多彩的初中生活就要过去了，回首往日，一切就像是在昨天。三年的初中生活，无尽的酸甜苦辣，在这即将告别的日子，一起涌上心头……
初中生活很甜。同学间三年的友谊浓郁醇香，甜进心坎。从刚入学时的互不相识，到逐渐无所不谈，甜，就像蜜糖吃进嘴，一点点地甜到心里。我们在一起读书、写字、高谈阔论；我们在一起打篮球、踢足球，满场飞奔。快乐，大家分享；困难，一起担当。幸福就是这样吧！真的，初中生活很甜。初中生活有酸。每当考试不及格，我会恨自己不争气，流下后悔的眼泪；偶尔老师轻声的诘责，我也会觉得委屈而心酸。但是，酸却是一份真挚的馈赠，每当我因考试不好而心酸的时候，我就会明白：成绩需要付出，努力才会得到回报。每当我受批评而心酸的时候，我会告诉自己：自作自受，决不能再犯。就是这样，每一次的酸楚，都会给我一次警示——“酸，我不怕！”
初中生活很苦。为了最终的目标，为了未来的梦想，我们需要付出艰辛的劳动。天刚亮就要起床为的是抓紧时间背诵；晚10点了还不肯休息，为的是不把今日的工作留到明天。白天，“语、数、政、外、理、化、生”，课课都有作业；晚上，秉烛夜读，只因明天老师要将作业检查。唉，累死了！想想电视上的世界杯，却也只好无奈地面对那一大摞作业摇摇头。初中生活，真累！
初中生活，让我品尝人间的酸甜苦辣，也态百味。又酸又苦却又有甜，付出总会有回报。当我轻松地将试卷答完，为自己的初中生活画上一个句号时，暮然回首，原来一切都那么值得回味。我亲爱的初中生活，再见！
The colorful life of junior high school is about to pass, and looking back, it was like yesterday. Three years of junior high school life, the endless sour and sweet bitterness, in the day of the farewell, together in the heart...
Junior high school is sweet. The three years of friendship between my classmates are full-bodied, sweet and sweet. From the strangers who were first in school, to the gradual and undiscussed, sweet, like honey to the mouth, a little bit sweet to the heart. We read, write and talk. We played basketball, played football, and ran all the way. Happy to share; Difficult, bear together. That's the way to be happy! Really, middle school life is sweet. Middle school life is sour. Every time I fail in the exam, I will hate myself for not being angry and tears of regret. The occasional teacher's soft voice, I will feel aggrieved. However, the acid is a sincere gift, every time I am sad because of the exam bad, I will understand: the result needs to give, the effort will be rewarded. Every time I feel bad about being criticized, I tell myself that I can't do it again. That's it, and every time it's sour, it gives me a warning -- "sour, I'm not afraid!"
Middle school life is hard. In order to achieve the ultimate goal, we need to work hard for future dreams. To wake up in the morning to recite in a hurry; At ten o 'clock I will not rest so that I will not leave today's work till tomorrow. During the day, "language, number, politics, external, rational, student". In the evening, read the candle at night because tomorrow the teacher will check the homework. Alas, dead! Think of the World Cup on TV, but you have to face the pile of homework and shake your head. Junior middle school life, really tired!
Middle school life, let me taste the sour and sweet bitterness of the world, also the state of the state. The bitter and the bitter are sweet, and the reward is always there. When I finished the exam with ease and drew a full stop for my middle school life, I looked back and said that everything was worth recalling. My dear middle school life, goodbye!
不知不觉，我初中毕业了，这个原本我会非常开心的时候，心情却非常的复杂。
初三下学期就这样平淡地结束，这意味着我们要永远告别陪伴我三年的学校，告别三年来朝夕相处的同学。而迎接我们的是一个未知的世界。
在以前总是听父母说珍惜美好青春，时间不等人之类的话，心里总是不以为然，。到了现在，我才深深的体会到时光如水的含义。夜里无人，四周一片寂静，学校的一幕幕经常会浮现在我的的眼前。锦州军训、五里河运动会、沃尔玛岗位体验、参观海城少管所……这一切还向刚刚发生过那样清晰。但是已经离我们很遥远了。
过去的用换不回再回来，正如张老师说的一样，不会有人两次同时踏入同一条河里。能留给我们的也仅仅是回忆。每当回忆起那些和我一起哭、一起笑过的同学，那一件件学校中发生的小事，再想到这些永远也不会再回来，不禁让我为之落泪。
初中毕业了，我将读高中，在那里，我会认识新的朋友，不过，我不会忘记我的初中生活的。
Before I knew it, I had graduated from junior high school.
This is the end of the first trimester, which means that we have to say goodbye to my three years of school and the students who have spent three years together. And we are greeted by an unknown world.
In the past, always listening to the parents say that cherishing the good youth, the time waits for the words, the mind always not to think,. Now, I am deeply aware of the meaning of time. There was no one in the night, and there was silence all around, and the curtain of the school often appeared before my eyes. The golden state military training, the wuli river games, the wal-mart post experience, the visit to the juvenile canal in the sea... It's all just as clear as it has been. But it's far from us.
In the past, I would not return again, as Mr Zhang said, but no one would step into the same river twice. The only thing that can be left for us is memory. Every time I remember those who cried and laughed with me, the little things that happened in the school, and the thought of never coming back, I cried for it.
I will go to high school. I will meet new friends there, but I will not forget my junior high school life.
总是不喜欢十字路口，因为这里充满了分离；总是不喜欢汽车的站台，因为这里充满了离别；总是不喜欢筵席后的残余，因为这里充满了悲伤…
可是天下无不散之筵席，寒窗数载，我们终于毕业了。望着散伙饭上，一个个醉倒的男生，一桌桌残剩的饭菜，我的眼角湿润了。曾经多么想毕业，多么想离开老师的管束，多么想一个人自由自在，可是在那一刻，突然有那么多的舍不得。舍不得大家一起在教室里读书的日子，舍不得大家一起游玩的日子，舍不得大家一起打闹的日子，舍不得这种大家一起拼酒的场景…
KTV里我们唱着《同桌的你》、《红日》、《朋友》这些老歌的时候，眼角都悄悄地流下了眼泪。六年之前我不认识你，你也不认识我；六年之后，我们还是朋友，那种感觉永远都不会变，朋友是一生的。
送走一个个的同学，看着他们离去的背影，默默地说一声：朋友，请珍重！
毕业了，美好的小学读书时代在此圆满的划下了句号。在校读书的日子是没有了，可是学海无涯，等待着我学习的东西还有很多。刚踏入中学的我，还是个牙牙学语的小孩，我得快速吸收“营养”，努力消化，逐渐使自己长大。前方的道路很遥远，也许会布满荆棘，可是我相信自己一定可以到达目的地。
我不止一次要面对十字路口，要面对汽车的站台，要面对最后筵席的残余，酒后的我是在享受，也是在承受，享受以前的点点滴滴，承受以后的云云种种。
Always don't like the intersection because it's full of separation; Always don't like the platform of cars because it's full of separation. Always do not like the remnant after the feast, for it is filled with sorrow...
But all good things came to an end, and we finally graduated. Looking at the farewell party, the drunken boys, a table of leftovers, my eyes moistened. How I wanted to graduate, how I wanted to leave the teacher's tube, how I wanted to be free, but at that moment, there was so much to miss. I don't want to be able to spend time together in the classroom, I can't help you to spend time together.
