BookModule参考答案及部分解析参考答案’.短文改错：1....,ourclasshavea...have→had....celebrationstowelcoming...welcoming→welcome....→and....anwonderfulopportunity...an→a....meetnewfriends...new→old....photosfortheschool,...for→of....putthemup...去掉them....atthephoto...photo→photos....wouldpopular...popular前加be0....thedayswhen...when→that或去掉whenOnepossibleversion:Taiyuan,thecapitalofShanxiProvinceinNorthCna,'.部分解析单项填空：。developingcountries在题中表泛指，故第一空不用冠词；poverty是不可数名词，故其前不用冠词。题意：目前，许多发展中国家的人们仍然生活在贫困中。.C。根据题意可知是为“不幸的（unfortunate）”人捐。.D。agreetodosth.同意答应做某事。题意：父亲答应给我买辆新自行车作为生日礼物，这使我很高兴。.B。根据“你将会考试不及”可知，“你必须尽一切努力（makeeveryeffort）提高你的英语”。progress进步；acevement成就；goal目标。.C。上句“汤姆，我恐怕不能和你一起去看电影了”与下句“你答应过的”之间语意转折，故用But。.D。among意为“系……中之一，在……的一类中”，相当于oneof。witn强调在一个地域内或一段时间内。.A。空后是解释喜欢旅游的原因，故用because引导表语从句。.B。根据对方询问“起居室的宽度”及答语中的“不知道”可知，应答者将要去测量（measure）一下。examine检查；describe描述；figure计算。.D。在itis+adj.+that句型中，如果形容词在意义上与情态或意愿有关，如essential,important,necessary,desirable等时，that从句的谓语动词用（should+）动词原形。it'sonlyrightthat...……是很合理的。。althoughthough都可引导让步状语从句。但在以形容词等开头的倒装结构中，只能用though。。everycld与educate之间是被动关系，因此用被动语态。根据Atpresent可知用现在进行时。.B。根据句中的but可知，应答者认为自己还是最好去确定一下（makesure）。makesense讲得通；lookaround四下观望；lookout小心。.D。当表示地点的介词词组位于句首时，句子用全部倒装语序。.B。morethan意为“不止是，不仅仅是”，符合语境。.D。Howdoyoufind...?意为“你认为……怎么样？”，故D项正确。完形填空：话题：家庭本文是记叙文。文章讲述了作者父亲打高尔夫球的故事。.A。.D。由第一段描述的时间和下文描述“我”父亲拥有多家餐馆可知，父亲在三十五年期间“工作（worked）”得很“辛苦（hard）”。.C。能拥有多家餐馆，父亲对自己所取得的成就感到“自豪（proudof）”。.D。由下文的providedforallofyou可知，努力工作的父亲“供养（provide）”了全家。。由下文父亲准备退休可知，父亲决定“卖掉（sell）”餐馆。。孩子毕业了，父亲的“工作（job）”也就完成了。.C。由上文的Ifyouaregraduating可知，此处是说让孩子们“受教育（educated）”。.A。由上文的Dadtoldmehedecidedto...therestaurantsandretire可知。.B。由下文的Ican'timagineyoudoinganytngelse可知，“我”“只（only）”知道父亲会做饭。.D。父亲“回应（replied）”了“我”提出的疑问“...,butwhatwillyoudo?”。.C。“我”从未听说过父亲会打高尔夫球，因此当“我”听父亲说他即将要打高尔夫球时，感到很“震惊（shocked）”。.B。由下文父亲通过打高尔夫球给我们讲人生道理可知，父亲“开始（began）”打球了。.B。父亲教“我”和哥哥的正是打高尔夫球这项“运动（game）”。.D。由下文父亲时常提醒我们的事情可知，如果我们像打高尔夫一样地生活，我们就会活得“很好（fine）”。。由上文的stayfocused可知，父亲告诫我们打球要集中精力，不要“思考（tnkabout）”其他的事情。。由上文的justwhereyouwanttoputtheball可知，集中精力进球，这样你才能“实现（reach）”目标。.B。.C。由上文父亲时常告诫我们的话可知，他希望我们拥有“目标（goals）”，集中精力去获得“成功（success）”。.C。由下文的tohavefunwithfriendsandfamily可知，父亲同时也希望我们享受生活，有时间与朋友和家人共度美好时光。enjoyourselves与havefun相呼应。.B。父亲所做的一切，让他成为了我们心中“伟大的（great）”偶像。阅读理解：A篇（兴趣）本文是记叙文。文章介绍了尼日利亚女洗车工Aliyu自食其力的故事。.A。细节理解题。根据第三段可知，Aliyu的母亲曾经是家里唯一的经济支柱，自从母亲去世后，她就承担起供养妹妹和弟弟上学的重任，故Aliyu洗车的目的是为了养家糊口。.A。推理判断题。根据第五段Mohammed说的话可知答案。.D。推理判断题。Aliyu是尼日利亚北部唯一的一位女性洗车工，最近有妇女向她寻求开洗车行的建议，由此可知，Aliyu为尼日利亚的女性树立了榜样。.B。推理判断题。根据第四段的Ihatelazinessordependingonsomebodyelse可知Aliyu很独立；根据最后一段的IseemendoingsometngandItnkIcandoittoo可知Aliyu很自信。B篇（节假日活动）本文是应用文。文章是关于一项活动的广告。。细节理解题。根据文章的When:urday,可知，无论天气状况如何，该活动都会如期举行。。细节理解题。根据文中对苹果派竞赛的描述Justbringyourpietothepietableonthemorningofthefair可知。.D。细节理解题。根据文中的Ticketsareonly$each可知。C篇（饮食健康）本文是说明文。一项最新研究表明，早餐对一个人的心脏健康具有重要意义。.D。主旨大意题。从文中多次提及的breakfast和heartproblems可知，本文主要探讨早餐对于心脏健康的重要性。.D。细节理解题。根据第三段中的Thetake-homemessageistoeatinthemorningwhenyouwakeup,preferablywitnanhour可知，DrLeahCall认为最好在醒来一小时之内吃早餐。.A。词义猜测题。由文章第一段的breakfasthelpedpeopleresistsugarysnacks以及本段tempting之前的less一词可知，吃早餐可以减少临近中午时饼干对自己的诱惑。故此处tempting有“有诱惑力的”之意。.D。推理判断题。根据最后一段中的Theseresearchersonlylookedatmenagedover,sowewouldneedtoseefurtherresearchtoprovethatbreakfasthasthesameeffectonthehearthealthofothergroupsofpeople可以推出，VictoriaTaylor认为，为了进一步确切证实早餐对人们心脏健康的重要性，研究者在该项研究中应该对其他年龄群体展开调查。D篇（社会）本文是新闻道。文章道了美国摄影师LiaBarrett拍摄的模拟人类在水中生活场景的作品。.C。细节理解题。由第三段的tocreateafantasticunderwaterworldinwchhumansgoabouteverydaytasks和第四段的todophotoshootsIhadonlydreamedofbefore可知，岁的美国摄影师LiaBarrett梦想在水下拍摄人类进行日常活动的愿望实现了。.D。推理判断题。由第三段的bravediverscompetingattheCaribbeanCup和第四段的Itookadvantageoftheirbreath-holdingskills可推知，在洪都拉举办的该项比赛主要展示了潜水选手的憋气能力。.A。细节理解题。Barrett时常被问到她的这张照片是否是用Photoshop处理过的，由此可知，很多人认为这张照片不真实。。细节理解题。根据最后两段可知，在返回海面时，为了预防可以导致致命性眩晕的减压病的发生，潜水模特缓慢上升，并在中途停留了11分钟。选做题参考答案及解析参考答案A1-BDDACB-10CBACA解析A篇（文学）本文是议论文。文章介绍了英国著名诗人威廉·布莱克的一首代表作《扫烟囱的孩子》。。推理判断题。由第二段的Theywereoftencoveredinsoot,可知，扫烟囱的工作又脏又危险。.D。细节理解题。由第三段的Thephysicaldangersandwidespreadunfairness...called“TheCmneySweeper”可知，布莱克对让儿童扫烟囱的现象深恶痛绝，因此写下两首诗予以抨击。.D。推理判断题。由第四段的Itdoesn'texist,because...cmney-sweeping,death,poverty,etc可知，布莱克认为，儿童的天真并不存在，因为它总是被现实世界破坏。由此可推断，布莱克对现实世界持否定态度。.A。段落大意题。Whatdoesafive-year--oldcmneysweeperin1th-centuryEnglandhavetodowithyou?这句话引出了《扫烟囱的孩子》的现实意义：当今世界仍有很多童工在艰苦的环境下工作。.C。写作目的题。本文介绍了英国著名诗人威廉·布莱克（1-1）的一首代表作《扫烟囱的孩子》，重点介绍了该诗的创作背景和主题。B篇（世界与环境）本文是说明文。文章介绍了《自然资本宣言》。.C。细节理解题。根据第一、二段的描述可知，naturalcapital（自然资本）即地球上诸如森林、水、空气、土地等自然资源。第三段的theEarth'snaturalresources(land,air,water,plantsandanimals)也是提示。.B。推理判断题。根据第三段可知，世界上四十家最有影响力的银行共同签署的《自然资本宣言》致力于改善生态环境，从而利于人类生活。由此可推断此宣言目的是为了保护环境。.A。篇章结构题。《自然资本宣言》是由世界上最有影响力的四十家银行共同签署的。根据本段对该宣言实施方式的描述可知，银行迫使各国政府和公司告知银行他们每年所使用的自然资源的量。由此可知，此处的them指代银行。.C。推理判断题。第五段中出现的notbeeasy和alsohard说明了实施《自然资本宣言》不易。。标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了《自然资本宣言》对自然资本的核算。对了 现在我报读的ABC夫下英语的助教才和我提过，若想学会英语是不难的..坚持要有一个好的学习环境以及闇练口语对象，最关键就是外教水平 口语标准很重要 坚持每日口语练习，一对一家教式辅导才可以有.好.的学习成效！课后需要重复温习课程录音音频 把所学知识融会贯通~然后要是真的无口语交谈的人的情况 只能去旺旺或大耳朵得到课外学习资料学习 多说多问一下子语境会进步许多 整体效果是必定达成目标的；A项中的worth与第一段的Howmucsalakeworth?...Canyouputapricetagonair?相呼应。
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Unit4大学英语综合教程1课后答案
答案对有关问题所作的解答的结果；对提出的问题所做的解答，练习的答案。以下是我为大家整理的相关Unit4大学英语综合教程1课后答案内容，仅供参考，希望能够帮助大家！
Unit 4
Part I P
re-Reading Task
Script for the recording:
When an idle moment turned up at work, people used to reach for the newspaper, providing the boss wasn't looking. Nowadays they are more likely to spend their spare moments surfing the Internet. Needless to say, the boss is usually no more happier than before, thinking that his staff should be looking for some useful work to do. So what happens to the surfer who hears the boss's footsteps approaching? This is the situation the writer of the poem you are about to hear found himself in. Will he be caught in the act?
