在 LiFePO4 阴极上的温度效果 导言 由于商业化的锂离子电池的基础上 1991年在索尼的努力下，已经给 找到一个替代材料在双方的电池。 应用锂离子电池已广泛 扩大在便携市场。不过，为了扩大 他们的申请书，以电动车和混合电动车下 成本和更好的安全特性阴极材料 所需的应用锂离子电池在电动汽车。最近, 广泛的研究关于发展一个阴极 材料用较好的表现超过 LiCoO2. 自从 Padhi 以及其他人 [3] 第一次已经报告锂 烫磷酸盐。 许多工人已经集中焦点在他们的 关于将这一个阴极 [4] 最佳化研究。 LiFePO4 和它 当做阴极材料棒兴趣变成因为 它的好能力、安全、耐久性和 环保性。 然而, 为大类型的申请, 这 材料一定在高度示范它的安定和低的 温度。 结果 李/EC-十二月 -1 MLiPF6 的可逆能力/ LiFePO4 细胞在低的解除率获得了在不同的 温度分别地是 160, 158 而且 138 mAh/g 对于 60 °C, 25 °C 和在 -10 °C。 身材 -1 表演李/LiFePO4 细胞表现在各种不同的 温度和在解除率。 在 2个 C 率, 那 放电的能力是 , 而且 mAh/g 分别地为 60, 25 和 -10 ° C. 细胞能递送在 在 0,1个 C 率的 25 °C 的 -10 °C 能力的 81% 的。 那 ragone 情节 () 表示好表现 在 25 ° 和 60 °C 的 LiFePO4。
Second, status quo The trademark name for people like commodities as important. For commodities, trade mark is not only a title, but also a symbol of quality, enterprises, trademarks do not have to open more of a salesman. Trademarks competition as a special language symbols, have their differences, and the protection of advertising, we in the process of translation needs more stringent carefully and seriously weighed. In recent years, many scholars from a variety of different angles on the translation of the word in English and Chinese trademark conducted an in-depth study and research, and put forward some of the theoretical basis for the translation of strategy. Cultural perspective In international trade, a well-known brand names faithful translation of the language allows a potential entry point for consumers from knowing the product. "Literal translation" of the trademark is the original meaning of the surface of the converter. However, the special case of trademarks, and sometimes literal not a good expression of the cultural trademarks of the original flavor, but also because of cultural differences may be unable to target markets and customer acceptance of its products. Dai-rong (2004) from the start with cultural factors, on the trademark translation notable commercial purposes in the Western culture and the great differences in the translation, the traditional "true" and "equivalent" translation standards have been unable to adapt trademark translation flexibility not without losing the "letter" or "letter." I should be the desired goal at the top of translation. Trademark Translation is a cross-language, cross-cultural communication, and made in the translation of Chinese and Western cultures should focus on the exchange of information (Yuan Zhifa, 2007). Wang 1 (2007) in its "trademark trademark translation and cultural translation of the" trademarks in the text of a translation should be allowed to trademark product information disclosed; trademark advertising language translation must be consistent with the cultural identity; trademark translation market with the goal of social and political concern to close problems associated. An aesthetic point of view There are also many scholars believe that attention should be paid to trademark translation trademark aesthetic values. Trademarks to trigger a potential users better Lenovo. "Translation" is based on such purposes is in the majority. Mei Li (2007) from an aesthetic point of view, in its "aesthetic perspective from the translation of brand names in an article entitled" on the sale of trademarks in products plays an important role in advertising, the name of the goods it is necessary to use a translation, easily overwhelming majority consumers understand the ordinary people but also the aesthetic needs and aesthetic capacities, and for them to accept and appreciate, but also in line with the