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毕业论文大纲英语大纲

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毕业论文大纲英语大纲

英语毕业论文提纲的写作流程:1.提纲写作需要先拟定论文标题.2.根据论文题目写出总论点.3.结合总论点考虑全篇的整体布局.4.确定论文的整体布局后再逐步考虑总论点下面的分论点,直至确定论点句.5.结合段落部署,把相关材料组合起来,以便写作过程中的随用随取.6.进行全面的检查,对于不必要的内容进行不必要的删减.英语专业毕业论文提纲要求学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分.(一)前置1.英文封面:由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成.2.目录:由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成,排在英文封面之后另页.3.中、英文内容论文摘要:摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,中文摘要一般在200字左右4关键词:关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语.为便于文献检索,学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文,关键词,,这些关键词就是论文的中心词,以显著的字符另起一行,分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方.各关键词之间用,分号,隔开.外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应.(二)主体部分主题部分包括引言(introduction)、正文(body)、结论(conclusion)、参考文献(bibliography).主体部分必须由另页右页开始.1.引言:主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等.2.正文:论文的正文是核心部分,占主要篇幅.一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证.要求论据充分,论点明确.行文必须实事求是,客观真切,准确完备,合乎逻辑,层次分明,简练可读.正文部分要有分级标题,章、条、款、项的序号编码方法,采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法,论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列,依次从1开始,连续编号,中间用,.,相隔,最末级编号之后不加点.3.结论:学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论,它是对正文部分的论述的概述,也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等.毕业论文提纲的编写方法: 标题式写法用简洁的文字凝练出标题,并将这部分内容概括出来.这种写法的好处是简洁明了,一目了然,但是这种方法存在一定的缺陷,作者本人对此非常了解熟悉,但是外人乍看没有眉目,因此,在毕业论文的提纲写作中,很少使用这种方法. 句子式写法就是用表述完整通畅的句子将所要描述出来的内容进行概括,这种写法更为具体,更为明确,自己了解的同时也能让外人看得懂.因为毕业论文不是针对个人,因此在毕业论文提纲的写作中得到广泛应用.2.毕业论文提供的修改推敲毕业论文提纲写好后,需要进行推敲和修改,修改的过程中需要注意以下几点: 题目是否合适.题目是一篇文章的精华所在,其重要性不容忽视,不合适的论文题目会对接下来的论文写作带来阻碍. 结构是否合理.合理的结构需要点明主题的基础上围绕主题进行拓展延伸,划分层次和段落,提高文章的逻辑性,检查过渡是否自然,然后进行全局性的把控. 层次是否完善.提纲的层次必须完善,每个层次必须保证清晰,总论点应该重点突出,序论和结论部分应该简明扼要.本论是全文的重点,是需要集中精力写的一部分,因此,提纲应该罗列地详细一点,层层深入,体现总论和分论的巧妙融合.希望能帮到你

英语毕业论文提纲模板

紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束,毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式,毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢?以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板,希望能够帮助到大家。

Acknowledgements 4-6

Contents 6-10

List of Figures 10-12

List of Tables 12-20

Abstract 20-22

摘要 23-25

Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32

Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29

Significance of the study 29-30

Organization of the study 30-31

A note on terminology 31-32

Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51

T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35

Defining coherence 32-33

T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42

T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42

T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44

The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47

Training in T/TP 47-49

Summary 49-51

Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70

Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55

Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53

Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54

Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55

Theme and thematic progression 55-70

Theme 56-62

Thematic progression 62-70

Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88

The participants and the educational context 70-73

Background of the participants and the participating school 70

The allocation of participants to the training 70-71

The sample sizes 71-72

The pilot study 72-73

The interventional procedures 73-74

The questionnaire 74-75

The training 75-80

Considerations behind the training 75-76

The training material 76-79

The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80

Data analysis 80-86

Analysis of the writing 80-86

Analysis of the questionnaire 86

Ethical considerations 86-88

Informed consent 86-87

Anonymity 87

Harm 87-88

Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115

Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100

Interpersonal Themes 100-102

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107

Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110

Summary 110-115

Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137

Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126

Interpersonal Themes 126-129

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131

Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132

Summary 132-137

Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155

Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145

Interpersonal Themes 145-147

Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149

Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150

Summary 150-155

Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165

Findings from closed questions 155-160

EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157

EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158

EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159

EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160

Findings from open questions 160-164

The changes that occurred 161-162

The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163

The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163

EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164

Summary 164-165

Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195

Findings with regard to research questions 165-187

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181

Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187

Positioning the study within the literature 187-190

T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189

Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190

Implications 190-194

Pedagogical implication 190-193

Methodological implication 193-194

Limitations 194-195

Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200

Summary 195-197

Putting everything together 197-199

Suggestions for future work 199-200

Notes 200-202

References 202-214

Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215

Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217

Appendix 3: Training material 217-229

Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237

Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238

Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239

Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239

中文摘要 3-4

ABSTRACT 4

Chapter One Introduction 7-10

Motivation of the present study 7-8

Significance of this study 8

Composition of this thesis 8-10

Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19

Language production 10-14

L1 Production 10-11

L2 Production 11-12

Dimensions of language production 12-14

Theories on oral output 14-15

Skehan’s dual-model system 14

Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15

Task Repetition 15-17

Task 15-16

Task repetition 16-17

Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19

CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25

Research justification and questions 19

Hypothesis 19-20

Methods 20-25

Participants 20-21

Material 21

Research design 21-23

Measures 23-25

Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41

Results and Analysis 25-34

Quantitative analysis 25-27

Qualitative analysis 27-34

Discussion 34-41

Fluency 34-36

Complexity 36-38

Accuracy 38-39

interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41

Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44

Conclusion and implication 41-43

Limitations and recommendations 43-44

Acknowledgements 44-45

References 45-49

Appendixes 49-54

A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50

B. The same-content task 50-51

C. The different-content task 51-52

D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53

E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54

F. Sample of writing repetition task 54

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Research Background

Significance of the Study

Research Goals and Questions

Data Collection and Methodology

Analysis Procedures

Organization of the Thesis

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Introduction to Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad

Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home

Studies on Personal Statements

Introduction to Personal Statement

Summary

Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework

An Overview of Attitude System

Affect Resources

Judgment Resources

Social Esteem

Social Sanction

Appreciation Resources

Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Summary

Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies

Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study

References

Acknowledgements

英文论文提纲范文

在各领域中,大家最不陌生的就是论文了吧,论文是讨论某种问题或研究某种问题的`文章。你知道论文怎样写才规范吗?以下是我精心整理的英文论文提纲范文,希望能够帮助到大家。

论文的规格:正文长度5,500-8,500单词。

使用的语言:英语

论文分题目、引言、正文、参考文献、致谢等部分。

引文要注明出处。直接引用要加引号,间接引文要以转述的方式出现。然后以括号把引文来源写清楚:(作者名,年份,引文所在页码)

论文正文部分:

1、题目大写,三号字,新时代罗马字,大写下面可写一个附标题,4号字;

2、作者名,5号字,班级,学号

3、指导教师名,5号字,职称

4、摘要:用300词,5号字,英文一页,中文一页

5、关键词:不能用专有名词,词与词之间空四格(或一个tab键),不加标点符号

6、正文:用5号字,

大部分标题用5号字黑体、小部分、小小部分。大部分用罗马字,小不分用一般数字符号:

引言:引入正题,不超过2段

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.

ii. , , , , …

iii. , , , , , / . …

结论

7、参考文献(bibliography):先英文,后中文

作者名,出版年月,文章名/书刊名,出版社,地点

8、致谢(acknowledgement)

英语毕业论文提纲范例

题目:基于语料库的英语不规则动词过去式的社会语言学变异研究

Contents

Introduction

Chapter 1 Literature Review

General Studies of English Irregular Verbs

Studies of the Variations of Irregular Verbs

Summary

Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework

Foundational Studies of Variationist Sociolinguistics

Variationist Sociolinguistics: Key Concepts and the Principle of Accountability

Analytical Methods in Variationist Sociolinguistics

Summary

Chapter 3 Diachronic Change of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in COHA

Methodology and Data Visualization

Data Analysis

Discussion and Conclusions

Summary

Chapter 4 Synchronic Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs

Introduction and Data

Principle Components Analysis

Register Variation of PTF of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb

User-related Variation of PTFs of Irregular Verbs in BNCweb

Discussion and Conclusions

Summary

Conclusion

Bibliography

Acknowledgements

毕业论文大纲英语

英语教学毕业论文提纲模板精选3篇

论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要,以便读者一翻提要就知道书的`大概内容,下面是我为大家推荐的3篇英语教学毕业论文的提纲模板,希望大家喜欢!