When we sang "you at the same table", "red sun" and "friends", the eyes were quietly shedding tears. I didn't know you six years ago, you don't know me. Six years later, we are still friends, the feeling will never change, the friend is a lifetime.
Send one of the classmate, look at the back of their leaving, silently say: friend, please treasure!
After graduation, the great age of elementary school was brought to an end. There is no time for studying in school, but there is still a lot to learn. When I first stepped into high school, I was a teetoing child, and I had to quickly absorb "nutrition" and try to digest it and grow up. The road ahead is very distant and may be full of thorns, but I believe I can reach my destination.
I once more than face a crossroads, in the face of car platform, to face the final feast of residual, drink and I am enjoying, but also in, enjoy the previous dribs and drabs, bear after such a time.
“秋风清，秋月明，落叶聚还散，寒鸦栖复惊。相思相见知何月，此时此夜难为情……”时间，宛如泻入一方死潭，缓慢地蒸发着。时光飞逝，那一年，我们毕业了。
时间像是一把锋利的刀，青春却恰需要时间的磨练。那一段青葱岁月，我们曾一同走过，回忆，如泄闸的洪水，奔涌而来，一幕幕回应正在脑海，仿佛回到了从前。
忘不了，课堂的严肃；忘不了，课间的吵闹；忘不了，运动场上的顽强拼搏；亦忘不了，办公室的“风雨同舟”。是谁说过“相见时难别亦难”，本以为相识容易，离别更容易。在中考的重压下，我是那般期盼着毕业，而现在，那种期盼慢慢地变成了珍惜，珍惜……
那个夏天，我们挥手说再见，杜鹃啼血，知了都哭红了双眼。毕业照上，留下了一纸发黄的思念，数载同窗之情，在快门按下的一瞬间，化成一缕缕夏日的清风，虽凉又暖，温暖着每个人的心房。毕业的照片，那写满离愁，来不及送出的祝福，印在那枚告别15岁夏末的底片，默默无言，永远不变……
花开花落，这逼仄小径，刻下了我们多少印痕，留下了我们多少故事。一千多个在一起的日子，如跳动的音符，奏响了生命最华美的乐章。而此刻，在我青春的记忆里，人去楼空，只剩下我凄凉的背影，在风中摇曳。
染火枫林，琼壶歌月，长歌倚楼。岁岁年年，花前月下，一尊芳酒。水落红莲，唯闻玉磬，但此情依旧。
花谢花落花纷飞，忆起时光匆匆，那一年——我们一起走过。
缘聚缘散缘如水，背负万丈尘寰，只为句——期待下次相逢。
"Autumn wind qing, autumn moon Ming, the falling leaves gather and scatter, the jackdaw is back in the air. When the meeting is known, this night is embarrassed..." Time, like a pool of dead, slowly evaporates. Time flies, and that year, we graduated.
Time is like a sharp knife, but youth takes time. As we walked through the green and green years, memories, like the flood of the floodgates, came rushing in, and the response was coming back to us.
Forget the seriousness of the class; Forget the noise of the class. Never forget the hard work on the playground. I can't forget the "wind and rain" in the office. Who said, "it is difficult to meet when we meet", which is easier to know than to know. Under the pressure of the midterm, I was so eager to graduate, and now, that expectation slowly becomes treasure, cherish...
That summer, we waved goodbye and the azaleas were crying red. Graduation photo, leave a paper of the yearning that yellow, a number of same window, in the instant of the shutter press, turn into a wisps of summer breeze, although cool and warm, warm everybody's heart. The picture of graduation, that is full of sorrow, too late to send the blessing, printed on the film that said goodbye to the fifteenth year of the xia, silently, never changeless...
The flower blossoms and falls, and the narrow path, which marks our impressions, leaves us with many stories. A thousand or more days together, such as the beating of the notes, played the most beautiful music of life. And now, in the memory of my youth, there is no room left, but my desolate shadow, swaying in the wind.
Dyed fire maple, June crock, long song Leaning Tower. In the middle of the year, a beautiful wine is made in the front of the flower. The water drops red lotus, but it still remains.
The flowers and flowers fall and fall, and remember the time, the year -- we walked by together.
The rim of the border is like water, and it is the only thing that can be carried away.
今年的六月。和往常一样，燥热难耐。但今年，在这滚烫的阳光下，我们毕业了。三年的初中生活，让我变得稳重了，让我变得感性了。就要和同学们分开了，平日里嘻嘻哈哈的我，脸上多了一份忧愁和不舍。初中毕业了。
初三下学期就这样平淡地结束，这意味着我们要永远告别陪伴我三年的学校，告别三年来朝夕相处的同学。而迎接我们的是一个未知的世界。
在以前总是听父母说珍惜美好青春，时间不等人之类的话，心里总是不以为然，。到了现在，我才深深的体会到时光如水的含义。夜里无人，四周一片寂静，学校的一幕幕经常会浮现在我的的眼前。锦州军训、五里河运动会、沃尔玛岗位体验、参观海城少管所……这一切还向刚刚发生过那样清晰。但是已经离我们很遥远了。过去的用换不回再回来，正如张老师说的一样，不会有人两次同时踏入同一条河里。能留给我们的也仅仅是回忆。每当回忆起那些和我一起哭、一起笑过的同学，那一件件学校中发生的小事，再想到这些永远也不会再回来，不禁让我为之落泪。
人生就像一场游戏。游戏又何尝不能组成一个人生。游戏，走出了一个童年；游戏，走出了一个未知；游戏，迎来了一个青春；游戏，迎来了一个深邃。游戏中，我们渐渐长大从“少年不知愁滋味，为赋新词强说愁”到“而今识尽愁滋味，欲说还休，欲说还休”；从“少年不识何游戏”为寻快乐就游戏”到“难寻快乐味，为了游戏而游戏”人生就是一个偌大的游戏场？是人在游戏，还是游戏在游戏人？我们将要踏上新的征途。我们要突围，成为游戏的主宰。高中生或即将开始，对将要来到的高中，我常常有一种恐惧，不只是拒绝自己成长，还是对未知事物的一种担心。
戏渐渐地散了，散戏是为了重开戏。一场戏的结束，昭示着另一场游戏的再生。从中我们长大，我们成熟。
虽然知道离别避免不了，虽然知道人生会经历很多离别。但是真正面对离别的时候，自己还是没有准备好。离开的那天我哭得一塌糊涂，带着同学的安慰，我离开了学校。初中，就这么毕业了。
This is June. As usual, it was hot and dry. But this year, under the hot sun, we graduated. Three years of junior middle school, it made me mature, and made me emotional. I must be separated from my classmates. I have a lot of grief and a lot of grief on my face. I graduated from junior high school.
This is the end of the first trimester, which means that we have to say goodbye to my three years of school and the students who have spent three years together. And we are greeted by an unknown world.
Life is a game. The game can't make a life. Game, out of a childhood; The game, out of the unknown; The game has a youth; The game is a profound one. In the game, we grow up to grow from "the young know what it feels like, to give a new word to be strong" to "now to understand the feeling, to say, to return to the rest"; From "what game" young not to find happiness is game "to" hard to find happiness, for the game, "life is a large playground? Is the person in the game, or a game in the game? We are going to set off on a new journey. We want to break, to become the master of the game. High school students or is about to begin, the high school is coming, I always have a fear, not just refuse to grow on your own, or to a fear of the unknown.