Surfing the Internet
Stepping into the lab, I round no one is inside. So I think I'm in the clear Because the boss is nowhere in sight. I log onto the web and start to surf And then my hair stands up with fright.
The footsteps coming down the hall Are quickening in pace. There is no time to exit, No way to save my race.
-So I press the power button
And relax just a bit.
There is no way he can tell
Appendix I -113-
Exactly what I nit.
I act all surprised, Don't know why my machine died. "Simply unpredictable these Computers are!" I cried.
"So we'll get you a new one,
A computer that won't crash" he exclaims.
Do you think he'll wonder
When the new one acts the same?
Part II Text A
Text Organization l.
Contents Paragraphs
1. Description of the author's virtual life 2-3
2. How she feels about it after staying on the Net for a while 1,4-10, 13
3. What she does to return to the real world 11
4. How she feels about the real world 12
2. The first paragraph tells about the consequences of living a virtual life and the last tells about the author's return to it. Together, they show us the dilemma people at present are in: Because of modern technology, we have a choice between a virtual life and real life, but we find both unsat?isfactory. The author, however, finally has to choose the latter despite its negative effects.
- 114 - Appendix I
2) relationship
4) symptom
6) abusing
8) took (her) in 10) communicate 12) insight
14) data
Vocabulary
I. 1. 1) conversely
3) but then
5) spitting
7) tone
9) editing
11) Internet
13) stretched
15) angles
2. 1) The sight of teenagers smoking cigarettes jars on me.
2) I turned on the TV just to relax a little bit after a heavy dinner, but soon I found myself getting sucked in by the fascinating plot of a science fiction film.
3) Jeffrey's computer crashed again this morning. The manager has arranged for a technician from the computer store to check and repair it.
4) During the Vietnam War, many young Americans fled their country to avoid military ser?vice.
Or: During the Vietnam War, many young Americans fled to other countries to avoid military service.
5) The new government is planning an anti-corruption campaign so as to restore people's
confidence in it.
3. 1) The traditional school will never go away, but the virtual c
lassroom is playing a more and more important role. Obviously, the online student relies on the computer. To get started, he must have his computer hooked up to the Internet through a phone line and modem. To be successful, he must keep up with the class and complete all work on time. Once he gets behind, it is almost impossible to catch up.
2) When the economy slows down, the worst nightmare for an employee is losing his job. In addition to money problems, the emotional stress is hard to bear. Hunting for a job is now the daily routine of many workers like Henry Smith. He fills out applications and writes resumes and submits them to various companies, expecting an interview. But in times of rising unemployment, even job interviews are hard to get. He takes great care not to miss any appointment, for if he missed it, it would be all but impossible to arrange for another one.
3) "The bubble has burst. Venture capitalists have become cautious in putting more
Appendix I - 115
money into the IT industry and small investors are taking their cue," said the chairman in his concluding speech. It is clear from these remarks that the ever-optimistic economist has changed his tune.
II. Collocation
1. We came here all the way on foot.
2. Private cars are not allowed on campus.
3. They are on vacation in Florida.
4. Mary has been talking to her friend on the phone for an hour.
5. Don't worry, Lucy is always on time.
6. Industrial demand on fuel is on the rise.
III. Usage
2. difficult
3. impossible 4. tough
5. hard 6. easy
Structure
1. 1) Anyone who has talked with him will see Mark is a person of remarkable intelligence.
2) The book is of no value to one who is not familiar with the subject.
3) She is a woman of wealth. She never has to worry about money.
4) In today's job market, basic skills in computer science and foreign languages are of great importance.
2. 1) you will find yourself penniless in a month.
2) he found himself lying in a hospital ward
3) she found herself faced with the toughest job she had ever taken
4) Susan found herself in a trap from which she could not escape.
Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
(A)
1. Internet 2. click
3. nightmare 4. sucked
5. email 6. rely
116 - Appendix I
7. communicating 8. emotional
9. At times 10. flee
11. on line
(B)
1. between 2. The
3. to 4. away
5. on 6. work
7. enables 8. local
9. reach 10. benefits
11. because 12. provides/brings
13. does 14. in
15. making 16. with
17. Nor 18. virtual
II. Translation
Perhaps you envy me for being able to work from home on the computer. I agree that the Internet has made my job a lot easier. I can write, submit and edit articles via email, chat with my colleagues on line and discuss work with my boss. With a click of the mouse, I can get all the data I need and keep up with the latest news. But then, communicating through the Net can be frus?trating at times. The system may crash. Worse still, without th
e emotional cues of face-to-face communication, the typed words sometimes seem difficult to interpret.
Part III TextB
Comprehension check
1. c 2. a
3. a 4. b
5. d 6. c
Translation
(#ja Appendix III)
Appendix I
-117-
Language Practice
1. vehicle 2. hooked on
3. intense 4. communication
5. worldwide 6. overnight
7. individual 8. slipped
9. version 10. on the whole
11. called forth 12. outwards
13. acquaintances 14. Needless to say
15. to my knowledge 16. On top of that
17. innocent 18. tendencies
19. plot 20. Scattered
Part IV Theme-Related Language Learning Tasks
Model paper
The Internet Will Not Isolate Us from One Another
Since I bought a computer last month, a new world has opened up before me, a world that reaches far beyond my immediate surroundings.
Every morning, the first thing I do after opening my eyes is to access the Internet to look at the top news stories of the day. In the evening, I will again sit by my computer and roam the world. The Internet brings me live World Cup football games and the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center. It also enables me to communicate with my friends via email. The other day I got a message from an old classmate whom I hadn't heard from for years. She got my email address just by searching the website of my university! In addition to helping us keep up old ties, it also brings me new friends with whom I meet virtually in chat rooms. We exchange views on topics of interest and pour our hearts out to one another like intimate friends.
So, instead of isolating us from one another, the Internet serves to shorten or eliminate distance,
and helps to bring friends closer. (187 words)
大学英语写作套路
各位同学们，我个人认为CET4 和CET6的习作是可以使用套路的'。我认为运用套路基本可以保证10到11分。以下内容出自裘雯老师编写的书。我以后有时间会把范文和必须的谚语也帖上来
大学英语写作套路
1.我的观点（MY VIEW）
When asked about a theme, different people will offer different opinions... is no exception. Some people take it for granted that ... However, others hold that...
As for as I am concerned, that I am in favor for the second view. The reasons are as follows.
First, there is and elements of truth that ... But it doesn’t follow that... A case in point is that ...Therefore, the first view doesn’t hold water.
In conclusion...
2.优点和缺点（Advantages and disadvantages）
Nowadays, ...plays an important part in ... Like everything else, ...has both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows
Firstly, ... Besides ... Most important of all ...
But every coin has tow sides. The negative aspects are alse apparent. To begin with, ... To make matters worse of all ...
Through above analysis, I believe that the advantages aspects outweigh the disadvantages. Therefore...
3.怎么办(How to)
Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following ones may be most effective. First of all ... Another way to solve the problem of ... is ... Finally...
There are not the best and only tow measures we can take. But it should be noted that if we take strong action to ...
4.选择行动(A or B)
When you ... you will be faced with the choice between A and B. Before making the right choice, you had better make a close comparison and contrast of them.
First of all, A... Also, B... Second, A... likewise, B... Despite their similarities, A and B are also different in the following aspects. First, A... However, B... Besides, A... on the contrary, B...
Therefore, it depends with ... you should choose. If you ..., you should choose A; but if you ... you should turn to B.
5.为什么(Why)
There are many reasons for... but in general, they come down to three major ones. For one thing... for another thing ... Perhaps the prime reason is that ... From the foregoing...
谚语引用：
As proverb goes that......
