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关于洛丽塔服装的毕业论文

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关于洛丽塔服装的毕业论文

愚蠢的ww..

首先是因为洛丽塔他的制作相对来说会更加复杂一些,而且款式的设计也是比较麻烦的。布料的选择也是很严格的。

洛丽塔之所以卖这么贵,主要是有三方面的原因:洛丽塔群体小,需求少、洛丽塔需要专门设计和人工制作、洛丽塔的用料多。

先从洛丽塔的群体来说,喜欢洛丽塔的人其实很少,在Cosplay圈里面,最少的群体基本上可以算是洛丽塔群体了,原因也很简单,因为洛丽塔的衣服很贵,相比于其它的JK或者动漫人物的服装,洛丽塔的价格通常是它们的数倍之上,而且洛丽塔这种衣服并不能当常服来使用,穿着也不方便,这就导致了洛丽塔群体进一步减少。而且即使是现存的洛丽塔群体,大多数都是租衣服或者合买的,因为自己单独买一件的价格很贵,而且又不经常穿。这里就造就了“物以稀为贵”。

再来说洛丽塔的设计和制作。洛丽塔衣服是没有专门的设计产业的,大多数设计洛丽塔的,但一些设计师私下接单或者想赚外快,才跑去设计的。基本上没有设计师把设计洛丽塔当做主业,因为这样会饿死,这就导致了想要一款自己满意的洛丽塔,基本上需要花费较高的价格去找人设计。而设计完成之后,制作费也是一笔巨款,因为洛丽塔根本没有流水线生产线,全靠人手打造,众所周知,人手制作的衣服是很贵的,这也就是进一步增加了洛丽塔的成本。

最后再来说用料,洛丽塔用料的费用还好,相比于前面的设计和制作费,便宜多了。但依旧是一笔大钱,因为洛丽塔的用料很多,一套洛丽塔的原材料做十件以上的T恤都不算问题。你看那些穿洛丽塔的人也知道,感觉全身都是布料。当然,其实这算是洛丽塔最便宜的一项支出了。

总的来说,洛丽塔之所以贵,就是因为洛丽塔群体太少,导致洛丽塔服装的生产没有形成产业链,这就需要专人设计和专人手工打造,再加上本身不了就多,贵就很正常了。

我认为不一定他的风格适合于20岁以下的这些,青少女年纪太大穿出来的,比如一种超老可笑的感觉。

洛丽塔服装毕业论文

西方人说的“洛丽塔”女孩是那些穿着超短裙化着成熟妆容但又留着少女刘海的女生,但是当“洛丽塔”流传到日本,日本人就将其当成天真可爱少女的代名词,统一将14岁以下的女孩称为“洛丽塔代”,而且态度变成“女郎强穿少女装”,即成熟女人对青涩女孩的向往,而几乎所有东方型的“洛丽塔”,都以影片《下妻物语》里的宫廷娃娃时装作为标准来打扮自己,港版“洛丽塔”由此而来巴洛克、洛可可、哥特都是最先体现在建筑上的洛可可---妩媚 巴洛克-- 线条型强,柔性 哥特风格--- 尖,角多,显得阴沉,多以中教建筑为主 还有波西米亚风格后现代主义风格未来主义风格印第安风格

愚蠢的ww..

论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita, the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and conflict. Charlotte Haze, an American, is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert, a European. She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is, but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s background. Humbert has no such reverence for Charlotte. He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture, and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded housewife. However, he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American road. He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way around. Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together, their union is clearly not based on understanding or acceptance. Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion, which he overtly links to art, history, and culture, and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate her. Eventually, Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty, who does not bore her with high culture or grand passions.偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis, and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic, logical explanations. In the foreword to Lolita, John Ray, Jr., ., claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry, but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study, heaping the most scorn on Freudian psychology. For example, he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the sanitarium. He reports mockingly that Pratt, the headmistress of Lolita’s school, diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature, wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her stepfather. By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field, Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being, but not an insane one. Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell, closer to magic than to science. He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous, strange, and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy classification. Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry, and Lolita is, in a way, an attack on the field.以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关,但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles, and, alienated from the societies with which they are familiar, they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to apply. Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America, while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte dies. She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with Humbert. Together, they move constantly and belong to no single fixed place. The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient, belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific place. In open, unfamiliar territory, Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules, where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and corrupt. Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions are. Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity, and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom, their exile ultimately traps them. Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go, and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita, he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he dies. Though each of them undergoes one final exile, Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison, it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves, an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once left. Exile in Lolita is tragic and permanent.来源sparksnotes, 有角色分析和分篇的summary

