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About constructs the city community old people to synthesize safeguards the net the literature to summarize [ abstract ] along with our country society old age step speeding up, the senior citizen cares for the aged the question to be day by day prominent, how in under the market economy condition, fully and reasonably uses the community resources, constructs the city community old person to synthesize the safeguard network to have the positive This article mainly cares for the aged from the present stage city community old person the present situation to embark, how to constructed the city community old person to synthesize the safeguard network to carry on the literature [ Key word ] the old age social city community constructs the community to synthesize the safeguard network community to look after
The aging of the population in the 21st century the major social problems, the international community of the hot issues of common concern of China's social, economic and overall development with the major strategic In recent years, China's traditional family and community-based old-age pension services, both in the event of significant Now, on this issue with the international experts and counterparts to exchange some (A) At present, China is the world's most populous country in the elderly, accounting for about one-fifth of the world's elderly Since the end of 2000, the elderly population over the age of 60 to 2 percent average annual growth rate last year, China's water for more than 60 elderly people have reached 136 million, accounting for 10 percent share of the total population of more than the aging of the population to enter the More prominent is that the elderly over the age of 80 has reached 13 million and an average annual rate of 4 The middle of this century, 60 years old or older will reach about 400 million, when one in four elderly China's population age structure into old age by the adult type, date from 1982 to 2000, only 18 years, compared with some developed countries, the speed of the base of the large number of the elderly population is an unprecedented Population aging in the process of development, although the growth rate of China's rapidly aging population, but from the beginning of the 21st century, the Chinese economy will achieve the development objectives of the third step, 30 to 21 years, the working population the proportion of the total population has remained more than 60%, with a long time in China's labor resources are still relatively abundant and low age of the older population accounts for 70% of healthy Therefore, the aging of the population on China's prospects, they do not have to worry, can not be negligent, as long as doing a good job, governance of China's population aging, we are full of It is worth noting that at the turn of the century about the importance of 20-year historical period, China's social and economic structure of many areas will face a "transition" process, and its future, will include old-age pension system, including the future of China's economy have a profound impact on the One change from the scores of the planned economy era of planned economy to market economy and the coexistence of two-track, and then to a fairly complete socialist market economic system reform, China has demanded the establishment of the pension system and reform the idea of a variety of market economy should be closely the pulse of development in line with the requirements of the development of a market economy, constrained by the laws of the The second change, China has continued for more than a decade of rapid economic growth, the turn of the century will be As to China's overall national strength has increased substantially and the national economy and employment structure of the industrial structure will be significant changes to speed up the urbanization Owing to the large number of rural surplus labor transfer to the second and third industries, and from rural areas moved to cities, rural areas will depend in large measure the traditional shake the foundation of the family The third change in the turn of the century, China's aging population has entered the ranks of Elderly population in absolute numbers and in the total population increase in the proportion will change the age structure of the population, adding to the burden of social Of social labor market supply, the national economy, the proportion of accumulation and consumption and so on have a profound The transformation of socio-economic structure, the decision of China's pension system will also be going through a "transition" process, leading from the main domestic economic leader in the social old-age pension to the However, taking into account in the 21st