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教育论文开头模板

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教育论文开头模板

论文用白色A4纸单面打印;上下左右各留出至少5厘米的页边距;从左侧装订。  论文第一页为论文标题、学院专业班级姓名。  从第二页开始写论文题目和摘要、论文正文。  论文从第二页开始编写页码,页码必须位于每页页脚中部,用阿拉伯数字从“1”开始连续编号。  论文不能有页眉。  论文题目用三号黑体字、一级标题用四号黑体字,并居中;二级、三级标题用小四号黑体字,左端对齐(不居中)。论文中其他汉字一律采用小四号宋体字,行距用单倍行距,打印时应尽量避免彩色打印。  提请大家注意:摘要(一般200~300字)应该是一份简明扼要的详细摘要(包括关键词三个到五个),在整篇论文中占有重要权重,请认真书写(注意篇幅不能超过一页,此外需要把标题、姓名、专业班级、摘要、关键词翻译成英文放在关键词和正文之间)。老师评阅时将首先根据摘要和论文整体结构及概貌对论文优劣进行初步筛选。  引用别人的成果或其他公开的资料(包括网上查到的资料)必须按照规定的参考文献的表述方式在正文引用处和参考文献中均明确列出。正文引用处用方括号标示参考文献的编号,如[1][3]等;引用书籍还必须指出页码。参考文献按正文中的引用次序列出,其中书籍的表述方式为:  [编号]作者,书名,出版地:出版社,出版年。  参考文献中期刊杂志论文的表述方式为:  [编号]作者,论文名,杂志名,卷期号:起止页码,出版年。  参考文献中网上资源的表述方式为:  [编号]作者,资源标题,网址,访问时间(年月日)

首先需要知道是什么性质的论文,是什么学位的。要求都不一样。然后按照格式:题目,姓名,摘要,关键词,目录,正文,参考书目。在正文的开头会被要求写introduction,就是要向读者说明你论文的大致背景,以及你论文将要讨论的问题和顺序。举个例子,你的论文是讨论中国餐饮业的发展,你就要在论文开头概述目前中国餐饮业的概况,以及涉及到你将要论述的问题,然后写本文将讨论的内容大概。

网上有相关方面的题材 然后借鉴一下 组织自己的语言实在不知道该如何下手的话我们可以提供帮助的 原创论文联系方式 用户名

英文论文开头模板

Recently,the problem of__________has aroused people's However, different people hold different attitudes A lot of people seem to think that__________________ There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of______________It does us much harm(good)I quite agree with the statement that ________________,The reason are chiefly as follows, to start with___________,in addition_________,perhaps the primary reason is ___________,It has more advantages than disadvantages(disadvantages thanadvantages)。In my opinion, Taking all these factors into consideration, We naturally came to the conclusion that_________________ Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the 最近,_______问题已引起人们的关注,然而,人们的态度各不相同,很多人似乎以为_________ 毫无疑问,对________问题应该给予足够的重视。它对我们很有坏处(好处)。我十分赞同这一论述_________________,主要的原因包括_____________一个原因是_________ 另一个原因_________或许最主要的是_________________它的利多弊少。弊多利少 在我的观点,把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论_______________________。显然,现在我们提出解决问题方案正是时候。