英语教学毕业论文提纲模板一

Abstract 5-6

摘要 7-9

1. Introduction 9-11

Background of the Research 9

Significance of the Research 9-10

Structure of the thesis 10-11

2. Literature Review 11-19

Some Attempts to Define expert and novice teacher 11-13

An overview of studies on teaching behaviors 13-16

An overview of the characteristics of expert teachers' teaching behaviors 16

Limitations of the Previous Studies 16

Theoretical bases 16-19

3. Research Design 19-25

Subjects 19-20

Observed teaching tasks 20-21

Classification of English teachers’ teaching behaviors 21-22

Research method 22-24

Research Procedures 24-25

4. Data Analysis and Discussion 25-51

Diversity in Speech Presentation behavior 25-33

Diversity in Text Presentation 33-38

Diversity in Action Presentation (body language) 38-40

Diversity in interaction behavior 40-51

5. Conclusions and Implications 51-55

Conclusions 51-53

Pedagogical Implications 53-54

Limitations and recommendations for the Further Research 54-55

Acknowledgments 55-56

References 56-59

Appendix I Classroom observation worksheet of teaching behavior 59-61

Appendix II 唐卫海提问行为类别观察表 61-62

Appendix III 攻读硕士学位期间发表的论文 62

英语教学毕业论文提纲模板二

Abstract 3-4

摘要 5-7

Tables 7-10

1. Introduction 10-14

Research Questions 11

The purpose and significance of this research 11-12

Layout of thesis 12-14

2. Literature Review 14-24

The concept and connotation of teaching journal 15-17

The Content of teaching journal 17-20

Reflective level 20

The styles of teaching journal 20-24

Design 24-26

Purpose of Research 24

Subjects 24

Instruments 24-25

Procesures of research 25

Data collection 25-26

4. Results and Discussions 26-52

Results and discussions of quesionnaire 26-32

The writing differences between teachers of differnet professional ranks on reflective content and reflective level 32-45

The writing differences between teachers of different genders on reflective content and reflective level 45-52

5. Methods to Improve Teachers' Reflective Ability 52-56

Problems in the process of reflection 52-53

The ways to improve teachers' reflective ability 53-56

6. Conclusion 56-58

Present findings 56

Limitations 56-57

Suggestions for future research 57-58

Acknowledgements 58-60

Bibliography 60-64

Appendix 64-65

英语教学毕业论文提纲模板三

Abstract 3-4

摘要 5-8

1. Introduction 8-12

Research background 8

Significance of the study 8-10

Organization of thesis 10-12

2. Literature Review 12-22

Language learning strategies 12-15

Definition of the language learning strategies 12-13

Classification of learning strategies 13-14

Studies on learning strategies 14-15

Language learning styles 15-18

Definition of language learning style 15

Classification of language learning style 15-17

Studies on language learning style 17-18

Learning strategies training 18-19

. Review of the relationship of learning strategies and learning styles 19-22

3. Methodology 22-33

Purposes 22

Hypotheses 22

Research participants 22-23

Instruments of the research 23-24

Questionnaire 23

Observation 23-24

Procedures 24-33

Pre-treatment questionnaire 24-25

Language learning strategy training instruction 25-30

Post-treatment questionnaire 30-33

4. Results and Discussion 33-47

Results of the questionnaire 33-43

The results of the T-test in pre-treatment questionnaire 37-40

The results of the T-test in post-treatment questionnaire 40-43

Discussion 43-47

The senior high school students’ learning styles were expanded with the help of learning strategy training 44

The variety of learning styles helps the students to learn better with different learning tasks 44-45

The learning strategies help the students learn better, more easily and actively33 45-47

5. Conclusion 47-49

Major findings 47-48

The learning styles of the senior high students were tended to be various 47-48

The language learning strategy training can expand or even changethe language learning styles 48

Limitations and recommendations for further study 48-49

Acknowledgements 49-51

Bibliography 51-55

Appendix 55-61

AppendixA 关于英语学习风格的问卷调查 55-59

AppendixB 英语学习策略培训观察量表 59-60

AppendixC Listening Material 60-61

英语毕业论文提纲模板

紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束,毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式,毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢?以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板,希望能够帮助到大家。

Acknowledgements 4-6

Contents 6-10

List of Figures 10-12

List of Tables 12-20

Abstract 20-22

摘要 23-25

Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32

Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29

Significance of the study 29-30

Organization of the study 30-31

A note on terminology 31-32

Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51

T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35

Defining coherence 32-33

T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42

T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42

T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44

The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47

Training in T/TP 47-49

Summary 49-51

Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70

Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55

Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53

Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54

Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55

Theme and thematic progression 55-70

Theme 56-62

Thematic progression 62-70

Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88

The participants and the educational context 70-73

Background of the participants and the participating school 70

The allocation of participants to the training 70-71

The sample sizes 71-72

The pilot study 72-73

The interventional procedures 73-74

The questionnaire 74-75

The training 75-80

Considerations behind the training 75-76

The training material 76-79

The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80

Data analysis 80-86

Analysis of the writing 80-86

Analysis of the questionnaire 86

Ethical considerations 86-88

Informed consent 86-87

Anonymity 87

Harm 87-88

Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115

Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100

Interpersonal Themes 100-102

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107

Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110

Summary 110-115

Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137

Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126

Interpersonal Themes 126-129

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131

Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132

Summary 132-137

Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155

Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145

Interpersonal Themes 145-147

Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149

Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150

Summary 150-155

Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165

Findings from closed questions 155-160

EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157

EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158

EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159

EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160

Findings from open questions 160-164

The changes that occurred 161-162

The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163

The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163

EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164

Summary 164-165

Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195

Findings with regard to research questions 165-187

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181

Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187

Positioning the study within the literature 187-190

T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189

Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190

Implications 190-194

Pedagogical implication 190-193

Methodological implication 193-194

Limitations 194-195

Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200

Summary 195-197

Putting everything together 197-199

Suggestions for future work 199-200

Notes 200-202

References 202-214

Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215

Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217

Appendix 3: Training material 217-229

Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237

Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238

Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239

Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239

中文摘要 3-4

ABSTRACT 4

Chapter One Introduction 7-10

Motivation of the present study 7-8

Significance of this study 8

Composition of this thesis 8-10

Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19

Language production 10-14

L1 Production 10-11

L2 Production 11-12

Dimensions of language production 12-14

Theories on oral output 14-15

Skehan’s dual-model system 14

Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15

Task Repetition 15-17

Task 15-16

Task repetition 16-17

Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19

CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25

Research justification and questions 19

Hypothesis 19-20

Methods 20-25

Participants 20-21

Material 21

Research design 21-23

Measures 23-25

Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41

Results and Analysis 25-34

Quantitative analysis 25-27

Qualitative analysis 27-34

Discussion 34-41

Fluency 34-36

Complexity 36-38

Accuracy 38-39

interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41

Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44

Conclusion and implication 41-43

Limitations and recommendations 43-44

Acknowledgements 44-45

References 45-49

Appendixes 49-54

A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50

B. The same-content task 50-51

C. The different-content task 51-52

D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53

E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54

F. Sample of writing repetition task 54

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Research Background

Significance of the Study

Research Goals and Questions

Data Collection and Methodology

Analysis Procedures

Organization of the Thesis

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Introduction to Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad

Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home

Studies on Personal Statements

Introduction to Personal Statement

Summary

Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework

An Overview of Attitude System

Affect Resources

Judgment Resources

Social Esteem

Social Sanction

Appreciation Resources

Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Summary

Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies

Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study

References

Acknowledgements

大专商务英语毕业论文大纲

随着全球经济一体化趋势日益加快,国际商务活动日益频繁。这些商务活动的许多领域,如技术引进、对外贸易、招商引资等,所使用的英语统称为 商务英语 。下面是我带来的关于商务英语 毕业 论文摘要的内容,欢迎阅读参考!商务英语毕业论文摘要(一) 商务英语特点浅析 [摘 要]商务英语是外贸人员同世界各地开展进出口贸易时用于洽谈交易、联系业务的一种应用语言。由于英汉两种截然不同语言的差异及其特定的社会功能和题材内容决定了商务英语自身与众不同的写作特点。本文拟从跨 文化 交际学的角度对商务英语的特点作一番探析,从而事倍功半地达到成功交际的目的。 [关键词]商务英语 跨文化交际 合作原则 礼貌原则 关联原则 商务英语毕业论文摘要(二) 商务英语翻译浅析 [摘要]商务英语翻译在国际贸易中起着越来越重要的作用。本文从商务英语的内涵、特点、翻译策略等方面,对商务英语的翻译进行了浅要的分析。 [关键词]商务英语翻译策略 商务英语毕业论文摘要(三) 浅谈英语商务 谈判技巧 [摘要] 随着经济全球化的发展。中国的国际贸易也越来越发达。要想和外国人做好每一笔生意,你必须了解世界各国的文化。国际贸易中跨国的商务谈判在所难免,所以你也必须懂得把全界各国商人的谈判风格研究从文化的角度来探讨国际商务谈判,分析国际商务谈判过程、世界各国商人的谈判风格,增强中国商人在国际贸易中的竞争力。 [关键词] 语言技巧谈判风格谈判技巧 以下是我带来的关于商务英语的论文,希望能帮到您! 浅谈商务英语教学 摘 要:随着中国在世界经济中的日益活跃,大学中的商务英语需求也随之增多,这是因为商务英语专业培养的是有着扎实的英语基础同时具备外贸专业知识的复合型人才;同时,教师如何讲好这门课也日益受到关注。所以,本文就以商务英语教学为话题进行浅谈,企在与同行有所交流并最终相互促进与提高,使学生和教师双赢。 关键词:大学;商务英语;教学 随着中国在国际经济活动中的日益活跃以及自身发展的迫切需要,商务英语专业也日益成为了大学热门专业之一。商务英语专业培养的是有着扎实的英语基础同时又具备外贸专业知识的复合型人才,因此,对于商务英语的教学既要考虑到英语知识的授予,又要注重英语能力的提高。如同一般英语一样,阅读也是商务英语语言运用中的一项重要活动,通过阅读既可以让学生掌握相关阅读技巧,从而提高阅读速度和语言能力;同时又可以培养学生接触商务知识和熟悉商务运作流程的实用能力。所以,本文就以商务英语中教学方面进行浅谈,企在与同行有所交流和相互促进与提高。 一般来说,商务英语教学应该涵盖语言学习和商务知识两方面内容,是集语言理论、商务理论及商务实践于一体的综合性教学。所以,教师的教学要结合所用教材,灵活运用 教学 方法 ,并且在教学活动中要注意活跃课堂气氛,让学生在轻松愉悦的氛围里进行知识的学习,最重要的是提高学生实际应用语言并进行交流的能力。对于该课程的教学,笔者根据多年的相关教学 经验 , 总结 出了如下的教学建议: 第一,基本词汇是商务英语的基础,以此为基础,扩充词汇的学习,这是进行相关商务 英语阅读 的基础。可以通过将生词与已知词汇进行相关联系来实现对生词的记忆和掌握,当然,将生词放在阅读 文章 中进行学习也是一个很好的方法,或者将二者联系起来回更好。下面举例说明。 confirm一词在普通英语中作动词时的意思是“确认,证实”,如: ● His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions. (他内疚的表情证实了我的猜疑。) 而在商务英语中,confirm应该译为“保兑信用证”,即指一家银行所开的由另一家银行保证兑付的一种银行信用证。如下句: ● Payment will be made by 100% confirmed, irrevocable Letter of Credit available by sight draft。(付款方式为100% 即期,保兑,不可撤消信用证。) 那么,教师再阅读短文中就可以先将需要讲解的词汇标出,让学生说出在一般英语中的其意义;然后,在进行商务英语中所表示出的意义的讲解;最后,让学生思考并练习这些“商务意义”,注意一定要在句中,然后是整篇文章中进行理解和熟悉。 第二,具备一定商务英语词汇后就要以篇章为单位来进行训练,目的是进一步巩固所学新意(商务英语中该词汇的意义)。此阶段,最好选取一些有实用价值的英语阅读材料,在真实的商务场景中进行语言知识和商务知识的双方面习得。如:阅读文章中摘出的两句话: ● You may get a 5% discount if your order is on a regular basis. ● If a seller extends credit to a time draft, they have made a trade acceptance. The seller can request that the bank finance the transaction by buying the draft. The bank is said to discount the draft. 通过加深巩固练习,学生可以跟深刻地理解discount一词。 下一步,以对话或是篇章进行知识的延伸。如下面关于产品介绍的对话: ● A: These are our new models. B: What are their strong points? A: There's a lot to be said for them. In the first place, they are more durable than any similar ones on the market. B: Why does it take longer to wear out than the others? A: The yarn is carefully selected for quality and woven very tightly in this fabric. B: Can you leave these samples with us? A: How long do you want to keep them? B: About three days. ● A: That's all right 此时,引导学生进行整体把握,即:“为什么在这种语境会这么说?”为下一步中西方差异做铺垫。并且可以考虑在这个阶段的学习后增加一些课堂对话练习的活动,激发学生使用的欲望,增添真实的语境。 第三,在商务英语的教学中一定要注重商务礼节的介绍,并且还要特别之处中西方商务礼节或习惯方面的差异,以免在今后的实际运用中造成跨文化差异而带来的不必要的困扰。如:在中国,对于对方的赞美或是夸奖,为了表现出礼貌,通常受赞美或是夸奖的一方一定会说“哪里哪里”等拒绝性的答复;但是,西方人一般会去高兴地接受,往往是Thank you. / Thank you very much. 等,因为他们认为拒绝是极为不礼貌的。又如,在商务谈判时,中国人喜欢委婉而谦和地表达自己的观点;而西方人一般会开门见山,直奔主题。因此,在平时的教学中必须指出诸如此类的文化差异,一方面解答而来学生对于一些商务英语文章背景的不理解问题,另一方面也提高了学生的学习兴趣和求知的欲望,充满了好奇感和探究感。 总之,在课堂教学中一定要同时兼顾英语的基础知识而后专业知识的储备,以及英语技能和相关商务知识的积累这两方面的内容。但是,这些不是孤立的,而是相互关联和相互渗透的,可以说,一环扣一环,环环相关,某一个方面出现问题,就会影响 其它 方面的学习和提高。因此,我们在日常的教学中应该多角度、多方面进行指导,同时,也要求我们教师也要多学习、多更新自己的知识,这样才能满足学生的需求和自身的提高。 参考文献 [1] 蔡芸。培养复合型人才的有效方式--商务英语专业课程评价[J]。外语与外语教学,2001(4)。 [2] 陈建平。案例教学法与商务英语教学[J]。宁波大学学报( 教育 科学版), 2004(5)。 [3] 刘江凤。论本科院校商务英语专业学生职业技能的培养[J]。考试周刊,2011(5)。 [4] 莫再树,张小勇,张云。基于语言经济学的商务英语教育研究[A].。湖南大学学报(社会科学版),2006(4)。 [5] 叶兴国。新形势下的商务英语教学与研究[C]。上海:上海外语教育出版社。2008年10月。 猜你喜欢: 1. 商务英语专业毕业论文范文 2. 商务英语毕业论文范本 3. 关于商务英语毕业论文范文 4. 商务英语专业论文范文 5. 商务英语相关毕业论文范文

