《在世界中心呼唤爱》是我一个朋友非常喜欢的日本电影，我看《情书》看一次哭一次，《导盲犬小Q》，地球人都知道的感人好片。
别的不知道.以下是我看过觉得好的.导盲犬小Q情书东京物语
吴鲁鄂教授，女，研究生导师。1954年11月24日出生，山东省宁阳县人，汉族，中国共产党党员。1976年毕业于武汉大学外语文系日语专业，留校任教。1980年9月至1981年7月在北京中日合办的日语教师研修中心进修。1985年4月至1988年3月在日本大妻女子大学国文学系攻读日本近代文学硕士学位，1988年3月获得学位回国。1990年9月至12月，赴日本东京参加日本国际交流中心组织的日语教师研修班，被国家教委指派为中方团长。1980年定为助教，1988年晋升为讲师，次年晋升为副教授。1997年晋升为教授。主要科研方向是日本近代作家与作品研究，曾发表过“夏日漱石与老庄思想”等论文。著有《夏漱石与中国文化》一书，1989年武汉大学出版社出版。(因本人现在日本讲学详情待归国后续上)?李国胜教授，男，硕士生导师。1976年毕业于武汉大学外文系日语专业，后留校任教，一直担任日语专业高年级的文学史、古代文选、报刊阅读、古典文法、阅读、口译、视听、语言文化等课程。1984～1986年留学日本同志社大学文学部获文学硕士学位。1991～1995年任日本同志社大学客座研究员、客座教授。现任外语学院副院长、日文系主任、中国日语教学研究会常务理事、中华日本学会理事、湖北省翻译协会理事。主要成果除译著《仇恨的证明》(小说)、《曾根崎殉情》(剧本)、《岩长姬》(剧本)、《中国汉语故事》(汉译日)以及电影之外，还在国内外发表论文多篇，如：《<菊花の约>考》、《中国古典剧〈曾根崎〉殉情》の形成过程——文学脚本から演出脚本へ》、《上田秋成〈蛇胜之淫〉与冯梦龙的〈白娘子永镇雷锋塔〉》、《〈曾根崎心中〉の中国语翻译の思考》、《日本古典小说〈雨月物语〉题解补说》、《文学的世界性与高校日本文学课的教学》、《日中颜色词与文化刍议》、《中日“厕”语与文化小考》等等。
李修平大李瑞英 1961年7月16日
The umbrella is invented in China. Allegedly, early in the spring and autumn carrying in ancient China famous craftsman lu, often in fieldwork, often be rain drenched. Lu wife cloud, seeing her husband's so hard, he want to do a can block rain things. She put the bamboo chopped into researchers, the researchers on the covered skins, looking like "pavilion", and receive zhang freely, is really "furl such as bars, open as cover". This creates a later umbrella. Ancient umbrella also San San namely, writing umbrella also. 雨伞是我国发明的。 据说，早在春秋末年，我国古代的著名工匠鲁班，常在野外作业，常被雨雪淋湿。鲁班的妻子云氏，看到丈夫这样辛苦，就想做一种能遮雨的东西。她把竹子劈成细条，在细条上蒙上兽皮，样子很像“亭子”，而且收张自如，真是“收拢如棒，张开如盖”。这就形成了以后的伞。古时伞也写作馓，馓即伞也。
The oiled paper umbrella was a kind of things that we used to avoid rain several years now we use nowdays are more convenience for can be put then we hardly got wet under unbrellas several decades ago people may got wet if the heavy rain unbrella have the similar structure as traditional the materials it used are much more better than many patterns are on the unbrella now.
Lantern Festival The 15th day of the 1st lunar month is the Chinese Lantern Festival because the first lunar month is called yuan-month and in the ancient times people called night Xiao. The 15th day is the first night to see a full moon. So the day is also called Yuan Xiao Festival in China. According to the Chinese tradition, at the very beginning of a new year, when there is a bright full moon hanging in the sky, there should be thousands of colorful lanterns hung out for people to appreciate. At this time, people will try to solve the puzzles on the lanterns and eat yuanxiao (glutinous rice ball) and get all their families united in the joyful atmosphere. History Until the Sui Dynasty in the sixth century, Emperor Yangdi invited envoys from other countries to China to see the colorful lighted lanterns and enjoy the gala（节日的，庆祝的） the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in the seventh century, the lantern displays would last three days. The emperor also lifted the curfew（宵禁令）， allowing the people to enjoy the festive lanterns day and night. It is not difficult to find Chinese poems which describe this happy the Song Dynasty, the festival was celebrated for five days and the activities began to spread to many of the big cities in China. Colorful glass and even jade were used to make lanterns, with figures from folk tales painted on the , the largest Lantern Festival celebration took place in the early part of the 15th century. The festivities continued for ten days. Emperor Chengzu had the downtown area set aside as a center for displaying the lanterns. Even today, there is a place in Beijing called Dengshikou. In Chinese, Deng means lantern and Shi is market. The area became a market where lanterns were sold during the day. In the evening, the local people would go there to see the beautiful lighted lanterns on , the displaying of lanterns is still a big event on the 15th day of the first lunar month throughout China. People enjoy the brightly lit night. Chengdu in Southwest China's Sichuan Province, for example, holds a lantern fair each year in the Cultural Park. During the Lantern Festival, the park is literally an ocean of lanterns! Many new designs attract countless visitors. The most eye-catching lantern is the Dragon Pole. This is a lantern in the shape of a golden dragon, spiraling up a 27-meter -high pole, spewing fireworks from its mouth. It is quite an impressive sight! Origin There are many different beliefs about the origin of the Lantern Festival. But one thing for sure is that it had something to do with religious legend tells us that it was a time to worship Taiyi, the God of Heaven in ancient times. The belief was that the God of Heaven controlled the destiny of the human world. He had sixteen dragons at his beck and call and he decided when to inflict drought, storms, famine or pestilence（瘟疫）upon human beings. Beginning with Qinshihuang, the first emperor to unite the country, all subsequent emperors ordered splendid ceremonies each year. The emperor would ask Taiyi to bring favorable weather and good health to him and his people. Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty directed special attention to this event. In 104 BC, he proclaimed it one of the most important celebrations and the ceremony would last throughout the legend associates the Lantern Festival with Taoi *** . Tianguan is the Taoist god responsible for good fortune. His birthday falls on the 15th day of the first lunar month. It is said that Tianguan likes all types of entertainment. So followers prepare various kinds of activities during which they pray for good third story about the origin of the festival is like this. Buddhi *** first entered China during the reign of Emperor Mingdi of the Eastern Han Dynasty. That was in the first century. However, it did not exert any great influence among the Chinese people. one day, Emperor Mingdi had a dream about a gold man in his palace. At the very moment when he was about to ask the mysterious figure who he was, the gold man suddenly rose to the sky and disappeared in the west. The next day, Emperor Mingdi sent a scholar to India on a pilgrimage（朝圣）to locate Buddhist scriptures. After journeying thousands of miles, the scholar finally returned with the scriptures. Emperor Mingdi ordered that a temple be built to house a statue of Buddha and serve as a repository for the scriptures. Followers believe that the power of Buddha can dispel darkness. So Emperor Mingdi ordered his subjects to display lighted lanterns during what was to bee the Lantern Festival. Yuanxiao Besides entertainment。
Provide a cool environment or shelter umbrella is a tool of rain, snow. Umbrella Umbrella in English es from the Latin of the Umbra, the sense of the shading and shadows. Umbrella production materials usually include the ductility of the cloth, and other materials and can be used as a skeleton line. When using with the hand will lift, although the umbrella in the main purpose of the first invention, are used to blocking sunlight, but most often now regarded as rain rain tool. Umbrella in the other role as decorations, stick weapon, even Hong Kong's old su liang one umbrella is the umbrella as a weapon。
umbrella with a light
这件雨衣和这把雨伞会保护你不被雨淋。
This raincoat and umbrella will protect you from the rain.