The play was gradually dispersed and the play was meant to reopen the scene. The end of a play heralds the rebirth of another game. We grow up, we mature.
Knowing that you are going to go through a lot of separation, knowing that you can't go away. But when it comes to leaving, you're not ready. On the day of leaving, I was so crying that I left the school with my classmates' comfort. In middle school, that's how you graduate.
初中临近毕业，要和母校说再见了，要与初中生活告别了，我们有很多话要说，可是我们如何表达得更清晰呢?接下来我蒐集了初三毕业英语作文4篇，仅供大家参考，希望帮助到大家。
The swallows spread their wings, the eagles soar, and that is the bird's yearning for the blue sky; The brook babbled, the waves rolled, the river sang to the sea; The rice is fragrant and fruitful. It is the earth's imagination of everything. Chunhua autumn fruit, peach plum fragrance, that is the Alma mater to our hope!
Don't! My dear Alma mater! When we look at the school playground, we think of our clas *** ates' favorite sports and petitive sports. On the playground of gym class, I have had countless test failures, and I have had countless practice successes. On the big playground of the sports meeting, we have left behind the sweat and laughter of our success, and the sigh and tears after failure.
Goodbye, Alma mater! Goodbye, my dear Alma mater, my lovely clas *** ate.
i will be graduating from middle school in the ing days. i have a lot of feelings that i want to express. first, i want to thank all the teachers. you have been working hard to teach us. i would also like to thank my clas *** ates. you have been offering great help to me.
i am so happy today. this will be an end to my middle school life, and soon we will begin the new life in high school. dear teachers, dear clas *** ates, i will always remember you.
i would like to thank you for all the help you gave me during this past semester. you were alway so patient when i asked you questions. you listened to them carefully and explained everything so thoroughly. you showed me different ways to practice and remember new words and usage. i felt so encouraged and became more fortable in speaking english. you made the excercise so interesting that i was always very eager to participate and practice. my english has improved so much. how could i thank you enough?! i cannot wait to take your class next semester and keep working on my english.
In your busy days, you can look up at the sky and see the stars inkle. Twinkle, I put my blessing on him, lonely night, let him send you blessing. Life keeps us from losing our joys and sorrows. Your choices make us miss them. Absence makes me appreciate more, you and I are connected, that is the evidence of friendship. Miss, leave a long lament, I hope that the thoughts like the sky, forever bright......
At dusk there is a helpless figure, she is waiting for what. Who is that? That's me, my friend. Will you e back?
In your busy days, you can look up at the sky and see the stars inkle. Twinkle, I put my blessing on him, lonely night, let him send you blessing. Life keeps us from losing our joys and sorrows. Your choices make us miss them. Absence makes me appreciate more, you and I are connected, that is the evidence of friendship. Missing, leaving a long lament, I hope that the air color, forever bright.
Rush years, the flowers bloom. Junior high school three years will be learning to live the moment has passed. Leaving his alma mater, leave, students about to leave, the hearts full of nostalgia.
Fet, beautiful alma mater. In your arms, we bee ignorant of everything from ignorance, from naive to mature, from the timid bee brave. Here, we received a strict education; here, we form of discipline, good style; here, we obtain knowledge, understand the truth, people here grow sturdily.
Fet, dear teacher. You just like that "wind sneaked into the night, moisten things silently" spring rain, nourishing us these *** all seedlings. You let me understand : the sun is to illuminate the life, the gardener is how to take care of the flowers, spring breeze is how green the world... ... In my eyes, the teacher, you already tender majesty, both ordinary and great. That is my heart rain, you are the sunshine of my heart ... ... Will always be grateful to you.
Fet, my dear clas *** ates. We walked side by side for three years, in these three years, we spent a wonderful time, gave me the seeds of a friendship, sowing into my heart. In be together morning and night, we grow together, in the blink of an eye, but separated from the heart, calm? So, please remember to spend every minute, let friendship!
Will treasure the rest of every minute and every second, do not let the six year be sorry. The alma mater, memories ; to leave a good impression ; give students leave a good memory.
校园时光飞逝而过，关于毕业，你有什么感想吗?下面，是我为你整理的有关毕业的初中英语作文，希望对你有帮助!
有关毕业的初中英语作文篇1
When the bell rang again school of time, I will be with my junior high school life say goodbye. At this moment, I felt so tired that I want to go home and have a good sleep. I will be as free as a bird, and can be doing what I love to do. During the holidays, I want to do? Of course, there are many, but I want to do a thing is to improve my English. My English is the worst of all my subjects.
I was hard at it, but I have little progress. I'm not good at reading and writing, so I must be doing something in it more. Every morning I will read aloud three short story, and keeps a diary in English. I will remember my English teacher's advice, "if you want to learn English well, the best way is to use it every day.
当学校的铃声再次响起的时候，我就要和我的初中生活说再见了。此刻我感觉到如此的累，以至于我只想回家好好睡一觉。我将像一只飞鸟一样自由，并且可以做我喜欢做的事。放假期间，我想要干什么呢?当然有很多，但是我最想做的一件事是去提高我的英语。我的英语是我所有课目中最差的。
我在它上面努力了，但我取得的进步很小。我不擅长读和写，因此我必须在这上面多做一些。每天早上我将会大声朗读三篇短篇故事，并用英语记日记。我会记住我的英语老师的建议，“如果你想学好英语，最好的方式是每天用它。”
有关毕业的初中英语作文篇2
Good morning,my dear teachers and schoolmates,
It’s a great honor for me to make a speech on behalf of the graduating classes.
How time flies! Our junior high school lives will come to an end.
In the past three years, we’ve had a beautiful school and it provides us with a good study place. Teachers are our friends. They’ve given us interesting lessons and we all love them.
We’ve learned a lot from them, not only knowledge but also the way to solve problems in life. Thanks for our teachers’ training, parents’ support and the help from classmates. Without them, we couldn’t have so much wonderful time.
At last, we hope our school will become better, our teachers will be healthy for ever and all our dreams will come true.
Thank you for listening.
有关毕业的初中英语作文篇3
How time flies! I have studied in my school for three years. And I will graduate from middle school in a month. I am eager to share my happiness and sadness with you. I had so many memories in three years’ life. On of them impressed me very much. I still remember, when I began to learn English, I found it too difficult. No matter how hard I tried, I still couldn’t do well in it and almost gave it up. As soon as my English teacher found my problem, she had a talk with me about how to learn English well. Since then, she has kept helping me. Little by little, I’ve become interested in English and I’m good at it. I think I am so lucky to become one of her students. I’ve learned a lot from her. I will try to help others when they are in trouble. I think it is a happy thing to help others.
性别歧视指一种性别成员对另一种性别成员的不平等对待，对于这个问题，你们写 英语 作文 时有何独到的见解呢？下面是我给大家整理的性别歧视的 英语写作 范文 ，供大家参阅!
After women have made great strides for their rights,leaders gradually realized the necessity to achieve the equality of men and women and as well increasingly countries has put the principle of equality into are no longer being oppressed at the the bottom of society and even have equal opportunity to rise to leadership discrimination still exist in insidious form today.