Ten Chinese traditional virtuesFirst, love filial pietyThis is the virtue of the Chinese nation in the most characteristic part. "Benevolence" is a symbol of the Chinese nation's moral and spiritual, a variety of basic morality is the highest virtues, but also in secular moral life is the most common virtues standards. Core "benevolence" Germany is love, that "benevolent"; the basic content of the virtue of filial piety is Fucizixiao, Xiongyoudigong, it forms a strong sense of family, of the family relationship, and thus also for China social stability played an extremely important role, is the cornerstone of national unity, when feelings of filial piety extended "Forbearance" basic requirements "Forbearance" Morality is based on Sincerity, benefit the people, that is, "All men are brothers", " Its not just the pro-pro, not only son of his son, "the social climate. Thereby forming a Chinese family strong humane social life and zest for life. Love, filial piety, loyalty and forgiveness are the basic content of Rende, also embodies the traditional Chinese , modest mannersChina is the world-famous ceremonies, "ceremony" is the highlight of the spirit of Chinese culture, manners, courtesy, propriety is important to pay attention to the virtues of the Chinese people conduct themselves in society. "Ceremony" is one of the German mother of the Chinese nation, she is rooted in people's heart respectful, politely refuse the heart, in the pair of long, respectful of ethics and politely refuse the love of brothers and friends. "Benefit him, full of hurts," This is the Chinese people since ancient times to understand the truth, Kentoku also rooted in the heart of Rende politely refuse, which is embodied in the face of honor, humility indisputable benefits, as well as relationships of mutual respect. "And the German" reflected in the attitude of the "gas" in the relationships as "harmony" in the value orientation of "harmony", but as a virtue to "neutral", "Manners" and "modest" , "and" better reflects the sentiment of the Chinese , the integrity of knowledge report"Honesty" That's no jump, its basic meaning is sincere to ourselves, honest in their nature. "Sincerity" as the basis, the Chinese people formed a number of related ethics, such as the man's honest, sincere others, loyalty to the cause. "Trust" is the word, talk about faith, the basic requirement is consistent with her words and deeds, "true to its word, line must be fruit." "Newspaper" that famous, "drip grace, the smallest favor." These are also composed of Chinese people's moral conscience and moral conscience of an important component, it is China's important moral simplicity of , sakeDeep patriotic feelings for the motherland is the most simple emotion and character, she as a kind of "thousands of years to consolidate up to their country a deep affection" is the love family love family emotional sublimation, which also the formation of a defense of national dignity, and safeguard the interests of the motherland and noble character. Sake of defending the country's spirit of the Chinese nation great cohesion, but also to promote national development of great spiritual . austerityBecause the Chinese social structure and culture of the traditional family-based ethics, and foster a spirit of holism, and the virtues of austerity is formed on this basis. Is a spirit of order "ritual" of the spirit of nature, the highlight is the overall significance of the individual order, requiring the individual to obey and serve the whole. Therefore it is necessary dedication and self-denial, play its private is public, that is justice, "self-denial" that go beyond the private self-restraint has, subject to the overall. After the private spiritual nature is Xiangong austerity on personal interests to obey the spirit of the public interest of society. This "public" is to strengthen the spirit of nurturing the community, the nation's sense of responsibility and sense of , Xiuji CautiousnessGoodness of faith and goodness of a tradition, so that Chinese ethics, and the whole Chinese culture, are built on to emphasize human dignity and expectations. This epitomizes characterized in cultivating self-discipline and moral cultivation theory emphasizes independent discipline, self-transcendence in order to safeguard human relations and the overall order and establish moral self, its basic spirit is "His", "Maintenance" is when the self alone to discipline, avoiding fear, "immersive abyss, treading on thin ice," the cultivation of the traditional culture of the Chinese nation Xiuji Cautiousness Pursuits moral consciousness in the initiative, creating a gentleman's personality has many noble qualities and strong festival , see Leith justiceOf righteousness and benefit processing relationship epitomizes the value orientation of Chinese Ethics. After the first justice to the justice system benefit is the traditional concept of justice and benefit basic contents and its rational core, it is also very important to the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation. The fundamental characteristics and values justice of man, is the essence of Chinese moral spirit, she sublimated as "born to upload justice," "righteousness to Lisheng 'outlook on life, the sublimation of the Chinese nation" Shashenchengren, justice, "the lofty moral realm . This morality is inspired by high ideals hesitate to sacrifice for the national cause important spiritual force, but also the glorious nation of high moral character , thrift IndependentChinese people traditionally regard to thrift, integrity and integrity known to the world. They work self-reliance, forming a labor of love, hard-working, honest and hardworking high quality. "Frugal and Germany to support" it is to ask "indifferent Ming, quiet Zhiyuan," for the government to say it is mainly Morality. Lim is both for the government's requirements, but also ordinary people should have character, because there is no "cheap" is not "clean", no "cheap" is not "out." "Inexpensive" are intended to be trade-offs between, take moral, homes Evil, strict self-discipline. With "clean" it may be "positive." "N" is to follow the public welfare and morality. Against both thrifty nation common values, but also the Chinese people there are , Atsuzane generousChinese traditional moral advocate simple, plain spirit. Chinese people in dealing with others, to "real" as the standard against hypocrisy false. In the long-term moral practice, the Chinese nation has formed many with "real" as the value of the standard norms and virtues. As honest, honest, realistic, pragmatic, really like, advocating the formation of hard work, pragmatism and opposition talk of spiritual practice. On the interpersonal, the Chinese nation has always been generous to the United States, self-discipline, and lenient towards others. In interpersonal relationships, the Chinese people, "Care", "heart to heart." In real life, through generous moral personality to impress others, to achieve any purpose of my communication. Moral Evaluation everyday life tolerant, generous, honest and elderly, are generous character embodies the Chinese , dauntless exerciseThis is a nation in moral Pursuits has the virtue and virtue, or moral will is reflected in terms of virtue. "Courage" have the courage of blood with strength, there are emotional courage with will, justifiably, and abide by a firm moral convictions "courage." "Yi" is to persevere in hardship in perseverance, and perseverance in the ethical norms of. Chinese people attach great importance to "exercise" virtues. Chinese culture believes perfect personality, social progress, the focus is not Zhiyu words, but action. "Gentleman satisfied in words, and sensitive to the line," It is this dauntless exercise of virtue, so that the Chinese people in a variety of dangerous environments can be saved the day, self-improvement, constant progress.
Ten Chinese traditional virtuesFirst, love filial pietyThis is the virtue of the Chinese nation in the most characteristic part. "Benevolence" is a symbol of the Chinese nation's moral and spiritual, a variety of basic morality is the highest virtues, but also in secular moral life is the most common virtues standards. Core "benevolence" Germany is love, that "benevolent"; the basic content of the virtue of filial piety is Fucizixiao, Xiongyoudigong, it forms a strong sense of family, of the family relationship, and thus also for China social stability played an extremely important role, is the cornerstone of national unity, when feelings of filial piety extended "Forbearance" basic requirements "Forbearance" Morality is based on Sincerity, benefit the people, that is, "All men are brothers", " Its not just the pro-pro, not only son of his son, "the social climate. Thereby forming a Chinese family strong humane social life and zest for life. Love, filial piety, loyalty and forgiveness are the basic content of Rende, also embodies the traditional Chinese , modest mannersChina is the world-famous ceremonies, "ceremony" is the highlight of the spirit of Chinese culture, manners, courtesy, propriety is important to pay attention to the virtues of the Chinese people conduct themselves in society. "Ceremony" is one of the German mother of the Chinese nation, she is rooted in people's heart respectful, politely refuse the heart, in the pair of long, respectful of ethics and politely refuse the love of brothers and friends. "Benefit him, full of hurts," This is the Chinese people since ancient times to understand the truth, Kentoku also rooted in the heart of Rende politely refuse, which is embodied in the face of honor, humility indisputable benefits, as well as relationships of mutual respect. "And the German" reflected in the attitude of the "gas" in the relationships as "harmony" in the value orientation of "harmony", but as a virtue to "neutral", "Manners" and "modest" , "and" better reflects the sentiment of the Chinese , the integrity of knowledge report"Honesty" That's no jump, its basic meaning is sincere to ourselves, honest in their nature. "Sincerity" as the basis, the Chinese people formed a number of related ethics, such as the man's honest, sincere others, loyalty to the cause. "Trust" is the word, talk about faith, the basic requirement is consistent with her words and deeds, "true to its word, line must be fruit." "Newspaper" that famous, "drip grace, the smallest favor." These are also composed of Chinese people's moral conscience and moral conscience of an important component, it is China's important moral simplicity of , sakeDeep patriotic feelings for the motherland is the most simple emotion and character, she as a kind of "thousands of years to consolidate up to their country a deep affection" is the love family love family emotional sublimation, which also the formation of a defense of national dignity, and safeguard the interests of the motherland and noble character. Sake of defending the country's spirit of the Chinese nation great cohesion, but also to promote national development of great spiritual . austerityBecause the Chinese social structure and culture of the traditional family-based ethics, and foster a spirit of holism, and the virtues of austerity is formed on this basis. Is a spirit of order "ritual" of the spirit of nature, the highlight is the overall significance of the individual order, requiring the individual to obey and serve the whole. Therefore it is necessary dedication and self-denial, play its private is public, that is justice, "self-denial" that go beyond the private self-restraint has, subject to the overall. After the private spiritual nature is Xiangong austerity on personal interests to obey the spirit of the public interest of society. This "public" is to strengthen the spirit of nurturing the community, the nation's sense of responsibility and sense of , Xiuji CautiousnessGoodness of faith and goodness of a tradition, so that Chinese ethics, and the whole Chinese culture, are built on to emphasize human dignity and expectations. This epitomizes characterized in cultivating self-discipline and moral cultivation theory emphasizes independent discipline, self-transcendence in order to safeguard human relations and the overall order and establish moral self, its basic spirit is "His", "Maintenance" is when the self alone to discipline, avoiding fear, "immersive abyss, treading on thin ice," the cultivation of the traditional culture of the Chinese nation Xiuji Cautiousness Pursuits moral consciousness in the initiative, creating a gentleman's personality has many noble qualities and strong festival , see Leith justiceOf righteousness and benefit processing relationship epitomizes the value orientation of Chinese Ethics. After the first justice to the justice system benefit is the traditional concept of justice and benefit basic contents and its rational core, it is also very important to the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation. The fundamental characteristics and values justice of man, is the essence of Chinese moral spirit, she sublimated as "born to upload justice," "righteousness to Lisheng 'outlook on life, the sublimation of the Chinese nation" Shashenchengren, justice, "the lofty moral realm . This morality is inspired by high ideals hesitate to sacrifice for the national cause important spiritual force, but also the glorious nation of high moral character , thrift IndependentChinese people traditionally regard to thrift, integrity and integrity known to the world. They work self-reliance, forming a labor of love, hard-working, honest and hardworking high quality. "Frugal and Germany to support" it is to ask "indifferent Ming, quiet Zhiyuan," for the government to say it is mainly Morality. Lim is both for the government's requirements, but also ordinary people should have character, because there is no "cheap" is not "clean", no "cheap" is not "out." "Inexpensive" are intended to be trade-offs between, take moral, homes Evil, strict self-discipline. With "clean" it may be "positive." "N" is to follow the public welfare and morality. Against both thrifty nation common values, but also the Chinese people there are , Atsuzane generousChinese traditional moral advocate simple, plain spirit. Chinese people in dealing with others, to "real" as the standard against hypocrisy false. In the long-term moral practice, the Chinese nation has formed many with "real" as the value of the standard norms and virtues. As honest, honest, realistic, pragmatic, really like, advocating the formation of hard work, pragmatism and opposition talk of spiritual practice. On the interpersonal, the Chinese nation has always been generous to the United States, self-discipline, and lenient towards others. In interpersonal relationships, the Chinese people, "Care", "heart to heart." In real life, through generous moral personality to impress others, to achieve any purpose of my communication. Moral Evaluation everyday life tolerant, generous, honest and elderly, are generous character embodies the Chinese , dauntless exerciseThis is a nation in moral Pursuits has the virtue and virtue, or moral will is reflected in terms of virtue. "Courage" have the courage of blood with strength, there are emotional courage with will, justifiably, and abide by a firm moral convictions "courage." "Yi" is to persevere in hardship in perseverance, and perseverance in the ethical norms of. Chinese people attach great importance to "exercise" virtues. Chinese culture believes perfect personality, social progress, the focus is not Zhiyu words, but action. "Gentleman satisfied in words, and sensitive to the line," It is this dauntless exercise of virtue, so that the Chinese people in a variety of dangerous environments can be saved the day, self-improvement, constant progress.