给你的雨伞和外衣。
Here's your umbrella and you coat.
在大厅里，我们看到了帽子，外套和雨伞。
In the hall we see a stand for hats, coats and umbrellas.
前几天我和姐姐买了几个孔明灯，准备元宵节放.
A few days ago, my sister and I bought several lanterns, Lantern Festival put ready.
据说孔明灯也叫天灯，三国时期孔明被司马懿率大军围在洛阳，孔明叫人做了很多天灯，人们都喊：“孔明先生做天灯突围了.”围城的曹军信以为真，去追天灯，孔明先生得救了.
It is said that the lanterns is also called the lantern, the Three Kingdoms period of Kong Ming was Sima Yi rate army gathered in Luoyang, Kong Ming lanterns that people do a lot, people shout: "Mr. Kong Ming lanterns to break." The siege of Cao Cao for gospel truth, go after Mr. Kong Ming lantern, saved.
我和妈妈、姐姐、哥哥准备十四晚上放孔明灯.我们先准备了两盒火柴，一个打火机和一根蜡烛，然后兴高采烈的去放孔明灯.到了新天地公园，我们打开了一个红色的孔明灯的袋子，把折叠起来的孔明灯展开，现在孔明灯像一个气球，我把正方形的白色燃料从袋子里拿出来卡在孔明灯底部的铁丝中间.然后用打火机点着蜡烛，再用蜡烛慢慢的点燃料的四个角.这时我才看见孔明灯上印着“放飞梦想”这几个字，就想起放飞孔明灯时可以许一个愿望，于是我们每人许一个愿.然后松开了手让孔明灯随风飘去，一开始还能看见它是一个孔明灯，渐渐的只能看见火焰了，最后连火也变的十分微弱了. 我望着远去的孔明灯，心想：又一个载着梦想的船起航了！
I and my mother, sister, brother for fourteen night put kongmin light. We prepared o box of matches, a lighter and a candle, and then be jubilant to put kongmin light. To the New World Park, we opened a red lanterns bag, put the folded lanterns lanterns expansion, now like a balloon, I put the white fuel square from the bag out the card in the lanterns at the bottom of the wire center. Then with a lighter lit the candle and the four corners with a candle lit material slowly. Then I saw the sky lanterns on the printed "flying dream" this a few word, think of flying lanterns can make a wish, then each of us make a wish. Then loosen the hand let lanterns gone with the wind, is also beginning to see it is a sky lantern, gradually can only see the flames, and finally even the fire has bee very weak. I looked away kongmin light, thought: a dream carrying ship set sail!
Umbrella
Everyone have used an umbrella at least once, right? Have you ever wondered why it was made, who made it, or what were used to create this conviencent tool? If you have, here are the answers.
The umbrella was invented over four thousand years agon by several different countries. There are not any writtened evidence as of which country was the first to invent the umbrellas, but we are able to see umbrellas in numerous ancient artsworks of Egypt, Assyria, Greece, and China.
Ancient Chinese usually use umbrellas in earl spring, and autumn to protect themselves from rain, and sun. Also during fieldworks, farmers often wear a strawhat, which looks similar to an umbrella. This made researchers believe that the strawhat was the first of umbrellas.
在网上搜了一下。。。前两段的内容是网上找来资料然后写的，最后哪段是看楼下的得来的资料。。。所以最后那段有资料不对别来我 ：）
The 1930s saw widespread domestic usage of electric light including early incarnations of the electric light is widely used in our country. It is useful in many ways. For example, we can reading book in the night with light. Some big lamp can be used to heat。
A blackout
It was a very busy evening,I was doing my homework at my father was writing a position in the study mother was interested in Shanghai was watching a Shanghai opera apartment was very the light went was a blackout,but I liked it very came and I didn't have to do my went to the living room very 5 minutes,we all sat in the was a lucky,fortunate said that let's held a parents agreed with took out some candles and lighted were singing,laughing and had a really good while I was singing,the light suddenly turned father went back to his room went on mother turned on the TV and said to me “Dear,do your homework!” I felt very sat at the desk and thought I hated hoped there would be a blackout the next thought I would enjoy myself more and went into a dream……
The umbrella is invented in China.
Allegedly, early in the spring and autumn carrying in ancient China famous craft *** an lu, often in fieldwork, often be rain drenched. Lu wife cloud, seeing her hu *** and's so hard, he want to do a can block rain things. She put the bamboo chopped into researchers, the researchers on the covered skins, looking like "pavilion", and receive zhang freely, is really "furl such as bars, open as cover". This creates a later umbrella. Ancient umbrella also San San namely, writing umbrella also.
雨伞是我国发明的。
据说，早在春秋末年，我国古代的著名工匠鲁班，常在野外作业，常被雨雪淋湿。鲁班的妻子云氏，看到丈夫这样辛苦，就想做一种能遮雨的东西。她把竹子劈成细条，在细条上蒙上兽皮，样子很像“亭子”，而且收张自如，真是“收拢如棒，张开如盖”。这就形成了以后的伞。古时伞也写作馓，馓即伞也。
The umbrella is invented in China.