Women and men may not dealt with in many field especially in the job market with female graduates affected the figure indicates that more than 90 percent of female students experience gender discrimination in the force labour,while more than 40 percent of believe it is harder for women to get an offer than men. “men only”signs appeared frequently on recruit company,women are are refused by their image of delicate and lack of independent as people that women always lose many chances in choosing favorable job. Additionally , for same work,women receive lower payment at their job than men. Another statistic shows that women represent 50 percent of middle management and professional positions but the percentages of women at the top of organizations represent not even a third of that number which can not but arouse our thinking why do we have so few women leader?That’s recessive gender the absence of gender discrimination stress patriarchal society,in order to realize their own value,women must pay double or even several times effort than men.
Finally,the ideas that son preference and discrimination against girls took strong root since ancient time,every family continues to have children until they have a boy,if they have a girl,they would like to have another or neglected,at least 100 million girls have disappeared and the number is rising. As we can see from above analysis,women still encounter discrimination or unfair treatment in many achieve the “equality of men and women”We still have a long way to go.
Though people's concept of gender has changed a lot, gender inequality in some cases still exists. I will mainly express my opinions on gender inequality in employment of college graduates in this passage.
It is generally acknowledged that college graduates are
confronted with heavy pressure of seeking jobs in China. However it is more difficult for female graduates to seek a good job because of the social is no denying that female job-seekers are treated unequally when they apply for most of the jobs such as computer programmers, drivers, factory workers and so on. There are numerous reasons accounting for this phenomenon. Above all, compared with male graduates, female graduates are concerned to have inevitable physical weaknesses. In addition, women have to give birth to babies one day they get married, consequently they need a maternity leave for several months which certainly makes less profit for the company.
As far as I am concerned, women can do as good as men even better than men, therefore women shouldn't be treated
unequally. The government can take measures to improve this
situation, in the meanwhile, the society and companies should also give equal opportunities to female graduates and male graduates. If this discrimination can be eliminated, our society will be bound to be better.
Gender Inequality is a long-standing historical and global problem .In ancient times, many countries in the world exist such Concept , but the practice of Feminist movement have never stopped.
Nowadays, all over the world to advocate equality between men and women ,and in fact the situation is become better and better , but many people still Hold on this concept In the
subconscious .Today ,we are suffering the global financial crisis, the economic downturn, make it more and more difficult for the
college graduates to look for jobs. In this case, it seems unlikely that girls can find a job, because many enterprises and institutions in the recruitment of Discrimination against girls with a variety of reasons.
In my opinion, the concept is wrong, equality between the sexes has long been written into national laws of many countries. And there are many outstanding women, take a important roles in the government and enterprises .
At present-day society, the ability of women don’t seem to be smaller than men, so we should change our concept of inequality between men and women completely, we should give girls much more opportunities. And our society will become more harmonious and beautiful!
高校 毕业 生招聘中的性别歧视
性别歧视是一个全球性的、历史长久的问题。在古代，世界上许多国家人民都抱有这样的观念，但是女权运动也从未平息过。
现在，全世界都在倡导男女平等，事实上这种状况也有很大的改观，但许多人潜意识里仍然存在着性别歧视观念。今天，我们正遭受着全球金融危机的冲击，这使得高校毕业生的就业前景雪上加霜。在这种情况下，女生要找到一份工作似乎更加困难，因为许多企事业用各种各样的理由拒绝女生。
在我看来这种观念是错误的，男女平等已经被写入各国法律很久了。现在，有许多杰出女士，担任着各国政府的政要和企业中的重要位置。
在如今社会，女生的能力不一定会比男生弱，所以我们要彻底改变男女不平等的观念，我们要给予女生们更多的机会。这个社会会变得更加和谐、美好
if i can choose my own sex,i still want to be a love to be a love ware beatiful my long love everything for gils.
Decades ago, Chairman Mao succinctly settled the age-old debate about gender equality when he stated that "woman holds up half of the sky". Male superiority so out of place in this age, when women are said to be equal to men in many aspects. However, we very grieved discovery already said goodbye to feudalism several hundred years China to be still unable get rid of the treatment of woman as inferiors thought the fetter. In this advanced society, phenomenon of female inferiors not only existing stably but also taking control of our minds and indicates in many fields. To begin with, take employment for example, women are excluded from the major department of productions. Many significant occupations such as executive or professional jobs prefer hiring male rather than woman. Moreover, man still holds perception that women should do more household routine, nurture their offspring and take care of pets. Last but not the least, people living in remote areas believed that men are superior to women, until this status does not also get thorough improvement now. When a woman got pregnant, they were begging for a son instead of a daughter.
To prevent these troublesome already mentioned from happen again, we should create feministic atmosphere, promote gender equality and ask man to do household chores, because in a family where roles of men and women are not sharply separated and where many household tasks are shared to a certain extent, notions of male superiority are hard to maintain.
Household Servants
When a boy is born in most developing countries, friends and relatives exclaim congratulations. A son means insurance. He will inherit his father's property and get a job to help support the family. When a girl is born, the reaction is very different. Some women weep when they find out their baby is a girl because, to them, a daughter is just another expense. Her place is in the home, not in the world of men. In some parts of India, it's traditional to greet a family with a newborn girl by saying, "The servant of your household has been born."
A girl can't help but feel inferior when everything around her tells her that she is worth less than a boy. Her identity is forged as soon as her family and society limit her opportunities and declare her to be second-rate.
A combination of extreme poverty and deep biases against women creates a remorseless cycle of discrimination that keeps girls in developing countries from living up to their full potential. It also leaves them vulnerable to severe physical and emotional abuse. These "servants of the household" come to accept that life will never be any different.
Neglect
The developing world is full of poverty-stricken families who see their daughters as an economic predicament困境. That attitude has resulted in the widespread neglect of baby girls in Africa, Asia, and South America. In many communities, it's a regular practice to breastfeed girls for a shorter time than boys so that women can try to get pregnant again with a boy as soon as possible. As a result, girls miss out on life-giving nutrition during a crucial window of their development, which stunts their growth and weakens their resistance to disease.
Statistics show that the neglect continues as they grow up. Young girls receive less food, healthcare and fewer vaccinations overall than boys. Not much changes as they become women. Tradition calls for women to eat last, often reduced to picking over the leftovers from the men and boys.
Abuse
Even after infancy, the threat of physical harm follows girls throughout their lives. Women in every society are vulnerable to abuse. But the threat is more severe for girls and women who live in societies where women's rights mean practically nothing. Mothers who lack their own rights have little protection to offer their daughters, much less themselves, from male relatives and other authority figures. The frequency of rape and violent attacks against women in the developing world is alarming. Forty-five percent of Ethiopian women say that they have been assaulted in their lifetimes. In 1998, 48 percent of Palestinian women admitted to being abused by an intimate partner within the past year.
In some cultures, the physical and psychological trauma of rape is compounded by an additional stigma. In cultures that maintain strict sexual codes for women, if a woman steps out of bounds—by choosing her own husband, flirting in public, or seeking divorce from an abusive partner—she has brought dishonor to her family and must be disciplined. Often, discipline means execution. Families commit "honor killings" to salvage their reputation tainted by disobedient women.