1. Whenever I go out these days I always take my raincoat. 2. When they were on holiday, someone broke out into their house and stole some valuable paintings. 3. Having fought for three hours, the firemen finally managed to put out the fire. 4. We all have some faults, since nobody in this world is quite perfect. 5. The train to Shanghai leaves at 21:35. 6. Though it began to rain, the children went on playing outdoors. 7. He was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over in spit or the interruption. 8. Strangely, he avoided mentioning her name. B. 1. One of her greatest joys in life is eating desserts, such as pudding, cake and ice cream. 2. Because he had drunk too much, he had to leave the party early. His stomach was like a volcano that was ready to erupt. 3. While sitting in the office, she realized she had lost her valuable ring. But she happily found it in the women’s room after work. 4. My favorite teacher, our volleyball coach, who is a native of Indian, is moving to another city next year. 5. After sitting for a long time in his office, I was asked by the doctor finally into the examining room. 6. Wedging his way out of the dining hall, he discovered a terrible hall beyond imagination. 7. The spreading of educational and cultural norm may affect the attitudes and sense of a nation. 8. Nearly everyone knows the truth after our leader mentioned it at the conference. C. 1. In 1934, an eight-minute Mickey Mouse movie was produced, so Walt Disney became a star. 2. The worst time to be in the street in Cairo was after the midnight when the night-clubs were closing and everybody went home. 3. When there was a power cut in the hospital, the surgeon had to cancel the operation because it was very dangerous to operate in dim light. 4. George is an amicable person, who gets on well with everyone in the company. 5. When Tom wanted to come back home, the telephone in the office began to ring. 6. The energy radiated by sun goes into every direction, but only a small part of falls on the earth. 7. When I slid my aching bones into the hot tub water, I realized that there was no soap, but I did not want to get out again. 8. Because Bob’s furniture store, where I worked as a shop assistant, just went out of business, I have to look for another job. 9. Since you are sent damaged goods, the store must replace the items and issue a full refund. 10. I’m not going to eat in the school cafeteria any more because of the unbearable service, high price and monotonous food.
论文格式 当我们对一个问题研究之后，如何将其展现于众人面前是一个重要的工作。在这里我们结合具体的事例，给大家介绍科研的一个重要部分枣论文的一般格式及其注意事项。当然，要写出一篇好的论文，绝不是单单这么一个简要的介绍就够了，还需自己多写、多练。 随着科学技术的发展，越来越多的学者涉及到学术论文的写作领域，那么怎样写学术论文、学术论文写作是怎样要求的、格式如何，下面就介绍一下学术论文的写作，希望能对您论文写作有所帮助。 (一)题名（Title,Topic）1、论文格式的论文题目：（下附署名）要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。 论文题目是一篇论文给出的涉及论文范围与水平的第一个重要信息，也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。 论文题目十分重要，必须用心斟酌选定。有人描述其重要性，用了下面的一句话：论文题目是文章的一半。 对论文题目的要求是：准确得体；简短精炼；外延和内涵恰如其分；醒目。对这四方面的要求分述如下。1．准确得体要求论文题目能准确表达论文内容，恰当反映所研究的范围和深度。 常见毛病是：过于笼统，题不扣文。关键问题在于题目要紧扣论文内容，或论文内容民论文题目要互相匹配、紧扣，即题要扣文，文也要扣题。这是撰写论文的基本准则。2．简短精炼力求题目的字数要少，用词需要精选。至于多少字算是合乎要求，并无统一的硬性规定，一般希望一篇论文题目不要超出20个字，不过，不能由于一味追求字数少而影响题目对内容的恰当反映，在遇到两者确有矛盾时，宁可多用几个字也要力求表达明确。 若简短题名不足以显示论文内容或反映出属于系列研究的性质，则可利用正、副标题的方法解决，以加副标题来补充说明特定的实验材料，方法及内容等信息使标题成为既充实准确又不流于笼统和一般化。3．外延和内涵要恰如其分外延和内涵属于形式逻辑中的概念。所谓外延，是指一个概念所反映的每一个对象；而所谓内涵，则是指对每一个概念对象特有属性的反映。 命题时，若不考虑逻辑上有关外延和内涵的恰当运用，则有可能出现谬误，至少是不当。4．醒目论文题目虽然居于首先映入读者眼帘的醒目位置，但仍然存在题目是否醒目的问题，因为题目所用字句及其所表现的内容是否醒目，其产生的效果是相距甚远的。 有人对36种公开发行的医学科持期刊1987年发表的论文的部分标题，作过统计分析，从中筛选100条有错误的标题。在100条有错误的标题中，属于省略不当错误的占20%；属于介词使用不当错误的占12%）。在使用介词时产生的错误主要有：①省略主语枣第一人称代词不达意后，没有使用介词结构，使辅助成分误为主语；②需要使用介词时又没有使用；③不需要使用介词结构时使用。属主事的错误的占11%；属于并列关系使用不当错误的占9%；属于用词不当、句子混乱错误的各占9%，其它类型的错误，如标题冗长、文题不符、重复、歧意等亦时有发生。（二）作者姓名和单位（Author and department）这一项属于论文署名问题。署名一是为了表明文责自负，二是记录作用的劳动成果，三是便于读者与作者的联系及文献检索（作者索引）。大致分为二种情形，即：单个作者论文和多作者论文。后者按署名顺序列为第一作者、第二作者厖。重要的是坚持实事求是的态度，对研究工作与论文撰写实际贡献最大的列为第一作者，贡献次之的，列为第二作者，余类推。注明作者所在单位同样是为了便于读者与作者的联系。（三）摘要（Abstract）论文一般应有摘要，有些为了国际交流，还有外文（多用英文）摘要。它是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。其他用是不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。摘要应包含以下内容：①从事这一研究的目的和重要性；②研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作；③获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解；④结论或结果的意义。论文摘要虽然要反映以上内容，但文字必须十分简炼，内容亦需充分概括，篇幅大小一般限制其字数不超过论文字数的5%。例如，对于6000字的一篇论文，其摘要一般不超出300字。论文摘要不要列举例证，不讲研究过程，不用图表，不给化学结构式，也不要作自我评价。 撰写论文摘要的常见毛病，一是照搬论文正文中的小标题（目录）或论文结论部分的文字；二是内容不浓缩、不概括，文字篇幅过长。（四）关键词（Key words）关键词属于主题词中的一类。主题词除关键词外，还包含有单元词、标题词的叙词。主题词是用来描述文献资料主题和给出检索文献资料的一种新型的情报检索语言词汇，正是由于它的出现和发展，才使得情报检索计算机化（计算机检索）成为可能。 主题词是指以概念的特性关系来区分事物，用自然语言来表达，并且具有组配功能，用以准确显示词与词之间的语义概念关系的动态性的词或词组。关键词是标示文献关建主题内容，但未经规范处理的主题词。关键词是为了文献标引工作，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文主要内容信息款目的单词或术语。一篇论文可选取3~8个词作为关键词。关键词或主题词的一般选择方法是：由作者在完成论文写作后，纵观全文，先出能表示论文主要内容的信息或词汇，这些住处或词江，可以从论文标题中去找和选，也可以从论文内容中去找和选。例如上例，关键词选用了6个，其中前三个就是从论文标题中选出的，而后三个却是从论文内容中选取出来的。后三个关键词的选取，补充了论文标题所未能表示出的主要内容信息，也提高了所涉及的概念深度。需要选出，与从标题中选出的关键词一道，组成该论文的关键词组。关键词与主题词的运用，主要是为了适应计算机检索的需要，以及适应国际计算机联机检索的需要。一个刊物增加关键词这一项，就为该刊物提高引用率、增加知名度开辟了一个新的途径。