Allegedly, early in the spring and autumn carrying in ancient China famous craft *** an lu, often in fieldwork, often be rain drenched. Lu wife cloud, seeing her hu *** and's so hard, he want to do a can block rain things. She put the bamboo chopped into researchers, the researchers on the covered skins, looking like "pavilion", and receive zhang freely, is really "furl such as bars, open as cover". This creates a later umbrella. Ancient umbrella also San San namely, writing umbrella also.
雨伞是我国发明的。
据说，早在春秋末年，我国古代的著名工匠鲁班，常在野外作业，常被雨雪淋湿。鲁班的妻子云氏，看到丈夫这样辛苦，就想做一种能遮雨的东西。她把竹子劈成细条，在细条上蒙上兽皮，样子很像“亭子”，而且收张自如，真是“收拢如棒，张开如盖”。这就形成了以后的伞。古时伞也写作馓，馓即伞也。
The basic umbrella was invented over four thousand years ago. We have seen evidence of umbrellas in the ancient art and artifacts of Egypt, Assyria, Greece, and China.
These ancient umbrellas or parasols, were first designed to provide shade from the sun. The Chinese were the first to waterproof their umbrellas for use as rain protection. They waxed and lacquered their paper parasols in order to use them for rain.
The word "umbrella" es from the Latin root word "umbra", meaning shade or shadow. Starting in the 16th century umbrella became popular to the western world, especially in the rainy weather of northern Europe. At first it was considered only an accessory suitable for women. Then the Persian traveler and writer, Jonas Hanway (1712-86), carried and used an umbrella publicly in England for thirty years, and he popularized umbrella use among men. English gentleman often referred to their umbrellas as a "Hanway."
The first all umbrella shop was called "James Smith and Sons". The shop opened in 1830, and is still located at 53 New Oxford St., in London, England.
The early European umbrellas were made of wood or whalebone and covered with alpaca or oiled canvas. The artisans made the curved handles for the umbrellas out of hard woods like ebony, and were well paid for their efforts.
In 1852, Samuel Fox invented the steel ribbed umbrella design. Fox also founded the "English Steels Company", and claimed to have invented the steel ribbed umbrella as a way of using up stocks of farthingale stays, steel stays used in women's corsets. African-American, inventor, William C. Carter patented an umbrella stand (. patent#323,397 - see image left) on August the 8th, 1885.
After that, pact collapsible umbrellas were the next major technical innovation in umbrella manufacture, over a century later.
首先写他的性格，他的性格并不甘于委身在这个大家庭中默默腐朽。他拥有着自己独特的脾气，这种性格一开始时就具有反叛精神。然后可以写他的行为，他的行为不合伦理，但是有这雷雨一样的激烈等我抗争精神。
汉语言文学本科毕业论文题目目录 一、现代汉语部分 二、写作部分 三、文学理论部分 四、美学部分 五、现代文学部分 六、古代文学部分 七、中国当代文学部分 八、语言学概论部分 九、外国文学部分 十、民间文学部分 十一、古代汉语部分 十二、中学语文教育学部分 一、 现代汉语部分 1.著名作家作品语言运作特色的研究 2.讽刺语言中的文化底蕴 3.语法中的语义因素 4.“是”字用法研究 5.语用与语法的关系 6.新兴词缀研究 7.祈非主谓句的修辞作用 8.论动词重叠式的使用条件 9.论句群纳入中学语文教学的实用意义 10.新兴辞格研究 11.语言环境对句式选择的制约作用 12.××方言（包括语音、词汇、语法等部分） 13.××方言现象专题报告 14.代词的语用研究 15.语言副词的语用研究 16.助动词的语用研究 17.时下新词描写 18.句型的语用研究 19.语气词的语用研究 20.言语行为在句子里的表现 二、 写作部分 1.论小说的叙述视角 2.论小说的误乐性 3.心态小说的艺术魅力 4.论现代小说性情节结构类型 5.论小说的新典型观 6.论小说语言的创新 7.论小说的写作技巧 8.论广告辞的审美特性 9.从报告文学的轰动效应探视读者的审美要求 10.试论新时期女性散文的艺术特色 11.试论毕淑敏小说的创作特色 12.试论诗歌中意象的类型与特征 13.论鲁迅小说对人物灵魂的深刻穿透力 14.试论当今散文的发展走向 15.论小说中的意识流手法 16.试论新时期散文创作的艺术特色 17.论新闻文体的审美特质 18.试论新闻写作的真实性 19.论想象在文学创作中的功用 20.试谈散文笔法的多元化趋势 21.论新时期散文的艺术嬗变 22.任选当今一个散文作家的作品进行评论 23.任选当今一个小说作家的作品进行论述 24.论散文的“自叙体”色彩 25.论文学语言的审美特性 26.试论王蒙小说的艺术特色 27.试论王安忆小说的艺术特色 28.论文学人物性格的立体结构 29.意识流写法的魅力 30.任选当今一个诗人的作品进行论述 31.文学创作情感论 32.论张洁小说的艺术三、文学理论部分 1. 论艺术真实 2.论文艺欣赏中的心理距离 3.文艺欣赏中的共鸣与沟通 4.论艺术直觉 5. 论艺术虚构 6.论典型 7.文学流派在艺术创作中的意义 8.简论文学作品形式的独立审美特征 9．新时期文学发展与典型内涵的新变化 10.新时期诗歌审美特点的新变化 11. 论当代中国的大众文化 12.论艺术创作的通感与错位 13.论审美变形 14.论艺术想象在文学创作中的价值 15.论文艺作品可能产生的负面影响 16.论本世纪中国文论的现代性主题 四、美学部分 1.儒家美学在中国古典美学发展史上的地位 2.庄子美学思想对中国艺术精神的影响 3.