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速度激情力量的结合 有世界上最“火爆”的球迷 有世界上最强大的球队 历史悠久 影响深远 无论顶级还是低级别联赛都有一大批铁杆
原来写过一篇足球产业的
按照马斯诺的需求理论，当人们的第一层次的需求得到满足时，就会追求高一层次的需求。足球运动的产生过程也是人们向更高需求追求的过程，是从物质需求得到满足后的必然发展结果。18—19世纪中期，欧洲的阶级分化，资产阶级和地主间的矛盾进一步激化。斗争的结果是地主阶级对新兴资产阶级的斗争进入体育项目(包括足球运动)中阻碍了民间足球的发展。英国工业革命后，不断发展的工业化和城市化，并随之而来的中产阶级的出现以及 19世纪英国公学教育改革，推动了英式足球的出现。从这个意义上讲，现代足球首先产生于英国，具有历史发展的必然性。 19世纪中叶后的英国，工业化和城市化进程加快 ，大批的农村人口涌人了城市，早在 19世纪中叶，英国初步实现了城市化 ，这时全国已经有一半以上的人口居住在城镇里。伴随着生产技术的根本变革和经济的发展 ，使人们的联系变得更为快捷，过去封闭的社会变得开放；人们的生活质量发生变化，工作时间减少，余暇时间增多。当人们的物质需求得到满足时，就必然需要更高层次的追求，精神上的、文化层面上的需求就应运而生。于是，他们大多数就选择了体育运动或看体育运动来增添自己的生活乐趣。而足球运动作为新兴的体育运动形式，反映了人们间的强烈竞争、进取和合作精神 ，迅速兴起就成为必然。 3．足球俱乐部的产 生和发展及早期足球产业化发展 3．1足球俱乐部的产生 与发展 最早的足球俱乐部起源于英国，民间足球游戏和公学足球运动的发展，使得一些热爱足球运动的组织在一起 ，并导致足球俱乐部的出现。最早出现的足球俱乐部(1862年的诺丁汉郡俱乐部)，其成员大多来源于原公学(牛津、剑桥大学)的学生。从这种意义上讲 ，足球俱乐部的起源来源于 l9世纪的公学。工业革命的爆发，工人经济收人增多、中产阶级的出现、大批观众的出现，使得公学业余运动逐渐职业化。英国足球运动的迅速发展得益于学生和上等阶层，特别是学生，他们思想激进、活跃 ，接触面广。他们不仅将足球运动传给外国的留学生，还传播给了工人阶层和军人。随着英国海外殖民扩张，海外英国人连同在英学生、工作的外国人一起将足球带到了世界各地。英国以外的各地足球运动迅速发展，各俱乐部相继成立。足球俱乐部是伴随职业化的推广而发展的。早期的足球俱乐部是带有明显娱乐性质的具有相同爱好者的简单组合。俱乐部自身或者与外界不定期地通过一些足球比赛来调节自我，比赛无日程规定。这种局面的改观直到现代足球诞生后的 1O年，世界上首个有组织的比赛出现。1872年第 1届足总杯吸引了 15支球队参加，采用连续淘汰制，博尔顿流浪者队最终获得冠军。继此 ，联赛出现从以上分析，我们认为早期足球俱乐部不是真正意义上的俱乐部直到 1885年以后 ，英国足协迫于现实压力，首先宣布职业球员的合法化，苏格兰等国相继步其后尘，最终实现了足球运动的职业化。足球运动职业化以后 ，有人付钱看球 ，有人踢球挣钱 ，于是围绕足球运动的产业就产生了，从此以后的足球俱乐部才是以盈利为特征的真正意义上的职业俱乐部。19世纪末以前，英国的足球俱乐部主要是一种业余化健身性和娱乐性组织。19世纪末，足球俱乐部的商业化倾向开始明显到20世纪初，大多数足球俱乐部开始转变为以追求经济利益为主的股份化商业组织。不过，早期的足球产业化发展是简单的，其各方面运作仍处于尝试阶段。首先是各俱乐部在比赛宣传方面作了相应尝试；接着足球装备业等相关产业相继出现。更为重要的是足球成为商业推助剂各种广告相继附着于足球运动的发展 ，形成全新的足球运动概念。值得一提的是，传媒对足球产业化推广的影响是巨大的，没有传媒的介入就没有现代足球的快速发展。早在 1927年英国的 BBC广播公司进入足球比赛中，对比赛进行报道与直播，后来 ，电视中也出现了足球 比赛的内容。20世纪5O年代 ，电视媒体全面介入足球运动，大大推动了足球运动的发展。 3．2足球俱乐部产生与发展的背景 为了满足人们的需求就出现了大量的足球俱乐部，英国现在的 9个职业足球俱乐部，主要集中于英格兰中部和西北部这两个传统工业地区，围绕着伯明翰和曼彻斯特两个中心城市；此外伦敦和纽卡斯尔一南一北两个城市周边，也有不少足球俱乐部，这与当地的经济条件是不可分割的，随着城市机器大工业的发展，大部分的工作就能够让机器来完成了，人们的空余时间增多了和人们的经济条件富有 ，所以球赛的观众就增加了，为了满足市场的需求，英国的足球运动就逐渐走向了产业化与商业化的道路。也就是说 ，在英国机器大工业时代的条件下，人们的空余时间增多，经济收入增加，对一些娱乐运动的追求 日益剧增，许多依靠足球运动来为生活增添色彩的人们集中在一块，也就有了早期的足球俱乐部。而伴随着英国经济的发展，英国人的生活条件进一步提高，可以出钱看球赛的人不断增加 ，这时踢球就可以成为一种谋生的手段 ，而随之而来的职业足球合法化，意味着足球俱乐部真正出现。此外从英国足球俱乐部的区域分布特征来看，早期的足球俱乐部存在着明显的对经济发展的依附性，经济越发达，足球俱乐部越多，足球运动发展越快。 4．足球全球化发展的历程 足球运动从英国向世界各国的发展与英国当时的海外殖民地有着不可分割的关系。足球运动在英国的形成与发展之后，随着产业革命的发生，英国同时也处在社会转型的时期，开始出现了许多剩余劳动力。即由于早在英国的全球的殖民运动过程中，国内的人口增长速度超过了粮食增长的速度 ，造成粮食的严重短缺，此时人口的增长对土地也造成了强大的压力 ，导致物价上涨。人口的增长也造成了失业率的持续上涨。所以就有了大量的剩余劳动力了。还有随着 18世纪全球经济复杂化的进程 ，为了寻求新的原料产地和商品倾销地 ，因而英国的大量的城市居民和大贸易公司随着环境的改变而四处迁移，造成了人口的全球漂移。在此背景下，英国已经把很多国人送到全球各地的殖民地。在殖民地的人民也有了空余时间来进行业余的体育活动，加之这些英殖民地地区的经济、社会文化环境的变化，殖民地的人们也就开始接受了该项运动了，在全球英殖民地上就逐渐形成了足球运动。在 19世纪末，英国在全球的殖民地数量高达 183个，遍布全球各地。可以认为英国的殖民统治，无形间促进了世界第一运动的全球推广。此外，足球运动的全球推广过程中，不得不提到英殖民地的英国军队。军人空闲的足球竞赛运动对足球的全球扩张具有重要意义。
It is very pretty I'm sure! please you agree with me! so I hope you can to do
足球运动中足球鞋的发展变化。好写点
如果要专门论述这个问题的话，可以写一篇几万字的论文。当年上大学的时候，写过几篇探讨西欧各国足球风格与文化之间关系的文章，几年过去了，文章业已佚失，况且在这里发表几万字的宏篇大论也不现实，所以就简单谈谈我的看法吧，互相交流。坦率地说，论技术上的赏心悦目，英超比不上西甲；论战术上的丰富多彩，英超则比不上意甲，那为何如今的英超会成为全球最吸引人的足球联赛呢？我觉得主要有以下两个方面：第一，忠实拥趸。众所周知，英国是现代足球的发源地，许多英国球队都具有百多年的历史，在俱乐部漫长而艰辛的发展过程中，随着球队的起落沉浮、升级降级、兴衰荣辱，造就了一大批忠实坚定的球迷。而且，这些球迷大多是世代相传的，祖辈带着父辈看球，父辈又带着子辈看球，一代又一代地把对自己球队的热爱传递下去。很多球队都有铁杆球迷的专属看台，甚至这些看台的某些座位都是代代传承下来的。球迷们对自己球队的爱是至死不渝的，不论球队踢得好坏，即使是降级了，也会始终如一地给予支持，购买价格不菲的门票到现场为球队加油。当年几支老牌球队（如诺丁汉森林、利兹联、考文垂等）降级时，球迷含泪为球员鼓掌、球员含泪对球迷致谢的场面是多么得感人至深！同时，与此相对应的则是英国球队间的“世仇”现象。德比大战在世界其他的联赛中也屡见不鲜，著名的有AC米兰与国际米兰、罗马与拉齐奥、河床与博卡等等，但是这些球队间的嫌隙与英国球队间的仇恨是不可同日而语的。诸如阿森纳同热刺、利物浦同埃弗顿、格拉斯哥同凯尔特人，百多年以来的积怨简直是罄竹难书。每每两队比赛之时，城市万人空巷、酒吧人声鼎沸、球场座无虚席、球迷面红耳赤、球员目龇欲裂，好似都要把对方生吞活剥了相仿。就算在电视机前的我们也能够身临其境地感受到现场肃杀的气氛。对自己球队的爱和对仇敌球队的恨之所以有如此天渊之别，我认为与英国历史有很大的关系。从大的方面来说，英国分为英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士与北爱尔兰四个行政地区，四个地区间的恩怨甚深、难以化解，尤其是英格兰与苏格兰之间，稍具历史知识的人都知道双方的矛盾有多深；从小的方面来说，不列颠自有国家建立以来长期处于分裂状态，即使统一之后也由于其分封制度，造成了各地领主各自为政、互相攻伐的局面。久而久之，形成了人们领土意识、地域意识、敌对意识较重的思维特征。故此，延伸到足球领域，便自然而然地演化出以上英国足球所特有的爱恨极端化的情结。第二，疯狗精神。看英超球赛，你可能看不到眼花缭乱的传切配合，也不用琢磨是否有高深莫测的战术变化，但是却可以看得很过瘾，那就是因为英国球队所推崇的“疯狗精神”在起作用。几乎每支英超球队都有一批在场上干脏活累活的人，不惜体力地奔跑、拼抢、阻截、铲断，从头至尾，只要裁判的哨声未响就不会停歇。甚至许多外籍球员都会受此感染，无论是来自西班牙也好，葡萄牙也罢，再会玩花活也不能没有这种一往无前的拼搏精神。因为这是立足英超的前提，是英国人评判球员的标杆。看看如今的克里斯蒂亚诺·罗纳尔多就能明白，一个只会花拳绣腿的少年是怎样蜕变成一位九十分钟自始至终奋力拚杀、肩挑大梁的战士的。与此同时，疯狗精神也使比赛更富悬念，不到最后一分钟、一秒钟，观众都无法确定比分的结果，最后十分钟里风云突变的例子太多了，看看切尔西、曼联、甚至博尔顿。事实上，每场英超赛事都是扣人心弦的，套用句俗话，“玩的就是心跳”。大概这也是为什么英超球队许多教练心脏不好的原因吧。这与英国文化也有必然的关系，“疯狗精神”，说白了就是“蓝领精神”，就是不怕苦不怕累的工人精神。英国是工业革命的前驱，世界产业工人的发祥地，工人们遭资本家压迫，工作环境恶劣，身心备受煎熬，自从足球比赛出现后，足球就成了他们心灵的绿洲和发泄地，球场上球员的拼搏很容易同工人们产生心理的呼应，工人们也对场上拼抢积极的球员生出认同感。时间长了，就成了一种心理定势以及英国足球风格的组成要素之一。以上是英国足球文化最基本的两个特征，篇幅所限，难以尽言，希望能够抛砖引玉。