图表作文As is shown by the figure/percentage in the table/picture,____ has been on rise/ decrease, significantly/dramatically rising/decreasing from ____ in _____ to _____ in _____ From the sharp rise/decline in the chart, it goes without saying that _____There are at least two good reasons accounting for _____ In one hand, ____In the other hand, _____ is due to the fact that ______In addition, ______ is responsible for _____ Maybe there are some other reasons to show ______But itis generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly As far as I am concerned, I hold the point of view that _______ I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-2书信作文模板Your addressMonth, Date, yearReceiver's addressDear …,I am extremely pleased to hear from And I would like to write a letter to tell you that_____……I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/I am looking f0rward to your replies at your earliest Best regards for your health and Sincerely yours,XXX3话题作文Nowadays,there are more and more __ _ in __ _ It is estimated that ___ Why have there been so many ____? Maybe the reasons can be listed as The first one is ______ Besides,_____ The third one is _____ To sum up, the main cause of it is due to _____ It is high time that something were done upon For one thing,_____ For another thing, _____All these measures will certainly reduce the number of _____4对比观点作文(1) 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。 有一些人认为。。。 另一些人认为。。。 我的看法。。。The topic of ①-----------------(主题)is becoming more and more popular There are two sides of opinions about Some people say A is their They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③-------------理由二) Moreover, ④---------------(理由三)While others think that B is a better choice in the following three Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一) Secondly (besides),⑥------------------(理由二) Thirdly (finally),⑦------------------(理由三)From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------(我的观点) The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因) As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my For me, the former is surely a wise choice (2) 给出一个观点,要求考生反对这一观点Some people believe that ①----------------(观点一) For example, they think ②-----------------(举例说明)And it will bring them ③-----------------(为他们带来的好处)In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一) For another thing, ⑤-----------------(反对的理由之二)Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥------------------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)阐述主题题型要求从一句话或一个主题出发,按照提纲的要求进行论述 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义 分析并举例使其更充实The good old proverb ----------------(名言或谚语)reminds us that ----------------(释义) Indeed, we can learn many things form First of all,-----------------(理由一) For example, -------------------(举例说明) Secondly,----------------(理由二) Another case is that ---------------(举例说明) Furthermore , ------------------(理由三)解决方法题型要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 问题现状 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more First, ------------(说明A的现状)Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状)Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一) For another -------------(解决方法二) Finally, --------------(解决方法三)Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法) Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处)说明利弊题型这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状,再对比事物本身的利弊,有时也会单从一个角度(利或弊)出发,最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度(或对事物前景提出预测) 说明事物现状 事物本身的优缺点(或一方面) 你对现状(或前景)的看法Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily Generally, its advantages can be seen as First ----------------(A的优点之一) Besides -------------------(A的优点之二)But every coin has two The negative aspects are also One of the important disadvantages is that ----------------(A的第一个缺点)To make matters worse,------------------(A的第二个缺点)Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative Therefore, I would like to ---------------(我的看法)(From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are Only by this way, ---------------(对前景的预测))5现象说明文Recently _______,what amazes us most is______________,it is ture that__________There are many reasons explaining__________________________The main reason is____________________what is more_________________________hirdly__________________________As a result_______________Considering all there,________________________For one thing_____________________,for another____________In Conclusion____________________6议论文的框架(1) 不同观点列举型(选择型)There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____ But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to A majority of people think that _ 观点一________ In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____ So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____People,however,Somepeoplehold the idea that ___观点二_______ In their point of view, on the one hand, ___原因一_______ On the other hand, ____原因二_____ Therefore, thereis nodoubtthat ___观点二______As far as I am concerned, Ifirmlysupporttheviewthat __观点一或二______Itis not only because ________, but also because _________ The more _______, the more ________(2)利弊型的议论文Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______ In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____ Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as Firstly, ___优点一______ And secondly ___优点二_____Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative To begin with, ___缺点一______ In addition, ____缺点二______To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___(3) 答题性议论文Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)__作文题目_______ It is really an important concern to every one of As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this First of all, __途径一______ In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is ___途径二_____Above all, to solve the problem of ___作文题目______, we should find a number of various But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, ____方法_____(4) 谚语警句性议论文It is well know to us that the proverb: " ___谚语_______" has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our It means ____谚语的含义_______ The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as ( also theoretically )A case in point is ___例子一______ Therefore, it is goes without saying that it is of great of importance to practice the proverb ____谚语_____With the rapid development of science and technology in China, an increasing number of people come to realize that it is also of practical use to stick to the saying: ____谚语_____ The more we are aware of the significance of this famous saying, the more benefits we will get in our daily study and 7图表作文的框架As is shown/indicated/illustrated by the figure/percentage inthetable(graph/picture/pie/chart), ___作文题目的议题_____ has been on rise/ decrease (goesup/increases/drops/decreases),significantly/dramatically/steadily rising/decreasing from______ in _______ to ______ in _____ From the sharp/marked decline/ rise in the chart, it goes without saying that ________Thereareatleasttwogoodreasons accounting for ______ Ontheonehand, ________ Ontheotherhand,_______ isduetothefactthat ________Inaddition, ________ isresponsiblefor _______Maybetherearesomeotherreasonstoshow ________Butitisgenerallybelievedthattheabovementionedreasonsarecommonly AsfarasIamconcerned,I hold the point of view that _______ Iamsuremyopinionisbothsoundandwell-8实用性写作(申请信)Your addressMonth, Date, yearReceiver's addressDear ,I am extremely pleased to hear from / to see your advertisement for the position in And I would like to write a letter to tell you / I am confident that I am suitable for the kind of the job you are / I feel I am competent to meet the requirements you have On the one hand, On the other hand, I am enclosing my resume for your kind consideration and I shall be much obliged if you will offer me a precious opportunity to an I will greatly appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience/ I am looking forward to your replies at your earliest Best regards for your health and Sincerely yours,X X X