论朴素美 4.蔡仪美学思想述评 5.朱光潜在当代中国美学史上的地位和作用 6.评李泽厚美学思想 7.中国意境理论的形成和发展 8.禅宗对中国美学发展的影响 9.试论文学语言的审美特征 10.论艺术接受中的个体差异 11.人类审美态度的演进历程 12.论悲剧审美的道德内涵 13.当代中国大学生审美情趣考察 14.论形式美的美育效应 15.美育与社会人文精神的转化与重建 16.美育与社会的文明进步 17.审美与文化的关系 18.略论大众审美文化的历史与现状 19.论宗白华美学思想 20.论审美现代性 21.广告的审美特征论析 22.论诗歌语言五、现代文学部分 1.冰心小诗研究 2.郁达夫小说中的抒情特征 3.郁达夫小说中的自我形象 4.《女神》中的泛神论色彩 5.《故事新编》研究 6.“革命十恋爱”小说模式论 7.《孔乙己》的艺术技巧论 8.《祝福》与中国的祭祀文化 9.鲁迅小说中的知识分子形象 10.进化论与鲁迅思想研究 11.吴荪甫的悲剧特征 12.《腐蚀》的艺术特征 13.朱自清散文的艺术特点 14.徐志摩诗歌研究---以《再别康桥》为例 15.废名小说主题与艺术风格 16.《家》中的两种文化冲突 17.张爱玲小说的主题思想 18.《蚀》与《子夜》的比较分析 19.《四世同堂》的艺术特征 20.进化论与中国现代文学 21.废名小说的艺术风格 22.“五.四”乡土小说研究 23.周作人散文的艺术特点 24.林语堂的散文艺术 25.新感觉派小说艺术 26.“七月”诗派的现实主义特征 27.张天翼小说的讽刺艺术 28.钱钟书《围城》的语言艺术 29.老舍小说中的幽默风格 30.中国现代小说中的散文化问题 31.胡风的诗和诗论 32.路翎小说艺术研究 33.论中国现代文学中的“太阳”意象 34.茅盾小说中的“理性化”特征 35.戴望舒诗歌研究---以《雨巷》为例 36.瞿秋白杂文论 37.萧红小说的艺术特点 38.曹禺《雷雨》的思想主题 39.曹禺剧作的“生命”主题 40.曹禺《雷雨》的结构艺术 41.巴金《激流三部曲》的反封建意义 42.试论高觉新形象 43.《寒夜》中的曾树生形象、汪文宣形象分析 44.鲁迅小说中的农民形象 45.苏青小说研究 46.中国现代作家与中国传统文学（择一角度） 47.艾青诗歌的艺术特征 48.赵树理小说民间化特征 49.论徐志摩的诗 50.论闻一多的诗 51.论钱钟书《围城》的主题思想 52.论穆旦的诗 53.曹禺与夏衍戏剧之比较 54.论沈从文的《边城》 55.萧军小说研究 56.论田汉的戏剧 57.论张爱玲的小说风格 58.丁玲小说研究 六、古代文学部分 1.《诗经》的审美学特色 2.论《诗经》中的征役诗 3.论《诗经》中的婚恋诗 4.论《诗经》中的史诗 5.论《诗经》中的农事诗(其他类型,自拟题目) 6. 论中国古代神话的演变 7. 中国古代神话与原始观念 8. 先秦诸子书寓言研究 9. 先秦史传寓言研究 10. 先秦史书寓言研究(其他类型,自拟题目) 11. 先秦文学与理性精神 12. 《吕氏春秋》与杂家 13. 《诗经》的比兴与《楚辞》的象征 14. 论《左传》的战争描写 15. 论《左传》的妇女形象 16. 《战国策》的艺术成就 17. 《战国策》名篇研究 18. 老子的思想 19. 《老子》的艺术特色 20. 《庄子》的艺术特色 21. 《庄子》寓言的艺术成就 22.孟子论辩散文的艺术风格 23．从《离骚》看屈原的自觉与不自觉 24．《史记》所描写的游侠 25．《史记》所描写的刺客 26. 司马迁的反暴政思想 27．《史记》所描写的战国四公子 28. 《《古诗十九首》的艺术成就 29. 从《氓》到《孔雀东南飞》──论中国古代叙事诗的发展 30. 曹操与诗文革新 31. 论曹操的诗歌创作特色 32. 论曹操的散文创作 33. 论曹丕在中国诗史上的地位 41.论曹丕的文学成就 42.曹植的生平与其诗歌创作的历程 43.论三曹对建安文学的贡献 44.论建安文学的美学倾向 45.阮籍诗歌的美学倾向 46.论陶渊明的田园诗 47.谢灵运与山水诗 48.陆机、潘岳诗文的比较研究 49.《世说新语》的语言技巧 50.《世说新语》的写人技巧 51.《世说新语》与中国古代小说 52.论王维和李白的山水诗 53.论李白的自由精神 54.论李白的情感世界 55.杜甫诗歌的地域色彩 56.论杜甫诗歌的儒家精神 57.试论李白诗歌的浪漫特质 58.论王维的“诗中有画” 59.唐代各类题材诗歌研究(任选一类) 60.唐代各体诗歌研究(任选一体) 61.唐代诗人研究(可选一人,也可选数人进行比较研究) 62.唐诗的精神风貌 63.唐代社会、政治、文化与唐诗创作之关系（可只论述唐诗创作与某一方面因素的关系） 64.对宋诗的研究可参照以上七个方面拟题 65.论李贺诗的怪诞 66.李贺诗与屈原赋 67.论李商隐诗的朦胧美 68.论白居易的新乐府 69.论白居易的感伤诗 70.唐代进士与文学的关系 71.杜牧的史论诗 72.论韩愈散文的“气” 73.柳宗元山水游记的艺术成就 74.唐传奇名篇研究（可任选一篇分析） 75.唐传奇与佛教 76.唐传奇与道教 77.唐传奇题材类型研究（可任选一类题材研究） 78.唐传奇作家研究（可任选一位作家作综合研究） 79.唐传奇的审美风格 80.唐传奇与中国古代小说 81.唐传奇与中国古代戏曲 82.唐传奇的叙事特征 83.唐传奇与中国史传文学 84.唐传奇的抒情特征 85.唐代小说的创作观念 86.唐代小说专书研究 87.唐代小说的各类主题研究 88.唐代各体散文研究 90.唐代散文家研究 91.唐代散文的艺术特色 92.唐代散文的思想特色 93.唐代社会、政治、文化与散文创作之关系 94.对宋文的研究可参照以上诸方向自行拟题 95.苏洵散文研究 96.论苏轼的“超然” 97.试论宋词婉约派在美学上的意义 98.试论宋词豪放派在美学上的意义 99.论皮日休、陆龟蒙的小品文 100.从文艺政策看唐诗的繁荣 101.论文人山水诗的寄托 102.论王安石的咏史诗 103.论杜牧的咏史诗 104.李清照的词论及其实践 105.李清照之人格与风格 106.苏轼各体词研究 107.苏词的风格 108.苏轼的词论特色与其词创作的关系 109.对辛词的研究可参照以上诸方面自行拟题 110.苏、辛词与豪放词派之关系 111.论咏物诗 112.论晚唐小品文的艺术追求 113.温庭筠、韦庄词之比较. 114.论节奏──古典叙事散文的抒情化调节机制 115.《三言》名篇研究（可只取一篇或一个系列分析） 116.《三言》人物形象研究（商人、妇女、僧道、文人、市民等各类人物，可只取其一） 117.《三言》思想倾向研究 118.《三言》创作技巧研究 119.《三言》与中国古代小说之关系 120.《三言》与中国古代社会生活 121.《三言》与冯梦龙的文学创作活动 122.《二拍》研究（参照《三言》研究诸方面自行拟题） 123.明代散曲与民歌 124.牡丹亭的人文主义色彩 125.《郁离子》研究 126.高启诗文的艺术特征 127.吴伟业的叙事诗艺术 128.《花间集》风格论 129.《花间集》题材论 130.《花间集》与唐宋词史 131.论贾宝玉（或林黛玉、薛宝钗、王熙凤） 132.论《红楼梦》的语言艺术 133.《水浒传》人物论（任选其一） 134.《水浒传》风格论 135.《水浒传》接受史 136.《水浒传》与中国文化精神 137.《三国演义》人物形象研究（任选其一） 138.《三国演义》的战争描写 139.《三国演义》与中国文化精神 140.《西游记》孙悟空、唐僧形象分析 141.论《儒林外史》中的知识分子形象 142.论《儒林外史》的讽刺艺术 143.论《聊斋志异》中的女性形象七、中国当代文学部分 1.试论王蒙新时期小说创作的新探索 2.试论谌容小说创作中的女性形象 3.试论蒋子龙笔下的改革者形象 4.试论张贤亮小说创作中的美学特征 5.《茶馆》简论 6.试比较许秀云与胡玉音的艺术形象 7.金庸小说主题论 8.试论梁晓声知青题材小说创作的特色 9.试论高晓声农村题材小说创作的新贡献 10.论莫言《红高梁》系列小说的特征 11.论邓友梅《那五》的艺术典型 12.试论李存葆《高山下的花环》在军事题材小说创作上的新突破 13.试论《人生》中高加林与刘巧珍的爱情悲剧 14.陈忠实《白鹿原》研究（自拟题目） 15.苏童小说研究---以《米》为例 16.余华小说艺术探讨 17.试论宗璞作品中的女性形象 18.试论五十年代的“创业者”梁生宝与八十年代的改革者武耕新形象的异同 19.试论王安忆的小说创作 20.《废都》研究（以《废都》为论述对象，自拟题目，如人物、结构、语言等） 21.试论贾平凹的长篇小说《浮躁》 22.试论刘心武长篇小说《钟鼓楼》或《四牌楼》的思想艺术特色 23.试论王安忆《长恨歌》 24.