另类的突围 每个时代都有那么一种主流,压倒一切,以无可辩驳的姿态居于史书的中央。殊不知,在书页的边角,有不凡的力量在涌动,突破主流的围堵,以强硬的精神决然而立,即所谓的另类。??? 社会的存在不免人们有一种共同的志趣与追求,战国时期的诸侯们渴求占领与吞并,唐宋时期的人们碌碌于功名,现代工业社会的大众在埋头于机件厂,着力于打造出完美的生活方式,精神乃至于人们自身。然而,另类的存在似乎是大众化编程过程中的一个错误,但这个错误却是如此美丽与可爱,庄子鼓盆而歌,心怀人贵适志,李白“天子呼来不上船”,因为他“不肯摧眉折腰事权贵,使我不得开心颜。”而钱钟书一介恂恂儒者,也在人生边上风趣地调侃世人的嬉笑怒骂。 当然,“另类们”的另类之处绝不仅仅在于此,更在于他们理解生活最隐密的肌理,深入时代雍塞的脉络,于污黑浊臭中认清时代的溃疡,于黑暗中看到新的希望。这是必须的,社会乃至时代必得要一些不同于这个社会与时代的人来看到它的不足之处方能蹒跚前进。而这些人,这些开拓者,是如此地不为主流所理解,所接纳,他们对“另类”这个称号是如何地嗤之以鼻,心酸于主流大众们的目光短浅。总有些人是站在世界的脊梁上,用海德格尔的话说,便是进行“燃烧着的观看”,灵魂的燃烧,他们的痛苦来源于积累的主流无所察知的黑暗,而他们的坚持来源于他所说的“我愈受苦,愈欢欣。”海子奋力奔向黑暗,以寻找黑暗中央,地狱中央的火焰,他不屑于那些汲汲于功名的人们,而愿以自身的燃烧交换一个更加干净的世界,可惜他太过天真,千钧的黑暗岂是他“青山无柴烧自己”所能照亮的? 我们不禁慨叹,另类太少了,而且还越来越少了,螳臂当车的你们是否也到了灰心失意的境地?现在呢?主流的众人们伏首于劳绩,鲜有人直立起本应不同于兽的膝头,而直抵青天。浩浩荡荡的人群在世间穿梭奔走,主流与另类的界限日趋模糊,更可悲的是,竟有些许人自画界限,标榜自己为另类,这可真让古时候那些高蹈出世,千金裘拿来换美酒的谪仙们哑然失笑:“此狂夫之大者也!”

《洛丽塔》英文毕业论文

真行 居然要写这个题目 我太惊讶了不过还真难 你给我10000分我也写不出来ps 我也是罗莉控啊哈哈哈

是《一树梨花压海棠》这部电影么?就是一个中年人爱上一小丫头的那个。

The story is about a middle-aged men and underage girls between Lolita adultery. Professor of French at the university by a living Heng Bote over middle-aged, since the young girl died when the first love, the heart hidden in a gentle and molested a total nightmare. Young teenage girls who were right he has an irresistible magical appeal. An accidental opportunity, he became Charlotte (Lolita's mother) and tenants. Madly in love with Charlotte, he was as young as 14-year-old daughter - Lolita. In the meantime, Charlotte is also eyeing Hengbo Te, are determined to find backers for himself and Lolita. In order to be able to continue with the heart of the Wizard - Lolita live together, Heng Bote Charlotte married against their wife. But in the end Charlotte was found on his daughter's fascination with Heng Bote. Charlotte anger out of the house, but died in a car accident. Heng Bote Thus began a period of Lolita with highways everywhere fled the United States of incest love ... ... until the beginning Kuangzao's Lolita finally left him tired. Have lost their lives in the wizard Heng Bote killed in despair and sorrow of the original Lolita abducted men -克拉尔昆宁. When Three years later, he was the desolation he had waited at the house of life, and Lolita, the Received a letter from Lolita, Lolita, and another man got married, pregnant and in need of money, he was driving a car, go to the person who loved life in town, he gave the money Lolita 4000 time, she was pleasantly surprised, but unwilling to be with him. The final outcome is gunshots, blood and despair. He died of heart attack in 1950, in prison. Christmas 1950, Lolita dies in childbirth.