Appallingly, this "disobedience" includes rape. In 1999, a 16-year-old mentally handicapped girl in Pakistan who had been raped was brought before her tribe's judicial counsel. Although she was the victim and her attacker had been arrested, the counsel decided she had brought shame to the tribe and ordered her public execution. This case, which received a lot of publicity at the time, is not unusual. Three women fall victim to honor killings in Pakistan every day—including victims of rape. In areas of Asia, the Middle East, and even Europe, all responsibility for sexual misconduct falls, by default, to women. How to Help You can help pull down the barriers that keep girls from attending school and begin to bring change for women in developing countries. The most direct way is by easing the financial need that forces families to take their children out of school in the first place.
Dozens of international organizations are working to improve the livelihood of impoverished people. By building infrastructure and providing aid, vocational training, and education programs, they give families in developing countries resources to create healthy and stable lives. That takes the burden of mere survival off young women and gives them the time to get an education. With practical help and encouragement, girls are more likely to enroll and stay in school.
encouraging all international organizations to come up with strategies for girls' education as part of their initial development plans. It has also started a movement to monitor school materials, facilities, and teachers to ensure that girls get a quality education that promotes appropriate perceptions of women, and that female students are given the same privileges as male students. other reputable organizations need now are the resources to fund their efforts.
You can help begin to change the lives of women around the world by making a financial gift or raising awareness about girls in the developing world who want to help raise awareness of the issues tha impact children. You can The need is clear, and though the obstacles to ending gender discrimination are high, they are not insurmountable.
Educated
women are essential to ending gender bias, starting by reducing the poverty that makes discrimination even worse in the developing world. The most basic skills in literacy and arithmetic open up opportunities for better-paying jobs for women. Uneducated women in rural areas of Zambia, for instance, are twice as likely to live in poverty as those who have had eight or more years of education. The longer a girl is able to stay in school, the greater her chances to pursue worthwhile employment, higher education, and a life without the hazards of extreme poverty.
Women who have had some schooling are more likely to get married later, survive childbirth, have fewer and healthier children, and make sure their own children complete school. They also understand hygiene and nutrition better and are more likely to prevent disease by visiting health care facilities. The UN estimates that for every year a woman spends in primary school, the risk of her child dying prematurely is reduced by 8 percent.
Girls' education also means comprehensive change for a society. As women get the opportunity to go to school and obtain higher-level jobs, they gain status in their communities. Status translates into the power to influence their families and societies.
Even bigger changes become possible as girls' education becomes the cultural norm. Women can't defend themselves against physical and sexual abuse until they have the authority to speak against it without fear. Knowledge gives that authority. Women who have been educated are half as likely to undergo harmful cultural practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM) and four times as likely to protect their daughters from it. The Global Campaign for Education also states that a primary education defends women against HIV/AIDS infection—disproportionately high for women in developing countries—by giving "the most marginalized groups in society—notably young women—the status and confidence needed to act on information and refuse unsafe sex."
每次听到发生大地震，作为一名中学生，你有什么样的感受呢?有没有献出自己的爱心呢?下面是我为您整理的三篇地震自救英语 初中 作文 。以供参考
地震自救 英语作文 初中（一）
There was a big earthquake on April 20th in Yaan . Many houses were broken into pieces and lots of people lost their lives. Some people survived but they lost everything they had. The situation was very serious. To save more people’s lives, the government sent many doctors to Sichuan and a lot of goods and materials were sent there as well. Many people contributed their money and clothes. Many students wrote letters to cheer up the Sichuan people . Our school also took part in these activities, all the students and teachers donated money. I gave my pocket money, too. I also wrote a letter to Sichuan people. I believe with our efforts, we can defeat the hope that there will be a beautiful and colorful world in the future.
地震自救英语作文初中（二）
April 20th is an ordinary day in 2013,it is in this day that shocking earthquake happened again in Sichuan province, earthquake was can't describle the scene what we saw with any words. Thousands of people were injured even died. And thousands of children became such unlucky ones who lost fathers or mothers, they longed to have families to continue their am sympathetic to their fate! But I believed that we can fight against the fate and change example, there are many people keeping living without food or water for about 100 hours during the earthquake!
What an unbelievable thing it is! Their great spirits showed the powerful life vitality of humans! However, they must keep fighting against the death. Many schools were destroyed and there were many students and teachers who left us forever. Sadness,hoplessness and different kinds of danger spreaded out here and there!
But, fortunately, love is around us: the Communist party helps us, the army helps us, the people all over the world help us. They offer us with money, goods, love and so on !
With the help of the such a large love ,we will over come the damage of the earthquake and face our beautiful future !
地震自救英语作文初中（三）
On April 20th, a big earthquake happened in Ya’an, Sichuan. Many people lost their relatives and their homes. All the Chinese people feel quite lot of people volunteer to help them. Some people raise money for them, some people buy something for them, some people go there to comfort the sad children. Thousands of soldiers help them to save their relatives and rebuild their homes Even foreign friends also give them a hand.
I’m deeply moved by these people. So I’ll use my pocket money to buy some food and school things for the children there. I think all of us should try our best to help them to get out of the trouble together.
关于地震的英语作文带翻译有如下：
Earthquake is one of the most severe natural disasters. It's shaking of the ground caused by the sudden breaking and shifting of large sections of Earth's rocky ourter shell. Its results can be very horrible.
The Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008 and Japan Earthquake in 2011 are the most severe earthquakes in recent years, causing huge casualties and property losses.
But earthquakes almost never kill people directly. Many deaths and injuries in earthquaking result from falling objects and the collapse of buildings.
译文
地震是最严重的自然灾害之一。它是由于地球岩石外壳的大部分突然破裂和移动而引起的地面震动。其结果可能非常可怕。
2008年汶川地震和2011年日本地震是近年来最严重的地震，造成了巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失。
但地震几乎从来不会直接导致人死亡。地震中的许多伤亡都是由坠物和建筑物倒塌造成的。
为大家整理的地震初中英语作文，供大家参考。 地震初中英语作文 Merciless earthquake, the world is love This is how sad! Earthquake, of course, is terrible, but they have - firefighters, the people's own army, doctors and others for earthquake relief to the people of the earthquake, and what terrible? » After the earthquake, there have become ruins. The original buildings, has been moved to the ground. But in this disaster, truly reflect the world of love. In the earthquake, a school teacher did not consider their own safety, struggling rescued two children, but their death, a teacher, felt the earthquake, the conscious decision to go down the steps. She would like to go back one: my students are still inside it, therefore, she firmly back, for whom » Her students » No, that's not only students, or the flowers ah! As the saying goes: "poor parents the world heart." There is a parent…… This is how people touched by Argentine ah! There are other companies have also enthusiastic contributions. Now, received a total of about billion yuan contributions to the world! Now, I truly understand that the "party is difficult, P Plus support earthquake relief, surmount." How will this sentence were moved. In addition, I would like the people in disaster areas, said: "I believe that we surmount. Can be quite the past. Although the disaster can be taken away our lives, but not humans immortal wins the hope this is the eternal light, Encouraging people forward momentum. Let us work together to Sichuan Come on! China for refueling. "
As is often the case when people are attending meetings having meals or waiting for buses you can always find them addicted to their phones completely ignoring others. This is really a common phenomenon in our life. The reason is that smart phones nowadays can be used for people to play mobile games and keep in touch with friends through QQ and WeChat. However too much exposure to phones is bad for people in terms of health. Moreover people engaged in phones fail to communicate well with those around them. As far as I am concerned people should wisely make use of their phones to help with their work and study. Meanwhile care more about their family and friends rather than mobile phones.