试论茹志鹃小说创作独具的审美特征 25.阿来小说《尘埃落定》研究 26.试论池莉小说创作的独特风格 27.张平《抉择》的意义 28.试论“先锋派”小说的创新与不足 29.试论“新写实主义”小说的思想倾向与艺术特色 30.试论郭沫若历史剧中的女性形象 31.试论中国当代“女性文学”的崛起、特征及其发展趋势 32.试论贾平凹文学创作的特色 33.试论余秋雨的散文创作 34.试论徐迟对报告文学的新贡献 35.论“朦胧诗”的源起、成就与不足 36.论舒婷诗歌创作的思想意蕴与美学特色 八、语言学概论部分 1.试论语言符号与其他人工符号的异同 2.从社会功能看语言的本质 3.汉语词义的演变 4.××话中常见的语流音变 5.××话一般词汇的消长 6.谈句型变换与语言表达 7.试论词义的模糊性 8.汉字与拼音文字比较研究 9.浅谈语音演变的规律性 10.××方言与普通话语音的对应关系 11.试论社会方言与言语社团的关系 九、外国文学部分 1.评莎士比亚喜剧中的女性形象 2.评莎士比亚悲剧的艺术特色 3.评莫里哀的喜剧艺术 4.评雨果《悲惨世界》的人道主义思想倾向 5.评拜伦诗歌的艺术风格 6.评普希金的抒情诗 7.评巴尔扎克《人间喜剧》中的“金钱”主题 8.评福楼拜的《包法利夫人》（艺术） 9.评左拉创作的自然主义倾向 10.评屠格涅夫的中短篇小说（可选择其中一部） 11.评托尔斯泰的“心灵辩证法”描写艺术 12.评安娜·卡列尼娜的爱情悲剧 13.评陀思妥耶夫斯基小说创作中的“复调”艺术 14.评契诃夫短篇小说艺术 15.评《静静顿河》的艺术成就 16.从《双城记》来看狄更斯的人道主义精神 17.评《简爱》的爱情主题 18.评《呼啸山庄》的艺术特色 19.评哈代《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧 20.评易卜生的社会问题剧 21.论卡夫卡小说的思想艺术特征 十、民间文学部分 1.当代中小学生新编顺口溜论 2.当代社会顺口溜论 3.当代笑话论 4. 论民间文学的实用性 5.论民间文学的流传变异性 6.论民间文学的传统性 7.论民间文学的集体性 8.论民间文学与表演性的关系 9. 论民间文学的历史价值 10. 民间文学与风俗习惯的关系 11.论民间文学的多功能性 12.论民间文学在生产劳动中的实用价值 13.民间文学总结劳动经验论 14.论民间文学的教育功能 15.论民间文学的娱乐功能 16. 民间文学的艺术欣赏价值 17. 论洪水神话 18. 论神话的艺术特征 19.论神话的影响 20.论×地民间传说的主要内容 21.论×地的人物传说 22.论×地的能工巧匠传说 23.论×地的英雄传说 24.论×地的历史传说 25.论×地的地方传说 26．论×地的风俗传说 27.论×地长工与地主的故事 28．论×地的劳动故事 29．论×地的家庭故事 30．论×地的爱情故事 31.论×地生活故事的类型问题 32.论×地的嘲讽笑话 33.论×地的幽默笑话 34.论民间笑话的艺术成就 35.论民间笑话的美学意义 36.论传统民间童话的内容 37.论传统民间童话的分类 38论×地的精灵童话（故事） 40．论×地的人物童话（故事） 41.论×地的童话的艺术特色 42.论×地的民谣 43.论×地的民歌 44.论×地的山歌 45.论×地的民间小调 46.论×族民歌 47.论×地的劳动歌 48.论×地的农民苦歌 49.论×地的长工歌谣 50.论×地的工人苦歌 51.论×地的妇女苦歌 52.论×地的讽刺歌谣 53.论×地的情歌 54.论×地的仪式歌 55.论×地的儿歌、童谣 56.论民间歌谣的艺术特点 57.论×地的政治谚语 58.论×地的劳动谚语 59.论×地的谚语的艺术特点 60.论谜语的历史 61.论×地的谜语内容 62.论×地的谜语分类 63.论地的谜语艺术特征 64.论×地歇后语分类 65.论×地民间长诗的艺术特色 66.论×地相声 67.论×地快书、快板 十一、古代汉语部分 1.论汉字的性质 2.论汉字发展演变的规律 3.许慎六书说论评 4.古汉语的后置定语问题 5.原始汉字的认定及其构形特点 6.“‘何所’十动词”的内部结构层次 7.现代汉字构形特点 8.现代汉字的表记功能 9.论现代汉字中的变体字 10.论现代汉字中的形声字 11.论现代汉字中的会意字 12.论现代汉字中的象形字 13.汉字编码研究及方案设计 14.汉字字形的文化信息研究 15.汉字考释方法述评 16.汉字析形方法研讨 17.汉字教学方法研究 18.词的多义性和词素的多义性 19.词义演变的深层意义基础 20.音义联系的任意性和命名的理据性 21.汉字起源研究述评 22.半坡刻符的性质及其与文字的关系 23.古汉字指事字的表义功能 24.形声字起源试论 25.甲骨文形声字研究 26.《说文》省声研究 27.汉字形体演变的基本规律 28.论汉字形体演变的繁简分合 29.汉字前途讨论述评 30.训诂学与中学语文教学 31.论中学教材文言文的注释 32.论汉字的音义联系 33.江永“女书”源流研究 34.江永“女书”的形体结构研究 35.主谓间“之”字探源 36.指代性“见”字词性再研究 37.主谓间“而”字的形成和发展 十二、中学语文教育学部分 1.语文教学系统的构成要素及其关系研究 2.论语文教学目标的规范表述 3.语文教学目标对语文教学效率的影响 4.论语文教学目标体系的建构 5.论文学教学内容与学生人文素养的关系 6.语文课程标准在课堂教学中的体现 7.语文新教材的使用情况调查及分析（初、高中；各种版本均可） 8.论语文知识与技能的关系 9.论思维训练在语文教学中的体现 10.语文教学模式与语文教学个性关系 11.论语文教学中××模式（或方法）的运用 12.作文批改的多种方式及效果 13.论作文测评的效度与信度 14.论阅读题型的设计 15.语文素质的构成及培养思考 16.语文课堂评价的价值与策略 17.论语文教师的文学修养（或科学意识） 18.中学语文加大文言文内容的价值探讨 19.论说话（或听话、阅读、写作等）能力的培养 20.论语文教学中减负与提质的关系 21.文学教学模式及方法研究 22.语文教师科研意识和行为研究 23.探究性学习与语文教学 24.语文知识结构和教学结构的关系 中国古代文学类 1）李白诗中的仙、侠精神。 2）论辛词的英雄情节 3）论杜诗沉郁顿挫的风格特色 4）论辛弃疾的“以文为词” 5）论韩愈的“以文为诗”。 6“清空骚雅”、“幽韵冷香”的白石词。7）关于白居易〈新乐府的评价 8）关汉卿杂剧中的女性形象 9）韩愈散文的艺术风格 10）元散曲的艺术风格 11）柳宗元的寓言创作 12）＜三国演义〉的艺术成就 13）唐传奇中的女性形象 14）〈水浒传的艺术成就 15）论杜牧的七言绝句 16）论归有光的散文 17）论李商隐的无题诗 18）〈牡丹亭〉的艺术成就 19）西蜀词与南唐词之比较 20）〈西游记〉的奇幼美与诙谐性 21）欧阳修词的艺术风格 22）〈金瓶梅〉人物论 23）欧阳修散文的情韵美 24）“三言”“二拍中经商题材的时代特色 25）王安石后期的诗歌 26）论纳兰性德词 27）苏轼词的主导风格 28）〈桃花扇〉人物论 29）秦观词的婉约风格 30）〈聊斋志异〉的艺术特色 31）〈红楼梦〉的悲剧精神 32）论易安体 33）论陆游诗歌的爱国主题 34）〈儒林外史〉的讽刺艺术
写自己喜欢的例如自己喜欢的电影、小说诗集等有关文学语言类的探讨，提出问题，解决自己的问题目录 一、现代汉语部分 二、写作部分 三、文学理论部分 四、美学部分 五、现代文学部分 六、古代文学部分 七、中国当代文学部分 八、语言学概论部分 九、外国文学部分 十、民间文学部分 十一、古代汉语部分 十二、中学语文教育学部分 一、 现代汉语部分 1.著名作家作品语言运作特色的研究 2.讽刺语言中的文化底蕴 3.语法中的语义因素 4.“是”字用法研究 5.语用与语法的关系 6.新兴词缀研究 7.祈非主谓句的修辞作用 8.论动词重叠式的使用条件 9.论句群纳入中学语文教学的实用意义 10.新兴辞格研究 11.语言环境对句式选择的制约作用 12.××方言（包括语音、词汇、语法等部分） 13.××方言现象专题报告 14.代词的语用研究 15.语言副词的语用研究 16.助动词的语用研究 17.时下新词描写 18.句型的语用研究 19.语气词的语用研究 20.言语行为在句子里的表现 二、 写作部分 1.论小说的叙述视角 2.论小说的误乐性 3.心态小说的艺术魅力 4.论现代小说性情节结构类型 5.论小说的新典型观 6.论小说语言的创新 7.论小说的写作技巧 8.论广告辞的审美特性 9.从报告文学的轰动效应探视读者的审美要求 10.试论新时期女性散文的艺术特色 11.试论毕淑敏小说的创作特色 12.试论诗歌中意象的类型与特征 13.论鲁迅小说对人物灵魂的深刻穿透力 14.试论当今散文的发展走向 15.论小说中的意识流手法 16.试论新时期散文创作的艺术特色 17.论新闻文体的审美特质 18.试论新闻写作的真实性 19.论想象在文学创作中的功用 20.试谈散文笔法的多元化趋势 21.论新时期散文的艺术嬗变 22.任选当今一个散文作家的作品进行评论 23.任选当今一个小说作家的作品进行论述 24.论散文的“自叙体”色彩 25.论文学语言的审美特性 26.试论王蒙小说的艺术特色 27.试论王安忆小说的艺术特色 28.论文学人物性格的立体结构 29.意识流写法的魅力 30.任选当今一个诗人的作品进行论述 31.文学创作情感论 32.论张洁小说的艺术
