又是很大的：她对自己的未来有明确的打算，在凤姐处也只是为学些办事方法，眉眼高低；她主动追求爱情，不像黛玉躲躲闪闪，在宝玉吐露心声后依然佯装不懂；她与贾芸最后的结局也应该是圆满的；她有父母。 七、黛玉的缺点。俗话说人无完人，金无足赤。黛玉这样一位高洁袅娜的少女也不例外。她太清高了，本不应该存在于那个污浊的世界上。她和宝玉的爱太过于柏拉图，而且她对于周围的事物也是完全理想化的。她没有理解这个世界，也没有看清自己所处的地位。所以，我觉得她和周围总是有一层隔阂。正因为如此，她才不能用心地体谅别人，虽然她是善良的。她的思想行为都远远高出她所处的那个时代，但她的理想与世人不同，又太爱按自己的心意行事，太爱保持高洁的品质，不用心与周围的人搞好关系（从那些丫鬟老婆们的评价就可以看出），所以最后难免落得悲惨的结局。
1.解读英语长句的翻译密码2.基于关联理论的对英汉、汉英翻译的本质探讨3.浅析大学英语中翻译能力的提高策略4.外贸买卖合同中从句的翻译