（五）引言（Intorduction）引言又称前言，属于整篇论文的引论部分。其写作内容包括：研究的理由、目的、背景、前人的工作和知识空白，理论依据和实验基础，预期的结果及其在相关领域里的地位、作用和意义。引言的文字不可冗长，内容选择不必过于分散、琐碎，措词要精炼，要吸引读者读下去。引言的篇幅大小，并无硬性的统一规定，需视整篇论文篇幅的大小及论文内容的需要来确定，长的可达700~800字或1000字左右，短的可不到100字。（六）正文（Main body）正文是一篇论文的本论，属于论文的主体，它占据论文的最大篇幅。论文所体现的创造性成果或新的研究结果，都将在这一部分得到充分的反映。因此，要求这一部分内容充实，论据充分、可靠，论证有力，主题明确。为了满足这一系列要求，同时也为了做到层次分明、脉络清晰，常常将正文部分人成几个大的段落。这些段落即所谓逻辑段，一个逻辑段可包含几个自然段。每一逻辑段落可冠以适当标题（分标题或小标题）。段落和划分，应视论文性质与内容而定。（七）参考文献[序号]. 编著者. 书名[M]，出版地：出版社，年代，起止页码 [序号]. 作者. 论文名称[J]，期刊名称，年度，卷（期），起止页码电子文献的载体类型及其标识随着我国信息化进程的加快，电子文献的采用量逐渐加大，其标注方式的规范化已经提到议事日程上来了。现根据国家新闻出版署印发的《中国学术期刊（光盘版）检索与评价数据规范》的有关规定，对来稿提出如下要求：一、对于数据库、计算机程序及电子公告等电子文献类型的参考文献，以下列双字母作为标示：电子文献类型数据库计算机程序电子公告电子文献类型标识DBCPEB二、电子文献的载体类型及其标识对于非纸张类型载体的电子文献，当被引用为参考文献时需在参考文献类型中同时标明其载体类型。《规范》采用双字母表示电子文献载体类型：磁带(magnetic tape)MT，磁盘(disk)DK，光盘(CD-ROM) CD，联机网络(online)OL，并以下列格式表示包括了文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识：[文献类型标识/载体类型标识]如：[DB/OL]——联机网上数据库（database online）[ DB/MT]——磁带数据库（database on magnetic tape）[M/CD]——光盘图书（monograph on CD-ROM）[CP/DK]——磁盘软件（computer program on disk）[J/OL]——网上期刊（serial online）[EB/OL]——网上电子公告（electronic pulletin board online）如：[1]王明亮．关于中国学术期刊标准数据库系统工程的进展[DB/OL]．文献网址, 1998-08-16/1998-10-04． 以纸张为载体的传统文献在引作参考文献时不必注明其载体类型。编写要求 页面要求：毕业论文须用A4（210×297）标准、70克以上白纸，一律采用单面打印；毕业论文页边距按以下标准设置：上边距为30mm，下边距为25mm，左边距和右边距为25mm；装订线为10mm，页眉16mm，页脚15mm。 页眉：页眉从摘要页开始到论文最后一页，均需设置。页眉内容：浙江广播电视大学汉语言文学类本科毕业论文，居中，打印字号为5号宋体，页眉之下有一条下划线。 页脚：从论文主体部分（引言或绪论）开始，用阿拉伯数字连续编页，页码编写方法为：第×页共×页，居中，打印字号为小五号宋体。 前置部分从中文题名页起单独编页。 字体与间距：毕业论文字体为小四号宋体，字间距设置为标准字间距，行间距设置为固定值20磅。
The great and good
学术论文写作心得
引导语：论文写作，简单的说，就是大专院校毕业论文的写作，包含着本科生的学士论文，研究生的硕士论文，博士生的博士论文，延伸到了职称论文的写作以及科技论文的写作，我们要总结一些写作的心得，我们才能写出更加优秀的论文。
学术论文写作心得
前言
2010-2011学年第二学期，我学习了硕士论文写作与学术规范课程。通过认真参加了四次学术论文写作课程，我加深了对硕士论文写作与学术规范的理解，对于如何进行高水平的学术研究有了更加全面的认识，下面将本学期的收获与心得进行如下总结。
1学术论文写作的意义
硕士论文写作是研究生教学计划所规定的学习任务之一，也是硕士研究生知识与能力结合、提升理论水准的一项重要环节。进行硕士论文写作，有利于全面训练研究生的教育科学研究能力，有利于引导研究生学会思考、学会发现、学会钻研，培养研究生的创新精神。同时，硕士学位论文是现行高等教育的基本内容，是实现高等教育培养目标的重要教学环节，在培养硕士研究生的综合运用能力、科学研究能力、实践操作能力等方面具有举足轻重的作用。具体而言，硕士论文的作用和意义体现在以下三个方面：
1、硕士论文体现着高等教育的教学目标和要求。
学术论文是发表学术成果的基本方式，是现代学术研究的标志，理应成为各级各类学术研究者熟练掌握的一种应用文体。适应学术研究的国际化惯例，能够写出合乎标准和要求的论文成为我国现行高等教育的基本教学目标和要求，也是现代高级专业人才应当具备的一种基本能力。
2、硕士论文是高校研究生教学质量的检验方式。
研究生论文写作水平是检验高校教学质量的重要指标，研究生生论文的水平往往能够体现出学校的教学水平。对于高速发展的中国高等教育和公立民办的各级各类高等院校而言，学术论文作为行之有效的研究生教学质量和水平的检验方式，仍有其不可替代的价值和意义。
3、硕士论文是专业学习的总结，是必需的学术训练。
研究生阶段的学习中，论文写作是一项基本内容。通过论文的撰写，研究生可以有目的、有计划地根据课题研究的需要，梳理、检验和完善自己的知识储备和结构，掌握论文写作的基本方法、规范、规律和标准，培育严谨求实的学术精神。
2论文写作与学术规范
学术论文的规范是课题研究与表达过程中应遵循的基本原则，它是通过对于学术论文特征的全面分析，确立出评价论文质量的一般标准。
学术规范包含着多个层面、多个维度的丰富内涵。学术论文的特征表现为学术性、科学性、创造性与理论性四个方面。学术性是指语言的学术性、内容的学术性和问题的学术性。
创造性的内涵包括：研究是否推翻前人不正确的定论;有无新发现或提出新理论，或解决新问题;研究虽为老问题，但有无新意，或在继承前人成果的运用中发现不足而予以完善;是否反映在众多观点中独树一帜的见解。科学性指合乎规律、真实、准确的知识与结论，在学术研究中体现出内容准确、思维严密性与论证推理合乎逻辑性。理论性是指在论文撰写过程中，运用理论思维，通过抽象、概括、说理来剖析事物的本质与规律，运用概念、判断、推理所组成的论证方法来解决问题，从而使被解决的问题由一般现象上升到一定的理论高度。 所有这些规范，归纳起来，可以分成三个层面：(1)道德层面，即坚守学术道德，要以德治学，主要靠自律;(2)精神层面，即严谨的治学态度，实事求是的科学精神(3)技术层面，即应遵守论文当一般编写格式和体例。
硕士论文写作应当严格遵循这几个方面的规范性要求，严格接受制度化规范的制约，才能保证写出乎共通标准、具有一定学术价值的学术论文。硕士论文写作是最为基础的专业学术训练，其主要目的在于让学生了解学术论文写作的基本原则与程序，明确学术规范意识，掌握论文写作规律与方法，达到学以致用、理论与实际相结合的目的。如果不进行基本的学术规范教育与学术训练，论文写作过程中就可能会出现不必要的抄袭、剽窃、侵占、拼凑等不端行为，必将在学术界造成一种恶性循环。因此，学术规范教育和学术训练理应成为硕士论文写作过程中的核心内容。
3如何撰写高质量的学术论文
硕士论文的撰写是一个系统、完整的科学研究训练过程。从选题开始到答辩为止，包括一系列互相衔接而又密不可分的环节。只有把握好这些环节，才能达到培养独立研究能力的目的。通过一个学期的学习，我加深了对硕士论文撰写和遵守学术规范的认识，现以硕士研究生的学位论文规范为例，就如何撰写高质量的学术论文谈一下自己的心得和体会。
千里之行，始于选题
选题是撰写学位论文的首要环节。选题的好坏往往是决定论文成功与否的关键。要选好题目，应该做到以下几点：
第一，选题要符合研究方向，不能超出本专业研究方向的范围随意去选，否则即使论文作得不错，也不易被通过。
第二，选题的价值性。研究课题在理论上要有开拓价值。凡是难以提出自己见解的题目，最好不要去选。
第三，要有现实意义。选题过程中要坚持理论与实际相结合的原则，不但要考虑“热点”问题，而且要善于发现具有发展潜力和前途的题目。要做到这一点很不容易，需要有较深的理论功底和敏锐的观察力。这也是在今后的学习和研究过程中自己应该努力的方向。 第四，选题的可行性。要在研究方向的范围内，根据所掌握的或可能掌握的资料，确定论文的题目。一方面要“小题大作”，而不要“大题小作”。另一方面要考虑题目是否缺乏实现的必要条件，如果资料很少，无法下手，也是不可取的。把握好这两点，论文就好拓宽加深，比较容易写深写透，避免面面俱到，蜻蜓点水，在论文写作过程中也能做到得心应手。
做好开题，架好桥梁
开题是介于选题和写作之间的中间环节。做好开题工作，就能架起课题与写作之间的桥梁，将研究构思真正地开始付诸于实施。
在这个环节中，首先要查阅、消化和综合文献。题目确定后，要集中一段时间查阅文献。科学研究必须吸收前人的研究成果，避免重复或走弯路，并力求有所前进。在这个过程中要与导师多加沟通，根据导师提供的一些主要文献扩大知识面和阅读范围，并根据已经掌握的文献，从这些文献所引证的参考文献目录中进一步去查找其他文献。这种“顺藤摸瓜”的方法，是一个可以在较短的时间内收集到较多资料的`捷径。另外还要查阅与自己的研究工作有关的学术期刊，特别是一些重要期刊，要尽量精查精读，读一些重点文章。这里，起码要看完所有目录。这样，就可以了解本学科专业在这个问题上研究的历史和现状，发现其中存在的问题和发展趋势，以便从中找准自己的主攻方向。还要重视报刊文摘中的“二次文献”。
在研究文献资料时，要注意三个问题：一是要弄清别人所得出的结论是否正确，有无创新，有无偏颇之处;二是要弄清这一结论是如何得出的，别人的研究方法是什么;三是要弄清别人的成功和不足之处，不要盲目追随，要多问几个为什么，要能够举一反三、扬长避短。 开题阶段的一个重要成果就是在综合研究的基础上写出开题报告。开题报告的内容包括：本课题目前国内外研究的现状，包括进展与问题;本课题研究的理论意义和现实意义;本课题研究的主要内容和基本思路;论文完成时间，等等。开题报告在导师规定时间写好后，提交导师指导小组，讨论通过后，方可进入写作阶段。在写开题报告之前，最好能写出一个研究综述来。这样，开题报告就会写得很实在、很具体，也为下一步拟订大纲奠定扎实的基础。
论文写作，重中之重
学位论文写作的第一阶段是在开题报告的基础上，进一步加工形成详细的写作提纲。提纲一定要经过导师的审阅和批准，方可开始写作。对于提纲，首先是要推敲好题目。论文的题目是文章的点睛之笔，要使读者一看就能抓住该文的主要特点。题目要具体不要空泛，要醒目不要流于一般，要简练不要冗长，更要注意思想的确定性，不要给人以似是而非的印象。 第二阶段是论文写作。论文写作忌匆忙从事，且不要无纲而作或草纲而作，以免走弯路，做无效劳动。在写作过程中，一定还会发现提纲中的问题，要注意及时加以修正。硕士学位论文一般控制在3~5万字，不易过长或过短。正文写好后，还要写好以下内容：
1、论文摘要。摘要是论文的“窗口”，要以十分简练的语言概括论文的精华。摘要最好是在全文完成以后再写，这样可以概括得更准确一些。写外文摘要时最好不由中文摘要直接翻译，因为中、外文的写作习惯是不同的，直译往往效果较差。应当摆脱中文的束缚直接用外文写作。篇幅还可以稍长一些。
2、关键词。要精选能反映本文主要特点的单词或词组。词组应简明通用，约定俗成，不要生编乱造。词组不宜过多，一般以3~4个为宜。
3、引言。引言的内容是要提供该论文的研究背景，包括研究的意义、历史和现状，由此引出写作论文的目的。