century for a long period of time, China's existing urban-rural dual economic structure will continue to Therefore, at present, China's pension system, the basic framework can be broadly summarized as follows: conform to their social, economic and demographic changes in the structure of the family old-age pension and track both the overall framework of the gradual transition to the social (B) China's old-age pension, currently mainly family-based old-age People's Republic of China since the founding of the "Constitution", "Marriage," "People's Republic of China Law on the Protection of the rights and interests of older persons" such as laws, they affirmed the legal status of family pension, of which 29 August, 1996 promulgated " Old Age Law "clearly provides that" the elderly mainly depend on old-age home, family members should be the concern and care for older maintenance of older persons should carry out to support the economic, social care and spiritual comfort of the obligations of the special care of the elderly " China's family old-age model, has also aroused the concern of the international Held in Vienna in 1982, the United Nations World Assembly on Aging, the General Assembly, the Secretary-General pointed out: "with China as the representative of the Asian way to solve the problems of the elderly is the world's " The so-called Asian way, that is, refers specifically to the way of family In China, such a large population, the economy is not yet well-developed developing countries, to play the role of family pension, a very far-reaching Moreover, adhering to and developing the tradition of old-age home for the aging of the population of developing countries to solve the problem, there will be a certain From the social development, the family pension is not only reflected the inter-generational economic reciprocity between the mutual aid and, more importantly, embodies the spirit of mutual support the two sides No matter what kind of goods to the level of economic development, regardless of people's thinking, values and how the family structure changes, the traditional ethics of the Chinese nation still maintain the basic norms of a normal Because, in the family as a result of the formation of a common life and harmonious family relations, social relations, any other can not be However, the progress of society, the times are changing, China is not the old model can not be Overall, China's old-age, elderly, whether rural or urban, 70% of the elderly have been relatively good And the mobilization of all levels of government rely on the strength of all sectors of society to take a variety of old-age pension, so as to enable the broad masses of the spirit of the basic needs of the However, some elderly people to old-age pension is also not Not satisfied with the proportion of claims for different, and some that are not satisfied with the 22 percent of people, some 19% of the people that are not satisfied with, and some that are not satisfied with 26% of the In short, one-third of the elderly believe that the issue of the elderly more prominent pension of old-age pension is not satisfied with the This is because the emergence of new family pension, the new Its a common question is: the concept of family pension, old-age sense of desalination; "parents, not Travel" has been completely shattered the fetters; senior citizens more and more elderly, more and more empty-nest elderly, a growing elderly family more; rural old-age security has not been fully established, the rural collective economic base is weak, no more funds to address the issue of protecting the livelihood of the elderly; elderly family status has changed Old-age traditional family has faced unprecedented In the cities, increasing family size reduced, the core of the family, empty nest families, the elderly will be increasing number of "Family changes in trend analysis of Shanghai," Shanghai article pointed out that the main characteristics of the family: the family is always in continuous growth (the early 80s, the city's families a total of 3,146,000, the early 90s rose to 4,153,000, 10 in an increase of 007 million); families increasingly shrink the average population (the city's family size to 91 persons in 1949 to 1982, the city's average family size has dropped to 6 people, the current average is less than 3 per person); single families, elderly households showed the trend of rapid growth (the city's 39 million households in the elderly over the age of 65 accounted for 4 percent of households than in 1990 increased by 5 percentage points), the example of Shanghai, in a sense, reflects China's cities with the issue of The above shows that with the historical development, social change, the family faced a series of new problems in old-age