national, political, economic, cultural and religious beliefs and customs. Trademarks can be aesthetic features of the sound from the United States, form the United States, the United States intended to explore three areas, the translator should have the courage to innovation, with the sound translated the United States, Italy and the United States market effect of translation. (Cuijinqi, 2006) Function on the angles The same information, use two different languages, different recipients, but it has to have the same effect, which is equivalent translation of the main principles (Liu Chang-e, 2007). Li Ying (2003), Xiao Hui (2000), and other people think that the trademark should not rigidly adhere to the original translation, but should be flexible. The trademark translation and text to produce the same or similar functions. Li Ying in its "equivalent English translation of the word trademark" trademark in the translation should be avoided because of cultural differences in the use of a different understanding of the term as far as possible Baoyi or neutral color word, as brief as possible accessibility, innovative and good mind Word. And the lack of regret China's trademark translation After several decades of development and through the diligence of many research scholars have made notable achievements. But research in the field there are still some deficiencies and shortcomings. Translation Studies trademark line with the actual use. Traditional methods of translation, linguistics approach because too much emphasis on "faithful" and ignored cultural factors, resulting in the one-sidedness and on the actual operation of blindness. For example, the trademark is intended to arouse customers better purchasing desire to mark commercial function. Translation sector more than talking about is a trademark translation Alto, shape, the name of the right and so on, and ignored the trademark been accepted by the target market of consumers. Therefore, in the process of translation trademarks often be asked trademarks and translated language culture does not conform with trademark violation in the target language: the customary usage, and so on. 阿拉伯文到英语朝鲜语到英语德语到法语德语到英语俄语到英语法语到德语法语到英语荷兰语到英语葡萄牙语到英语日语到英语西班牙语到英语希腊语到英语意大利语到英语英语到阿拉伯文英语到朝鲜语英语到德语英语到俄语英语到法语英语到荷兰语英语到葡萄牙语英语到日语英语到西班牙语英语到希腊语英语到意大利语英语到中文(繁体)英语到中文(简体)中文到英语中文(繁体到简体)中文(简体到繁体)
对LiFePO4 负极的温度作用 表现 介绍 自从李离子电池的商品化根据 1991 年LiCoO2 由索尼, 大努力演讲了 发现一供选择物质在电池的双方。 李离子电池的应用广泛是 扩展在便携式的市场上。但是, 扩展 他们的在电和杂种车的应用降下 费用和更好的安全特征负极材料是 要求为李离子电池的应用在EV 和 HEV [ 1, 2 ] 。 最近, 关于开发负极的广泛的研究 材料以更好的表现比LiCoO2 。从那以后 Padhi 等[ 3 ] 第一次报告了锂 钢磷酸盐。许多工作者聚焦了他们 对优选这个负极的研究[ 4 ] 。LiFePO4 和它 情况巨大利益当负极材料由于 它的好容量, 安全, 耐久性和environmentfriendly 。 但是, 为大应用范围, 这 材料必须展示它的稳定在到处 温度。 LiFePO4 的新一代显现了出由Phostech 是 使用在这项研究。我们此中报告细胞表现 在温度大愤怒: , , , 和 在 。WSB 细胞表现与比较 PVdF 细胞在各种各样的温度。充电的方式 CC 和CC 与CV 被调查 实验性 被碾压的李离子和锂金属配置 电池被评估了使用液体和胶凝体聚合物 电解质在EC-DEC + 1MLiPF6 。LiFePO4 (新 世代) 是上漆的在铝–碳收藏家 以PVDF 和WSB 黏合剂。到处的作用 温度在细胞表现被学习了。 充电–放电特征被评估了在数 率在 和4 V 之间电压极限。 结果 Li/EC Dec 1MLiPF6/ 反演性容量 LiFePO4 细胞以低放电率被获得在不同 温度是160, 158 和138 mAh/g 各自 为, 和在 。 图1 显示Li/LiFePO4 细胞表现在各种各样 温度和以放电率。以2C 率, 被释放的容量是, 和 mAh/g 各自地为60, 25 和-10 .C 。细胞可能交付在 81% 容量在 以0, 率。 ragone 剧情() 显示好表现 LiFePO4 在25 . 和在 。