4、注释。注释要求准确、统一、标准化。引证一定要核对原文。特别是经典著作，有新版本的就不能引用老版本。格式要按照新闻出版署的规范要求进行统一。
5、参考文献。参考文献目录不规范是论文写作中的通病。列举参考文献时应注意：只能列出自己读过的文献，不能列出自己没有读过的文献;只能列出和本文有关的文献，不能列出不相干的文献;文献目录编排一定要分类，分类的参考系可以自己酌情而定。 6、致谢。这也是论文中必须有的内容。对自己论文的写作过程作些说明是必要的，对曾经支持和帮助过自己写作的人，特别是对自己的授课教师、论文的指导教师，表示感谢也是合乎情理的。但是一定要注意分寸，溢美之词太多是不必要的，把一些不大相干、无关紧要的东西也写了上去，是不合适的。
论文的写作过程，一般要经过大纲、初稿、定稿几个阶段。只有精心修改数易其稿，才能写出一篇质量较高的论文。一篇合格的学位论文，一般地说，在内容上要具有理论感、现实感和历史感。就是说，一定要有理论的深度，要有历史的根底，要回答现实提出的问题。在逻辑上，要具有整体性、规范性、朴实性，即体系要严密，表述要规范，包括印制成册过程中的校对，都要一丝不苟;文章要朴素无华，不要哗众取宠，更不要弄些故意让人读不懂的东西。
精心准备，做好答辩工作
答辩是研究生完成学位论文，争取学位必须通过的环节，是本学科专业的专家学者以组织的形式对学位论文进行集体审查和评定。它不仅考查学位论文是否合格，而且考查学生在这个领域里所达到的理论水平。在答辩过程中，要认真准备好发言提纲。要把论文的精华部分特别是具有创造性的部分的思路整理出来，要突出重点，不要什么都讲。要记熟发言的内容，发言时不要念稿子。稿子只能作为发言时的“备忘录”。对于老师们提出的问题，要认真做好记录。需要回答的问题，一般是答辩委员会主席指定回答的几个问题。有时候需要进行归纳概括，回答几个主要问题。在答辩中回答问题，要掌握好时间，长话短说，少而精要在规定的时间内完成发言，切忌长篇大论，虎头蛇尾;不可偏离主题，答非所问;要谦虚，禁忌强不知以为知。
4总结
要写出高质量的学术论文，进行高水平的学术研究，仅仅遵守写作格式和体例规范是不够的，除了必要的知识要求和技巧方面的要求外，还要有良好的学风和治学态度。首先，学贵有恒。在为学的道路上，有中道而废和功成业就两种可能性，功亏一篑和大功告成完全取决于学者有恒和无恒。通过了解大师的学术生涯和治学之路，我深刻体会到在学术研究的道路上应当发扬有恒的精神，锲而不舍。第二、学贵专一。学习必须专心致志，治学必须注意精力集中。最后，学贵于勤。“业精于勤，荒于嬉;行成于思，毁于随。”作为一名研究生，无论是进德还是修业，都要严格要求自己，勤勤恳恳，精益求精。
通过课程的学习和老师的讲解，我也深刻认识到，论文要讲究社会责任。论文的功能是发现真理，推进科学技术发展，促进社会文明进步，造福于大众，而不是危害社会和大众。论文的发表，既享有一定的法律权利，也承担一定的法律义务。论文的内容不可违法，包括论文作者不允许抄袭他人研究成果作为自己论文里的内容，所有引用文献都应在论文里加以注释。论文的质量状况，在一定程度上蕴含着作者的专业素质和思想品质。
一个学期的课程接近尾声，通过学习与研究，我对于如何进行硕士论文写作，怎样遵守学术规范以及怎样提高学术论文的质量和水平有了更加深刻的理解。在进行学术研究的过程中，要秉承良好的学风和治学态度，同时还要注重论文的社会责任。在今后的学习和研究过程中，我会谨记老师的教导，刻苦钻研、严谨治学、严格遵守学术规范，同时牢记作为研究者的社会责任和使命，在追求真理的道路上不断进步。
感谢各位老师对我们学术论文写作的指导!
硕士论文的写作手法
硕士研究生学位论文是授予硕士学位的重要依据,是硕士研究生培养的重要环节,对于硕士论文的写作有什么手法及问题呢?
由于大多采用在职学习、远程学习等方式，教育硕士专业学位研究生的很多课程往往通过互联网或“压缩饼干”式的在短期内面授完成，课程学习的内容和时间都不够充分。这样，毕业论文几乎成了衡量其培养质量最为关键的环节。而方法又是他们接受规范学术训练的重要科目，也是其完成毕业论文所必须掌握的基本工具与技术。但是，在近几年评阅、指导和答辩大量教育硕士毕业论文的过程中，发现困扰教育硕士最多的问题是方法问题，送审论文中最薄弱的环节也是方法。那么，教育硕士毕业论文创作中在方法意识方面表现出哪些问题? 如何培养和提高他们的方法意识、增强他们的方法运用能力? 本文试图结合自身教学和论文指导过程，对这一问题加以探讨。
一、硕士毕业论文创作方法
结合实际指导经验，笔者认为教育硕士毕业论文方法意识可以简单理解为在论文研究与写作过程中所体现出来的基本知识、技能等基本素养。所以，本文把针对教育硕士毕业论文的方法意识落脚在研究方法和写作方法两个方面。
( 一) 研究方法。在社会科学学术研究的语境中，方法通常指的就是“研究方法”，它是研究问题的一般准则与程序。按照社会研究方法的理论，研究方法大致可以分为三个层次: ( 1) 方法论，它是处于哲学层次指导开展研究的一般思想体系，主要包括基本的理论假设、研究原则等; ( 2) 研究方式，它是指贯穿于研究整个过程的基本程序与操作方式，包括研究方法和研究设计类型; ( 3) 具体方法与技术，它是指在研究的某一阶段所使用的具体方法、工具和手段，如问卷法、相关分析等[1]( P24 - 28) 。方法论、研究方法、具体方法与技术构成了社会研究的方法体系。本文主要采用这种三层次框架来讨论教育硕士在研究方法方面的问题。
( 二) 写作方法。具体来说，写作方法就是毕业论文写作中思考问题与表达思想的基本逻辑、基本规范。由于缺少长时间、集中式的学术研究训练，教育硕士毕业论文在写作方法上表现出很多“硬伤”，甚至比研究方法运用不科学、不恰当更值得关注。
二、硕士毕业论文问题表现
针对研究方法和写作方法两方面的基本素养，目前教育硕士毕业论文表现出以下问题:
( 一) 方法意识整体比较淡薄。这方面的问题主要集中在缺乏基本的方法知识和论文写作规范。在研究方法方面，有的论文基本没有研究方法，或缺少研究方法的介绍或方法如何应用的交代，整个文章更像一篇工作总结或感性散文，难见逻辑性的理论分析和规范化论证; 有的论文不清楚其理论基础，存在同时引用两个相互矛盾的方法论，或者研究设计及具体方法应用严重错误等问题。在写作方法方面，很多论文缺乏基本的规范性。如有的学生基本不清楚如何综述文献或综述政策，直接抄袭其他毕业论文的文献综述或在网上复制政策文本大有人在，“挖到篮子里就是菜”; 有的文后附录的调查问卷与正文对问卷的分析风马牛不相及，可以判定两部分内容几乎是从不同文章抄袭而来的; 更有甚者，有的连论文的后记都懒得认真去写，他们除简单修改后记里面的人名外，其他内容几乎完全抄袭。严重的抄袭导致一些论文连续两次都无法通过“学术不端检测系统”的检测。此外，一些论文在资料引用方面也存在方法规范的问题。如有的论文在讨论“概念界定”时，往往直接拷贝互联网站的“百度百科”或“维基百科”上的解释，而基本不去查阅工具书或教科书，查阅后也是直接照搬上去，而不进行基本的概念分析; 有的论文对“客观材料极度断章取义或为了自己一家之言而百般曲解文本”[2]( P4) ，缺乏阐释文献的基本能力……可以说，整体方法意识的淡薄不仅体现出一些学生基本研究和写作能力的欠缺，更显示出其起码的科学研究态度和学术道德规范的不端正。
(二) 研究方法单一或研究方法成为摆设。一些论文的研究方法非常单一，如只包括文献法。我们知道，检索和引用文献是任何研究的起点和必经环节，所以在论文研究与写作的时候必须思考: 使用单一的文献法能否够用? 或者能否凸显论文在方法应用上的创新性与独特性? 很显然是不能的。恰恰相反，由于教育硕士毕业论文大多应注重对教育实践的研究和典型教育教学实验的研究，相对于纯理论思辨型论文来说，应用的方法应该更加丰富。不过，有的论文在导论或引言中虽然交代其应用了多种研究方法，如观察法、问卷调查法、行动研究法等，但多数方法的应用成果在正文中却没有反映，结果导论中所交代的方法往往成为了一个空壳。例如，有的论文提到了问卷调查法，但是在正文中基本没有反映调查的数据，或者只是在正文中简单介绍了如何抽样、如何发放问卷、样本如何分布等，但多数关键题目的调查数据却没有反映出来; 有的论文在后面也没有附上调查问卷，使问卷调查法的应用很不充分。现在，许多教育硕士毕业论文从可行性出发，还喜欢以工作或实习单位为案例采用个案法进行研究。但是通看整个论文，不少对个案的背景、个案与理论基础的关系、个案的典型性、个案的代表性与推广价值等都没有进行详细的论证，这样使得个案研究往往成为其对单位的一个简单经验总结，缺少研究品位。
( 三) 研究方法应用不科学、不充分、不恰当。教育硕士毕业论文中，研究方法应用不科学、不充分、不恰当的情形是最为普遍的。翻阅一些论文，有时常可以看到对不同方法论、研究方式和具体研究技术的张冠李戴。例如，在方法论上，有的导言交代了以“现象学”方法论为指导，但在正文中却主要使用问卷调查的方法获得第一手资料。事实上，质性研究( qualitative research) 和量化研究( quantitative research)是两种不同的研究类型，现象学主要为质性研究提供理论支撑，而问卷法主要应用于量化研究。因此，把现象学应用于指导问卷调查，是混淆了不同方法论对相应研究技术的指导范围。在研究方式上，有的论文把规范研究直接等同于采用问卷、访谈等方式进行的研究。其实，规范研究( normative research)是与实证研究( positive research) 相对应的，前者更多是做价值判断或价值评价，后者则是做事实描述和解释，所以问卷、访谈等方法更多属于实证研究的范畴。而在具体研究技术或手段方面，不充分、不恰当的情形更是常见。如果翻开一篇使用问卷调查法的论文，你很难看到论文对问卷编制维度、编制结构的深入思考和论证; 对于应用某种教学方法的实验研究，也很难看到哪怕是按照最简单的“前测—后测”模式设计的一个完整实验方案; 在呈现的统计数据中，一些论文也通常把不同的置信水平搞错，例如把“p < 0. 5”的统计结果打上“**”、把“p< 0. 1”的结果打上“***”等，在这种基础上，一些结论的得出往往具有随意推导、牵强附会的特点，经不起深入推敲。
( 四) 写作方法不符合学术研究范式。“范式”( paradigm) 一词最早由美国科学哲学家库恩在解释科学发展进程时提出[3]( P9) 。从研究角度看，“范式”就是某一个历史时期被大部分学术共同体所广泛承认的模型、模式、过程或标准等。毕业论文的写作其实是一项严肃的学术研究过程，在这样的范式下更强调学理性，即在论文写作中应体现学术共同体所公认的一套概念体系、研究假设、研究逻辑和话语规则。但教育硕士毕业论文在这方面表现得相对较为薄弱。例如，有的论文几乎就是一篇政策报告或领导讲话，“口号性表达”和“上纲上线”的论述非常普遍，常常可以看到他们把一个非常微观的课程教学问题与攸关民族的未来和国家竞争力联系起来，而且后者论述往往占了很大部分; 有的个案研究就是学校情况的简单介绍和经验总结，或者是一个项目可行性研究报告。应该承认，教育硕士毕业论文更强调从实践选题、从问题出发开始研究，但论文不是工作总结、不是领导讲话，学理性要求它应是一种专业研究、是一种创造性反映[4]( P12) 。所以，学理研究应当与实践保持一定距离。保持距离不是说不关注现实，而是要用专业的学术语言提炼和表达现实问题，保持一种学理性的、客观的、科学研究的方式进行分析，从而体现从学术角度观察和解释教育问题的特点。在写作方法上，还有一个最大的问题就是没有形成学术论文写作的基本思维习惯。例如“文不对题”、“题不对文”的情形很普遍。而在论文表达的基本逻辑思路方面，类似以下问题: 章节如何安排才能一以贯之地体现中心脉络，论述如何组织才能紧扣主题，内容如何分类才能尽量做到周延、互斥和富有层次，有关段落为什么要放在这里而不是搁在其他章节，关键性的问题为什么要这样写而不是那么说，等等，在许多论文中都欠深入思考。有的论文完成后，仍基本不清楚自己为什么要写、想写什么和写了哪些内容，单纯凑字数的痕迹很重。写作逻辑思路的不清晰，最后导致论文章节论述交叉重复、结构混乱的情形并不少见，更别谈如何应用思维和写作技巧凸显论文亮点了。