pension, old-age traditional family has become the aging of the population not meet the needs of the From China's economic, political, cultural traditions and the elderly and families for tolerance, it is necessary to ensure the dignity of older persons, both now or in the future, take the family old-age pension and social combination of roads, is to resolve the issue of China's old-age of a way (C) of the Chinese elderly people in urgent need of the community old-age pension of service to the Community refers to a certain geographical-based community social life, which includes a certain geographical region, the region of a variety of material and cultural resources, as well as through the blood, such as geopolitical relations linking people with common interests and Urban communities in China, generally refers to an office area or Community to serve the community of old-age pension is community-carrier-led community-based organizations play a government, communities, families and individuals a wide range of power, the full mobilization of community resources, material and human resources for the elderly, elderly, old-age provide a full range of support to the elderly according to their own desires to continue to stay at home and stay in a familiar environment, and pro-people familiar with the neighbors and friends with China's community service pension starting from the 80's, after 20 years of development has begun to take shape, at present, most large and medium-sized cities have begun to take shape the facilities and services, fixed services and door-to-door services as the main form of service, and form of life care, health care, mental health, culture and entertainment, participation and protection services as the main contents of the pattern of community service In recent years, the Chinese government attaches importance to promoting community service to the community, and has introduced a "speed up the development on the views of community services" and "accelerate the achievement on the socialization of social welfare " In some places on the promotion of community service to the community of old-age have also been actively exploring in the full use of various social forces to mobilize the community of human, material and financial resources, the establishment of multi-channel services to the cause of old-age community has made initial Such as Zhejiang, Shanghai, Guangdong and other provinces and municipalities have issued the relevant policies and regulations, social forces organized for the cause of social welfare has created a favorable policy environment, greatly improving the enterprises and institutions, social groups and individuals, as well as Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and even foreign organizations to run social welfare initiatives to quicken the social and pension Up to now, China's community-based elderly care facilities has reached 200,000, community service organizations, 70,000 volunteers, community service more than 800 million volunteers, run more than 750 social welfare At present, China's endowment of the community social services to the main contents include: (A) the diversification of investment Given China's current level of economic development, the Government can not do all the community facilities and services for the elderly, should be taken to the state, collectives and individuals shared responsibility Part of government investment funds, the main force of the elderly services for the demonstration projects, and through preferential policies and encourage the community to draw on the strength of older facilities and services set up in order to greatly accelerate the community-the pace of development of elderly services to meet the growing elderly The demand for services and (B) community-based management Arranged to change the way old-age welfare facilities, services and facilities, as appropriate, will be part of services to civil society groups to the operation and management, the Government has given some preferential policies, the adoption of policies and regulations at the same time monitoring and guidance, social service to the community to (C) the community of Community services and old-age pension is not only simple facilities for the elderly or a small number of the Home object, but for all communities in need of the Units and corporate services and facilities for the elderly to all elderly people should be community-oriented, to achieve resource (D) community-based The professional services and volunteer activities, a wide range of community residents and area units for the elderly community obligations, to cover In addition, the level of China's social security than the western developed countries is still relatively low, for the welfare of the elderly care situation of growing demand, a number of urban communities to establish a time saving system to encourage young people to provide care for the elderly care for the elderly, for their own future care needs of the time