论文？可以到江城足球网 看看 里面原创版块里很多原创的文章
有关英国文化The culture of the United Kingdom is rich and varied, and has been influential on culture on a worldwide It is a European state, and has many cultural links with its former colonies, particularly those that use the English language (the Anglosphere) Considerable contributions to British culture have been made over the last half-century by immigrants from the Indian Subcontinent and the West I The origins of the UK as a political union of formerly independent states has resulted in the preservation of distinctive cultures in each of the home Language Main article: Languages in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has no official English is the main language and the de facto official language, spoken monolingually by an estimated 95% of the UK However, some nations and regions of the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their autochthonous In Wales, English and Welsh are both widely used by officialdom, and Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned Additionally, the Western Isles council area of Scotland has a policy to promote Scottish G Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which is not legally enforceable, the UK Government has committed itself to the promotion of certain linguistic Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish are to be developed in Wales, Scotland and Cornwall Other native languages afforded such protection include Irish in Northern Ireland, Scots in Scotland and Northern Ireland, where it is known in official parlance as "Ulster Scots" or "Ullans" but in the speech of users simply as "Scotch", and British Sign L The Arts Literature Sherlock Holmes, played here by Jeremy Brett, was created by British author Arthur Conan DMain article: British literature The earliest native literature of the territory of the modern United Kingdom was written in the Celtic languages of the The Welsh literary tradition stretches from the 6th Irish poetry also represents a more or less unbroken tradition from the 6th century to the present day, with the Ulster Cycle being of particular relevance to Northern I Anglo-Saxon literature includes Beowulf, a national epic, but literature in Latin predominated among educated After the Norman Conquest Anglo-Norman literature brought continental influences to the English literature emerged as a recognisable entity in the late 14th century, with the rise and spread of the London dialect of Middle E Geoffrey Chaucer is the first great identifiable individual in English literature: his Canterbury Tales remains a popular 14th-century work which readers still enjoy Following the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, the Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the fields of poetry and From this period, poet and playwright William Shakespeare stands out as arguably the most famous writer in the The English novel became a popular form in the 18th century, with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1745) After a period of decline, the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in vernacular literature, the rhyming weavers of Ulster being especially influenced by literature in Scots from S The following two centuries continued a huge outpouring of literary In the early 19th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance two hundred years earlier, with such poets as William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Lord B The Victorian period was the golden age of the realistic English novel, represented by Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, and Thomas H World War One gave rise to British war poets and writers such as Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and Rupert Brooke who wrote (often paradoxically), of their expectations of war, and/or their experiences in the The Celtic