论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita, the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and conflict. Charlotte Haze, an American, is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert, a European. She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is, but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s background. Humbert has no such reverence for Charlotte. He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture, and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded housewife. However, he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American road. He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way around. Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together, their union is clearly not based on understanding or acceptance. Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion, which he overtly links to art, history, and culture, and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate her. Eventually, Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty, who does not bore her with high culture or grand passions.偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis, and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic, logical explanations. In the foreword to Lolita, John Ray, Jr., ., claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry, but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study, heaping the most scorn on Freudian psychology. For example, he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the sanitarium. He reports mockingly that Pratt, the headmistress of Lolita’s school, diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature, wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her stepfather. By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field, Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being, but not an insane one. Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell, closer to magic than to science. He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous, strange, and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy classification. Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry, and Lolita is, in a way, an attack on the field.以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关,但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles, and, alienated from the societies with which they are familiar, they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to apply. Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America, while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte dies. She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with Humbert. Together, they move constantly and belong to no single fixed place. The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient, belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific place. In open, unfamiliar territory, Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules, where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and corrupt. Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions are. Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity, and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom, their exile ultimately traps them. Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go, and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita, he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he dies. Though each of them undergoes one final exile, Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison, it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves, an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once left. Exile in Lolita is tragic and permanent.来源sparksnotes, 有角色分析和分篇的summary

毕业论文洛丽塔创作

论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita, the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and conflict. Charlotte Haze, an American, is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert, a European. She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is, but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s background. Humbert has no such reverence for Charlotte. He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture, and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded housewife. However, he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American road. He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way around. Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together, their union is clearly not based on understanding or acceptance. Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion, which he overtly links to art, history, and culture, and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate her. Eventually, Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty, who does not bore her with high culture or grand passions.偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis, and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic, logical explanations. In the foreword to Lolita, John Ray, Jr., ., claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry, but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study, heaping the most scorn on Freudian psychology. For example, he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the sanitarium. He reports mockingly that Pratt, the headmistress of Lolita’s school, diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature, wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her stepfather. By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field, Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being, but not an insane one. Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell, closer to magic than to science. He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous, strange, and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy classification. Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry, and Lolita is, in a way, an attack on the field.以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关,但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles, and, alienated from the societies with which they are familiar, they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to apply. Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America, while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte dies. She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with Humbert. Together, they move constantly and belong to no single fixed place. The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient, belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific place. In open, unfamiliar territory, Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules, where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and corrupt. Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions are. Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity, and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom, their exile ultimately traps them. Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go, and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita, he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he dies. Though each of them undergoes one final exile, Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison, it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves, an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once left. Exile in Lolita is tragic and permanent.来源sparksnotes, 有角色分析和分篇的summary

与社会状况无关,作者自得其乐的作品而已。

愚蠢的ww..

真行 居然要写这个题目 我太惊讶了不过还真难 你给我10000分我也写不出来ps 我也是罗莉控啊哈哈哈

关于塔塔的毕业论文

字意: 塔塔,纯洁的代名词.在印度最大的钢铁厂——塔塔钢铁公司的大门口,矗立着一座巨大的铜像,他以深邃而安详的目光,宛如佛陀一般俯视着进进出出上下班的员工们。这就是塔塔财团的创始人贾姆谢特吉·塔塔的塑像。时至今日,还经常有人在铜像脖子上挂上美丽的花环,以表达对他的尊敬与爱戴之情。2006~2007年度集团的总收入289亿美元,市值620亿美元。在2006年11月福布斯发布的全球最受尊敬的企业排名中(由美国声誉研究会评选),位居第20位,是印度企业排名最高的企业。贾姆谢特吉及其塔塔家族所谱写的一部塔塔财团的发家史,犹如印度工业发展的缩影,在印度工业发展史上占有极其重要的地位。塔塔家族是印度的少数民族——帕西族人。帕西族人数虽少,却大多以经商为生。贾姆谢特吉的父亲努塞尔万吉也是一个商人,从19世纪50年代开始与人合伙在孟买开了一家小商行。贾姆谢特吉从小就跟随父亲,来往于孟买与中国的香港、上海之间,做棉花、茶叶、丝织品等进出口生意。1857年和1867年,英国殖民者先后发动了侵略伊朗和阿比西尼亚(埃塞俄比亚)的战争,父子俩为英国殖民者供应军需品而发了财。贾姆谢特吉之所以姓塔塔,还有一段有趣的来历。帕西族人的姓多数来源于他们所从事的职业。贾姆谢特吉每次将供给阿比西尼亚英国军队的货物装上船后,总要目送轮船驶离孟买港,这时,他嘴里总爱道声TaTa(再见的意思),久而久之,塔塔就成为他的姓了。贾姆谢特吉年轻时在英殖民政府的艾尔芬斯顿学院读书,受西方文化熏陶,毕业后多次去英国,并周游过远东、中东。他痛感印度工商业的落后,立志要改变印度落后的农业经济,把印度建设成为世界上第一流的工业园。