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关于马氏的姓氏来源说法为下： 出自嬴姓，为帝颛顼裔孙伯益之后，其始祖为赵奢。相传帝颛顼有个孙女叫女修，因食燕子蛋而怀孕生子大业。大业之子伯益因辅佐大禹治水有功 ，帝舜赐他姓嬴。伯益之子大廉，传至季胜有个曾孙叫造父，世周穆王的驾车大夫，因平定徐偃王之乱有功，被封在赵城（今山西洪洞县北赵城），称为赵氏。后建立赵国。战国时赵王有子叫赵奢，以善于用兵著称。因功卓著被赵惠文王封在马服，称为马服君，死后便葬于封邑，其子孙最初以"马服"两字为其姓氏，后省去"服"字，遂有马氏。世居邯郸。史称马姓正宗。 出自他姓改马姓。如汉代有汉戚人马宫，本姓马矢，至马宫以仕学显，改姓马。 出自他族改姓。西域人马庆祥，人居临洮狄道（今甘肃省境内），遂以马为氏。蒙古人月乃和，因其祖在金末为凤翔兵马判官，遂改姓马氏，取名祖常。马祖常之后亦为马氏。金元以后，为回族大姓。 聚 集 地 ： 迁徙分布 赵奢之子牧，亦为赵将，居住在邯郸。公元前222年，秦国灭赵国，将牧之子迁徙至陕西咸阳。马兴后人马何罗徙扶风茂陵（今陕西兴平东北）。从此，扶风茂陵成为马氏的发展繁衍中心。两汉至南北朝时期，马氏除在扶风茂陵成为望族外，还分布于今河南、河北、山东、湖北、四川、甘肃、江苏、浙江等省的一些地方。唐朝末年，王潮、王审之入闽，有河南马氏随同前往，在福建安家落户。许州人马殷，少为木工，应募从军，随秦宗权部将孙儒入扬州，转从别将刘建峰攻取潭州。896年，刘建峰北部下所杀，马殷被推为主，被唐任为潭州刺史，后进武安军节度使，于907年被后梁封为楚王，建立楚国，历时45年。宋代以后，闽、粤地区马姓逐渐增多；至明代，马姓族人遍布福建；至清代，有的移居台湾，进而又远徙东南亚及欧美。 台湾的马姓，以嘉义、台南和新竹为最多，名列第七十二位。台湾马姓的开基始祖，来自广东，与广东马姓关系十分密切。早在两千年以前，是由马援将马氏带到南方的。这些人虽然很可能不姓马，但在寿冷县定居以后，却统统改姓为马了。并成为马氏在南方的开基始祖。台湾的马姓，跟广东的马氏关系十分密切。他们的开基始祖大多来自广东。 堂号 "铜柱堂"：汉伏波将军马援征阯，胜利后，在交阯立铜柱表功。到了唐朝，马援的后裔马总做安南都护，在原汉立铜柱的地方又立了两根铜柱，铸上了唐朝的威、德，说明自己是伏波将军的后裔。到了五代时马希范也立了铜柱。 "绛纱堂"：汉校书郎中马融，才高博洽，为世之通儒。弟子常千余人。他在教室里设绛纱帐，前授生徒，后设女乐。弟子都专心听讲，没有人顾盼女乐。 马姓堂号还有"扶风"。 家乘谱牒 河北：丰润马氏家谱不分卷、安次得胜口马氏家谱不分卷、东安马氏家谱稿不分卷、马谱一幅、马氏族谱不分卷 江苏：京江马氏宗谱二卷图一卷、马氏宗谱七卷首一卷、锡山马氏宗谱不分卷、常州马氏宗谱六卷首一卷、利城马氏宗谱六卷 浙江：光溪马氏宗谱六卷首一卷末一卷、会稽马氏宗谱五卷、山阴朱咸马氏宗谱四卷、吴宁安恬马氏宗谱二十三卷 马氏家乘不分卷、马氏族谱不分卷、马氏宗祠族谱不分卷、马氏宗谱不分卷、三官马氏宗谱十四卷首一卷、繁阳马氏宗谱十九卷、远阳马氏家谱不分卷
一、韩国新村运动的特点 1、韩国“新村运动”由政府主导逐渐向民间主导过渡。 韩国政府是在上世纪70年代初开始在全国开展“新村运动”，其主要做法：一是在“新村运动”发展初期主要采用政府主导型的发展模式，由政府通过对改善农民居住环境和生活质量、新村项目开发和工程建设、新村教育等公共基础设施的投资来扩大内需，消化过剩的产能，逐步缩小城乡差距，充分调动了农民建设新农村的积极性。二是在“新村运动”发展中期采取政府培育、社会跟进的发展模式，政府把工作重点转移到鼓励发展畜牧业、农产品加工业、特色农业、农村保险业以及农协组织的建设上来，逐步培育社会发展实体，为今后国民自我发展奠定坚实的基础。三是在“新村运动”发展的后期逐步转入国民主导型发展模式，让既具有客观生存与发展规律又有助于农村经济、文化发展的机构，如农业科技推广、农村教育机构、农村经济研究等组织机构在新农村运动中发挥主导作用，政府只是通过制定规划、协调、服务，运用财政、服务等手段，为国民的自我发展创造更有利的环境。 上世纪70年代末，政府行政领导退出“新村运动”，全国各地以行政村为单位自发组成了开发委员会主导“新村运动”，吸收全体农民为会员，并成立了青年部、妇女部、乡保部、监察会和村庄基金。运动的主要内容包括农民自发修筑乡村公路、整治村庄环境、帮助邻里修建房屋、兴办文化事业、关心和照顾孤寡老人等。 到上世纪80年代，“新村运动”逐渐完成了由民间主导加政府支持到完全由民间主导的过渡。在这期间，政府为“新村运动”立了法，对“新村运动”的性质、组织关系和资金来源等作了详细规定，还成立了全国性的领导机构“新村运动本部”，并在各直辖市和道(相当于省)成立“新村运动指导部”。纵观韩国二三十年间的“新村运动”，大体经历了一个由政府主导到民间主导加政府支持再到完全民间主导的发展过程。 2、以推动农村工业化来带动新村运动。 韩国新村运动开始的初期阶段，为了通过农村的工业化来增加农民的收入，促进“新村运动”的顺利开展，于1973年就提出了“新农村工厂”计划。为了把汉城等都市区的工厂扩散到农村，对其给予一定的金融、税收等优惠，并且在电力和通讯设备安装等方面得到优先照顾，“新村工厂”由1973年的165个增加到了1984年的686个。韩国政府为了推进新村运动的进一步发展，于1983年提出了“农村工业园”计划，在条件较好的农村地区建立工业园，通过在这些地区建立工厂，发展非农产业，增加农村收入，并于1984年付诸实施。“农村工业园区”由1984年最初的37个，增加到了1986的61个，到1987年增加到了107个，到1988年底达到了122家，入住的企业总共1355家。韩国以工业化来推动“新村运动”取得了显著成效，农村地区的工业和非农产业得到了迅速发展，使经济增长和工业化空间布局得到了平衡，城乡差距迅速缩小。 3、注重发挥农民的自主创新精神。 新村运动第一年政府仅给平均每户下发4袋水泥，用于改善环境、生活，农民的反映出乎意料的好。以后每年增加奖励有成效的村户，解决从屋顶到村道、从锅台到厕所等农民切身的实事，激发了农民决心用自己的力量和双手，自觉改造贫穷落后面貌的积极性。农民纷纷自发成立民间组织、协会，使新村运动走上了全民参与、全境展开、实践先行、自觉持久的良性运行轨道。在韩国的新村运动中还十分注意发挥乡村社区的作用。在村一级，成立由村发展委员会，负责本村的新村发展计划和集体性工作的具体组织执行。此外，各地还建立村民会馆，在会馆里开展各种活动，农民之间相互交流，培养协作与实践的能力。韩国的新村运动，始终围绕着促进农民树立“勤劳、自助、合作”的精神而展开的，注意把农民的主创精神放在第一位，让农民积极参与这一运动，不断改善农村的生活水平和农业的生产环境。 4、分阶段指导，层层推进。 韩国政府在组织实施新村运动中，并不急于求成，而侧重于长远规划，每一个规划阶段有每一个阶段的目标，制定出阶段性的目标。韩国的新村运动，大体分为五个阶段。在基础建设阶段(1971—1973年)的目标是改善农民的居住条件，如改善厨房、屋顶、厕所，修筑围墙、公路、公用洗衣场，改良作物、蔬果、畜禽品种等。由中央内务部直接领导和组织实施，建立了全国性组织新村运动中央协议会，并形成了自上而下的全国性网络，同时建立新村运动中央研修院，培养大批新村指导员。在扩展阶段(1974—1976年)把新村运动迅速向城镇扩大，成为全国性的现代化建设活动，把新村建设的重点从基础阶段的改善农民居住生活条件发展为居住环境和生活质量的改善和提高。在充实和提高阶段(1977—1980年)随着城乡差距的逐步缩小，社区经济的开发日趋红火，政府推进新村运动的工作重点放在鼓励发展畜牧业、农产品加工业和特产农业上，积极推动农村保险业的发展。同时，为推动乡村文化的建设与发展，为广大农村提供各种建材，支援农村的文化住宅和农工开发区建设。在国民自发运动阶段(1981—1988年)，政府大幅度调整了有关新村运动的政策与措施，建立和完善了全国性新村运动的民间组织，培训和信息、宣传工作改由民间组织来承担。政府只是通过制定规划、协调、服务，以及提供一些财政、物质、技术支持和服务等手段，着重调整农业结构，进一步发展多种经营，大力发展农村金融业、流通业。在自我发展阶段(1988年以后)，随着韩国经济的快速发展，繁荣气象从城市开始逐步向四周农村地区扩散，新村运动也有鲜明的社区文明建设与经济开发的特征。政府倡导全体公民自觉抵制各种社会不良现象，并致力于国民伦理道德建设、共同体意识教育和民主与法制教育。 二、韩国新村运动与我国建设社会主义新农村背景的比较 1、面临的困境相似，但我国起点的总体水平略高。 20世纪60年代以后，韩国明显地加快了工业化与城镇化进程。由于充分利用和平的国际环境，重视开拓欧美市场，注重发挥大企业在集聚资源与资本上的规模优势，积极发展资本与技术密集型产业，采取了出口导向型的发展模式，韩国在经济发展上创造了举世闻名的“汉江奇迹”。但是，在这一过程中，韩国的农村落后问题和城乡矛盾问题不断加重。韩国山多，耕地只占国土面积的22%，人均耕地较少，在工业化过程中，农村、农业、农民处于相对不利的竞争地位。首先是农业增长慢于工业。1961—1971年，韩国实施了第一、二个五年经济发展计划。在这十年期间，韩国年均经济增长率接近10%，在这期间，农业部门的年均增长率只有 7%，而非农业部门则高达9%。农业与非农产业之间、农业与工业之间的增长差距不断扩大。其次是城乡收人差距扩大化。1962年，韩国农户年平均收人是城市居民家庭收人的71% ,1969年降低到65 % ,1970年进一步降低至61%。在全国农村中，经营耕地不到1公顷的农户占67 %，这些居民家庭年收人不到城市居民家庭收人的50%。很显然，在当时韩国工业化迅速推进过程中，“三农”问题还是比较突出的。 我们国家也面临着人多地少、人均资源不足，而且城乡差距过大，农村真穷，农民真苦，农业真危险的“三农”困境。但是我们所遇到的这种困难毕竟要比韩国晚三十年，综合国力已居世界第六，人均GDP已达1000美元，也有当今先进的农业技术来武装农业，农业生产率也有很大的提高，而且农产品的市场要比韩国广阔的，除了广阔的国内市场，也有巨大的国际市场，这一切条件综合来看，要比上世纪70年的韩国所面临的困难小的多，而且也有韩国这样国家成功的经验可供参考。 2、都具有强有力的政府宏观调控。 在亚洲“四小龙”中，人们普遍认为香港是“市场主导型”经济模式，而韩国是“政府主导型”经济模式，其政府管制的市场经济体制，是在健全市场经济体制基础上，通过官民一体、政府强有力的扶持、协调、干预来实现国家对整体经济发展起着总体调控、运作和平衡的重要作用。