英语作文万能句子——文段With the development of science and technology, there are more and more people believe that…  随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为…例句:With the development of science and technology, there are more and more people believe that e-books will replace traditional  随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为电子书会取代传统书籍。Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our daily It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as  For example,互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题。比如,……例句:Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our daily It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as  For example, there are more and more students indulged in computer 互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题。比如:越来越多的学生沉迷于电脑游戏而无法自拔。Different people have different opinions  不同的人对……有不同的看法。例句:Different people have different opinions about swimming in  不同的人对冬泳有不同的看法。Every coin has two 事物都有两面性。例句:Every coin has two Suitable exercise is good for people’s health, but too much will be 事物都有两面性。适当的锻炼有助于健康,但是过度却会对身体有害。Attitudes vary from person to  人们对待……的态度因人而异例句:Attitudes towards drugs vary from person to  人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异。There is no doubt has its drawbacks as well as  毫无疑问,……有优点也有缺点。例句:There is no doubt that job-hopping has its drawbacks as well as  毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点。All in all, we cannot live without… So, we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would   总之,我们无法离开……而生存。但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决方案来应付可能出现的新问题。例句:All in all, we cannot live without So, we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would  总之,离开水我们将无法生存。所以,我们必须寻求新的解决方案来应付可能出现的新问题。As an old saying goes, 正如一句古老的谚语所说,……例句:As an old saying goes, there is a will there is a  正如一句古老的谚语所说,有志者事竟成。

nowadays(或者recently), a topic about xxxxx has raised a heated some people hold the view that xxxxxxxxxxx while others opposite

结课论文开头模板

建议你这样试试看:充分地了解题目,一个是题目本身的信息,一个是课程老师提出这个题目的原因。查询相关的资料,对题目有一个大致的认识,在头脑中构建出写作的思路。也可以用纸笔记录下来。拟定写作大纲,有的题目可能老师的意图是希望大家发散性的思维,而有的题目是希望大家有一个明确的结论,不管是什么题目,都不能偏离社会主义核心价值观。反复斟酌修改。这样做的好处:根据这个流程写出来的论文,一定不会差,重点是要明确题目意图,结构清晰,叙述逻辑完整正确。注意事项:结论论文有格式和查重率等要求,需要特别注意,就像作文有卷面分一样,论文的格式和查重率也影响到老师的印象,进而影响获得的分数。

论文开头格式如下:1、论文题目格式:(在标题下注明作者,邮编,工作单位,学生就写所在学校)要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)3、内容提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作计算机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在提要的左下方。5、论文正文:(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。(2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。

议论文段落开头模板

议论文一般分为5—6段。第一段用生动简洁的语言表达中心,字数不宜太长,为100字左右。第二段整体概括文章内容,语言凝炼,200字左右。第三段举一个正例,最好是最近发生的。第四段举一个反例,同上第五段结合三四归纳。第六段总结,与开头呼应。

议论文开头部分一般是用来点出自已的论点导入法是直接写出联想式导入法是通过某一件事点出自已的论点 还有就是——议论文也要分种类的,它有很多种写法,如

高中议论文常见开头写法  议论文常见开头写法1、道理开头  (1)法国作家雨果说过:“世界上最宽阔的是海洋,比海洋更宽阔的是天空,比天空更宽阔的是我们的胸怀。”学会宽容,让宽容之花在心中绽放。  (2)莎士比亚名剧《威尼斯商人》中有一段台词:“宽容就像天上的细雨滋润着大地。它赐福于宽容的人,也赐福于被宽容的人。我们应该学会对别人表现宽容……。”的确,在生活中,我们应该让宽容之火在心中燃起。  议论文常见开头写法2、引用材料开头:依米花在干燥的非洲荒漠中,在黑暗地底下努力寻找着它赖以生存的养分,而所有这些努力只为了它的愿景——以七彩的花瓣与高空毒日争艳,即使为此而耗尽生命也在所不惜。愿景成就美丽人生。  议论文常见开头写法3、托物起兴开头:依米花,因“愿景”终就五色斑斓;荆棘鸟,因“愿景”终究美妙歌声。物如此,人依然。拥有愿景,并为之奋斗,美好明天属于你。  议论文常见开头写法4、比喻性开头  (1)如果说生活是一条奔腾的河流,那么责任则是其中最美的一朵浪花;如果说生活是一方璀璨的星空,那么宽容则是其中最亮的一颗星辰……。有了责任,生活将更加美好。  (2)生活如海,宽容作舟,泛舟于海,方知海之深阔;生活如山,宽容为径,循径登山,方知山之高大;生活如歌,宽容是曲,和曲而歌,方知歌之动听。因此:人生需要宽容。  (说明:比喻性开头通常情况下都要用到排比句式,两句三句都可以)  议论文常见开头写法5、陈述性开头(最一般性开头)  在这个纷纷扰扰的世界里,人与人之间必然会存在一些误会和摩擦,因此,我们必须学会宽容。