拉坦·塔塔是印度企业界的杰出代表。他掌管着一个庞大的商业帝国,经营领域从茶叶到钢铁、IT无所不包。身为旗下钢铁企业Tata Steel董事长的塔塔前不久,指挥公司斥资120亿美元收购了规模是其四倍的英-荷钢铁企业Corus,合并后的公司一举成为世界第五大钢铁生产商。塔塔同时还担任Tata Tea、Tata Motors及IT服务企业Tata Consultancy的董事长。他是Tata Sons执行委员会的主席,Tata Sons在Tata系所有公司均持有大量股份,同时还负责制定这些公司的全面发展战略。 二十六岁的时候,塔塔曾在Tata Steel的高炉旁工作,后来先后到美国康乃尔大学和哈佛大学学习建筑和管理,1991年,在集团创建150年的时候,塔塔成为集团董事长。那时,印度开始逐渐脱离社会主义,Tata集团下面大大小小有250家公司,其中许多公司经营状况很差。塔塔将公司数缩减到90家,并将Tata Consultancy募股上市。至今,Tata Consultancy的股价上涨了50%。塔塔不满足于自己的企业只在印度打拼,他一直敦促管理人士到海外开拓业务。 当2001年美国俄亥俄州立大学授予拉坦·塔塔荣誉博士头衔时,该校学位委员会给出的评价是:拉坦是“极具国际化商业眼光,在印度商业社会扮演领导者角色”的企业家。与此同时,站在授奖台上的拉坦也听到了来自国际经济学界的一种强烈声音:全球化进程会使家族企业起家的塔塔走向灭亡。国际化市场对于塔塔集团前领导人来说如同天方夜谭。因此,当接受过西方管理思维教化与熏陶的拉坦执掌帅印之后,6年多来,塔塔频繁穿梭于全球85个国家,向世界范围内的目标企业成功发动了30多场资本并购,其中有茶叶、汽车、电信、酒店、软件等国际收购。 当然,在迄今为止所有的跨国收购案中,2007年,塔塔以3亿美元收购了新加坡大众钢铁公司,以137亿美元收购了欧洲第二大钢铁企业、也是英国最大的钢铁制造商哥鲁氏。吃进哥鲁氏,对于塔塔而言无疑最具有标志性意义,这桩资本并购不仅创下了印度企业海外收购金额的最高记录,而且使塔塔摇身变成了年产2350万吨的全球钢铁行业老五,塔塔的国际业务收入占比从35%跃升至65%,成为名副其实的全球公司。拉坦·塔塔讲述公司在培育印度的广阔市场的同时如何注重拓展国外市场。印度全球化经济的希望、挑战与机遇是与塔塔集团以及塔塔集团董事长拉坦·塔塔(RatanTata)紧密相连的。塔塔集团是印度第二大集团企业,其核心业务从钢铁、汽车制造通信产业发展到软件、咨询业、酒店业及日用消费品领域。自从拉坦·塔塔1991年接任以来,已经走过了很长的道路。1991年,印度开始了经济改革,成为世界上经济增长最快的国家之一。当毕业于美国康奈尔大学建筑系的拉坦·塔塔从他的叔叔.塔塔接过权杖时,公司的发展已经减缓。拉坦·塔塔开始进行公司的联合,重新调整核心业务,将原先独立的100多项业务实行现代化管理。借助于塔塔咨询服务公司迅速发展的软件业务的资金支持以及印度经济的增长,拉坦对最大的几个子公司进行了股份的重组,这其中包括塔塔汽车、塔塔钢铁。 2000年塔塔集团收购了的英国TetleyTea茶叶公司,在这次成功收购后,塔塔集团又进行了众多海外并购和投资,其中包括即将尘埃落定的对福特旗下的豪华汽车品牌捷豹和路虎的收购。