“新村运动”中韩国的政府不仅进行合理的规划，而且从中央政府到地方政府在政策、财政、金融等各个方面给予的强烈的支持。 我们国家实行的是社会主义市场经济，其重要特征就是国家宏观调控，而且从成功地克服了亚洲金融危机和“非典”来看，也说明了政府所具有的宏观调控的力度和强度。 3、有相同的文化背景。 从深层的文化背景看，韩国和我国的民族文化都同属一个儒家思想体系，对社会的伦理道德、人际交往、生存哲学等有基本相同的认识准则，而且在对外开放中，都接受了大量的西方文化理念和价值观念，处于东西方文化、价值观互相融合的态势下，韩国“新村运动”的成功得益于此，那么我们国家的建设新农村也离不开这种文化底蕴，也必须给予重视。 三、对我国建设社会主义新农村的启示 1、把社会主义新农村建设作为一项长期的、艰巨的任务，做好其远期规划，层层推进。 中国是一个农业大国，彻底改变广大农村落后的生产生活条件，实现生产方式和生活方式的现代化，需要长期奋斗，不能急于求成、一蹴而就。因此，建设社会主义新农村，要按照党中央提出的“生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主”的要求，分清主次，明确主要任务，不能短打算，而要长谋划；落实任务时，要抓好开局，从紧迫的事做起，并依据生产力发展和财力增长的状况，逐步推进，并做好远期规划化，把这项艰巨的任务分步骤去抓，层层推进。 2、社会主义新农村建设必须坚持农村基础设施建设先行，努力发展农村生产力。 基础设施是新农村建设的物质文化载体。要做好农村基础设施建设，必须要努力做好农村水、电、路、通信等基础设施建设和搞好教育、科技、文化、卫生、体育等社会事业基础设施建设，着重培养农村生产力发展的根基。进行新农村建设的最根本是发展农村生产力，因此在农村进行基础设施建设，不应简单的围绕着建新居等生活设施来进行，应该把重点放在对农村生产起基础作用设施来进行。 3、要把建设社会主义新农村与推进农村工业化和小城镇建设做到有机结合。 从我国现阶段现代化建设的实际情况看，新农村建设不可能是农村地区自身的建设，也不可能每一个乡村独立进行，它只能是一个一定范围的区域经济和社会建设。而这样的区域只能是以城市为中心的区域，而不可能以农村为中心。这应是不言而喻的。新农村建设，必然也必须是一个“统筹城乡和区域发展”的过程、一个“以城带乡、以工补农”的过程，是一个发挥城市对农村的辐射和带动作用、使农村地区更加自觉有效地接受辐射的过程。建设农村并不是把农民圈定在农村，必须遵守世界各国经济发展的趋势，即农业人口逐渐消亡，积极推进农村人口向城镇的转移。因此，在社会主义建设新农村中，必须把我国建设小城镇的过程结合起来，才会取得良好的效果。 4、做到政府支持与农民的自主创新相结合。 由于市场机制不健全,在农村市场化进程中,不能搞“无为而治”,而应该施加必要的行政干预,尤其是在农村自组织力较差的情况下,正确的行政导向和科学的领导规划对于推动农村基础设施建设和整个农村经济发展是十分必要的。但是,农民是新农村建设的主体，要尊重农民意愿，要保护好农民积极性，保护好农业这个基础产业，帮助农业和农村经济实现持续发展。要通过宣传、教育、典型示范等形式，引导农民抓住机遇，克服等、靠、要思想，积极投身于新农村建设。我们不能偏面夸大行政力量的作用,不能不顾自然条件差异盲目地搞“一刀切”。要针对农村的实际情况,考虑到农民的思想认识水平,积极搞好政策引导和思想发动,使行政手段更好地发挥作用。总之，在肯定农民的主创精神，尊重农民的选择的基础上，政府应该给予大力的支持和扶持，并进行有效的管理，使新农村建设不偏离大方向。 参考文献： [1]、吴敬学韩国的“新村运动”[J]中国改革，2005(12)：45- [2]、李水山韩国“新村运动”的启迪[N]浙江日报, 2004-2-26(3) [3]、孙成钢韩国新村运动的启示[N]了望新闻周刊，2005-10-24(财经) [4]、冯海发农村城镇化发展探索[M]北京：新华出版社，2004-6：150-157
因为现在社区存在一些问题，比如资源浪费、信息孤岛、系统开发难度增加、运行成本高、新技术的应用受限，所以解决方法之一就是在云平台之上为社区居民和管理方实现面向应用的协同共享、运用云技术形成适应智慧社区多种服务功能的整合资源的软件平台，提供全过程的集成和综合化服务，让社区居民的生活品质迈进一大步。 与此同时，对于项目建设的甲方。在房地产业严重同质化的今天，面对日益激烈的市场竞争，房地产商如何构建独有的核心竞争力，实现可持续发展?如何增强地产企业的规模化、集团化优势、全面提升地产项目的综合竞争力?如何在产品同质化、价格同质化、推广方式同质化的环境中优势突围?“秒控生活”智慧社区提供创造性的服务模式，将传统的卖房子上升到卖服务、卖生活模式;“秒控生活”智慧社区可以实现增值溢价，能够通过技术集成充分与智能家居、智能社区、生活消费等各类资源对接，在居住者的生活品质服务上作加法，既弥补了地产项目区位环境的不足，也开辟了全新的盈利模式和盈利点，给地产带来额外收益。
目前为止宇祥科技已经推出了慧居生活南山梵音两项服务，其中慧居生活将于南山物业合作，签约社区已超过100个，业务覆盖山东南山、烟台、青岛等地区，并逐步向全国辐射。宇祥科技始终强调，公司的智慧社区解决方案秉持合作共赢的理念，将衍生更多面向社区和家庭的应用和服务，进一步扩展使更多的企业参与其中，倾力打造智慧社区生态系统。我们将与生态系统中的伙伴一起探索完善产品体验、构建生态链，提高整体效率与质量，创新商业模式，平台将是完全开放的，开放的生态也将丰富智慧生态，真正满足用户的多样性需求
一、引言 我国作为世界上人口最多的国家，同时也是世界上老龄化人口最多的国家，社会保障和医疗保健压力巨大。根据国际通用解释，若65岁以上人口的比例超过总人口的7%，就是老龄化的社会；超过14%，就是老龄社会。目前，大多数发达国家都属于老龄化的社会，如法国、美国、英国、日本等等。据统计，从65岁以上人口的比例超过总人口的7%上升到14%，法国用了114年，美国用了65年，英国用了45年，日本用了24年，而我国只用了20年，预计到2050年中国老龄化人口将会达到全国人口的三分之一。 老龄化问题产生的原因主要两个：一为寿命延长，伴随着人们生活水平和医疗保健水平的提高，中国的人均寿命由1949年的35岁达到现在的75岁，翻了一番还多，反映出祖国的社会变迁，这是国富民强的象征；二为非均衡生育，未实行计划生育政策前，中国“一家多胎”现象严重，自1983年开始的计划生育政策，减缓了中国的人口增长速度。 如何解决中国老龄化问题，基于以上两点原因，提出不同的对策。寿命延长导致的老龄化问题不可避免，由此带来的后果通常为养老金不足和养老保障措施不配套，只能通过延迟退休和加强养老保障措施来解决；非均衡生育带来的老龄化问题，只能通过均衡生育来应对，根据2010年的人口普查结果，显示在过去的10年中，中国人口增加了7000多万，但是生育率却低于5，即每个负率平均生了不到5个小孩，远远低于1的更替生育率，这就意味着中国的下一代人会比上一代人的数量少30%，不远的将来，中国人口将进入负增长的时期，人口老龄化问题将更加突出。 二、城市老人生活现状 （一）家庭基本状况 计划生育政策实行30年来，第一二代出生的独生子女已经进入结婚和生育的年龄，在这种背景下，“四二一”家庭模式逐渐普遍起来，即四个老人，一对夫妻和一个孩子的家庭模式。四个老人需要两个独生子女赡养，同时还要抚养一个孩子，加上独生子女本身存在的严重依赖性，在社会飞速发展、竞争压力剧增的今天，往往力不从心，照料不及。 另外，“空巢家庭”和鳏寡孤独家庭逐渐增加，其原因多种多样：（1）老年人希望独立生活，不愿离开久居的环境；（2）老人希望与子女住在一起，但由于生活方式、价值观念的不同，为避免冲突矛盾而选择独立生活；（3）子女工作忙、住房紧张，客观条件不允许；（4）因子女婚嫁离开父母异地成家；（5）不愿赡养父母等。 （二）经济状况 与农村老年人相比，城市老年人退休后基本上都有退休金，加上普遍存在的储蓄习惯，因此经济收入和消费水平较高。据统计，城市中85%的老人退休后的主要来源为退休金，13%的老人依靠子女的资助。由此可见，老年人的主要收入来源为退休金。但是，不同单位的退休人员在退休金待遇上有明显差距，机关事业单位退休人员待遇较企业离退休人员高很多。 （三）健康状况与医疗需求 随着医疗水平的不断提高，城市老年人的寿命不断延长。但是，寿命的延长不代表健康状况的延长。目前，我国城市老年人的健康状况堪忧，只有1/3的老人身体健康状况较好，其余2/3的老人都患有不同程度的疾病，所患疾病多以慢性病为主，其中较常见的为高血压、高血脂、糖尿病等，一半的城市老人还同时患有多种以上疾病，城市老年群体的生活自理能力、身体健康状况都不如人意。 老年人的医疗需求中遇到的最大困难是经济因素，其次是手续繁琐，再有是行动和交通不便。除了上述因素，不同地区的老人还有不同的困难，在城区的老人还经常面临报销不便，挂号难、住院难等，而郊区的老人面临的主要问题是周围没有好医院，常常无法及时就医。调查显示，慢性非传染性疾病已经成为危害城市老人健康的最大杀手，但是有三分之一的患病老人没有去治疗，而且有四分之一的患病老人由于各种原因无法就诊。因此，老年人的医疗服务呈现出个性化和多样化的特点。 三、养老模式探析 （一）家庭养老模式 目前最适合中国国情且经济成本最低的养老模式为家庭养老。现阶段很多老人都由子女赡养，与子女吃住在一起，身体健康的老人通常还会帮衬带带孩子，甚至买菜、煮饭。但是还存在一部分身患疾病的老人，需要子女照顾，特别是患有半身不遂、瘫痪在床的老人，身边不能没有人照料，这对普通公民的经济和生活状况无疑是雪上加霜。 为了改善家庭养老模式的现状，我们提出一种专业化家庭养老模式：中国城市中有40%的人群属于低收入群体，对于这类人群，可以给予选择提前退休去照顾自己家的老人，由政府拨出专项资金发放社会工资。这些回家照顾老人的劳动者，需要参加各种专业培训并与社区签订协议，通过社区的社会工作机构定期对劳动者的家庭照料做出评估，从而给予报酬。这样，不仅使老人得到悉心的照料，还解决了低收入群体的工作问题，一举两得。 （二）社区养老模式 社区养老模式是以老人的子女、亲戚、朋友为核心，以社区为依托，以专业化的服务队伍为依靠，为城市中在家居住的老年人提供生活照顾、医疗保健以及法律援助的养老模式。这种养老模式的特点是老人住在自己家里，得到子女照顾的同时，由社区的服务机构和专业人士提供上门服务，对老年人的身心健康有利，同时还弥补了因各种原因子女无法照顾老人的缺憾，并在一定程度上节省了建设养老院的资金。 社区养老模式不同于家庭养老模式，它的实质是社区中的家庭养老模式；与机构养老模式相比，将社会机构中的养老服务引入了社区，吸收了家庭养老模式和机构养老模式的优点，是处于社会转型期的中国面对老龄化问题提出的一种新型养老模式。 社区养老模式中主要服务群体为社工，目前我国社工的发展状况不尽人意，原因包括：（1）我国对社工这个职业的认识不到位，没有专门的机构对社工进行培训，内地大多数大学都没有社会工作会专业，而在香港和国外这个专业已经发展成熟；（2）政府对社工服务的投入不够，导致社会工作者没有良好的工资薪酬和福利制度，社会地位不高；（3）中国人传统观念严重，存在“家丑不可外扬”的思想，通常不愿雇佣社工来解决家庭问题。 （三）机构养老模式 机构养老模式的主体是养老院、福利院、医院以及各种康复中心，老年人通过入住养老院、福利院等养老机构，进行集中供养和居住，由专人负责照料日常生活。这种养老模式在一定程度上减轻了子女的负担，同时避免了因为生活习惯、价值观念等问题引起的生活冲突。其次，在一定程度上分散了家庭的养老风险，实现了养老资源的共济和共享。 社区养老模式的成本很高，同时无法满足老年人对亲情交流的渴望，无法提供精神慰籍。我国的养老院大部分都是早期建立，其服务设施和专业服务水平很难跟得上社会的发展和需要，养老机构的设备条件普遍很差，专业服务人员水平不高，管理模式滞后，无法满足标准化、规范化的管理。 四、对养老问题的一些想法 在生活方面，政府可否对老年人方法生活补助费，每月300元，独立于养老保险之外。截止到2013年，中国有大约2亿的老龄化人口，2×12×300=7200亿，而我国的2013年GDP预计将达到10万亿美元，不会对我国财政造成很大负担。 在医疗方面，政府可否对老年人开放免费医疗。虽然全民医疗到现在还不现实，但只是针对老年人的免费医疗并非不可行。 在精神需求方面，政府文化部门应经常组织针对老年人的文化活动，组织老人观看电影、戏剧等活动，同时建设老年大学和老年娱乐活动设施。 五、结束语 在现阶段，笔者认为应加强对养老问题的政府投入，以家庭养老模式和社区养老模式为主，机构养老模式为辅，使养老医疗服务专业化，资源配置合理化、社区规模体系化、管理标准化，建设具有中国特色的养老模式，更好的满足我国对养老问题的基本需求。