三、硕士毕业论文创作中方法意识的培养
目前，我国教育硕士培养规模每年成倍增长，而且也形成了在职人员攻读教育硕士、全日制教育硕士、农村学校教育硕士师资培养、免费师范生攻读教育硕士等多种培养模式。不同的培养模式尽管在入学资格、学制、招生方式和授予证书等方面有所差别，但是都非常注重这种专业学位教育的应用性、职业性等特点。这种取向体现在毕业论文上，普遍认为选题应来源于应用课题或现实问题，体现明确的职业背景和应用价值，形式可以采用调研报告、应用基础研究、案例分析、项目管理等多种形式，最终目的是要提高教育硕士综合运用所学理论和知识解决学科教学或教育管理实际问题的能力。不过，毕业论文如果单纯追求与职业实践的紧密联系，忽略硕士阶段培养研究生基本研究能力和研究规范的目标，就会大大降低培养质量和规格。考虑到国际上一些高校在本科生刚入学时就对其进行学术道德、规范以及方法的`教育，笔者认为，在当前教育硕士规模大幅增长和培养模式多样化的背景下，关注教育硕士毕业论文方法意识的培养，不仅有利于其质量保证，而且对其他类型的专业学位研究生的培养来说也具有很强的借鉴意义。
那么，如何培养和提高教育硕士研究方法和写作方法的基本素养或技能呢? 结合课堂教学和论文指导实践，笔者提出如下建议供参考。
( 一) 明确教育研究方法类课程教学的基本定位
长期以来，我国本科师范教育的大部分课程以理论性课程为主，而且对师范生的培养普遍强调“三笔字”、课堂教学技能而忽略了研究方法，因而导致本科师范生在四年学习期间其实并没有接受到严格、规范的学术科研训练。在职攻读的教育硕士生多为中小学教师，平时工作又比较繁忙、琐碎，公务、家务缠身，因而很难拥有静下心来使用严谨方法思考教研问题的机会。因此，当他们继续攻读或重回高校攻读教育硕士时，一些课程如“教育研究方法”又几乎集中在很短时间里完成。“先天体质不好，后天缺乏营养”，在这样的特殊环境下，教育硕士在方法意识方面比较淡薄、论文写作中正确合理应用方法比较困难也就不难理解了。
不过，对教育硕士生来说，在论文开题之前，为他们提供一项课题、一篇论文规范的研究过程和翔实的研究方法却又只能通过类似“教育研究方法”等课程来进行。所以，笔者认为，对教育硕士生的很多课程不能继续偏重理论，或者采用理论讨论的方式教学，特别是针对研究方法类的课程; 同样，由于适逢假期或通过远程学习，时间有限，也很难像全日制学术型硕士生那样采用课前大量查阅文献、课堂进行专题讲授、课后完成大量作业的方式进行教学; 或者在课堂上主张教育硕士生广泛阅读英文教材( 哪怕是英语学科教学方向) 。如果这样安排，事实证明不符合教育硕士生的实际，因为多数教育硕士生实际上没有课题研究的经验，对研究和论文写作方法尚不完整系统。
针对教育硕士生的研究方法类课程应当坚持理论够用、突出操作等工具价值，重点落在讲清教育研究和论文写作的基本规范及基本过程，讲清主要研究方法的每一步具体应用上。比如在选题方面，应重点探讨如何才能在实践中发现一个好问题，如何提炼问题，如何拟定题目; 在开题报告撰写上，要对如何进行问题提出、如何进行概念分析、如何做文献综述、如何进行研究设计以及如何谋篇布局、如何安排段落文字乃至用词造句等关涉开题报告的每一个小步骤、小问题，都应当详细讨论清楚; 在问卷调查方面，应对大到如何设计问卷结构，小到如何设计问题题干、答案，如何分析问卷、解释问卷结果等每一个细节都要做非常详细的分析等。总的来说，对教育硕士生，“教育研究方法”课程应不图在所有方法上全面开花，但涉及一种方法就尽量要将技术工具事无巨细地讲深讲透。我们采用此种思路讲授该课程的开题报告部分后，一些教育硕士生反映，从发现问题到开题报告的写作实在太困难了，何况创作毕业论文! “感觉写论文就是在不断用科学研究的逻辑来为难自己!”这些感受或反馈，让我们感觉到重新定位研究方法类课程教学收到了初步效果。
( 二) 采用案例式教学法
案例教学法( case teaching) 最初起源于医学，后来在商学、法学、教育学和公共管理学等学科的专业课程教学中得到大力发展。案例教学法实际上就是“沙盘推演”或“模拟演习”，是联系学生直接知识和间接知识的重要桥梁，而且有助于培养学生的课堂参与意识、独立思考、主动求知和应变能力等。在职教育硕士有三年以上的工作经验，农村教育硕士和免费师范生教育硕士生也有较长的工作经验，全日制教育硕士不少也来自一线教师，因此教育硕士生的直接知识或实践经验很丰富。在实践中，案例教学也是许多学员普遍认可的教学方法之一。所以笔者认为，研究方法类课程或论文指导过程，其基本目标是帮助教育硕士生形成操作技能和经验知识，因此在教学和指导中应在讲清每种研究方法的概念、操作过程和注意事项之后，采用更加丰富的案例进行教学。
案例教学如何才能实施得当呢? 结合经验，笔者认为重点应考虑两点: 一是要注意专业学位研究生案例教学的独特性。对本科生或学术型硕士研究生来说，案例很多时候是作为概念、原理或理论教学的辅助资源。但对专业学位研究生来说，由于他们有更多直接经验做支撑，更容易进入案例“角色”，因此案例教学可单独进行。但也要注意将案例和相关的经典理论、通用技能联系起来，而不是“就事论事”。例如，对于学科教学方向的教育硕士生来说，他们的研究对象可能有课程标准、教材教法、课堂、教师和学生，那么可以让他们就某方面提出现实问题或直接给出已有题目加以讨论。但这里必须结合研究设计中“分析单位”的知识来进行。哪些适合于做分析单位? 哪些不适合? 以及分析单位确定过程中如何避免“体系错误”和“简约化”[5]( P70 - 71) ? 这些问题似乎都应结合案例详细阐明。二是在案例使用方面，除正面案例之外，还应大量使用反面案例。那些伪研究问题，表达模糊或大而宽泛的论文题目，文不对题或题不对文，不科学、不恰当的研究方法应用，不规范的文献引用，大段落的抄袭，“强盗式”的逻辑推理和随意的数据解释等，都应当在反面案例讨论中占有一席之地。为此，特别需要任课教师留意收集、分类编排大量的教育硕士生的开题报告和毕业论文，以待留作教学案例。
(三) 建立“三位一体”的论文指导模式
在如何促进教师专业发展的理论研究与实践中，目前提出了一种专家引领、同伴互助和自我反思“三位一体”的发展模式。笔者认为，这种模式同样可以应用于教育硕士毕业论文指导过程之中。
“专家引领”主要是发挥导师或导师组的核心导向作用。与传统导师“一对一”论文指导模式有所不同，笔者认为“三位一体”模式下的导师应转变角色。导师要从为每篇论文提供具体修改建议，转变到提供论文基本标准与规范、建构同伴群体、促进每名教育硕士生根据同伴经验增强自我反思能力上来。“同伴互助( peer coaching) ”的观点认为，论文指导不是导师一个人或导师组的“专利”，应该充分发挥论文写作能力较强或修改经验丰富学生的作用，让他们提供在硕士论文写作修改中的经验教训，达到“同伴互助”的效果。因为对教育硕士生来说，一个很明显的事实是，尽管在研究方法类课程教学中反复强调，但他们按照论文标准反复“为难自己”的意识还不是很强烈，所以论文中通常还会出现很多“硬伤性问题”或“常识性错误”。而且大量教育硕士生写作论文时基本不在高校，指导教师无法进行面对面指导，很多问题无法充分沟通，实行同伴互助也有助于提高指导效率。从历史来看，“同伴互助”可追溯到陶行知提倡的“小先生制”。不过陶行知比较倾向于选拔那些优秀的学生做小先生，而对于论文指导来说，我们建议更多使用那些论文问题比较严重的“反面小先生”。笔者某年指导六名教育硕士生毕业，其中有两篇质量较差的教育硕士毕业论文至少修改了十遍以上。这两位学生所获得的“马拉松式”的论文写作教训和修改经验，通过与其他同学打电话、发邮件的“诉苦式”分享反而对其他学生避免常识性错误发挥了非常关键的作用。“自我反思”的真正用意是使教育硕士生在论文写作中不断“为难自己”，进而提升他们的方法意识或思维技巧。应该说，这是导师引领、同伴互助的最后落脚点。
当然，一个人在研究与写作论文过程中的方法意识和方法能力的培养，更重要的在于从学理角度不停地思考、不停地写作和广泛的学术交流。高校特别是师范院校如何与中小学开展更深度的合作，为教育硕士搭建可持续发展平台，帮助他们在繁琐忙碌的常规教学中形成从学理角度思考、写作和交流的习惯，进而使他们成为融汇教育理论和实践的优秀教师或教育家，则是一个需要深入探索的长远课题展示交流是合作学习的重要组成部分，是学生巩固知识、形成正确认知、发展创新思维、培养综合能力的有效渠道。学习型展示不仅仅是把学生调动起来积极参与，更为重要的是，要把展示的过程建构成为一种互动学习的过程，学生在参与的过程中思维被真正激活，情感得到愉悦，能力得到培养，使所有的学生都得到与之相适宜的发展和提升，真正做到“在展示中学习，在展示中提升，在展示中成功”，这样的展示才是有效展示，才能成为有效教学。
Section nothing to do with care of with the out with and downs of structure is never too bad for us to do something about the is never too old to is never too late for you to put a stop to this is never too late for you to mend your income was never too small to support his best friend,Anna,was here last company manager,Mr. Madison,gathered his staff and announced the should have seen an ophthalmologist, an eye sent for the accountant,the most experienced person in ."Leave it to me," said David,the man on night are never too experienced to learn new remains one problem,namely,who should be sent to head the research relationship did meet with some difficulty at the beginning because of cultural he has had ups and downs,I believed all along that he would succeed have some reservations about the truth of your isn't particularly tall,but her slim figure gives an illusion of .应尽早告知年轻人:必须认真对待法律.2.他现在面临一个重要决定,这个决定可能会影响他的整个前程.3.即使在情况最糟糕的时候,你也必须保持镇静和信心.4.人际关系的成功与否与双方相处是否融洽以及交流是否顺畅有很大关系.5.他受到袭击,身受重伤,随后不治而亡.6.他的举止至少在表面上像个正常人。 Section BReading . F of the . anticipate2. brilliant3. ingredient4. dialect5. somehow6. bubbled7. compelled8. to /
lesson 18 He often does thisThe writer had lunch at a village could not find her bag after her meal .She could not pay thebill .The landlord soon found it for her .His dog had taken it into the garden.