1869年,贾姆谢特吉在印度中部创办了第一家棉纺厂。当时为了节省开支,买了英国的低价设备,结果生产的纱质量很次,销售困难,两年后就关闭了。他很快从失败中吸取了教训,重又在那格柏省的棉花产地建了一座现代化的纺织厂。他与朋友筹集了150万卢比,从美国进口最新的设备,比当时英国兰开夏纺织业中心的设备还要先进。1877年1月1日,这家名为中印度纺织制造公司的纺织厂正式投产。贾姆谢特吉在这个厂推行资本主义的生产管理制度,实行印度从未有过的技术和劳动福利措施。他在印度第一个实行工人8小时工作制,第一个实行假日照付工资,第一个实行养老金,第一个实行分红。其结果,这家工厂在头18年中年均利润率达20%,为塔塔进一步扩大工业投资积累了资金。1885年,努塞尔万吉去世,贾姆谢特吉正式成为塔塔家族的首脑。1886年他建立了司瓦德希纺织厂,1898年又创办了闻名世界的泰姬陵旅馆。泰姬陵旅馆为世界十大旅馆之一。到19世纪末,塔塔家族已经成为印度的首富。根据西方发达国家成功的经验,贾姆谢特吉认为要实现印度工业化必须依靠钢铁、电力和科学技术。钢铁是重工业之母,电力可提供廉价能源,科技带动生产。 19世纪末20世纪初,贾姆谢特吉着手筹建钢铁厂。他一边到国外考察一边设法筹募资金。最初他曾要求英国殖民当局提供贷款,但遭到拒绝。他又寻求德国和美国公司的帮助,它们分别答应提供技术人员和设备,但均不同意给贷款。1904年,贾姆谢特吉在德国筹资时因病与世长辞。建厂的任务落在了他的两个儿子杜拉布和拉坦以及侄儿R·D·塔塔肩上。外国人宣称印度生产钢铁是不可能的事并拒给贷款,杜拉布他们就转向孟买的父老乡亲筹款。适逢印度掀起了一场抵制洋货的运动,他们利用这个机会,很快就向8000名投资者发行了价值168万英镑的钢铁厂股票。不久塔塔又发行了400万英镑的债券。与此同时,他们征求专家的意见,经过地质调查论证,在白哈省一片丛林中选定了厂址。为纪念创建人贾姆谢特吉,他们把这片土地取名为贾姆谢普尔。1907年,塔塔钢铁公司终于成立,最初的资本为2000万卢比,职工9000人,年产铁16万吨,钢10万吨。1914年第一次世界大战爆发,英国殖民当局需要大量铁轨和钢材运往美索不达米亚、埃及、巴勒斯坦和东非战场,开始向塔塔钢厂定货。战争期间塔塔钢厂共销售了1500英里长的铁轨和近30万吨钢材,盈利万卢比。战争结束后,塔塔钢厂即面临欧美钢铁公司的倾销。到1924年,塔塔钢厂几乎处于破产的边缘,连工资都发不出来。杜拉布临危不惧,以价值1000万卢比的个人财产和妻子的首饰做抵押,从印度帝国银行获得1000万卢比贷款,终于使钢厂转危为安。后来,多亏尼赫鲁和印度国大党奋力向英国殖民当局交涉,才迫使它同意印度对进口钢铁实行关税保护,并给塔塔钢厂3年的铁轨定货单。在这场维持生存的斗争中,尽管没有一名工人被裁减,但股东们在13年中有12年没有分红。30年代初,由于日本加入竞争,塔塔钢铁公司同英国钢铁公司建立了友好关系,双方达成协议,由塔塔钢厂将钢铁运送英国压成马口铁再向印度出口,享受低关税待遇。后来塔塔独自建立了一个马口铁厂。到1933年,塔塔钢板产量达万吨,占国内市场供应量的72%。30年代末,钢产量上升为60万~70万吨,在印度钢铁市场占垄断地位。 在办好钢铁厂的同时,杜拉布还继承父亲的遗志,于1910年创建了塔塔水力发电公司,为当时印度的第一家水电站。几年后,又相继建立了安得拉河谷电力公司和塔塔电力公司,担负起孟买乃至全印度的工业和照明用电的重任。杜拉布表示:发财是我一生中奋斗的第二目标,改善我国人民的工业和知识条件才是我第一位不变的愿望。他认为只有水力发电才能使孟买成为无烟城。到60年代,塔塔电力系统有3个水电站、4个火电站,发电能力达606兆瓦,基本满足孟买地区的需要,实现了杜拉布的愿望。