在 LiFePO4 阴极上的温度效果表现介绍自从以李-离子电池的商业为基础的以后索尼公司的 LiCoO2 在 1991 年, 大的努力已经被提出到在电池的两者边中找其它可能的材料。 李-离子电池的申请已经广泛地扩大在手提式的市场中。 然而, 扩张他们电和混合的车辆申请降低费用和较好的安全特性阴极材料是在电子伏为李-离子电池的申请需要和HEV[1,2]. 最近, 广泛的研究关于发展一个阴极材料用较好的表现超过 LiCoO2. 自从Padhi 以及其他人 [3] 第一次已经报告锂烫磷酸盐。 许多工人已经集中焦点在他们的关于将这一个阴极 [4] 最佳化研究。 LiFePO4 和它当做阴极材料棒兴趣变成因为它的好能力、安全、耐久性和 环保性。 然而, 为大类型的申请, 这材料一定在高度示范它的安定和低的温度。 被 Phostech 发展的新一代的 LiFePO4 是在这研究用。 在此我们报告细胞表现在温度的大愤怒: 60 °C 、 40 °C 、 25 °C, 0 °C 和在 -10 ° C. WSB 细胞的表现被相较在各种不同的温度 PVdF 细胞。 要价模态CC 和 CC 用 CV 被调查实验的叠片李-离子和锂以金属复盖结构电池使用液体和凝胶聚合体被评估在 EC 的电解物-+1 年十二月 MLiPF6. LiFePO4(新的世代) 在铝-碳的搜集家上被外面复盖藉由 PVDF 和 WSB 缚者。 高度的效果和低点在细胞表现上的温度被学习。 那费用-解除的特性被评估在一些在 而且 4V 的电压极限之间评估。 结果李/EC-十二月 -1 MLiPF6 的可逆能力/LiFePO4 细胞在低的解除率获得了在不同的温度分别地是 160, 158 而且 138 mAh/g对于 60 °C, 25 °C 和在 -10 °C。 身材 -1 表演李/LiFePO4 细胞表现在各种不同的温度和在解除率。 在 2个 C 率, 那放电的能力是 , 而且 mAh/g分别地为 60, 25 和 -10 ° C. 细胞能递送在在 0,1个 C 率的 25 °C 的 -10 °C 能力的 81% 的。 那ragone 情节 () 表示好表现在 25 ° 和 60 °C 的 LiFePO4。
您好，近年来，国外影视剧字幕英译研究取得了显著的进展。首先，字幕英译的研究方法发生了重大变化，从以往的以语言学为主的研究方法，转变为以跨文化交际为主的研究方法。其次，字幕英译研究也受到了计算机辅助翻译（CAT）的影响，许多研究者将CAT技术应用于字幕英译研究，以提高翻译质量和效率。此外，字幕英译研究也受到了认知语言学的影响，许多研究者将认知语言学理论应用于字幕英译研究，以更好地理解字幕英译的过程。总的来说，国外影视剧字幕英译研究取得了显著的进展，为字幕英译的研究和实践提供了有益的指导。
2022年国外影视剧字幕英译研究现状2022年国外影视剧字幕英译研究现状分析：随着现代社会的发展，越来越多的人开始接触和了解外国影视剧，字幕英译也成为一个重要的研究课题。字幕英译不仅仅涉及到文字的翻译，还包括文化背景的考虑，以及语言的使用。首先，字幕英译需要考虑文化背景。外国影视剧中的文化元素不仅仅是影视剧的内容，还包括台词、调谐、礼仪、习俗等。字幕英译者需要考虑这些文化元素，并根据英语文化的特点进行翻译。其次，字幕英译需要考虑语言的使用。外国影视剧中的台词和对话可以用不同的语言表达，字幕英译者需要根据台词和对话的内容，选择最合适的语言来表达。最后，字幕英译需要考虑字幕的翻译。字幕英译者需要根据字幕的内容，选择最合适的词汇和句子，以最大限度地表达字幕的内容。总的来说，2022年国外影视剧字幕英译研究现状将会发生显著变化，字幕英译者将会面临更多的挑战，以提高字幕英译的质量。
属于实证研究，2015年3月21日以往的电影字幕翻译类论文,通常以思辨类为主,缺乏实证研究。从互文性理论的视角下,通过数据分析和问卷调查的实证研究探究《功夫熊猫》国语、粤语...，
研究成果尤为显著。经查阅原创力文档得知1995年以后，西方影视翻译研究进入了迅速发展的时代，相关的理论研究明显增加，欧洲学者的研究成果尤其显著。字幕：是指以文字形式显示电视、电影、舞台作品中的对话等非影像内容，也泛指影视作品后期加工的文字。
Second, status quo The trademark name for people like commodities as important. For commodities, trade mark is not only a title, but also a symbol of quality, enterprises, trademarks do not have to open more of a salesman. Trademarks competition as a special language symbols, have their differences, and the protection of advertising, we in the process of translation needs more stringent carefully and seriously weighed. In recent years, many scholars from a variety of different angles on the translation of the word in English and Chinese trademark conducted an in-depth study and research, and put forward some of the theoretical basis for the translation of strategy. Cultural perspective In international trade, a well-known brand names faithful translation of the language allows a potential entry point for consumers from knowing the product. "Literal translation" of the trademark is the original meaning of the surface of the converter. However, the special case of trademarks, and sometimes literal not a good expression of the cultural trademarks of the original flavor, but also because of cultural differences may be unable to target markets and customer acceptance of its products. Dai-rong (2004) from the start with cultural factors, on the trademark translation notable commercial purposes in the Western culture and the great differences in the translation, the traditional "true" and "equivalent" translation standards have been unable to adapt trademark translation flexibility not without losing the "letter" or "letter." I should be the desired goal at the top of translation. Trademark Translation is a cross-language, cross-cultural communication, and made in the translation of Chinese and Western cultures should focus on the exchange of information (Yuan Zhifa, 2007). Wang 1 (2007) in its "trademark trademark translation and cultural translation of the" trademarks in the text of a translation should be allowed to trademark product information disclosed; trademark advertising language translation must be consistent with the cultural identity; trademark translation market with