The aging of the population in the 21st century the major social problems, the international community of the hot issues of common concern of China's social, economic and overall development with the major strategic In recent years, China's traditional family and community-based old-age pension services, both in the event of significant Now, on this issue with the international experts and counterparts to exchange some (A) At present, China is the world's most populous country in the elderly, accounting for about one-fifth of the world's elderly Since the end of 2000, the elderly population over the age of 60 to 2 percent average annual growth rate last year, China's water for more than 60 elderly people have reached 136 million, accounting for 10 percent share of the total population of more than the aging of the population to enter the More prominent is that the elderly over the age of 80 has reached 13 million and an average annual rate of 4 The middle of this century, 60 years old or older will reach about 400 million, when one in four elderly China's population age structure into old age by the adult type, date from 1982 to 2000, only 18 years, compared with some developed countries, the speed of the base of the large number of the elderly population is an unprecedented Population aging in the process of development, although the growth rate of China's rapidly aging population, but from the beginning of the 21st century, the Chinese economy will achieve the development objectives of the third step, 30 to 21 years, the working population the proportion of the total population has remained more than 60%, with a long time in China's labor resources are still relatively abundant and low age of the older population accounts for 70% of healthy Therefore, the aging of the population on China's prospects, they do not have to worry, can not be negligent, as long as doing a good job, governance of China's population aging, we are full of It is worth noting that at the turn of the century about the importance of 20-year historical period, China's social and economic structure of many areas will face a "transition" process, and its future, will include old-age pension system, including the future of China's economy have a profound impact on the One change from the scores of the planned economy era of planned economy to market economy and the coexistence of two-track, and then to a fairly complete socialist market economic system reform, China has demanded the establishment of the pension system and reform the idea of a variety of market economy should be closely the pulse of development in line with the requirements of the development of a market economy, constrained by the laws of the The second change, China has continued for more than a decade of rapid economic growth, the turn of the century will be As to China's overall national strength has increased substantially and the national economy and employment structure of the industrial structure will be significant changes to speed up the urbanization Owing to the large number of rural surplus labor transfer to the second and third industries, and from rural areas moved to cities, rural areas will depend in large measure the traditional shake the foundation of the family The third change in the turn of the century, China's aging population has entered the ranks of Elderly population in absolute numbers and in the total population increase in the proportion will change the age structure of the population, adding to the burden of social Of social labor market supply, the national economy, the proportion of accumulation and consumption and so on have a profound The transformation of socio-economic structure, the decision of China's pension system will also be going through a "transition" process, leading from the main domestic economic leader in the social old-age pension to the However, taking into account in the 21st century for a long period of time, China's existing urban-rural dual economic structure will continue to Therefore, at present, China's pension system, the basic framework can be broadly summarized as follows: conform to their