商务英语语用失误及其文化解读 摘要:商务英语写作是一种跨文化交际技能。一些作者写作时往往参照汉语商务文化及语用规则进 行思维表达,造成不同程度的语用失误,影响国际商务活动的正常开展。本文从中英文化视角对部分商 务英语语用失误作对比分析,认为商务英语信函写作教学不能与商务文化脱节,既要教会学生掌握英语 表达技能,还要教会他们掌握商务英语的文化内涵及其语用规则,才能使学生胜任跨文化商务英语沟通 工作。 关键词:商务写作;语用失误;跨文化交际 一般人认为,只要掌握好商务英语专业知识和基 本写作技巧,就能够完全胜任涉外商务工作。其实事 情并非如此简单。如果作者不了解英汉商务文化的语 境差异及其语用规则,信函写作有可能出现各种意想 不到的语用失误,影响商务活动的正常开展。但是, 由于商务英语语用失误十分微妙,不像语法或语义失 误那样容易识别,所以一般很难引起人们的注意和重 视。因此,英语函电写作教学重语言能力训练(可 能是无意识地),轻商务英语文化意识和语用能力培 养的现象还比较普遍。以往人们对商务英语写作失误 的研究一般停留在语言形式和写作方法的层面上,到 目前为止还很少见到从文化层面探讨商务英语写作语用 失误现象的文章。笔者认为,只有从文化层面而不是 单纯从语言形式平面对这些语用失误现象进行剖析, 才能透过表层的语言现象了解作者语用失误的心理文化 取向及其思维轨迹。这对提高商务英语写作教学质 量,增强学生的商务英语文化意识和语用能力将有一 定的帮助。 一、商务语用失误与文化心理差异 谈到英语语用失误,有必要涉及语用学 (Prag m atics)这一重要的语言学分支。它是20世纪 70至80年代由西方学者们建立和发展起来的一门独立 的新学科,是研究在不同的交际环境下如何正确地理 解和运用语言的一门学问。 以往人们只是关注语言的形式或功能,即重视语 言的语法和语义功能的研究。[1]但是使用语言不只是讲 究遣词造句的正误问题,更重要的是语言使用是否合 适、得体。本文中的语用失误是指交际者使用的语言 不合适、不得体,带有明显的汉语言文化思维特征和 语用特征。语言与文化密不可分,而文化与哲学更是 紧密相连。两者都给民族的思维模式、语言行为以及 其深刻的影响。探讨商务英语语用失误现象,不可不涉及与民族文化有着千丝万缕联系的传统语言哲学观和 英汉两种语言的文化属性。 从语言哲学视角看,中国语言哲学观是治世的, 旨在通过治世达到“天人合一、言行合一”。[2]道家 和儒家思想主张人应“……不言而善应”、“慎言、 戒言”等。西方哲学和语言观是创世的,其文化偏 爱语言行为,相信其创造力。以个体本位为取向的西 方文化认为语言是延伸自我、改造他人的工具,所以 西方人惯于表现自己,说话直截了当,愿意表达内心 世界,反映了西方人以自我为本位的行为价值观。而 以群体价值观为取向的中国人往往性格内敛,说话委 婉含蓄,不轻易表露内心世界,很少与人对立,反 映了中国人的中庸处世之道。显然,人的语言行为特 征除了有先天秉赋因素外,传统文化对人的处世态度 和语言行为有着十分重要的影响。 从语言文化属性看,中国文化属于人文文化, 西方文化属于科学文化。中国文化重综合、轻分 析,重意会、轻言传。科学文化重物质、轻人伦、 重分析、轻综合,重概念、忌笼统,价值取向以 功利为本位。[3]人文文化和科学文化在思维方式上的 主要差别表现在以下几方面: 首先,中国人重直觉与具象,西方人重理性与 逻辑,在语言上表现为汉语词汇的形象性和英语词汇 的功能性。第二,中国人重整体,西方人重个体, 这表现在汉语词汇意义一般比较笼统,英语词义一般 比较具体。汉语表意比较模糊,英语表意比较准确。 第三,汉语重意念,英语重形式,这主要表现在汉 语句子衔接靠语义逻辑,而英语则重视句子形式上的 衔接。英汉心理文化的差异对语言的影响无所不在, 给跨文化交际造成了不少障碍。 二、商务英语语用失误的心理文化剖析 商务英语属于专门用途英语(English for Special Purposes),其语言有着鲜明的行业性特点和独特的语 体风格。英汉两种语言根植于不同的文化土壤。其差 异不仅表现在思维表达方式上,而且表现在受隐性文 化制约的语用交际规则上。学习者在尚未意识到这种 文化差异的存在或没有掌握其特定文化语境下的语用规 则的情况下,很可能不自觉地参照汉语文化语境和语 用规则进行写作思维和表达,结果会犯各种难以察觉 的语用失误。文化因素造成的英语表达汉化现象是多 层次性的。它们可以出现在商务英语表达的各个层 面,包括词汇层、句子层、段落乃至篇章层。笔者 择其一二,略加分析。 1.人称使用不当 文化对语言的影响无所不在。在英汉语中,即 使是很普通的人称指示代词,使用规则也不尽相 同。[4]统计资料表明,汉语使用第一人称和第二人称 代词比英语多,而英语第三人称的使用频率比汉语要 高。这反映出英汉民族微妙的心理文化差异。中国人 的交际和关注对象更多集中在“我”和“你”之间, 谈论第三者则相对少一些。这反映了一种文化规约下 的语言行为特征。在英语商务文化中,无论是商务信 函写作,还是商务洽谈,人称的选择一般要遵循礼貌 原则(Politeness Principle)。英语人称使用的语用原 则是:在表达正面、积极的态度、看法或愿望时, 一般使用第一人称。但在涉及要求、允诺时,为了 表明自己重视对方,从对方的观点或利益出发,一般 使用第二人称Y OU。但是,过多地使用第一人称, 会产生忽视对方Y OU的消极作用,反而使言语失去感 染力,难以得到对方热烈的回应。可能是受汉语人称 语用规则影响,中国作者在英语写作中,人称选择多 倾向于使用第一人称。试比较: reetogiveyou5%discountifyouincreaseyour order to 15,000 pieces. 如果你们能将订货量增加到15000件,我们同意给你 们5%的折扣。 ouw illg et5%discountifyouincreaseyour order to 15000pieces. 如果你们能将订货量增加到15000件,可以得到5% 的折扣。 例句1a主语为第一人称,突出和强调写信人的立 场和态度,表达不够委婉。相比之下,例句1b采用 第二人称,突显对方的地位和利益,给人以体谅和尊 重的感受。西方一些教科书甚至认为好的作者一定要 采用“你式写法”。另一方面,使用第二人称也要 看具体的语境,如果不看具体的场合或对象,滥用第 二人称,同样会产生负面效果。比如: ouw illbepleased tolearnthatyourapplicationforcredit h asbeenapproved. 你会很乐于知道你方的信用贷款的申请业已批准。 'm p leased totellyouth atyourapplicationfor credith as beenapproved. 我很高兴通知你,你方信用贷款的申请已经批准。 例句2a对于以英语为母语者来说,会觉得写信人 口气傲慢,有居高临下、妄自尊大之嫌,容易使对方产生“你真走运,是我们的公司核准了你的申请” 的消极心理。例句2b使用第一人称,则能传递另一 种积极的涵义:“我们很高兴你成为我们的客户。” 使对方觉得写信方待人礼貌客气,感情诚挚淳朴。 2.修饰语使用不当 如上文提到的,中国人一般重直觉与具象,而 西方人则重理性与逻辑,所以汉语词义一般比较笼统 宽泛,英语词义则相对明确具体。比如,汉语形容 词和副词使用不像英语那样严格,常常会出现语义重 复或缺乏逻辑性。这与中国人表达重“意合”轻“形 合”有直接关系。英美人使用形容词和副词则非常讲 究简洁性和逻辑性,这反映出西方人语言表达重“形 合”、讲逻辑的特点。比如,在中国人写的商务英 语信函中,常常能看到汉语思维表达方式影响下的冗 余现象。 portsofforeignautom obileshavedeclined sh arplythis year. 今年国外进口汽车数量急剧下降。 portsofautom obileshavedeclined sharplyth isyear. 今年进口汽车数量急剧下降。 对于英语学习者而言,例3a似乎没有什么问 题,[5]但以英语为母语者认为,“进口车”的逻辑涵 义一定是“从国外进口”,无需使用foreig n(外国 的)一词。此外,冗余现象还可能受汉文化“中庸” 哲学思想的影响,强调音韵平衡的美感,忽视词语生 成的语义逻辑和简约性。比如汉语表达讲求对仗修 辞,大量使用四字词组等。中式英语多见诸于国人的 笔下,如serious d isaster(严重的灾害),final com pletion(终于完成)等。从英文语义逻辑上讲, 灾害本身就是严重的,不然就不称其为灾害,如果需 要描述灾难的程度可以用big、g reat、m ajor等修饰 语。“com p letion(完成)”一定是最后的,不需 要使用final一词。此外,中国人对情感表达的语气 程度也不太讲究,这可能与汉文化“礼多人不怪”的 语言行为规则有一定的关系。[6]但英美人对语气词的使 用会十分小心。在商务信函中,使用像v e r y、 highly、extrem ely、greatly等表达程度的语气词必须 非常审慎,使用不当会给人以夸大其辞、言不由衷的 感觉。请看下例: 'llbequitepleased todevelop businessrelationsw ith you onth ebasisofequalityand mutualbenefits. 我们很高兴和你们在平等互利基础上发展业务关系。 e'llbepleased to develop businessrelationsw ith you on th ebasisofequality and m utualbenefits. 我们(很)高兴和贵方在平等互利的基础上建立业 务关系。 例句4a使用了程度副词quite,目的是向对方表 达建立业务关系的迫切心情,但对外国人而言,其 客观效果可能适得其反。建立业务关系只是一种愿 望,能否成功还不得而知,没有必要如此“相当高 兴”,它让人感到有些夸张或“做秀”的意味。4b 中没有quite修饰语,但汉语译文不得不补入“很” 字,省去了“很”字,读起来不那么顺畅自然。 “很”字在句中显然没有实际意义,只起调谐音节 的作用,但这种功能词对中国人学习英语可能会产 生一些负面作用,容易把这种表达习惯或文化心理 倾向带入英文表达中去。 3.语态使用不当 英汉两种语言的差别还表现在语态使用方面。[3]27 中国文化具有天人合一的观念,因此中国人在表达思 想时十分注意主题意识,常用人称代词作主语,多用 主动语态和无主句,而在英语中被动语态的使用却十 分广泛。根据一些语言学家的统计,在英语理工科类 教科书的全部限定动词中,被动语态至少占了1/3。当 然,商务英语与科技英语属于不同的文体。商务信函 一般使用主动语态,故人们称主动语态为商务语态 (voice ofbusiness)。但是在涉及负面的消息、存在 的问题或关涉到对方的责任、过失时,为了避免语言 过于直接,英语信函多用被动语态,所以被动语态又 被称为商务得体语态(voice oftact)。 