the goal of social and political concern to close problems associated. An aesthetic point of view There are also many scholars believe that attention should be paid to trademark translation trademark aesthetic values. Trademarks to trigger a potential users better Lenovo. "Translation" is based on such purposes is in the majority. Mei Li (2007) from an aesthetic point of view, in its "aesthetic perspective from the translation of brand names in an article entitled" on the sale of trademarks in products plays an important role in advertising, the name of the goods it is necessary to use a translation, easily overwhelming majority consumers understand the ordinary people but also the aesthetic needs and aesthetic capacities, and for them to accept and appreciate, but also in line with the national, political, economic, cultural and religious beliefs and customs. Trademarks can be aesthetic features of the sound from the United States, form the United States, the United States intended to explore three areas, the translator should have the courage to innovation, with the sound translated the United States, Italy and the United States market effect of translation. (Cuijinqi, 2006) Function on the angles The same information, use two different languages, different recipients, but it has to have the same effect, which is equivalent translation of the main principles (Liu Chang-e, 2007). Li Ying (2003), Xiao Hui (2000), and other people think that the trademark should not rigidly adhere to the original translation, but should be flexible. The trademark translation and text to produce the same or similar functions. Li Ying in its "equivalent English translation of the word trademark" trademark in the translation should be avoided because of cultural differences in the use of a different understanding of the term as far as possible Baoyi or neutral color word, as brief as possible accessibility, innovative and good mind Word. And the lack of regret China's trademark translation After several decades of development and through the diligence of many research scholars have made notable achievements. But research in the field there are still some deficiencies and shortcomings. Translation Studies trademark line with the actual use. Traditional methods of translation, linguistics approach because too much emphasis on "faithful" and ignored cultural factors, resulting in the one-sidedness and on the actual operation of blindness. For example, the trademark is intended to arouse customers better purchasing desire to mark commercial function. Translation sector more than talking about is a trademark translation Alto, shape, the name of the right and so on, and ignored the trademark been accepted by the target market of consumers. Therefore, in the process of translation trademarks often be asked trademarks and translated language culture does not conform with trademark violation in the target language: the customary usage, and so on.
国内外研究现状英文：Research status at home and abroad
例句：
1、The research status at home and abroad of project procurement risk management.
第2章工程项目采购风险管理的国内外研究现状。
2、Then the methods of identifying system and research status at home and abroad are given. 其次介绍了系统辨识的方法以及系统辨识的国内外研究现状。
3、Its main contents are: 1. Brief SAR image denoising and fusion, classification and recognition, and research status and progress. 其主要内容为：1.简述SAR图像去噪和融合、分类识别以及国内外研究现状和进展。