设计要求都包括什么！
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Lantern Festival The 15th day of the 1st lunar month is the Chinese Lantern Festival because the first lunar month is called yuan-month and in the ancient times people called night Xiao. The 15th day is the first night to see a full moon. So the day is also called Yuan Xiao Festival in China. According to the Chinese tradition, at the very beginning of a new year, when there is a bright full moon hanging in the sky, there should be thousands of colorful lanterns hung out for people to appreciate. At this time, people will try to solve the puzzles on the lanterns and eat yuanxiao (glutinous rice ball) and get all their families united in the joyful atmosphere. History Until the Sui Dynasty in the sixth century, Emperor Yangdi invited envoys from other countries to China to see the colorful lighted lanterns and enjoy the gala（节日的，庆祝的） the beginning of the Tang Dynasty in the seventh century, the lantern displays would last three days. The emperor also lifted the curfew（宵禁令）， allowing the people to enjoy the festive lanterns day and night. It is not difficult to find Chinese poems which describe this happy the Song Dynasty, the festival was celebrated for five days and the activities began to spread to many of the big cities in China. Colorful glass and even jade were used to make lanterns, with figures from folk tales painted on the , the largest Lantern Festival celebration took place in the early part of the 15th century. The festivities continued for ten days. Emperor Chengzu had the downtown area set aside as a center for displaying the lanterns. Even today, there is a place in Beijing called Dengshikou. In Chinese, Deng means lantern and Shi is market. The area became a market where lanterns were sold during the day. In the evening, the local people would go there to see the beautiful lighted lanterns on , the displaying of lanterns is still a big event on the 15th day of the first lunar month throughout China. People enjoy the brightly lit night. Chengdu in Southwest China's Sichuan Province, for example, holds a lantern fair each year in the Cultural Park. During the Lantern Festival, the park is literally an ocean of lanterns! Many new designs attract countless visitors. The most eye-catching lantern is the Dragon Pole. This is a lantern in the shape of a golden dragon, spiraling up a 27-meter -high pole, spewing fireworks from its mouth. It is quite an impressive sight! Origin There are many different beliefs about the origin of the Lantern Festival. But one thing for sure is that it had something to do with religious legend tells us that it was a time to worship Taiyi, the God of Heaven in ancient times. The belief was that the God of Heaven controlled the destiny of the human world. He had sixteen dragons at his beck and call and he decided when to inflict drought, storms, famine or pestilence（瘟疫）upon human beings. Beginning with Qinshihuang, the first emperor to unite the country, all subsequent emperors ordered splendid ceremonies each year. The emperor would ask Taiyi to bring favorable weather and good health to him and his people. Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty directed special attention to this event. In 104 BC, he proclaimed it one of the most important celebrations and the ceremony would last throughout the legend associates the Lantern Festival with Taoi *** . Tianguan is the Taoist god responsible for good fortune. His birthday falls on the 15th day of the first lunar month. It is said that Tianguan likes all types of entertainment. So followers prepare various kinds of activities during which they pray for good third story about the origin of the festival is like this. Buddhi *** first entered China during the reign of Emperor Mingdi of the Eastern Han Dynasty. That was in the first century. However, it did not exert any great influence among the Chinese people. one day, Emperor Mingdi had a dream about a gold man in his palace. At the very moment when he was about to ask the mysterious figure who he was, the gold man suddenly rose to the sky and disappeared in the west. The next day, Emperor Mingdi sent a scholar to India on a pilgrimage（朝圣）to locate Buddhist scriptures. After journeying thousands of miles, the scholar finally returned with the scriptures. Emperor Mingdi ordered that a temple be built to house a statue of Buddha and serve as a repository for the scriptures. Followers believe that the power of Buddha can dispel darkness. So Emperor Mingdi ordered his subjects to display lighted lanterns during what was to bee the Lantern Festival. Yuanxiao Besides entertainment。
Provide a cool environment or shelter umbrella is a tool of rain, snow. Umbrella Umbrella in English es from the Latin of the Umbra, the sense of the shading and shadows. Umbrella production materials usually include the ductility of the cloth, and other materials and can be used as a skeleton line. When using with the hand will lift, although the umbrella in the main purpose of the first invention, are used to blocking sunlight, but most often now regarded as rain rain tool. Umbrella in the other role as decorations, stick weapon, even Hong Kong's old su liang one umbrella is the umbrella as a weapon。
umbrella with a light
这件雨衣和这把雨伞会保护你不被雨淋。
This raincoat and umbrella will protect you from the rain.
给你的雨伞和外衣。
Here's your umbrella and you coat.
在大厅里，我们看到了帽子，外套和雨伞。
In the hall we see a stand for hats, coats and umbrellas.
前几天我和姐姐买了几个孔明灯，准备元宵节放.
A few days ago, my sister and I bought several lanterns, Lantern Festival put ready.
据说孔明灯也叫天灯，三国时期孔明被司马懿率大军围在洛阳，孔明叫人做了很多天灯，人们都喊：“孔明先生做天灯突围了.”围城的曹军信以为真，去追天灯，孔明先生得救了.
It is said that the lanterns is also called the lantern, the Three Kingdoms period of Kong Ming was Sima Yi rate army gathered in Luoyang, Kong Ming lanterns that people do a lot, people shout: "Mr. Kong Ming lanterns to break." The siege of Cao Cao for gospel truth, go after Mr. Kong Ming lantern, saved.
我和妈妈、姐姐、哥哥准备十四晚上放孔明灯.我们先准备了两盒火柴，一个打火机和一根蜡烛，然后兴高采烈的去放孔明灯.到了新天地公园，我们打开了一个红色的孔明灯的袋子，把折叠起来的孔明灯展开，现在孔明灯像一个气球，我把正方形的白色燃料从袋子里拿出来卡在孔明灯底部的铁丝中间.然后用打火机点着蜡烛，再用蜡烛慢慢的点燃料的四个角.这时我才看见孔明灯上印着“放飞梦想”这几个字，就想起放飞孔明灯时可以许一个愿望，于是我们每人许一个愿.然后松开了手让孔明灯随风飘去，一开始还能看见它是一个孔明灯，渐渐的只能看见火焰了，最后连火也变的十分微弱了. 我望着远去的孔明灯，心想：又一个载着梦想的船起航了！
I and my mother, sister, brother for fourteen night put kongmin light. We prepared o box of matches, a lighter and a candle, and then be jubilant to put kongmin light. To the New World Park, we opened a red lanterns bag, put the folded lanterns lanterns expansion, now like a balloon, I put the white fuel square from the bag out the card in the lanterns at the bottom of the wire center. Then with a lighter lit the candle and the four corners with a candle lit material slowly. Then I saw the sky lanterns on the printed "flying dream" this a few word, think of flying lanterns can make a wish, then each of us make a wish. Then loosen the hand let lanterns gone with the wind, is also beginning to see it is a sky lantern, gradually can only see the flames, and finally even the fire has bee very weak. I looked away kongmin light, thought: a dream carrying ship set sail!