t fraudsters who pre

文献综述开头模板

应该了解写文献综述的模式,需要按照正确的格式开头,注意内容的书写,这样才可以完成文献综述的书写。

文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文,它是科学文献的一种。格式与写法文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,特别是阳性结果,而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下四部分:即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,在根据提纲进行撰写工。前言部分,主要是说明写作的目的,介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围,扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。主题部分,是综述的主体,其写法多样,没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述,也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较,阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向,以及对这些问题的评述,主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。总结部分,与研究性论文的小结有些类似,将全文主题进行扼要总结,对所综述的主题有研究的作者,最好能提出自己的见解。参考文献虽然放在文末,但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据,而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此,应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚,查找方便,内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使用方法,录著项目及格式与研究论文相同,不再重复。

论文文献综述怎么写

一 综述的结构 综述作为一种科学文体,从“文以载道,非文则道将不传”的角度讲,有它独特的结构形式。一般而言,综述由题目、概述、正文、总结、参考文献等部分构成。? 题目 综述的题目是对综述内容的高度概括与提炼,对综述全文起到揭示宗旨、规定范围、画龙点睛的作用。在题目里应出现反映文章学科(专业、专题)属性、时间及地区范围的主题词,并用上综述问题的标志语。综述题目应力求简洁、新颖、醒目,字数应控制在 20 字以内。 概述 综述的概述部分主要是起到“破题”作用,交待该篇综述的缘起及学术意义,点明题目中有关概念用语的准确含义,叙述综述要达到的主要目的。使读者在读完概述后,对综述的主要内容有概貌性的了解,并产生进一步阅读的兴趣。概述既要开宗明义,又需短小精练,字数宜控制在 200-300 字之间。 正文 综述的正文是全篇的主体部分,包含全文的核心基础内容。应按论点和论据组织原始文献材料,并穿针引线地加以叙述。为突出主题思想,既要注意结构的逻辑性,又要注意文字词句的可读性。正文篇幅较长,一般应在大标题下分列小标题,不断深入;每段开头以论点引路,以论点带论据方式进行叙述;引用资料应以使用公开出版发行的原始文献为原则,并尽可能引用近年出版的文献,引用中要做到全面合理,如实反映原始文献的观点及材料。正文的字数视其反映的内容而有较大的弹性,一般的应控制在 5000 字以内,在能说明问题的基础上,正文篇幅宜短不宜长。 总结 综述的总结部分是作者归纳全文后得出的结论,说明哪些是肯定的,哪些是否定的,哪些是未定的。作者可以表明自己的学术倾向,可以做出预测,可以提出建议,可以作简短的讨论和评价。这部分的文字篇幅亦需简明扼要,言中则止,不必长篇阔论。 参考文献 参考文献是综述文章的重要组成部分。文末所附参考文献较多 ] ,是综述文体的特征之一。在综述文末开列引用文献的目录有三方面的意义:首先,它是执行知识产权保护法的需要,标明引文出处表示尊重被征引者的劳动成果;其次,它能说明综述的言之有据,反映综述的可信程度;第三,它为读者提供据此查检研究的线索。