Second, status quo The trademark name for people like commodities as important. For commodities, trade mark is not only a title, but also a symbol of quality, enterprises, trademarks do not have to open more of a salesman. Trademarks competition as a special language symbols, have their differences, and the protection of advertising, we in the process of translation needs more stringent carefully and seriously weighed. In recent years, many scholars from a variety of different angles on the translation of the word in English and Chinese trademark conducted an in-depth study and research, and put forward some of the theoretical basis for the translation of strategy. Cultural perspective In international trade, a well-known brand names faithful translation of the language allows a potential entry point for consumers from knowing the product. "Literal translation" of the trademark is the original meaning of the surface of the converter. However, the special case of trademarks, and sometimes literal not a good expression of the cultural trademarks of the original flavor, but also because of cultural differences may be unable to target markets and customer acceptance of its products. Dai-rong (2004) from the start with cultural factors, on the trademark translation notable commercial purposes in the Western culture and the great differences in the translation, the traditional "true" and "equivalent" translation standards have been unable to adapt trademark translation flexibility not without losing the "letter" or "letter." I should be the desired goal at the top of translation. Trademark Translation is a cross-language, cross-cultural communication, and made in the translation of Chinese and Western cultures should focus on the exchange of information (Yuan Zhifa, 2007). Wang 1 (2007) in its "trademark trademark translation and cultural translation of the" trademarks in the text of a translation should be allowed to trademark product information disclosed; trademark advertising language translation must be consistent with the cultural identity; trademark translation market with the goal of social and political concern to close problems associated. An aesthetic point of view There are also many scholars believe that attention should be paid to trademark translation trademark aesthetic values. Trademarks to trigger a potential users better Lenovo. "Translation" is based on such purposes is in the majority. Mei Li (2007) from an aesthetic point of view, in its "aesthetic perspective from the translation of brand names in an article entitled" on the sale of trademarks in products plays an important role in advertising, the name of the goods it is necessary to use a translation, easily overwhelming majority consumers understand the ordinary people but also the aesthetic needs and aesthetic capacities, and for them to accept and appreciate, but also in line with the national, political, economic, cultural and religious beliefs and customs. Trademarks can be aesthetic features of the sound from the United States, form the United States, the United States intended to explore three areas, the translator should have the courage to innovation, with the sound translated the United States, Italy and the United States market effect of translation. (Cuijinqi, 2006) Function on the angles The same information, use two different languages, different recipients, but it has to have the same effect, which is equivalent translation of the main principles (Liu Chang-e, 2007). Li Ying (2003), Xiao Hui (2000), and other people think that the trademark should not rigidly adhere to the original translation, but should be flexible. The trademark