Umbrella
Everyone have used an umbrella at least once, right? Have you ever wondered why it was made, who made it, or what were used to create this conviencent tool? If you have, here are the answers.
The umbrella was invented over four thousand years agon by several different countries. There are not any writtened evidence as of which country was the first to invent the umbrellas, but we are able to see umbrellas in numerous ancient artsworks of Egypt, Assyria, Greece, and China.
Ancient Chinese usually use umbrellas in earl spring, and autumn to protect themselves from rain, and sun. Also during fieldworks, farmers often wear a strawhat, which looks similar to an umbrella. This made researchers believe that the strawhat was the first of umbrellas.
在网上搜了一下。。。前两段的内容是网上找来资料然后写的，最后哪段是看楼下的得来的资料。。。所以最后那段有资料不对别来我 ：）
The 1930s saw widespread domestic usage of electric light including early incarnations of the electric light is widely used in our country. It is useful in many ways. For example, we can reading book in the night with light. Some big lamp can be used to heat。
A blackout
It was a very busy evening,I was doing my homework at my father was writing a position in the study mother was interested in Shanghai was watching a Shanghai opera apartment was very the light went was a blackout,but I liked it very came and I didn't have to do my went to the living room very 5 minutes,we all sat in the was a lucky,fortunate said that let's held a parents agreed with took out some candles and lighted were singing,laughing and had a really good while I was singing,the light suddenly turned father went back to his room went on mother turned on the TV and said to me “Dear,do your homework!” I felt very sat at the desk and thought I hated hoped there would be a blackout the next thought I would enjoy myself more and went into a dream……
The umbrella is invented in China.
Allegedly, early in the spring and autumn carrying in ancient China famous craft *** an lu, often in fieldwork, often be rain drenched. Lu wife cloud, seeing her hu *** and's so hard, he want to do a can block rain things. She put the bamboo chopped into researchers, the researchers on the covered skins, looking like "pavilion", and receive zhang freely, is really "furl such as bars, open as cover". This creates a later umbrella. Ancient umbrella also San San namely, writing umbrella also.
雨伞是我国发明的。
据说，早在春秋末年，我国古代的著名工匠鲁班，常在野外作业，常被雨雪淋湿。鲁班的妻子云氏，看到丈夫这样辛苦，就想做一种能遮雨的东西。她把竹子劈成细条，在细条上蒙上兽皮，样子很像“亭子”，而且收张自如，真是“收拢如棒，张开如盖”。这就形成了以后的伞。古时伞也写作馓，馓即伞也。
The umbrella is invented in China.
Allegedly, early in the spring and autumn carrying in ancient China famous craft *** an lu, often in fieldwork, often be rain drenched. Lu wife cloud, seeing her hu *** and's so hard, he want to do a can block rain things. She put the bamboo chopped into researchers, the researchers on the covered skins, looking like "pavilion", and receive zhang freely, is really "furl such as bars, open as cover". This creates a later umbrella. Ancient umbrella also San San namely, writing umbrella also.
雨伞是我国发明的。
据说，早在春秋末年，我国古代的著名工匠鲁班，常在野外作业，常被雨雪淋湿。鲁班的妻子云氏，看到丈夫这样辛苦，就想做一种能遮雨的东西。她把竹子劈成细条，在细条上蒙上兽皮，样子很像“亭子”，而且收张自如，真是“收拢如棒，张开如盖”。这就形成了以后的伞。古时伞也写作馓，馓即伞也。
The basic umbrella was invented over four thousand years ago. We have seen evidence of umbrellas in the ancient art and artifacts of Egypt, Assyria, Greece, and China.
These ancient umbrellas or parasols, were first designed to provide shade from the sun. The Chinese were the first to waterproof their umbrellas for use as rain protection. They waxed and lacquered their paper parasols in order to use them for rain.
The word "umbrella" es from the Latin root word "umbra", meaning shade or shadow. Starting in the 16th century umbrella became popular to the western world, especially in the rainy weather of northern Europe. At first it was considered only an accessory suitable for women. Then the Persian traveler and writer, Jonas Hanway (1712-86), carried and used an umbrella publicly in England for thirty years, and he popularized umbrella use among men. English gentleman often referred to their umbrellas as a "Hanway."
The first all umbrella shop was called "James Smith and Sons". The shop opened in 1830, and is still located at 53 New Oxford St., in London, England.
The early European umbrellas were made of wood or whalebone and covered with alpaca or oiled canvas. The artisans made the curved handles for the umbrellas out of hard woods like ebony, and were well paid for their efforts.
In 1852, Samuel Fox invented the steel ribbed umbrella design. Fox also founded the "English Steels Company", and claimed to have invented the steel ribbed umbrella as a way of using up stocks of farthingale stays, steel stays used in women's corsets. African-American, inventor, William C. Carter patented an umbrella stand (. patent#323,397 - see image left) on August the 8th, 1885.
After that, pact collapsible umbrellas were the next major technical innovation in umbrella manufacture, over a century later.
The umbrella is invented in China. Allegedly, early in the spring and autumn carrying in ancient China famous craftsman lu, often in fieldwork, often be rain drenched. Lu wife cloud, seeing her husband's so hard, he want to do a can block rain things. She put the bamboo chopped into researchers, the researchers on the covered skins, looking like "pavilion", and receive zhang freely, is really "furl such as bars, open as cover". This creates a later umbrella. Ancient umbrella also San San namely, writing umbrella also. 雨伞是我国发明的。 据说，早在春秋末年，我国古代的著名工匠鲁班，常在野外作业，常被雨雪淋湿。鲁班的妻子云氏，看到丈夫这样辛苦，就想做一种能遮雨的东西。她把竹子劈成细条，在细条上蒙上兽皮，样子很像“亭子”，而且收张自如，真是“收拢如棒，张开如盖”。这就形成了以后的伞。古时伞也写作馓，馓即伞也。
Last sunday. I and my father, mother, grandparents, brother went to jiaoganghuby bike. In the morning we came down the mountain. I saw wooded mountains, wild flowers bloom. We climb up the hill along the mountain path. Come halfway up the mountain, I feel a little tired，it began to rain,My West Lake silk umbrella missed,. Dad said to me,“Jane， don’t do anything halfway.”at last，So I insisted reached the top, the top of the scenery so were flying kites, I was thirsty, my mother bought me a bottle of water, .finally we went ，Since then, I've kept the umbrella。i was very happy