Revival stimulated new appreciation of traditional Irish literature, however, with the independence of the Irish Free State, Irish literature came to be seen as more clearly separate from the strains of British The Scottish Renaissance of the early 20th century brought modernism to Scottish literature as well as an interest in new forms in the literatures of Scottish Gaelic and S The English novel developed in the 20th century into much greater variety and was greatly enriched by immigrant It remains today the dominant English literary Other well-known novelists include Arthur Conan Doyle, D H Lawrence, George Orwell, Salman Rushdie, Mary Shelley, Zadie Smith, J R R Tolkien, Virginia Woolf and JK R Important poets include Elizabeth Barrett Browning, T S Eliot, Ted Hughes, John Milton, Alfred Tennyson, Rudyard Kipling, Alexander Pope, and Dylan T Religion Main article: Religion in the United Kingdom Although today one of the most 'secularised' states in the world, the United Kingdom is traditionally a Christian country, with two of the Home nations having official faiths: Anglicanism, in the form of the Church of England, is the Established Church in E The Queen is Supreme Governor of the Church of E Presbyterianism (Church of Scotland) is the official faith in S The Anglican Church in Wales was disestablished in The Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in Other religions followed in the UK include Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, and B While 2001 census information [2] suggests that over 75 percent of UK citizens consider themselves to belong to a religion, Gallup International reports that only 10 percent of UK citizens regularly attend religious services, compared to 15 percent of French citizens and 57 percent of American A 2004 YouGov poll found that 44 percent of UK citizens believe in God, while 35 percent do not [3] The disparity between the census data and the YouGov data has been put down to a phenomenon described as "cultural Christianity", whereby many who do not believe in God still identify with the religion they were bought up as, or the religion of their [edit] Food Main article: British cuisine Although there is ample evidence of a rich and varied approach to cuisine during earlier historical periods (particularly so amongst wealthy citizens), during much of the 19th and 20th century Britain had a reputation for somewhat conservative The stereotype of the native cuisine was of a diet progressing little beyond stodgy meals consisting of "meat and two veg" Even today, in more conservative areas of the country, "meat and two veg" cuisine is still the favoured choice at the dinner Traditional British fare usually includes dishes such as fish and chips, roast dishes of beef, lamb, chicken and pork, as well as regional dishes such as the Cornish pasty and Lancashire H On 8 January 1940, four months after the outbreak of World War II, a system of food Rationing was introduced to conserve stocks and feed the nation during the critical war Rationing persisted until July 4, 1954 [4] when a fourteen year period of relative privation (which profoundly affected a generation of people attitude to 'a culture of food') finally came to an With the end of rationing, Britain's diet began to change, slowly at first during the 1950s and 1960s, but immeasurably by the closing decades of the 20th During the transitional period of the 1970s, a number of influential figures such as Delia Smith (perhaps Britain's most famous homegrown exponent of good food), began the drive to encourage greater experimentation with the new ingredients ( pasta) increasingly being offered by the The evolution of the British diet was further accelerated with the increasing tendency of the British to travel to continental Europe (and sometimes beyond) for their annual holidays, experiencing new and unfamiliar dishes as they travelled to countries such as France, Italy, and S Towards the mid to late 1990s and onwards an explosion of talented new 'TV chefs' began to come to prominence, (with figures as diverse as Jamie Oliver, Ainsley Harriott, Ken Hom, Nigella Lawson, Madhur Jaffrey, Nigel Slater, and Keith Floyd) this