标注参考文献要实事求是,切忌张冠李戴,同时要严格按照科学写作中关于著录格式、著录内容的要求逐项书写。二 综述的撰写 综述的撰写建立在作者占有大量的有关原始文献资料的基础上。但是占有资料不等于综述,胡乱罗列资料也不是综述,只有正确使用资料,进行严谨的叙述,才能产生综述。撰写综述要经过确定题目,拟定提纲、编撰文章、编列参考文献四个步骤的工作。 确定题目 确定综述题目是写好综述的前提。要善于从专业学习过程及阅读整理原始文献资料过程中发现问题、考虑问题。纵观近年综述的命题通常是从“新”、“热”、“争”等处着眼发现题材和命题的。“新”是指专业(学科、专题)科技的新动态、新水平、新原理、新技术,主要与成就有关;“热”是指科学研究中就某种问题研究形成高潮的热点问题;“争”指科学探讨时存在意见分歧的争议问题。从这三方面容易看到一批原始文献,同时从上述三方面着眼综述,文章才可能吸引读者。初步确定题材后,还应反复研究分析原始文献,从中选择最有用的资料,恰如其分的拟定题目。题目大,内容不足,势必造成头重脚轻的毛病;反过来,题目小,内容多,也同样要犯名实不相符的毛病。确定题目,除了客观题材之外,还要结合作者主观情况进行权衡。对于初写综述者,选题时一定不要好高骛远,去选那些大题和难题。选题必须实事求是,以免题目虽好,但因材料不足,或因能力有限,最终画虎不成反类犬,空耗时间与精力。 拟定提纲 提纲是文章的框架。写综述前,应根据题目分类梳理原始文献,列出提纲。提纲写具体一些,包括大标题,小标题以及小标题下准备引用哪些文献,总结中主要谈什么问题等。可以说,拟提纲是打腹稿的阶段,是用文字将头脑中的文章轮廓描述下来。拟出提纲之后还应不断修订,反复推敲,做到大标题统辖于题目并有序的展开,小标题支撑大标题并反映了引用资料的精神,引用文献的排列要合乎逻辑。列出了逻辑合理,纲目清晰的提纲,综述文章也就呼之欲出了。 编辑综述文字 按提纲规范,将综述内容丰富起来并付诸于笔端。先一气呵成,草稿中不必斤斤计较小的方面,如字词句的通顺妥帖等,而应注意大的方面,如问题是否已讲清楚、引用资料是否全面等。过几天再来看一遍草稿,逐段斟酌逐句推敲,做细致的修改润色工作。反复多次,直至自己比较满意为止。 编列参考文献 参考文献是综述文章的有机组成部分。综述文末一定要编列出引用原始文献的出处目录,并与引用时的标号相一致。由于拟定提纲和编撰文章中多次修改,以及原始文献同篇在综述中多次被征引等情况,稍不注意就会出错。所以,应对参考文献的引用及文末的标注,逐字逐句地核实,务必做到字字有根据,句句有出处,标注规范。文末参考文献目录通常按综述文中出现的先后顺序排列。标注内容除序号外,还应有:作者姓名、篇名、原载期刊名、卷期数、起始页码、出版年月、出版者名称等,其目的是让读者能有效的查出原始文献。三 、 撰写综述的注意事项 写作的过程是不断完善自己的思维和书面表达能力的过程,是主客观相结合实事求是的过程,不可能一蹴而就。撰写综述也必须遵从写作规律。从选材立题、拟定提纲、组织文字、引用文献资料等,都要经历几次肯定——否定,否定——肯定的调整修改过程。此外,为使综述成为题目新颖、资料翔实、说理清楚、言简意明而受到读者青睐的好文章,还应注意以下几个问题。 一 事先检索 在确定题目前,应通过检索,查证清楚近年来有无类似主题的综述文章发表,以防止劳而无功的重复劳动。 二 结合专业 综述文章是众多专业文章的归纳叙述,专业性较强。因此,没有相当的专业知识,不能深刻理解原始文献内容,不能形成符合客观事物规律的论断时,不要勉强去写有关专业的综述。一定要结合自己的专业特长去写,综述的题材最好是自己的强项,写自己最熟悉的事物,容易驾轻就熟,得心应手。 三 资料充分 资料翔实是综述的基础,因此撰写综述必须详尽占有原始文献资料。搜集有关原始文献应尽量避免遗漏,尤其要防止遗漏权威专家学者的论著。引用原始文献要做到:一要杜绝事无巨细有文必录的罗列,二要注意选择典型的尤其是近年来发表的权威性资料,三要直接引用以免曲解原意。 四 评议审慎 综述的主观评议一定要符合客观,避免叙议相离。另外要把握好肯定、否定的份量,文字中少用“最”、“第一”等形容词或冠词;尽量做到客观超脱,忌讳门户之见的个人感情色彩。注意防止把自己的研究成果放在综述中作自我评价

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