杜拉布还在1913年建立了一家水泥公司,开发了一个煤矿,并与别人合伙创办中央银行。1917年塔塔家族引进英国人的经理行制度,创办了第一家经理行塔塔子孙公司。杜拉布于1932年去世,而他的弟弟拉坦已在1918年病逝。他们膝下无子。塔塔家族的传宗接代落在R·D·塔塔一系。R·D·塔塔在法国经商时,娶法国姑娘苏尼为妻。他们共有5个孩子。长子J·R·D塔塔便成了塔塔家族第三代传人,也是整个塔塔家族中最有才干的创业者,他是今日塔塔财团的奠基人。 J·R·D·塔塔全名为詹汉格·拉坦吉·达巴海·塔塔,生于1904年,小时在法国上学。邻居路易斯是一位传奇式的法国飞行员,因在1909年第一个飞越英吉利海峡而闻名于世。飞机就停在屋旁的沙滩上,供游人观赏。小J·R·D·塔塔更是着了迷,立志长大后也要像路易斯一样驾机翱翔在蓝天上。1923年10月,19岁的J·R·D·塔塔跟一名英语老师补习英语,准备报考剑桥大学。不料,补习期未满,法国颁布法令:年满20岁的男青年都得服兵役。因此,他没有能上大学,而到法国陆军中服兵役。一年期满后,他希望在军队中多逗留一段时候,并选修军官课程。但他父亲不同意,坚持要他回孟买到塔塔企业工作。他刚回孟买不久,他原来所在的部队调到摩洛哥去打仗。遭到敌人伏击,无一人生还。他虽然感激父亲把他召回孟买,使他幸免于难,但仍抱怨父亲没有让他去读剑桥大学。他父亲认为学位对塔塔家族并不重要,而他自己一生都以未读剑桥大学为憾。1925年,J·R·D·塔塔任塔塔钢铁公司总经理助理。他父亲对总经理彼得森说:希望你多多关照我的儿子。彼得森让人在其办公室一角放一张写字台给J·R·D·塔塔办公。从那时起,每份呈送给总经理的公文都经过J·R·D·塔塔的手,每份由总经理批发的文件也让J·R·D·塔塔过目后再发。重要谈话也都让J·R·D·塔塔参加,并做记录。这样,J·R·D·塔塔从彼得森那里学到许多东西,对他今后事业发展有极大的影响。1926年,他父亲又派他到塔塔钢厂去见习。那时他父亲已经70岁,决定与其他儿女一起去巴黎度暑假。一个星期六,他父亲与女儿西尔拉跳舞,突然心脏病发作,倒地而亡。年仅22岁的J·R·D·塔塔,就成了一家之主,并开始继承父亲在塔塔钢铁公司的常务董事职位。在这期间,他仍酷爱飞行,刚满24岁,就以第一名的成绩获得印度第一张商业驾驶执照。1932年,他从英国购买了两架单引擎飞机。当年的10月15日,他首次驾机从卡拉奇经阿默达巴德到孟买作邮政飞行,这标志着印度航空事业的开端。从这时起,他开始组建塔塔航空公司。开业头一年,公司就获利1000万卢比。第二年航班已达到100%正点,而另一家帝国航空公司正点率只有80%。从1946年开始,塔塔航空公司改为印度航空公司,与政府合营客运业务,塔塔家族控股40%。1953年,J·R·D·塔塔担任印度航空公司的董事长。直到82岁,他仍能自己驾驶飞机,对飞行的酷爱丝毫未减。 1938年,塔塔钢铁公司董事长诺努吉赴欧洲商务旅行时突然去世,34岁的J·R·D塔塔正式成为塔塔财团首脑。他除了保持塔塔家族的优良传统外,在企业管理上进行了大胆革新,从家族统治转向专业人员管理。在那个时代,几乎没有一家印度企业不是家族成员管理企业,他显示出非凡的远见与超人的胆略。他只担任塔塔钢铁公司、塔塔子孙公司的董事长,而把纺织公司、电力公司等公司的董事长职位让给别人。他认为如果这些公司的董事长都由他一人担任,那他就只能整天开董事会了,而不能做一些开拓性的工作。此外,他还聘请最有才干的法律专家、经济学家、金融专家和专业技术管理人才到塔塔公司任职,充分体现了他任人唯贤的指导思想。在这些能人的经营管理下,塔塔财团不断发展壮大。