social, economic and demographic changes in the structure of the family old-age pension and track both the overall framework of the gradual transition to the social (B) China's old-age pension, currently mainly family-based old-age People's Republic of China since the founding of the "Constitution", "Marriage," "People's Republic of China Law on the Protection of the rights and interests of older persons" such as laws, they affirmed the legal status of family pension, of which 29 August, 1996 promulgated " Old Age Law "clearly provides that" the elderly mainly depend on old-age home, family members should be the concern and care for older maintenance of older persons should carry out to support the economic, social care and spiritual comfort of the obligations of the special care of the elderly " China's family old-age model, has also aroused the concern of the international Held in Vienna in 1982, the United Nations World Assembly on Aging, the General Assembly, the Secretary-General pointed out: "with China as the representative of the Asian way to solve the problems of the elderly is the world's " The so-called Asian way, that is, refers specifically to the way of family In China, such a large population, the economy is not yet well-developed developing countries, to play the role of family pension, a very far-reaching Moreover, adhering to and developing the tradition of old-age home for the aging of the population of developing countries to solve the problem, there will be a certain From the social development, the family pension is not only reflected the inter-generational economic reciprocity between the mutual aid and, more importantly, embodies the spirit of mutual support the two sides No matter what kind of goods to the level of economic development, regardless of people's thinking, values and how the family structure changes, the traditional ethics of the Chinese nation still maintain the basic norms of a normal Because, in the family as a result of the formation of a common life and harmonious family relations, social relations, any other can not be However, the progress of society, the times are changing, China is not the old model can not be Overall, China's old-age, elderly, whether rural or urban, 70% of the elderly have been relatively good And the mobilization of all levels of government rely on the strength of all sectors of society to take a variety of old-age pension, so as to enable the broad masses of the spirit of the basic needs of the However, some elderly people to old-age pension is also not Not satisfied with the proportion of claims for different, and some that are not satisfied with the 22 percent of people, some 19% of the people that are not satisfied with, and some that are not satisfied with 26% of the In short, one-third of the elderly believe that the issue of the elderly more prominent pension of old-age pension is not satisfied with the This is because the emergence of new family pension, the new Its a common question is: the concept of family pension, old-age sense of desalination; "parents, not Travel" has been completely shattered the fetters; senior citizens more and more elderly, more and more empty-nest elderly, a growing elderly family more; rural old-age security has not been fully established, the rural collective economic base is weak, no more funds to address the issue of protecting the livelihood of the elderly; elderly family status has changed Old-age traditional family has faced unprecedented In the cities, increasing family size reduced, the core of the family, empty nest families, the elderly will be increasing number of "Family changes in trend analysis of Shanghai," Shanghai article pointed out that the main characteristics of the family: the family is always in continuous growth (the early 80s, the city's families a total of 3,146,000, the early 90s rose to 4,153,000, 10 in an increase of 007 million); families increasingly shrink the average population (the city's family size to 91 persons in 1949 to 1982, the city's average family size has dropped to 6 people, the current average is less than 3 per person); single families, elderly households showed the trend of rapid growth (the city's 39 million households in the elderly over the age of 65 accounted for 4 percent of households than in 1990 increased by 5 percentage points), the example of Shanghai, in a sense, reflects China's cities with the issue of The above shows that with the historical development, social change, the family faced a series of new problems in old-age pension, old-age traditional family has become the aging of the population not meet the needs of the From China's economic, political, cultural traditions and the elderly and families for tolerance, it is necessary to ensure the dignity