在相同语境中,汉语一般使用主动语态,语气 调节主要借助其他功能词语来实现。在拟写商务信函 时,中国作者由于没有意识到英语被动语态在特定语 境中的文化内涵和语用意义,在潜在的汉语心理文化 意识的作用下,一般倾向于使用英语主动句式。请看 下例: ouprom ised todeliverth egoodswith inaw eek,and you haveputustoconsiderableinconveniencethrough thelong delay. 你方承诺一周内交货,可是由于长时间的拖延,你 们给我们带来了极大的不便。 eg oodsw ereprom ised tobedelivered with inaw eek, and weh avebeenputtoconsiderableinconveniencethrough thelong delay. 商品约定在一星期内交货,如此长时间的拖延给我们 带来极大的不便。例5中,A句都使用了主动语态,直接表达对生 意伙伴的责备和不满,显得不够委婉得体,而B句使 用了被动语态,把信息的焦点集中实际存在的问题之 上,刻意隐去责任方,给对方一点面子。这是商务 文化沟通的一种语用策略。给对方面子的目的是为了 在解决实际问题时得到对方的支持与合作。 4.语气使用不当 英汉语言的差异还表现句子的语气上。从语法层 面看,英语有直陈语气和虚拟语气,并借用动词的虚 拟形式来表达。汉语属于分析性语言,虚拟意义主要 通过“如果/要是.......就”等关联词语来体现。汉语 的虚拟表现形式远不及英语虚拟表现形式多,这使得 中国人掌握英语虚拟概念和及其语用规则不那么容易。 英语的虚拟语气有两大功能:一是表达假设命题,二 是使表达委婉客气。语气能反映出写信人的个性和文 风。它也可以传递善意,巩固双方的业务关系。同 样,语气不当可以使一份原本令人心情愉悦的信函变 得让人不胜腻烦,甚至愤怒。比如,中国作者对英 语虚拟语气的语用意义不够了解,在本应该使用英语 虚拟语气的语境中,却倾向使用直陈语气。见下例: 'tacceptyourinvitation. 我不能接受你的要求。 ish Icould acceptyourinvitation. 我希望能接受你的邀请。 例句6是写信人拒绝对方的邀请。A句为直陈式 语气,采用直陈语气否定句式,拒绝方式显得笨拙无 礼,令人反感;B句为虚拟语气,采用肯定式拒绝 方式,语气委婉礼貌,不会产生任何消极影响。当 然,使用虚拟语气也要视不同的场合、对象而定。比 如以买主的身份向对方索取价目表就不必用“Would youbesokind astodousafavorbysending usthepricelist ofour latestproducts?”买方索取价目表是卖方求之不 得的好事,如此客套反而显得过于谦卑。 5.句子关系衔接不当 英汉民族的思维表达方式的差异还表现在句际关 系平面上。句际关系属于语言学语义功能研究范畴, 也属于语篇分析的范畴。英语篇章结构特征突出,句 子在形式上具备粘联性(coh esion),在语义上具备 连贯性(coherence),而汉语则重句子语义逻辑的衔 接和连贯性,不太重视形式上的显性(overtness)衔 接。汉语句段以板块结构为主,流散铺排,以话题 为意念主轴,以神驾形,因而缺乏形式约束。英语 是以(动词的)形态为主轴组织句段,结构严谨, 环环相扣。汉语句子语义连接如同中国行云流水般的 写意画,而英语句子衔接则宛如西洋派精雕细刻,细 微分毫的写实画。请看下例: representative,Alan Powers,called on me in late told me that you were offering a special price of$177 on the Plymouth Deluxe ordered received your showed amount due$2280----a difference of$156. 贵公司业务代表艾伦·鲍尔斯在四月末拜访了我。他 告诉我普利茂斯豪华型电炉每台特价177美元。我订购了12 台。我收到了你们的发盘,金额为2280美元,中间多了156 美元。 your representative,Alan Powers,called on me in late April,he told me that you were offering a special price of$177 on the Plymouth Deluxe stove. I ordered twelve,but the invoice(that)I received showed the amount due as$2280---a difference of$156. 贵公司业务代表艾伦·鲍尔斯在四月末来访时,告诉 我普利茂斯豪华型电炉每台可以给我177美元特价,所以我 订购了12台,然而我所收到的发货单上总价是2280美元,中 间多出156美元。 例句7a共有5个句子,以并列句为主,包含一 个复句。大多数句子之间缺少语法逻辑连接词,结构 松散,呈汉语流水句式特征,句子间的语义逻辑连接 主要靠事情发生的先后时间顺序关系来体现。7b共有3 个句子,以复句为主,一个简单句。句子表层结构 衔接紧凑,底层语义逻辑连贯紧密,句子结构有鲜明 的层次性和主从句式特点,反映出英语重“形合”的 句式特征。 6.篇章结构安排不当 英汉文化的差异还表现在两个民族在文章布局谋 篇的思维和表达方式上。西方学者认为中国人的思维 模式呈螺旋形,而英美人的思维模式呈直线形。这种 差别并非空穴来风,言过其实。[7]语篇是按一定的思 维模式(th oug h tpattern)组织起来的。思维模式的 差异必然会反映在语篇的结构上。汉语强调文贵曲 折,不开门见山,而英语文章开头便点明段落主旨, 再围绕主题展开叙述。英语段落写作一般要有主题句 (topic sentence),辅助句(supporting sentence)或 结尾句(concluding sentence),并要求句子间在语 言形式上具备衔接性(coh esion),在语义上具备连 贯性(coherence),[8]表层的衔接构成了语篇的有形网络,底层的语义连贯构成了篇章的无形网络,整个语 篇结构严谨,形神交融,浑然一体。汉语则以话题 为意念主轴,以短句为主要句式,以动词为句核,流 散铺排,形散而神聚,这种“流散型”的句式特点 与英语“聚集型”句式形成了鲜明的对照。 英美人对汉语文本模式的英语文章或商务谈判的 表达方式往往感到费解或不适应,甚至会产生中国人 说话拐弯抹角、不坦诚直率的误解。请看下例: 8 a.商务信函1 , Recentlym anyofm ycustom ersh avebeenasking m eabout bookson eyarealw aysasking m eto help th em,butIdon't know nothing aboutthisnew inkth is taped booksm aybeasplendid item form 'd likenotonlyto know which booksareavailableontape,butalsowanttoinquiretape- playbackequipmentthateith eryoucarryorknow about. Ifyoucould send m ealiteratureconcerning th isproduct,I'llbe grateful. Cordiallyyours, 亲爱的布莱克先生: 最近我有很多客户向我打听有关有声读物的事。他们 要求得到我的帮助,我不知如何是好。我对这种新产品一 无所知。我想这种有声读物在我店里可能有很好的销路。 不单是有声读物,而且我还想了解你是否备有或了解相关 的播放设备。 如果您能寄给我一份产品说明书,我会十分感激。 衷心问候! 8b.商务信函2 , Pleasesend m einform ation aboutbookson tapeasw ell asinform ationyouh aveonplaybackequipm ent. Th ankyou. Very trulyyours, 亲爱的布莱克先生: 请寄给我贵公司的有声读物及相关播放设备的资料。 谢谢你。 真诚问候! 把上面两份信函稍加比较,我们不难看出,第 一封信出自中国作者之手。文章开头没有直接提出 索取资料的要求,而是先陈述原因,为最后提出要 求作铺垫,最后才点明主题。这种思维和表达方式 反映了中国人含蓄委婉的语言行为特征。 在笔者看来,中国人说话并非不会开门见山, 而是遵循着一种潜在的心理文化规约下的语言行为规 范,即求别人帮助会给人添麻烦,不好意思直说, 寻找一些促使自己求人帮忙的客观原因可能向对方传 递这样的信息:我不是有意给您添麻烦,而是客观 情况使我迫不得已来求你。 第二封信的语篇特征和信息分布则迥然不同, 作者一开头就直接向对方提出索取资料的要求,语 言简洁明快,既没有陈述索取资料的原因,也没有 丝毫给贵方增添麻烦的歉意。这种思维方式和语言 行为的明显差异与英美人以个体本位为取向的文化价 值观的判断是完全吻合的。 值得一提的是,语用分析一般都局限在句子层 面,带有汉文化思维模式和表达方式的商务英语信 函是不是一种语用失误还有待进一步研究。但是汉 化式的商务英语信函源于汉语心理文化和思维表达方 式影响的结论应该是毋庸置疑的。 三、结语 商务英语信函写作是一种跨文化交际,它不是 汉语商务文化语境下的思维表达方式在英语语言符号 上简单转换。学习者要熟练掌握商务英语交际技 能,不仅要掌握其复杂的语言表达形式,更要了解 其深层的文化内涵,谙熟商务交际语用规则,这样 才能避免表达中不出或少出现语用失误。[8]美国外语 教学专家W inston Brem beck说:“采用只教语言不 教文化的教学法只能培养出语言流利的大傻瓜”。 当然文化差异障碍并非完全不可逾越。如果商务英 语写作教学把表达能力和商务文化语用能力培养有机 地结合起来,那么学生的跨文化商务英语沟通能力 就能达到准确得体、运用自如的程度。 (责任编辑:宋晓辉责任校对:彭海河) [参考文献] [1]何自然.语用学与英语学习[M]上海:上海外语教 育出版社,1997:2-6. [2]金惠康.跨文化交际翻译[M]北京:中国对外翻译 出版公司,2003:11-24. [3]陈宏薇.汉英翻译基础[M]上海:上海外语教育出 版社,1999:18-39. [4]赵世开.英汉对比语法论[M]上海:上海外语教育 出版社,2001:17-20. [5]Pinkham Joan,The Translator’s Guide to Chinglish[M]北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2000: 48-56.满意请采纳