到1993年为止,财团的13家大公司的资产总额为亿美元,总产值为亿美元,始终保持印度第一财团的地位。J·R·D·塔塔依照财团创始人贾姆谢特吉的遗训,一贯支持科学教育事业的发展。第二次世界大战爆发后,印度原子能科学家霍米从剑桥大学毕业后回到印度。他31岁被选为英国皇家科学院院士,在班加罗尔的科学研究所研究宇宙射线。1943年他写信给J·R·D·塔塔寻求财政支持,J·R·D·塔塔表示将由塔塔信托基金鼎力相助。1945年6月塔塔基础物理研究所正式建立,接着又设立了特朗贝原子能研究所。这里成了印度实施原子能计划的摇篮。 从60年代开始,J·R·D·塔塔积极向国外拓展,在国际市场上大展宏图。他首先打入国际咨询服务市场。1968年创建了塔塔咨询工程公司,其咨询业务范围包括对电话、化工、化肥、农业、医药、科技等部门的工程进行技术和经济可行性研究,提出详细工程报告、工程选址、成套设计、施工监督、人员培训等。该公司拥有1000名工程师和建筑专家,国外业务占公司收入的1/33。塔塔咨询服务公司是J·R·D·塔塔建立的第二家咨询公司,它提供有关最新的企业组织、市场研究和管理技术咨询。现有1300名专家,大都是来自欧美和印度的著名大学、研究所的博士和硕士。他们的学术背景和在国际大公司工作的经验,使之成为印度独一无二的头脑库。世界银行、福特基金会等经常要求这家公司提供有关印度的研究报告。自1971年以来,它已为英、美等24个国家的75个机构完成150多项咨询。1983年的国外收入为600万美元。1995年的软件咨询服务出口创汇为9000万美元,占全国软件出口收入的12%。在建立咨询公司的同时,J·R·D·塔塔也注意到计算机工业发展的诱人前景。当时国际商用机器公司在印度已建立了牢固的市场,J·R·D·塔塔不畏风险,敢于进入计算机领域,与外国大公司一争雌雄。它与美国底特律的巴勒斯公司合作建立了塔塔一巴勒斯计算机公司,除制造计算机硬件外,还编制了软件向巴勒斯公司出口。公司成立不久便确立了技术与市场的领先地位。60年代初,塔塔还与美国埃尔克西国际公司、新加坡发展银行一起,在新加坡建立了塔塔一埃尔克西计算机公司,公司很快就打入到东南亚、澳大利亚、新西兰、中东以及中国等地的计算机市场。此外,J·R·D·塔塔还在成套设备出口、棕榈油、商用车辆等方面打入到国际市场。塔塔财团成为当今第三世界最大的跨国集团之一。J·R·D·塔塔作为工业家、印度航空事业创始人、经济分析家、社会评论家以及科学、文化和管理研究所的奠基人奋斗了半个世纪。他是个非常有远见的人。在尼赫鲁总理实行优先发展重工业的时期,他就抨击苏联模式,主张经济自由化,是印度经济改革的支持者。他对于塔塔财团的发展,甚至对于整个印度工业的发展都贡献巨大,功不可没。 随着年事已高,J·R·D·塔塔开始考虑接班人的问题。1980年他因心绞痛发作而住院,更增添了他物色继承人的紧迫感。第二年,他就让他的侄子拉坦·塔塔担任塔塔工业公司的董事长,使之坐上财团的第二把交椅。1991年3月25日,他正式辞去塔塔子孙公司董事长的职位,由 接任。拉担·塔塔是塔塔财团的第四代传人。1993年11月29日,J·R·D·塔塔在瑞士一家疗养院病逝,终年89岁。遵照遗言,葬于巴黎家族墓地,他的父母和两个弟弟均安葬于此。对于他的逝世,印度总统、总理和工商界都表示沉痛哀悼。拉奥总理对他予以高度评价:J·R·D·塔塔光辉的一生留下了人类奋斗的印记。(1996年,张敏秋教授--北京大学国际关系学院教授。专著《恒河明珠——塔塔》,论文《塔塔企业集团成功之路》。2007年8月又出版了《印度塔塔集团——新兴市场中的成功典范一书》)

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