Recentdecades have seen the rapid development of information technology. It plays asignificant role in our daily life. According, our reading habits changes alot, because there are more and more e-books come to our daily life. There is nodoubt that e-books makes reading more convenient and comfortable. Therefore,there are hot debates about e-books will replace traditional books.最近几十年已经见证了信息技术的飞速发展，电子书将会取代传统书籍 E-books Will Replace Traditional Book英语作文。它在我们的日常生活中扮演着重要的角色。随之，我们的阅读习惯改变了很多，因为在我们的日常生活中有越来越多的电子书。毫无疑问，电子书使阅读更方便和舒适。因此，关于电子书会取代传统书籍产生了激烈辩论。Somepeople assert that e-books will replace traditional books. The following viescan support their views. In the first place, we have been used to reading we want to do some reading, we may first search in on the Internet. Moreover,it saves us time and money. With e-books, we don’t have to go to the library toborrow or go to the bookstore to buy. Last but not least, at present, plenty ofpeople like to reading books on the phone or computer, which is convenient to carry.一些人认为电子书会取代传统书籍。以下的理由是支持他们的观点的。首先，我们已经习惯于阅读电子书。当我们想阅读的时候，我们首先可能会先在互联网上搜索。此外，电子书节约时间和金钱。有了电子书，我们不用去图书馆借阅或去书店买。最后但并非最不重要的，如今很多人们喜欢在便于携带的手机或电脑上阅读。Fromthe discussion above, I think in the future, the e-books will replace the traditionalones.通过以上讨
According to the current level of artificial intelligence from the human mind to replace the still very far away even simulation of artificial intelligence are very few human brain cells have the ability to think not. The human mind and the most important point is the ability to create this artificial intelligence is also no way to simulate, and in theory that can not be fundamental. However, in some duplication of effort and the need to calculate the precise control of the area or place where a certain degree of artificial intelligence is role.
关于机器人是否会取代人类的英语作文50词如下：
Many years ago, as the development of technology, robot was created to facilitate people’s work.
许多年前，随着科技的发展，机器人被发明出来以方便人们的工作。机器人可以为人类做很多事情，比如它会接受订单，然后执行命令。
The most obvious advantage of robot is to caculate very quickly.
机器人最明显的优点是计算速度非常快。
As robot gets improved all the time, its functions have been largely expanded, most people worry that it will take the place of human brains.
随着机器人的不断改进，其功能得到了很大的扩展，大多数人担心它将取代人类的大脑。
Many movies have explored this topic and they came to the conclusion that robot will not take the place of human being.
许多电影都对这个话题进行了探索，并得出结论：机器人不会取代人类。
One thing for sure is that men can’t compete with robot on caculating or the computer program.
but robot has no feelings, it can’t be the real person.
有一点可以肯定的是，人类无法在计算或计算机程序上与机器人竞争，但机器人没有感情，它不可能是真正的人。
Even it looks like a man, still it is just the machine.
即使它看起来像个男人，它仍然只是机器。
It is the emotion that makes the difference between man and machine.
人与机器之间的区别在于情感。
写英语作文技巧：
一，积累大量的词汇、短语和句型是英语写作入门的关键：
用中文书写的文章包括：字、词、句子和段落，这些都是构成文章的最基本的要素，英语写作也是一样，需要词汇、短语和句型作为其最基本的构成，我们在学习单词时除了要掌握课堂上老师所讲述的，还应多学习一些课外单词，扩大词汇量，对英语写作有很大的帮助。
不论什么内容的学习都要讲究方式方法，尽量避免死记硬背的学习模式，多采用一些轻松有趣的方式来学习，对于知识的理解与掌握会有事半功倍的效果。
二，了解中西方文化差异是写好英语作文的前提。
文化差异不仅包括人文地理和民俗风情的不同，还有很多语言习惯也大不相同，学习时我们不能局限于课程上所了解到的内容，还应在课下多查阅相关资料，更多地了解西方文化知识及背景，开阔视野，也为英语写作积累素材。
语专业毕业论文分为好几类，比如有文学方面的，商务英语方面的，教学法方面，语言学方面，文化方面的，翻译方面的等等。每个方向有各自的写作要求，但都包括Title,Abstract,Introduction,Body,Conclusion,Notes,Bibliography,Acknowledgement。当然，在写之前还要写选题报告，开题报告还有结题报告。写文学方面的要看英文原著，当然也可搜索大量资料，但要想写出好的文章得到高分必须要Doitbyyourself.还有我想说的是论文最好提早