毕业论文大纲英语文学

英语毕业论文提纲模板

紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束,毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式,毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢?以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板,希望能够帮助到大家。

Acknowledgements 4-6

Contents 6-10

List of Figures 10-12

List of Tables 12-20

Abstract 20-22

摘要 23-25

Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32

Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29

Significance of the study 29-30

Organization of the study 30-31

A note on terminology 31-32

Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51

T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35

Defining coherence 32-33

T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42

T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42

T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44

The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47

Training in T/TP 47-49

Summary 49-51

Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70

Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55

Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53

Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54

Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55

Theme and thematic progression 55-70

Theme 56-62

Thematic progression 62-70

Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88

The participants and the educational context 70-73

Background of the participants and the participating school 70

The allocation of participants to the training 70-71

The sample sizes 71-72

The pilot study 72-73

The interventional procedures 73-74

The questionnaire 74-75

The training 75-80

Considerations behind the training 75-76

The training material 76-79

The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80

Data analysis 80-86

Analysis of the writing 80-86

Analysis of the questionnaire 86

Ethical considerations 86-88

Informed consent 86-87

Anonymity 87

Harm 87-88

Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115

Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100

Interpersonal Themes 100-102

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107

Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110

Summary 110-115

Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137

Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126

Interpersonal Themes 126-129

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131

Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132

Summary 132-137

Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155

Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145

Interpersonal Themes 145-147

Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149

Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150

Summary 150-155

Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165

Findings from closed questions 155-160

EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157

EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158

EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159

EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160

Findings from open questions 160-164

The changes that occurred 161-162

The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163

The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163

EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164

Summary 164-165

Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195

Findings with regard to research questions 165-187

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181

Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187

Positioning the study within the literature 187-190

T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189

Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190

Implications 190-194

Pedagogical implication 190-193

Methodological implication 193-194

Limitations 194-195

Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200

Summary 195-197

Putting everything together 197-199

Suggestions for future work 199-200

Notes 200-202

References 202-214

Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215

Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217

Appendix 3: Training material 217-229

Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237

Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238

Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239

Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239

中文摘要 3-4

ABSTRACT 4

Chapter One Introduction 7-10

Motivation of the present study 7-8

Significance of this study 8

Composition of this thesis 8-10

Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19

Language production 10-14

L1 Production 10-11

L2 Production 11-12

Dimensions of language production 12-14

Theories on oral output 14-15

Skehan’s dual-model system 14

Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15

Task Repetition 15-17

Task 15-16

Task repetition 16-17

Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19

CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25

Research justification and questions 19

Hypothesis 19-20

Methods 20-25

Participants 20-21

Material 21

Research design 21-23

Measures 23-25

Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41

Results and Analysis 25-34

Quantitative analysis 25-27

Qualitative analysis 27-34

Discussion 34-41

Fluency 34-36

Complexity 36-38

Accuracy 38-39

interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41

Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44

Conclusion and implication 41-43

Limitations and recommendations 43-44

Acknowledgements 44-45

References 45-49

Appendixes 49-54

A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50

B. The same-content task 50-51

C. The different-content task 51-52

D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53

E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54

F. Sample of writing repetition task 54

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Research Background

Significance of the Study

Research Goals and Questions

Data Collection and Methodology

Analysis Procedures

Organization of the Thesis

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Introduction to Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad

Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home

Studies on Personal Statements

Introduction to Personal Statement

Summary

Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework

An Overview of Attitude System

Affect Resources

Judgment Resources

Social Esteem

Social Sanction

Appreciation Resources

Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Summary

Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies

Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study

References

Acknowledgements

我有一个是英语文学方面的.不知道是不是你想要的.这可是我的得意之作.我就是靠这个论文拿了优秀毕业论文的.如果你满意,一定要把我选为最佳哦,谢谢!题目是:The analysis of Symbolic Images in Tony Morrison's BelovedThesis statement: The paper intends to analyze the symbolic images in Tony Morrison's . Introduction introduction of the author brief review of symbolid appraisal brief of the Origin of Tony Morrison's Symbolic production of the with other works in symbolic Categories of Symbolic Images in . Body marksD. Linguistic Interpreation with Reference to Symbolic ImagesA. Memory of the Afro-American traditional cultureD. Maternal contribution to Afro-American influence produced by Symbolic Images and its profound meaning.