brought about a noticeable acceleration in the diversity of cuisine the general public were prepared to try and their general confidence in preparing food that had would once have been considered pure staples of foreign cultures, particularly the Mediterranean European, South and East Asian As a result, a new style of cooking called Modern British This process of increased variety and experimentation in food inevitably dovetailed with the very profound impact that the post-war influx of immigrants to the UK (many from Britain's former colonies in the Caribbean and Indian sub-continent) had on the national The new communities propelled new and exciting dishes and ingredients onto restaurant tables and into the national In many instances, British tastes fused with the new dishes to produce entirely new dishes such as the Balti, an English invention based on Indian cuisine that has since gained popularity across the Many of these new dishes have since become deeply embedded in the native culture, culminating in a speech in 2001 by Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, in which he described Chicken Tikka Masala as 'a true British national dish' [5] With the rich diversity of its peoples and its (arguably) relatively successful attempts at creating a true multicultural society, married to a reputation as an experimental and forward thinking nation, the future of British cuisine looks [edit] Education University College, Oxford was founded in the 13th centuryMain article: Education in the United Kingdom The education system in the United Kingdom varies in important respects between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern I Education is devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the assemblies in Wales and Northern I Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of five and Most children in the UK are educated in state funded schools financed through the tax system and so parents do not pay directly for the cost of Less than ten percent of the UK school age population attend independent fee-paying Many prominent independent schools, often founded hundreds of years ago, are known as public schools of which Eton, Harrow and Rugby are three of the better Most primary and secondary schools in both the private and state sectors have compulsory school This is a contentious point with generations of school children who would like to see them abolished, only to support their retention once they become parents, this is due to people wanting to have a 'uniform' appearance in schools and it reduces the brand logo culture from coming out in educational Due to the multicultural nature of England, some allowances have had to be made in the uniform regulations to accommodate the needs of some children's religious [edit] England Main article Education in England Most schools came under state control in the Victorian era, a formal state school system was instituted after the Second World W Initially schools were separated into infant schools (normally up to age 4 or 5), primary schools and secondary schools (split into more academic grammar schools and more vocational secondary modern schools) Under the Labour governments of the 1960s and 1970s most secondary modern and grammar schools were combined to become comprehensive Although the Minister of Education is responsible to Parliament for education, the day to day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of Local Education A Northern Ireland Main article Education in Northern Ireland Scotland Main article Education in Scotland Wales Main article Education in Wales Higher education The United Kingdom includes many historic These include the so-called Oxbridge universities (Oxford University and Cambridge University) which are amongst the world's oldest universities and are generally ranked at or near the top of all British Other universities include the University of St Andrews, the oldest university in S Academic degrees are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class) [Sport Main article: Sport in the United Kingdom The national sport of the UK is football, and the UK has the oldest football clubs in the The home nations