translation and text to produce the same or similar functions. Li Ying in its "equivalent English translation of the word trademark" trademark in the translation should be avoided because of cultural differences in the use of a different understanding of the term as far as possible Baoyi or neutral color word, as brief as possible accessibility, innovative and good mind Word. And the lack of regret China's trademark translation After several decades of development and through the diligence of many research scholars have made notable achievements. But research in the field there are still some deficiencies and shortcomings. Translation Studies trademark line with the actual use. Traditional methods of translation, linguistics approach because too much emphasis on "faithful" and ignored cultural factors, resulting in the one-sidedness and on the actual operation of blindness. For example, the trademark is intended to arouse customers better purchasing desire to mark commercial function. Translation sector more than talking about is a trademark translation Alto, shape, the name of the right and so on, and ignored the trademark been accepted by the target market of consumers. Therefore, in the process of translation trademarks often be asked trademarks and translated language culture does not conform with trademark violation in the target language: the customary usage, and so on. 阿拉伯文到英语朝鲜语到英语德语到法语德语到英语俄语到英语法语到德语法语到英语荷兰语到英语葡萄牙语到英语日语到英语西班牙语到英语希腊语到英语意大利语到英语英语到阿拉伯文英语到朝鲜语英语到德语英语到俄语英语到法语英语到荷兰语英语到葡萄牙语英语到日语英语到西班牙语英语到希腊语英语到意大利语英语到中文(繁体)英语到中文(简体)中文到英语中文(繁体到简体)中文(简体到繁体)
present status of research (on...) both in China and abroaddomestic and overseas research( on...)at present 一般用于学术论文发表
directoryShall I pickABSTRACT IIDirectory IIICONTENTS VIIntroduction to the first chapter research enriched performance management fieldGiven the college teachers optimize performance assessment provides reference for university teachers' performance management mode 2130 review 3Foreign related research status quo domestic research situationThe main research contents and methods of main research contents research methodsChapter 8 of performance management theory overviewThe concept of performance management and process8 performance performance performance appraisal and performance managementPerformance management process and management method and method for ammeters 360 degrees 360Feedbacks (11) administration (MBO) 11 goalsThe key performance index method ( kpis) BSC (BSC) 12The third chapter of our university teachers, analyzed the current situation and problems of performance managementOur college teachers performance management situationFor teachers' evaluation and classification of index system to establish authorizationsThe annual examination and appraisal end combining 15Our college teachers performance evaluation index system problems existed in 15The lack of a solid theoretical basis goal orientation is not clearIncomplete assessment systemOur university teachers' performance of the existing problems in the management of 16Performance assessment, and no attention performance managementLack of teachers' participation, appraisal both inequality 17The fourth chapter of university teachers' performance management system of system for process, ideas and system for system constructing thought system construction college teachers performance plan, 282 the job performance performance planning university teachers' performance evaluation indicator systemThe principle of this index system constructionThe performance