1毕业论文属于学术论文。 2只要不是抄的，你写出全世界最差的一篇论文就 可以。 3比着葫芦画瓢，找一篇去年毕业 同学的范文，格式样式，照着写就行了。 4毕业论文的实 质是读后感，选一本书，花一个星期读一遍。边读 边做笔记。把笔记整理一下，按范文格式条理一下，就是很好的论文了。 5问题的关键是：你必须花一周的时间。许多同学不愿花费这个时间，那就没辙了。别的也别谈了。 完了。 6有的同学找朋友帮忙，自已不写，让朋友替自己写一篇。 这当然好，但现在的朋友大都靠不住。你让他写一篇给你，他满口答应，没过两天就送给你一篇。你千恩万谢。可是拿给老师一看，原来是从网上粘下来的，乱码都 还没改。更可气者，一稿多用，他还把这篇“论文”送给好几个人，赚了好几顿饭，造成“雷同抄袭”、频烦吃饭。 7结论：只能自己写，花一周时 间。 8那位问了：“我写得不好怎么 办？”答：“这是伪问题。别管好坏，先写出来就行。老师还怕都写好呢：没法分优良中差了！总之，你写出一篇全球最差的论文就行，只要不是抄的！” 9只要硬着头皮写，傻瓜都能写一篇。 第一章 选题 一、选题的原则 （一）有价值（有品位，内行） （二）有可行性（或操作性，大小适中，难易恰当） （三）有浓厚兴趣（兴趣是动力，必须是自己喜欢的。） 《论语·雍也篇》：“子曰：知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。” 如果你什么都不喜欢，那就更好办：让辅导老师给你一个题目就行。 （四）专业对口（专业专长） 二、 选题的 方法 （一）亟待解决的课题 （二）填补空白的课题 （三）有争议的课题 （四）有矛盾的课题 （五）可综述的课题 第二章 搜集资料 学术研究往往是在前人已有成果的基础上，有所突破。因此，搜集相关文献信息，非常重要。要求能快 速、准确地搜集到所需的资料信息。 一、直接材料的搜集 第 一手材料 二、间接材料的搜集 从文献及网络查取的材料 （二手材料一定要注意核对。） 图书、期刊，纸本索引及网络检索GOOGL、百度网等，关键词检索。 三、材料的分析 让材料自然分类，类聚法。 第三章 写提纲 提纲尽可能详尽，条理清晰，条块分明。 （镶玻璃法： 把内容分成几块，一块块往上填内容就行了。） 一般分为序论、本论、结论三部分。 提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。 论证的形式，纵深式（递进式），平列式，综合式。 第四章 写论文 一、格式及要求：前置部分及主体部分 前置部分：标题、署名、指导教师、目录、摘要、关键词 （一）标题：对论文重点的直接呈现。准确得体，通俗易懂，简短精练（不能 简短，可加副标题），符合规范。 （二）署名，在题下。 （三）指导教师：xxx （四）摘要（可复制文中关键句子，稍作修 饰、连缀即可） （五）关键 词，一般3—5个即可，以重要程度为序。 （六）目录 主体部分： 前言、正文、结论、参考文献、致谢 （一）前言（引言，序论，导言，绪言） （二）正文（本论，主体） （三）结论 （四）注释 (五)参考文献 （文献名，作者，出版社，版次） 二、具体方法与规 范 （一）写作的顺序 1按照提纲自首至尾 2先写思考成熟的部分，最后焊接起来。（若不知从何写起，就这样写） 写此不管彼，只求一意法。 （二）引用材料的方法 1直接引用法 引证。推论，尊重，显示自己并非标新立异，不乏同道。（拉赞助） 2先斩后奏法 先概述观点，然后指出某人某文已详言之（加注参见） 3映带法 崇山峻岭，又有清流急湍映带左右。研究韩愈，不妨提及东坡；研究明清诗，也可上溯到汉魏。 4戒剽窃。学会运用，而不是照抄。 （三）论文的整体要求 准确，概括、简练，严谨客观，平实，文采。 不可以孤立的看问题，要注意上下影响。 （四）段落、标点规范 （五）语体的要求 要简约典雅。 第五章 修改、定稿 文不厌改，要改得死去活来。 一、自己反复阅读， （1）改正错误的字、词、句（笔下误）。（2）逻辑错误 （3）修正完善观点（4）论据错误（5）调整结构布局（完美，圆满，面团原理，增删 材料）（6）修饰词句。 面团原理：你如果原打算写五个部分，最后只写成三个部分；那你就说你本来就打算写三个部分，现在如期完成了，很“圆满”。因为没有人知道你的原计划，也 没有人想知道，所以没必要告诉他人。 二、他人审校（吸收他人意见；自己的错误往往看不出）。 互相审阅，互相挑毛病。 第六章 答辩 虚心点就行。自己写的，也不用心虚。
英语文学是英语专业学生的一门重要的课程,对于英语学生的自身能力的提升具有十分重要的意义。下面是我为大家整理的英语文学方向毕业论文，供大家参考。
摘要：教师在教学中从多方面注重学生英语文学素养的培养，同时大学生也要积极进行英语文学素养的培养，不断提升自身的英语文学素养，促进自身的全面发展。
关键词：英语文学;大学生
一、大学生英语文学素养培养的现状
大学生的英语文学素养的培养非常重要，然而在大学的英语教学中教师对于学生文学素养的重视不够，并且学生自身没有较强的意识注重文学素养的培养。大学的英语教学，尤其是非英语专业的英语教学，主要是大学英语课程的教学，在教学中对于学生的文学素养培养没有足够的重视。第一，大学英语的教学主要以学生语言技巧为主，以英语词汇、知识点、语法等为主要讲授内容，教师很少讲授到英美文学的知识，也较少布置有关文学阅读的任务，对于大学生的英语文学素养培养非常不利。第二，英语四级、六级考试，作为国家级考试对于学生的学习要求也主要为英语语言自身的应用，但是对于英语文学方面没有很多的要求,影响着全国大学生的英语学习。从学生角度来说，大学生尤其是非英语专业的学生对于英语兴趣不高，很少学生去阅读英语文学的相关资料，或者有兴趣但是英语能力不足，慢慢失去了对于英语文学的喜爱
二、大学生英语文学素养培养的策略
针对大学生英语文学素养的现状，我们必须注重大学生英语文学素养的培养，从多方面提高大学生的英语文学素养，促进大学生的全面发展。
第一，英语课堂上教师注意培养学生对于英语文学的兴趣。大学的英语课，多是大学英语的课程，很多非英语专业学生英语基础较差，对英语不感兴趣，对于英语文学的兴趣就更小。为了提高大学生的英语文学素养，在英语课堂上教师可以注意学生文学的兴趣培养。在讲授教学内容时，继续增强学生对英语语言的喜爱，恰当地为学生介绍文学作品，联系更多的文学信息，将教学内容与英美的文学知识结合在一起，引起学生对英语文学的兴趣。
第二，教学内容多介绍英语文学的相关知识，带领学生学会文学赏析、评论等。大学英语教学的主要内容都是大学英语课程的内容，教师讲授教学内容时比较偏重与英语语言的应用，对于文学作品的分析、文学作品的赏析进行地很少。为了培养学生的英语文学素养，教师可以讲课时注意突出与教学内容相关的文学知识，在为学生讲解知识点的同时带领学生去学习如何赏析文学作品，对于文学作品进行分析评论，为学生推荐适合的文学作品，让学生从文学作品中获得更多的知识，也获得更多的关于世界、人生的思考。
第三，课上教师采取灵活多样的教学方法来进行英语文学的熏陶。在英语教学过程中，教师采取丰富多彩的教学方式和手段来引导学生对英语文学的兴趣，提升学生对文学的敏感度，促进学生的文学积累。一方面，教师可以将文学学习与电影结合起来。很多的文学作品，尤其是经典的文学作品都被后人拍成电影或者电视，而电影、电视是学生容易接受的方式，而且对于学生来说更具吸引力，在电影中学生对于文学作品有所了解，对于英语语言的应用也更清晰。另一方面，教师应该充分利用网络资源，引导学生接触更多的英语文学知识和作品。在当今时代，接触文学不仅靠书籍，还可以更好地利用网络资源。在信息飞速的时代，教师可以积极引导学生利用网络进行文学阅读和文学思考。