of older persons, both now or in the future, take the family old-age pension and social combination of roads, is to resolve the issue of China's old-age of a way (C) of the Chinese elderly people in urgent need of the community old-age pension of service to the Community refers to a certain geographical-based community social life, which includes a certain geographical region, the region of a variety of material and cultural resources, as well as through the blood, such as geopolitical relations linking people with common interests and Urban communities in China, generally refers to an office area or Community to serve the community of old-age pension is community-carrier-led community-based organizations play a government, communities, families and individuals a wide range of power, the full mobilization of community resources, material and human resources for the elderly, elderly, old-age provide a full range of support to the elderly according to their own desires to continue to stay at home and stay in a familiar environment, and pro-people familiar with the neighbors and friends with China's community service pension starting from the 80's, after 20 years of development has begun to take shape, at present, most large and medium-sized cities have begun to take shape the facilities and services, fixed services and door-to-door services as the main form of service, and form of life care, health care, mental health, culture and entertainment, participation and protection services as the main contents of the pattern of community service In recent years, the Chinese government attaches importance to promoting community service to the community, and has introduced a "speed up the development on the views of community services" and "accelerate the achievement on the socialization of social welfare " In some places on the promotion of community service to the community of old-age have also been actively exploring in the full use of various social forces to mobilize the community of human, material and financial resources, the establishment of multi-channel services to the cause of old-age community has made initial Such as Zhejiang, Shanghai, Guangdong and other provinces and municipalities have issued the relevant policies and regulations, social forces organized for the cause of social welfare has created a favorable policy environment, greatly improving the enterprises and institutions, social groups and individuals, as well as Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, and even foreign organizations to run social welfare initiatives to quicken the social and pension Up to now, China's community-based elderly care facilities has reached 200,000, community service organizations, 70,000 volunteers, community service more than 800 million volunteers, run more than 750 social welfare At present, China's endowment of the community social services to the main contents include: (A) the diversification of investment Given China's current level of economic development, the Government can not do all the community facilities and services for the elderly, should be taken to the state, collectives and individuals shared responsibility Part of government investment funds, the main force of the elderly services for the demonstration projects, and through preferential policies and encourage the community to draw on the strength of older facilities and services set up in order to greatly accelerate the community-the pace of development of elderly services to meet the growing elderly The demand for services and (B) community-based management Arranged to change the way old-age welfare facilities, services and facilities, as appropriate, will be part of services to civil society groups to the operation and management, the Government has given some preferential policies, the adoption of policies and regulations at the same time monitoring and guidance, social service to the community to (C) the community of Community services and old-age pension is not only simple facilities for the elderly or a small number of the Home object, but for all communities in need of the Units and corporate services and facilities for the elderly to all elderly people should be community-oriented, to achieve resource (D) community-based The professional services and volunteer activities, a wide range of community residents and area units for the elderly community obligations, to cover In addition, the level of China's social security than the western developed countries is still relatively low, for the welfare of the elderly care situation of growing demand, a number of urban communities to establish a time saving system to encourage young people to provide care for the elderly care for the elderly, for their own future care needs of the time