evaluation index determined assessment indexes weights allocation 41Performance evaluation implementing college teachersThe performance evaluation period determined performance evaluation methods of college teachers' performance feedback and application of performance feedback 51The application of 52 performanceThe fifth chapter of university teachers' performance management system of assessment and enlightenmentThe original teacher evaluation system and comparison of performance management systemFrom the simple to the performance evaluation transformation of managementFrom passive to active assessment in from teaching and scientific research to emphasize both service and transformation of virtuePerformance evaluation index system and evaluation of performance management systemThe basic situation of questionnaire analysis and statisticsSurvey results have extensive representative construct performance management system in the process of enlightenmentTeachers should fully believe should attach importance to the outside of the performance evaluation of other should emphasize continued, communication should constantly adjust of performance management systemConclusion 5859 referencesThe degree of academic papers published during 60Original statement 61To thank 62 好了 你看看把！
任意地点。国外翻译机器现可以让机器完成不同语言之间的自动翻译，最终实现任意时间、任意地点、任意语言之间的无障碍自由通信。机器翻译，又称为自动翻译，是利用计算机将一种自然语言转换为另一种自然语言的过程。它是计算语言学的一个分支，是人工智能的终极目标之一，具有重要的科学研究价值。
楼上的怎么回事？人家要求的是中翻英，楼上的把别人的答案翻译成中文，还累死他了。。。还是匿名回答。。。真是晕啊。。。 LZ还不选择最佳答案啊。。。。。。。。。
[……]许多人，包括译员和翻译理论研究者，对MT的未来持悲观的态度。例如，Craciumescu 在其论文中宣称：“…both MT and CAT show that neither is efficient and accurate enough to eliminate the necessity for human translators。” （不论是MT还是CAT，效率和准确性都存在欠缺，无法消除对人工翻译的需求。） 奈达也曾指出： 他还说： 此外，国内一些研究者也认为MT不可能代替人工翻译，而且也不存在这一必要性。 奈达等对机器翻译的观点，与大多数研究者所持的认识所犯的错误类似，即人脑具有某种非物质的神性。但是，脑科学的发展越来越向我们揭示出，人脑也不过是由原子所构成的物质的器官。构成人脑的原子，与构成树木、山石、金属的原子没有区别。人类大脑的“神性”或“超级能力”，不是超自然的神性，而是来自其高度的自组织特性和复杂性。人类大脑上至今仍笼罩着神秘的光环，只不过是由于我们对自身的认识尚不够深入。 人类对未来的预测很难准确。大多数人在预言未来的时候往往过于看重传统的延续，忽视发展的可能。好在人类中毕竟还有一小部分敢于思考，敢于实验，并敢于探索未知领域的人。如果没有这一部分人，很难想象我们能拥有如今所看到的所谓现代科学。不论一部分人多么保守，科学与技术的发展将最终令他们改变观点。例如，当电子计算器刚出现的时候，针对到底是否该允许学生在数学课堂和考试中使用计算器就曾有过激烈的争论。现实的发展证明，越来越多的人认为我们完全可以接受计算器进入课堂，使人类的大脑可以摆脱繁琐的加减乘除计算，去关注更重要的东西。另外一个令保守人士焦虑的现代科技潮流是带有拼写检查功能的文字处理软件日渐流行。在南京大学举办的一次有关计算机辅助教学的研讨会上，我曾作过一个引入CMM规范建立CAI开发标准模式的报告，报告后一个与会的研究生问我如何看待文字处理软件的拼写检查功能对学生拼写能力的负面影响。我的回答是，随着科技的发展，计算机，或说计算，将无所不在，人们最终会像对待计算机一样，理性宽容地看待拼写检查软件。历史已经证明，我们可以允许计算器进入数学课堂；历史也已证明，不论我们对毛笔如何怀念，它已经不再是主流的书写工具；下一个令我们唏嘘不已的牺牲品会是什么？笔和纸张？ 因此，我相信，在翻译实践领域，会发生类似的现象：面对保守人士的焦虑和怀旧，机器翻译将迅猛地深入我们的社会生活，虽然人工翻译更优美，更深刻，但廉价且实用的机器翻译必将成为社会中翻译活动的主流。此外，脑科学的研究也揭示出，人类大脑的各种思维活动，都是基于脑细胞内的化学反应——这和计算机中以0和1表示的关与开两种状态没有本质的区别。例如，病理学家Susan Greenfield指出“…… 大脑从根本上说是一个化学系统——就连脑电波也产生自化学反应。”( )。 那么，计算机能否具有人类大脑那样强大的思维能力？其实，这个问题应该这样问：计算机何时能具有人类大脑那样强大的思维能力？ 目前，TM是我们走向MT的过渡阶段。这里我们要感谢计算机软件工程师所付出的想像力、辛勤和智慧，是他们使得翻译职业的工作方式，取得了巨大的改观。同时我们可以预见，在今后50年中，MT系统将在互联网翻译和语音翻译领域得到广泛的应用。对大多数只会一种语言的互联网用户来说，目前尚不成熟的互联网上的机器自动翻译已经在给他们提供有用的参考，而且将来必定会走向成熟，变成可靠的参考。对于此类日常信息翻译的应用，雇用专业译员来翻译不论在经济上还是效能上都是不现实的。像Systran这样的翻译系统，会随着计算技术的进步和人类对大脑认识的深入而不断演化，提供越来越好的自动翻译服务。 另外，一种正在浮现的技术——语音翻译——也展示了光明的应用前景。据报道，中科院2001年启动的C-Star III项目于2004年结项。该项目的目标，是开发多语种的翻译系统，为酒店订房、票务、货币兑换等特殊场合的应用，提供可靠的口译服务。( )。 这一系统是目前的研究热点之一，即针对特殊场合的语言应用——一种受控的语音系统——开发专门的自动翻译软件。 同一份报道也提到，微软中国研究中心的周明指出，自然语言的处理所面临的惟一困难，是其本身所具有的高度复杂性。而借助越来越先进的计算机和不断改进的算法，人类最终将能解决自然语言处理所面对的这一难题。 因此，我们有理由用以下乐观的论断结束本书：MT终将取代HT。这对人工专业译员来说，不是什么好消息，但对整个人类而言，却是一个壮美的新世界。
1、文学翻译学学科地位得以明显提升。2、文学翻译研究方面的成果数量惊人，截止2022年12月5日每年发表各类论文成果万篇以上。
论文国内外研究现状写法如下：
首先，我们要知道国内外研究现状是什么，其实通俗来说，就是国内和国外对于一个研究对象目前的研究现状，可以是国家层面上相关部门对于研究对象的研究，也可以是权威学者，对于研究对象的研究。