all have separate national teams and domestic competitions, most notably the Scottish Premier League, the FA Cup and the FA Premier L The first ever international football match was between Scotland and England in The match ended Other famous British sporting events include the Wimbledon tennis championships, the Grand National, the London Marathon, the ashes series of cricket matches and the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge A great number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including: Football (soccer), squash, golf, boxing, rugby (rugby union and rugby league), cricket, snooker, billiards, badminton and National costume The kilt is a traditional Scottish garmentThere is no specifically British national Even individually, England, Wales and Northern Ireland have only vestiges of a national costume; Scotland has the kilt and Tam o' In England certain military uniforms such as the Beefeater or the Queen's Guard are considered by tourists to be symbolic of Englishness, however they are not official national Morris dancers or the costumes for the traditional English may dance are cited by some as examples of traditional English Naming convention The naming convention in most of the United Kingdom is for everyone to have a given name, usually (but not always) indicating the child's sex, followed by a parent's family This naming convention has remained much the same since the 15th century in England although patronymic naming remained in some of the further reaches of the other home nations until much Since the 19th century middle names have become very common and are often taken from the family name of an Traditionally given names were largely taken from the Bible however in the Gothic Revival of the Victorian era Anglo Saxon and mythical names became Since the middle of the 20th century however given names have been influenced by a much wider cultural 英国式足球（Wall game）的英文介绍Wall gameWally (pronounced Wall - ey ) is a groupe of games played predominantly in secondary schools in E The games are generally played during breaks and require a wall and tennis ball or Numbers involved in games range from four to 30-ish; however, numbers become unmanageable beyond How to playUsing a tennis ball The game is played against a stretch of wall with a smooth flat surface The wall should preferably be above two meters (although skilled players never use more than meter) The ball is 'served' by throwing the ball hard at the ground and making it bounce on to the wall; this is normally done from two to three meters away from the Players then have to hit the ball in the cupped palm of their hand towards the wall ensuring that it bounces on the ground before it hits the A player is out if they fail to hit the ball, fail to make the ball bounce before hitting the wall, or miss the The winner is the last person left A tennis raquet can be used instead of handsUsing a football The rules are the same although the ball is kicked rather than hit with the handDetailed RulesThe length of wall is changeable depending on the number of players but generally stays under eight Players can call for a re-serve if they feel there was a bad serve; this can only be done before the ball is The person who is nearest to the ball is the one that has to hit Failure to do so results in them being Players can step out of the way of the ball if there is someone behind them, thus making the person behind them responsible for hitting the If two players begin to claim the other person was nearer to the ball then both players are The ball is sometimes aimed at other players because they are out if the ball hits If the ball hits the joining of the wall and floor (a '50/50') players can call for the round to start Playing StyleThe game is played differently to the way the rules would The playing style is fast and furious and when well-played the ball is hit very hard and low to the ground three or four meters away from the Playing occasionally changes to the ball being hit very softy close to the wall requiring players to be very close to the wall; this is generally used tactically as players can then hit the ball hard so that it shoots off almost parallel to the wall catching out people who had not been playing close to the This tactic generally only last a round or part of one as it is considered VariationsThere are a few variations of the game although they are played with less frequency than the main 'Stings' is played exactly the same as the normal game except at the end of a game the first person has to stand against the wall while the winner gets one shoot against them with the '3D' wally is generally played in corridors or classrooms, in this variant of the game 2 or 3 walls are used as well as the