英美文学毕业论文提纲模板

导语:毕业论文的'写作提纲是完成论文的关键,也是论文的写作大纲。它有着清晰的逻辑结构和完整的内容。下面我整理了英美文学毕业论文提纲模板,欢迎参考借鉴!

题目:从语法隐喻角度分析《金色笔记》

Contents

Abstract

摘 要

Contents

Chapter One Introduction

Research Background

Research Objectives and Significance

Thesis Organization

Chapter Two Literature Review

Doris Lessing and Her Works

Previous Studies on The Golden Notebook

Studies Abroad

Studies in China

Chapter Three Theoretical Framework

Studies on Metaphor

Traditional View of Metaphor

Cognitive View of Metaphor

Study on Grammatical Metaphor

Studies on Halliday's Grammatical Metaphor

Ideational Grammatical Metaphor

Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphor

Metaphor of Mood

Metaphor of Modality

Chapter Four The Application of Grammatical Metaphor in TheGolden Notebook

Analysis of The Golden Notebook from the Perspective of Ideational GM

Process Transformation in the Reflection of Characters' Identity

From Relational Process to Material Process

From Material Process to Relational Process

From Mental Process to Material Process

Lexical Transformation in the Reflection of Characters' Identity

Analysis of Characters in The Golden Notebook withNominalization

Analysis of Characters in The Golden Notebook withPassivization

Analysis of The Golden Notebook from the Perspective of Interpersonal GM

Mood Analysis of the Characters in The Golden Notebook

Relationship between Anna and Molly

Relationship between Anna and Marion

Modality Analysis of the Characters in The Golden Notebook

Chapter Five Conclusion

Summary and Major Findings

Limitations of the Research

Suggestions and Revelations of the Research

Bibliography

Acknowledgements

英语作业毕业论文大纲

英语论文提纲 范文

英语论文提纲怎样写呢?下面是我分享的英语论文提纲范文,欢迎大家阅读,也希望英语论文提纲范文能够帮助同学们顺利开展论文的撰写。

一、 title

from a new woman to a victim

二、 introduction

in china, the position of women becomes higher and higher, but discrimination and violence are existed all the same. there are a lot of women who have the same experience with desdemona. the intention of this study is to tell the importance of women’s independence in this modern society.

my attention was first directed to introduce desdemona and the good points of her character. this is because she is a new woman in the first two acts. then i put much attention on analyzing the reasons of her change. last i pointed out that women in modern society should learn from desdemona and try to be independent. however , the independence is not mean to stand against her husband or her father, but it means to find her own position in the society and establish a positive outlook on life. women should be independent not only from spirit, but also from finance.

三、outline

1 introduction

a brief introduction of othello

a particular introduction of desdemona as a new woman

2 the reasons of turning from a new woman to a victim

a deion of women’s position in the 16th of england

the influence of patriarchy-centered culture

desdemona’s own weakness of her character

3 the impact of desdemona on women in modern society.

social problems on women

the reasons why women should be independent

the new meaning of “independence”

what women should do if they want to be independent

from spirit

from finance

四、conclusion

theory guidance

1 feminism

2 freudian psychology

翻译:

一、标题

从一个新女人到一个受害者

二、介绍

在中国,妇女的地位越来越高,但歧视和暴力都是一样的存在。有很多有经验的女性苔丝狄蒙娜一样。本研究的目的是告诉女性在这个现代社会中的独立性的重要性。

我注意的是首先针对介绍苔丝狄蒙娜和她的性格好点。这是因为她是一个新的女人在前两个行为。然后我就把注意力放在分析她的变化的原因。最后我指出,现代社会中女性应该学会从苔丝狄蒙娜和尝试独立。然而,独立并不意味着要站在她的丈夫或她的父亲,但它意味着在社会中找到自己的位置,并建立一个积极的人生观。女性不仅要从精神上独立,也要从财务上独立。

三、概述

1引言

简要介绍奥赛罗

特别介绍苔丝狄蒙娜作为新女性

2从一个新的女人变成一个受害者的原因

描述一下女人的位置在英格兰第十六

父权中心文化的影响

苔丝狄蒙娜对她自己的性格弱点

3影响她对女性在现代社会中。

女性的个社会问题

女性应该独立的原因

“独立”的新意义

女性应该做什么,如果他们想独立

从精神

财务

四、结论

理论指导

1女性主义

2弗洛伊德心理学

知识扩展:英语毕业论文提纲怎么写?

I 英语毕业论文提纲的写作流程:

1.提纲写作需要先拟定论文标题;

2.根据论文题目写出总论点;

3.结合总论点考虑全篇的整体布局;

论文的整体布局需要充分考虑总论点的叙述顺序,这是论文写作的整体框架。

4.确定论文的`整体布局后再逐步考虑总论点下面的分论点,直至确定论点句;

5.结合段落部署,把相关材料组合起来,以便写作过程中的随用随取;

6.进行全面的检查,对于不必要的内容进行不必要的删减;

II英语毕业论文提纲的注意事项:

1.毕业论文提纲的编写方法:

标题式写法

用简洁的文字凝练出标题,并将这部分内容概括出来。这种写法的好处是简洁明了,一目了然,但是这种方法存在一定的缺陷,作者本人对此非常了解熟悉,但是外人乍看没有眉目,因此,在毕业论文的提纲写作中,很少使用这种方法。

句子式写法

就是用表述完整通畅的句子将所要描述出来的内容进行概括,这种写法更为具体,更为明确,自己了解的同时也能让外人看得懂。因为毕业论文不是针对个人,因此在毕业论文提纲的写作中得到广泛应用。

2.毕业论文提供的修改推敲

毕业论文提纲写好后,需要进行推敲和修改,修改的过程中需要注意以下几点:

题目是否合适;

题目是一篇文章的精华所在,其重要性不容忽视,不合适的论文题目会对接下来的论文写作带来阻碍。

结构是否合理;

合理的结构需要点明主题的基础上围绕主题进行拓展延伸,划分层次和段落,提高文章的逻辑性,检查过渡是否自然,然后进行全局性的把控。

层次是否完善;

提纲的层次必须完善,每个层次必须保证清晰,总论点应该重点突出,序论和结论部分应该简明扼要。本论是全文的重点,是需要集中精力写的一部分,因此,提纲应该罗列地详细一点,层层深入,体现总论和分论的巧妙融合。