所以很明确，国内外研究现状有两种写法，要不就是从相关部门对于研究对象的研究，或者就是从学者对于相关研究现状的研究来写。
正常来说，国内外研究现状都需要大家去阅读大量的文献，然后总结学者的主要观点，这里给大家一个小技巧，可以直接从一篇文章的摘要看出来，一个学者的研究观点主要集中在哪些，这样的话，即便你不完整的阅读文章，也能知道文章的主要观点。
还有一种方法，可以直接从硕士论文里面去摘抄，大家可以找一些和自己题目一样，或者是关键词一样的硕士论文，我们在里面摘抄国内外研究现状，并且将这个话改成自己的意思，这也是一种写作方法。
但是注意标注引用的时候，一定要找到最根本的文章，而不是你参考的这篇硕士论文。找文献去哪里，中文的话我们可以从百度学术或者是知网里面直接观看，主要就是看一篇文章的摘要，因为主要观点都在摘要里。
英文的话，之前有提过从谷歌学术去搜索关键词，就能找到很多的国外文献，这里要注意，查找国外文献的关键词，一定要翻译成英文，如果是中文的话，是没办法识别的，然后只需要把相关的英文文献翻译成中文，再去进行总结就可以了。
摘要近十多年来,我国的翻译研究取得了可喜的成就,研究视野也更加开阔,但在理论建构,研究深度和创新性方面尚存在一定的不足之处。本文从三个方面简要概括了国内翻译研究的现状并指出其不足之处,以期能对以后的译学研究有所启示。 关键词翻译研究 翻译标准 多元化视角 中图分类号:H059文献标识码:A 0 引言 伴随全球化的深入发展,翻译作为沟通不同文化的重要精神桥梁正在与社会各领域发生着更为广泛的联系。近十多年来,中国的翻译研究艰难但迅速地跨越了从对“信达雅”无休止的争论,乃达、纽马克、卡特福德等西方语言学翻译理论的引入,到对巴斯特等的多元系统、操纵理论、女性主义等翻译思想或流派的评价和接收过程。研究著作不断涌现,翻译理论也取得了突出的成就,研究范围不断扩大,视角也日趋多元化,方法与手段也更为客观、科学。 1 科学观与艺术观的统一 长期以来,翻译研究都陷于诸如形与神,直意与意译,归化与异化等经验主义的二元对立中,而近十多年来引起翻译界激烈争论的当数有关翻译性质的科学观与艺术观。 在《中国翻译》杂志上,劳陇(1996)声称“翻译活动是不受客观规律支配的,所以翻译活动不可能成为科学。” 而唯一正确的道路是:“我们必须在翻译实践的基础之上,集中力量,实事求是地研究和解决翻译理论的基本问题,即Why(为什么),What(是什么)和How(怎么办)的问题,通过广泛的研究,达到共同的、一致的、正确的认识,然后在这个可靠的基础上逐步建立起完整的翻译理论体系来。” 无独有偶,就在同一年,林璋(1996)对翻译和翻译学、科学与艺术等基本概念作了论证,并争论说翻译是一种行为,“翻译始终都在处理聚合关系,对聚合关系的处理贯穿翻译的全过程”,进而得出翻译既不是艺术也不是科学,只是一种技能,而研究翻译行为和翻译结果的翻译学毋庸置疑是一门科学。 相关科学,特别是语言学的发展,促使翻译研究沿着科学方向深入探索,但长期以来,人们基本上是凭借他人或自身的经验进行翻译,大多数论著也不过是经验的总结。从这个意 义上来讲,翻译还只是处于“前科学”阶段,所以许钧(1996)认为翻译是一门正在探索中的科学。 究竟翻译是艺术、科学、还是技巧?这简直比讨论先有鸡还是先有蛋还麻烦,因为翻译可以指翻译活动、翻译行为、翻译现象、翻译方法等。抛开概念的含糊不论,一种艺术未见得不可以有理论。就译者必须运用语言重塑原文中的形象而言,翻译应当是一门艺术;但翻译又不仅仅是艺术,译者的“生命”源泉在于原作之中,译者绝不能只凭直觉,任意发挥,他还得借助语言逻辑去正确理解,因此无论何种翻译都要讲点儿科学。在翻译过程中抽象思维,形象思维与灵感思维是同时运用的,从这点上来讲,翻译应该是科学性与艺术性的统一,故翻译理论研究应彻底摆脱“科学观”与“艺术观”的二元对立(蔡新乐,2005),从而为为翻译理论的建构开辟新的思路和途径。 2 翻译标准多元化 翻译标准是翻译学的核心问题之一,也一直是翻译界争论的焦点。自严复的“信达雅”后,郁达夫从译者的角度提出了“学思得”三字标准。著名的还有林语堂的三字论“信顺美”、傅雷的“神似”论、钱钟书的“化境”说等,但译界公认,这些传统的翻译标准纯属“经验式”、“随想式”的散论,缺乏系统性,精密性和可分析性,而且始终没能摆脱严复的“信达雅”的框架(陈福康,1992)。 在批判继承传统翻译标准的基础上,王东风(1996)对严复的“雅”作了新的阐释,认为“雅”属于言语美,并指出言语美在不同的语体中主要有三种美学形态,即日常口语交际注重的伦理美;公文、科技和政治语体中的规范美;文艺语体追求的艺术美。刘宓庆(1996)则从美学的角度,提出翻译的三条语言审美标准――“真实性”,即对应(equivalence),包括语言的形象对应性;“清晰性”,即条理思路清楚,立意、陈词明晰;“约定性”,即译语的用词要符合约定俗成。 当今一些学者以客观上不存在绝对忠实的译作为由,主张译者放弃对忠实的主观追求。对此,曹明伦(2006)旗帜鲜明地指出以“忠实”为取向的翻译标准永远不会过时,因为以忠实为取向的翻译标准从来就是译者主观上的自律准则,也是人们评判译作质量好坏的客观准绳。当代翻译界仍以推陈出新的方式使用“忠实”这一术语,坚持这一概念,甚至德里达的英文版译者也提出了“忠实原则系统”。 当下越来越多的研究者认为放之四海而皆准的翻译标准并不存在,翻译标准是多元互补的。辜正坤先生(2003)认为:“由于翻译具有多重功能,人类的审美情趣也具有多样性,读者译者具有多层次,翻译手法、译作风格和价值因而势必多样化,而这一切终将导致翻译标准的多元化。” 这一见解可谓是高瞻远瞩,颇具客观性。的确,随着世界多元化的发展,翻译标准也必将呈现多元化。 3 翻译研究的新视角 相关学科的迅猛发展使译学界越来越深刻地认识到翻译研究是一门综合性极强的学科,诸如文化学、传播学、哲学、思维学等都和翻译研究息息相关,这促使译学由单纯的学科内部研究转向与其它学科的交叉性研究。一如周方珠(2005)所言,翻译理论必须突破传统译论的藩篱,将众(下转第171页)(上接第140页)多相关学科的知识融入其中,使其形成多元框架,从而对翻译起到普遍的指导作用。 以往的翻译研究大都是对语言的转换过程进行探讨,较少触及到翻译问题的根源,所以很难从本质上揭示翻译的基本规律,而近年来从思维的角度进行翻译研究的论文和专著与日俱增。“实际上,作为一种跨语际的交流活动,翻译不仅仅是一种语言变化的表象操作,更多的是一种文化思维模式的转换过程(刘金龙,安全勇,2006)。 翻译实际上是一个动态的语用过程和思维过程,其中既有客观因素又有主观特点,所以深入研究人脑的思维活动将是译学研究的突破口。 语料库翻译和机器翻译研究在国内逐渐受到广泛关注,相关文章也是层出不穷,诸如“语料库翻译研究的历史与进展”(刘敬国,2006)让我国的读者对西方语料库的研究获得了比较全面的了解和认识。刘群的“机器翻译研究新进展”(2009)则系统介绍了近年来国际机器翻译,特别是统计机器翻译等方面取得的一些进展。这些研究都更好地拓展了翻译研究的新视角。 4 结语 本文仅从三个方面对国内近十多年的翻译研究作了简要概括,而翻译理论技巧,翻译评论等其他方面未能一一涉及。总的来说,中国的译学研究在十多年的时间里可谓是硕果累累,但在看到成就的同时,我们也应该意识到我国的译学理论的建构仍然处于初级阶段,无论在深度和广度上都还存在着很大的局限性。 首先是批判意识和创新能力不强。无论是对于中国传统的译论还是西方的最新研究成果,我们往往只满足于诠释和效仿,因袭多而创新少,证实多而证伪少。其次是大多数研究还只是停留在语言文化及文学方面的单一的静态的零散对比研究,从哲学、社会学等角度在高层次上研究翻译的功能,或借用心理认知和科学理论深入研究翻译过程的成果却很少,还有待于系统完善,各学科交叉研究与整合有待深入探讨和发展。特别是在语料库翻译研究方面,同西方相比,我们尚有很大的差距。大多数文章仅限于泛泛地对语料库翻译研究进行介绍和评价,而基于语料库的实证性翻译研究却严重不足。 从国内译学研究的长远发展来看,21世纪的译学工作者似乎更需要学会批判性地继承和吸收国内外先进的译学理论,并结合实际进行理论创新,将外来的理论本土化,站在跨学科的角度,不断推进中国的翻译研究向纵深方向发展。