Lesson 8Summary writing Joe Sanders has the best garden in wins 'The Nicest Garden Competition'each has a fine 's is writer's garden is always win a little prize for the 9 A cold welcomeWe went to theTown Hall on New Year's Eve .There were a lot of people there .The Town Hall clock would strike twelve in twenty minutes's time .It stopped at five to twelve .It refused to welcome the NewYear .Then the crowd began to laugh and sing . lesson 12 Goodbye and good luck we shall meet our neighbour ,Captain Charles Alison ,at Portsmouth Houbour early tomorrow morning .He will be in his small boat, will leave at eight o' shall say goodbye to him .He will take part in an important race across the 13 The Greenwood BoysThe Greenwood Boys are pop singers .They will be coming here tomorrow .Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the will give performances .The police will be trying to keep order as 14 Do you speak English The writer gave a lift to a young man in the south of France last year. They greeted each other in French. Apart from a few words ,the writer doesn't speak any French . They sat in silence .At the end of the journey the young man asked ,"Do you speak English ?"He was English himself. lesson15 wanted to see felt very nervous about went into his said that business was firm could not pay such large salaries. Twenty people had left already. He did not ask me to leave as offered me an extra 1000 a year .lesson16 Traffic police usually give you a ticket if you park your car in the wrong writer found a polite note on his car during a holiday in traffic police wanted him to pay attention to their street one can fail to obey a polite request. lesson19 the play was going to begin at any asked for two tickets. there are none and i were then,a man hurried to the ticket office. he return two were for next wednesday's performance, i bought them. Lesson 21 The writer is slowly going lives near an planes can be heard night and of his neighbours have left their has been offered money to is determined to says he must be are probably crossed the Channel last threw the bottle into the contained a piece of paper withher name and address on months later，she received a letter from a girl in write to each other regularly send their letters by sister will come to England next she comes,she will get a have a new house in the I have invited my sister to stay witn it is a very modern house.请采纳
lesson92 Asking for trouble The writer returned home at about two in the morning and rang the failed to wake up his wife ,he put a ladder against the wall and began climbing towards the bedroom a policeman called out,but the writer answered him told him he had forgotten his key .The shouting woke his opened the window just as the policeman had started climbing the ladder after him. ( 74words ) On arriving home at about two in the morning,the writer rang the doorbell but failed to wake up his having put a ladder against the wall,he was climbing towards the bedroom window when a policeman called out .Answering him rudely,the writer told him he had forgotten his shouting woke his wife ,who opened the window at the moment when the policeman started climbing the ladder after him. ( 74 words )
语料库分析可分为在线查询和离线工具，off-line Corpus Analysis tools有AntConc和CORPUS，on-line 有美国当代英语语料库COCA： 。工具使用得当往往会达到事半功倍的效果，因此接下来对这两款工具的使用分别进行介绍记录。
PatternBuilder是一款专门用于辅助编写正则表达式以方便词性赋码语料库检索的工具，可以很方便地编写复杂的正则表达式。 PatternBuilder是自动生成正则表达式的工具，帮助用户从词性符码语料库中提取各种语言特征。该工具可以生成简单的表达式如方位名词（\S+_NNL2\s）或较复杂的结构的表达式如被动语态（\S+ VB\w*\s(\S+ [RX]\w+\s) \S+_V\wN\s），用户可以测试并保存自己编写的表达式。具体用法可见 梁茂成词性赋码语料库的检索与正则表达式的编写pdf 。 用法示例如下图： （1）显示赋码首字母，如名词以N开头、动词以V开头。 （2）包含特定赋码首字母的各种语言特征。 （3）用户自定义的各种语言特征，如被动语态等。 （4）显示所选语言特征的正则表达式，用户也可在此编辑表达式。 （5）按正则表达式检索语料库后的索引行，用以验证表达式的正误。 同时，为了尽可能做到少有遗漏，我们在得到基本的表达式后常常需要进行更细致的分析和推敲。我们可以利用 PatternBuilder 的【Get (Pattern) 】按钮，在表达式中使用一个可选的（optional）组块。
1、索引工具 单击File菜单，选择Open File(s).. 或Open Di..加载一个或多个要分析的文件，加载出来的文件会在主窗户的左边“Corpus Files”框里显示出来。 在下方Search Term下的输入框里输入搜索词，单击“start”。以“work”为例，可以看到三个语料库中检索到了973条结果。这种结果是以KWIC（Key Word in Context）模式显示的。如果需要调整检索词两边显示的字符数，可以使用"Search Window Size"进行调整（调整完成后单击start重新检索）。 除了检索整个词外，还可以用通配符进行高级检索。除了检索整个词外，还可以用通配符进行高级检索。 我们还可以对检索的结果进行排序。使用Kwic Sort下的Level对检索结果排序，0是指该检索词，1L指检索词左边第一个词。2R指检索词右边第二个词。Level共有三级，可根据需要进行勾选。设置完成后单击“Sort”即可进行分类排序。
2、索引检索及定位 单击“Advanced”，勾选“Use search term(s) from list below”。就检索下面框内的单词。可以手动输入多个单词，也可以直接加载一个txt词表用来检索。注意每个单词独立成行。设置完成后单击“Apply”。 而高级设置中的“Use Context Words and Horizons”是指检索上下文词和该词出现的范围。例如，在Context Words中输入“with”，单击add添加，之后将该词出现的范围设置成“From 3L to 3R”。就可以看到work从左边数3个词到右边数3个词出现with的所有句子。
3、词丛 Clusters/N-Grams 通过Clusters这一功能，可以把检索词及其临近的词生成一个列表，并且可以根据自身的需求进行排序分析。 N元是什么呢？简单来说，N元指单词的N 元。比如，“This is a pen.”这句话中二元是”this is”, “is a”和”a pen”。三元则是”this is a”和”is a pen”。因此，一个大的文件将会产生大量的N 元。N-Grams与Clusters功能操作起来很像。
4、搭配 Collocates 搭配功能，简单来说，可以生成检索词的有序的单词列表，用来查看搭配词与检索词相关性。 由于搭配功能需在生成词单的基础上才可使用，因此会自动弹出生成词单的对话框，我们单击确定即可。
5、词单 Word List 打开AntConc，加载语料库文件后，单击“Word List”选项卡，之后单击“Start”，即可生成词单。 在界面上方可以看到形符和类符的数量。所有的单词默认按照词频来排序，包含序号（Rank）、词频（Freq）、单词（Word）的统计信息。 界面中有一列是Lemma Word Form（词型）。该功能的启用要加载词元列表（Lemma List）。在菜单栏“Tool Preferences”中的“Word List”中，可以在“Lemma List”中加载词元列表。
在菜单栏“Tool Preferences”中的“Word List”中，可以对检索单词进行过滤。例如，输入“that”和“this”，选择“Use specific words below”，在词单页面仅能查看“that”和“this”的相关结果。若选中“Use a stoplist below”，则会在词单中排除“that”和“this”的相关结果。选择“Use all words”不会对结果产生变化。
6、实际例子 1）What is the word most frequently used at the immediate left/right of 'classification'?
COCA
Antconc
参考链接 1、 2、国科大学术论文写作
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《英语学术论文写作》共分六章，每章三单元。每章主要围绕三条主线展开。第一条主线是论文写作的主要步骤，第二条主线是论文写作相关事项，第三条主线是论述方法。论文写作的主要步骤包括选题、材料的收集与评估、列出提纲、论文写作、编写参考文献以及摘要写作。论文写作相关事项包括学术论文的特征、流程、文章的衔接与连贯、文体特点、图表的使用、写作规范、参考文献的标注以及致谢等。至于论述方法，则主要介绍定义法、因果法、比较与对照法、议论法以及记叙法等。附录包括三篇范文以及一个常用格式指南。参考答案则与各章练习相匹配，供读者参考。