第四，布置课下文学的延伸任务，定期检验学生的完成情况。在英语教学过程中，教师要布置恰当的文学阅读任务和文学赏析作业。根据教学内容，向学生推荐英语文学作品，要求学生完成文学作品的相关任务，鼓励学生在进行文学阅读和赏析的任务过程中，进行思考分析，获得更多的知识和思考。对于布置的文学任务，可以定期进行检查，通过写阅读反思、影评等来检验学生对于文学作业的完成情况。
第五，学生自身要转变观念，变被动培养为主动提高。大学生为了就业，更多的人都选择学习实用性强的课程，对于短期内实用效果较小的文学学习却很忽略。要提高大学生的英语文学素养，学生首先要从思想上转变以前的观念，意识到文学学习和提高文学素养对于自身发展的重要性，重视自身英语文学素养的培养。其次在课堂上和课下主动进行文学作品的阅读和学习，配合教师的文学学习的教学，积极完成教师布置的文学相关作业将文学素养的培养当成一项长期的活动。教师在教学中从多方面注重学生英语文学素养的培养，同时大学生也要积极进行英语文学素养的培养，不断提升自身的英语文学素养，促进自身的全面发展。
参考文献
1、基于思维过程的高中英语文学阅读思维型课堂教学架构兰春寿课程.教材.教法2015-12-01期刊1
2、 英语专业体裁文本依托文学课程体系改革效果分析景婧外语界2015-08-25期刊
摘要：总之，动词汉译英的过程就是由“动态”向“静态”转化、由展开型句法结构向浓缩型句法结构转化的过程，也体现了由汉民族思维方式向英民族思维方式转化的过程。
关键词：英语文学;研究生
一、汉语的“动态”与英语的“静态”
动词是表示人或事物动作、行为、发展、变化的词，是最复杂、最活跃的一种词类。英、汉两种语言对动词的概括意义是一样的，但动词的数量及使用频率与方式却并不一样。从总体修辞效果来看，英语呈“静态”，汉语呈“动态”，亦即，英语有一种少用(谓语)动词而用其他手段;而汉语则有一种多用动词的固有习惯。英语每个句子中只能使用一个限定式动词(并列谓语除外);而汉语中却存在着“连动式”和“兼语式”，如“他到了火车站发现火车已经开走了”，及紧缩句，如“我们下雨也去”。英语的限定动词只能做谓语，而汉语中的动词(包括动宾词组、主谓词组等)不仅做谓语，也可做主语，如“理论联系实际是我们党的优良传统”，宾语，如“鲁迅主张打落水狗”，定语，如“讨论的问题很重要”，状语，如“一定要批判地继承我国的文学艺术遗产”和补语，如“小溪旁那些女人们听得笑起来了”。汉语是一种离不开动词的语言，除了部分句子(即名词谓语句如“今天星期六”和形容词谓语句如“他这几天心情很好”)以外，大量的句子都不止使用一个动词，有的句子几乎全句都是动词，如“打得赢就打，打不赢就走，不怕没办法”。汉语的动词还可以重叠和组合构成新的动词，如“走走”、“商量商量”、“看一看”、“打打闹闹”，而英语的动词却不能。另外汉语中为数不多的介词，也大都是从古代汉语动词演变而来的，有些还具备动词的一般特点，称为“半动词”，“副动词”，“汉语中的绝大多数的‘介词’，应该划归动词的范畴，只是入句时，表现了相当于英语介词的作用”，如“他在家”中的“在”为动词，而“他在家看书”中的“在”则为介词。
二、“动态”与“静态”的思维根源
汉语“动态”与英语“静态”之差异，其深层原因在于汉、英民族思维方式的差异：即汉民族重形象思维、重悟性，而西方人重抽象思维、重理性。汉文化的重要特征之一是“尚象”，汉民族习惯于“观物取像”，即取万物之象，加工成为象征意义的符号来反映、认识客观事物的规律，形成了偏重形象，即偏重具体的思维方式;西方文化的重要特征之一是“尚思”，注重逻辑与形式论证，形成了以概念、判断和推理为思维形式，偏重抽象的思维方式。这种思维形式的不同在语言上表现为：英语语言常常使用大量的涵义概括、指称笼统的抽象名词来表达复杂的理性概念，因而显得“虚”和“静”;而汉语则习惯于形象语言，用形象的方法来表达抽象的事物，动词的形象性即满足了中文的需求，由于大量地使用动词，汉语言因而显得“实”和“动”。另外，汉民族相比于西方人更倾向于注重悟性，汉语由意念贯通，行文造句不需要严格的语法规则来规范，词的用法也非常灵活，动词的使用即非常灵活。汉语的动词由于没有形态变化的约束，使用起来十分自由、灵活，可以充当句子的各种成分，也可以连用形成连动式和兼语式，还可以重叠和组合构成新的动词，动词的大量使用使汉语的表达呈现“动态”的倾向。与之相反，西方人更注重理性，注重形式论证，在语言上表现为形态的外漏和形式上的完整，因此行文造句需要严格的语法规则来规范。英语句子有严谨的主谓结构，一个句子结构通常只使用一个谓语动词，大量本应该用动词表达的概念，只能用非谓语动词来表达，或借助于动词以外的词类，主要是由动词派生而来的名词，有时还要借助于介词、副词及由动词转化而来的形容词，这样便产生了动词的虚化和弱化，使得英语的表达呈现“静态”的倾向。
三、汉译英中动词的处理
鉴于学生动态英译文的问题，从“动态”与“静态”这一修辞差异入手来探讨汉译英中汉语动词(不包括判断动词和能愿动词)的处理，应是汉译英教学中的非常重要的一讲。
(一)单动词汉语句子中动词的处理
“英语的静态修辞的实质是名词优势和介词优势，而介词优势又是名词优势的必然结果。因为名词与名词之间要借助介词来联结”。英语倾向于用名词(词组)来表达汉语用动词所表达的概念，即动作、行为、状态等，尤其在科技、法律、政治等正式文体中更是如此。这不仅使英语句子简洁紧凑，也避免了将人牵涉进来，从而使语句意义更加含蓄、间接，符合英民族表达习惯，因而句子优美。因此，在有些情况下，汉语动词并不是译成英语动词，而是要遵循英语的这一修辞特点，进行必要的词性转换，即动词向名词和介词的转化(如a和b)，有时也转化成副词和形容词(如c和d)等，使译文符合英语的句法规律，因而更加地道、更显文采。a.他很贪嘴。.这不符合我们党的政策.ThisisnotinkeepingwithourParty’.桌布铺上了吗?Istheclothon?d.他怀疑我的动机。Heissuspiciousofmyintentions.
(二)多动词汉语句子中动词的处理
汉语注重“动态”描写，一个句子中往往会涌现大量的动词，但并不会引起句子的臃肿和混乱.汉语的动词可以作句子的不同成分;一个句子中可以连用两个或更多的动词作谓语，有时一个句子中会集结异常大量的动词，按照各动作实际上的时间顺序或逻辑上的因果次序，将事件一一如实说出，甚至尽量省略关系词以达到动词集中、动词突出的效果。因此在将汉语句中充当主语、宾语、定语、状语、宾补的动词译成英语时，有的可以省译，有的要进行词性转换或译成非限定动词;在将汉语的连动式结构译成英文时，首先要确定一个主要动词，作为谓语动词，与主语形成SV主干，构成全句中心，其他动词有的可以省译，有的作为次要动词进行词性转换或译成非限定动词、独立主格结构，打破汉语的时间或事理顺序，运用英语所富有的各种关系词或关系手段，适当地将它们嫁接到句子的中心主干上，形成空间立体布局，使句子语义层次分明。当然，在将连动式结构译成英文时，若有两个或以上动词都该是英译文中的谓语动词，则应将其译成并列谓语。但译文谓语动词如果铺排过多，就会显得很累赘，语义层次很不分明，带有浓厚的汉语色彩，这时，应首先采取断句处理。
总之，动词汉译英的过程就是由“动态”向“静态”转化、由展开型句法结构向浓缩型句法结构转化的过程，也体现了由汉民族思维方式向英民族思维方式转化的过程。这个过程完成得好，译文就符合英语语言的规范，这个过程完成得不好，译文就会汉化，妨碍了原文内容的确切表达。我们的学生动辄用动词写英语句子，而且多是小短句或简单的复合句，带有浓厚的汉语气息，主要是受汉语“动态”修辞的影响。因此在汉译英教学中，我们一定要引导学生用英语的“静态”修辞进行思维，克服汉语“动态”修辞的影响，为汉译英实践打下良好的基础。
参考文献
1、加拿大英语文学在中国的译介(1949—2009)——兼论社会文化对文学翻译的制约朱振武; 綦亮上海大学学报(社会科学版)