英语毕业论文提纲的写作流程:1.提纲写作需要先拟定论文标题.2.根据论文题目写出总论点.3.结合总论点考虑全篇的整体布局.4.确定论文的整体布局后再逐步考虑总论点下面的分论点,直至确定论点句.5.结合段落部署,把相关材料组合起来,以便写作过程中的随用随取.6.进行全面的检查,对于不必要的内容进行不必要的删减.英语专业毕业论文提纲要求学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分.(一)前置1.英文封面:由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成.2.目录:由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成,排在英文封面之后另页.3.中、英文内容论文摘要:摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述,宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论,是一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用,中文摘要一般在200字左右4关键词:关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语.为便于文献检索,学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文,关键词,,这些关键词就是论文的中心词,以显著的字符另起一行,分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方.各关键词之间用,分号,隔开.外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应.(二)主体部分主题部分包括引言(introduction)、正文(body)、结论(conclusion)、参考文献(bibliography).主体部分必须由另页右页开始.1.引言:主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等.2.正文:论文的正文是核心部分,占主要篇幅.一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证.要求论据充分,论点明确.行文必须实事求是,客观真切,准确完备,合乎逻辑,层次分明,简练可读.正文部分要有分级标题,章、条、款、项的序号编码方法,采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法,论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列,依次从1开始,连续编号,中间用,.,相隔,最末级编号之后不加点.3.结论:学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论,它是对正文部分的论述的概述,也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等.毕业论文提纲的编写方法: 标题式写法用简洁的文字凝练出标题,并将这部分内容概括出来.这种写法的好处是简洁明了,一目了然,但是这种方法存在一定的缺陷,作者本人对此非常了解熟悉,但是外人乍看没有眉目,因此,在毕业论文的提纲写作中,很少使用这种方法. 句子式写法就是用表述完整通畅的句子将所要描述出来的内容进行概括,这种写法更为具体,更为明确,自己了解的同时也能让外人看得懂.因为毕业论文不是针对个人,因此在毕业论文提纲的写作中得到广泛应用.2.毕业论文提供的修改推敲毕业论文提纲写好后,需要进行推敲和修改,修改的过程中需要注意以下几点: 题目是否合适.题目是一篇文章的精华所在,其重要性不容忽视,不合适的论文题目会对接下来的论文写作带来阻碍. 结构是否合理.合理的结构需要点明主题的基础上围绕主题进行拓展延伸,划分层次和段落,提高文章的逻辑性,检查过渡是否自然,然后进行全局性的把控. 层次是否完善.提纲的层次必须完善,每个层次必须保证清晰,总论点应该重点突出,序论和结论部分应该简明扼要.本论是全文的重点,是需要集中精力写的一部分,因此,提纲应该罗列地详细一点,层层深入,体现总论和分论的巧妙融合.希望能帮到你

英语毕业论文提纲模板

紧张又充实的`大学生活即将结束,毕业前要通过最后的毕业论文,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验学生学习成果的形式,毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢?以下是我整理的英语毕业论文提纲模板,希望能够帮助到大家。

Acknowledgements 4-6

Contents 6-10

List of Figures 10-12

List of Tables 12-20

Abstract 20-22

摘要 23-25

Chapter 1 Introduction 25-32

Purpose of the study and research questions 28-29

Significance of the study 29-30

Organization of the study 30-31

A note on terminology 31-32

Chapter 2 Literature review 32-51

T/TP and coherence in English writing 32-35

Defining coherence 32-33

T/TP as means to realize coherence 33-35

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 35-42

T/TP and coherence in EFL/ESL writing 35-37

T/TP in EFL/ESL writing as compared to NS writing 37-42

T/TP in English research articles by EFL/ESL scholars 42-44

The factors that influence T/TP in EFL/ESL writing 44-47

Training in T/TP 47-49

Summary 49-51

Chapter 3 Theoretical background 51-70

Systemic Functional Grammar 51-55

Five dimensions of language as a semiotic system 51-53

Three metafunctions of language as a functional system 53-54

Three lines of meaning from metafunctions 54-55

Theme and thematic progression 55-70

Theme 56-62

Thematic progression 62-70

Chapter 4 Research Design 70-88

The participants and the educational context 70-73

Background of the participants and the participating school 70

The allocation of participants to the training 70-71

The sample sizes 71-72

The pilot study 72-73

The interventional procedures 73-74

The questionnaire 74-75

The training 75-80

Considerations behind the training 75-76

The training material 76-79

The role of the researcher as the trainer 79-80

Data analysis 80-86

Analysis of the writing 80-86

Analysis of the questionnaire 86

Ethical considerations 86-88

Informed consent 86-87

Anonymity 87

Harm 87-88

Chapter 5 Results and analysis of pre-training writing 88-115

Comparison of Themes in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 88-102

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 88-91

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 91-95

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 95-100

Interpersonal Themes 100-102

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL pre-training writing and CEL pre-writing 102-110

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 102-107

Back,contextual and new Themes 107-110

Summary 110-115

Chapter 6 Results and analysis of post-training writing 115-137

Comparison of Themes in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 115-129

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 115-117

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 117-121

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 121-126

Interpersonal Themes 126-129

Comparison of thematic progression in EEL post-training writing and CEL post-writing 129-132

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 129-131

Back,contextual and new Themes 131-132

Summary 132-137

Chapter 7 Results and analysis of pre- and post- training writing 137-155

Comparison of Themes in pre- and post- training writing 137-147

Topical,textual and interpersonal Themes 137-139

Topical Themes:marked and unmarked Themes 139-142

Textual Themes:continuatives,conjunctions and conjunctive adjuncts 142-145

Interpersonal Themes 145-147

Comparison of thematic progression in pre- and post- training writing 147-150

Linear,constant,summative and split progressions 147-149

Back,contextual and new Themes 149-150

Summary 150-155

Chapter 8 Results and analysis of the questionnaire 155-165

Findings from closed questions 155-160

EEL participants' general attitude to training on T/TP 155-157

EEL participants' perception of the usefulness of the training on T/TP 157-158

EEL participants' perception of the learnability of T/TP 158-159

EEL participants' perception of the applicability of T/TP in writing 159-160

Findings from open questions 160-164

The changes that occurred 161-162

The perceived difficulty of applying the theory of T/TP in writing 162-163

The reasons for the perceived difficulty in learning 163

EEL participants' suggestions for future training 163-164

Summary 164-165

Chapter 9 Discussion 165-195

Findings with regard to research questions 165-187

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in pre-training writing 165-172

Chinese college students' use of T/TP in post-training writing 172-181

Effects of the training on T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 181-187

Positioning the study within the literature 187-190

T/TP in Chinese college students' English writing 187-189

Effects of training on Chinese college students' use of T/TP 189-190

Implications 190-194

Pedagogical implication 190-193

Methodological implication 193-194

Limitations 194-195

Chapter 10 Conclusion 195-200

Summary 195-197

Putting everything together 197-199

Suggestions for future work 199-200

Notes 200-202

References 202-214

Appendix 1: Plan for the interventional procedures 214-215

Appendix 2: The post-training questionnaire 215-217

Appendix 3: Training material 217-229

Appendix 4: Teachers' guide to the training 229-237

Appendix 5: Consent form for EEL group 237-238

Appendix 6: Consent form for CEL group 238-239

Appendix 7: Consent form for NS group 239

中文摘要 3-4

ABSTRACT 4

Chapter One Introduction 7-10

Motivation of the present study 7-8

Significance of this study 8

Composition of this thesis 8-10

Chapter Two Literature Review 10-19

Language production 10-14

L1 Production 10-11

L2 Production 11-12

Dimensions of language production 12-14

Theories on oral output 14-15

Skehan’s dual-model system 14

Swain’s Output Hypothesis 14-15

Task Repetition 15-17

Task 15-16

Task repetition 16-17

Relevant studies on effects of task repetition on L2 oral output 17-19

CHARPTER THREE THE CURRENT STUDY 19-25

Research justification and questions 19

Hypothesis 19-20

Methods 20-25

Participants 20-21

Material 21

Research design 21-23

Measures 23-25

Chapter Four Results and Discussion 25-41

Results and Analysis 25-34

Quantitative analysis 25-27

Qualitative analysis 27-34

Discussion 34-41

Fluency 34-36

Complexity 36-38

Accuracy 38-39

interlanguage development path of learner L 39-41

Chapter Five Conclusions 41-44

Conclusion and implication 41-43

Limitations and recommendations 43-44

Acknowledgements 44-45

References 45-49

Appendixes 49-54

A. Instructions of the experiment 49-50

B. The same-content task 50-51

C. The different-content task 51-52

D. Sample of oral pre-task 52-53

E. Sample of oral post-task 53-54

F. Sample of writing repetition task 54

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction

Research Background

Significance of the Study

Research Goals and Questions

Data Collection and Methodology

Analysis Procedures

Organization of the Thesis

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Introduction to Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory

Studies on Appraisal Theory Abroad

Studies on Appraisal Theory at Home

Studies on Personal Statements

Introduction to Personal Statement

Summary

Chapter 3 Theoretical Framework

An Overview of Attitude System

Affect Resources

Judgment Resources

Social Esteem

Social Sanction

Appreciation Resources

Interactions of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Borders of Affect, Judgment and Appreciation

Summary

Appendix 1: Papers Published during Graduate Studies

Appendix 2: Some Samples of the Study

References

Acknowledgements

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