有关英国文化The culture of the United Kingdom is rich and varied, and has been influential on culture on a worldwide It is a European state, and has many cultural links with its former colonies, particularly those that use the English language (the Anglosphere) Considerable contributions to British culture have been made over the last half-century by immigrants from the Indian Subcontinent and the West I The origins of the UK as a political union of formerly independent states has resulted in the preservation of distinctive cultures in each of the home Language Main article: Languages in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom has no official English is the main language and the de facto official language, spoken monolingually by an estimated 95% of the UK However, some nations and regions of the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their autochthonous In Wales, English and Welsh are both widely used by officialdom, and Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned Additionally, the Western Isles council area of Scotland has a policy to promote Scottish G Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, which is not legally enforceable, the UK Government has committed itself to the promotion of certain linguistic Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Cornish are to be developed in Wales, Scotland and Cornwall Other native languages afforded such protection include Irish in Northern Ireland, Scots in Scotland and Northern Ireland, where it is known in official parlance as "Ulster Scots" or "Ullans" but in the speech of users simply as "Scotch", and British Sign L The Arts Literature Sherlock Holmes, played here by Jeremy Brett, was created by British author Arthur Conan DMain article: British literature The earliest native literature of the territory of the modern United Kingdom was written in the Celtic languages of the The Welsh literary tradition stretches from the 6th Irish poetry also represents a more or less unbroken tradition from the 6th century to the present day, with the Ulster Cycle being of particular relevance to Northern I Anglo-Saxon literature includes Beowulf, a national epic, but literature in Latin predominated among educated After the Norman Conquest Anglo-Norman literature brought continental influences to the English literature emerged as a recognisable entity in the late 14th century, with the rise and spread of the London dialect of Middle E Geoffrey Chaucer is the first great identifiable individual in English literature: his Canterbury Tales remains a popular 14th-century work which readers still enjoy Following the introduction of the printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, the Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the fields of poetry and From this period, poet and playwright William Shakespeare stands out as arguably the most famous writer in the The English novel became a popular form in the 18th century, with Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719), Samuel Richardson's Pamela (1740) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1745) After a period of decline, the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in vernacular literature, the rhyming weavers of Ulster being especially influenced by literature in Scots from S The following two centuries continued a huge outpouring of literary In the early 19th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance two hundred years earlier, with such poets as William Blake, William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Lord B The Victorian period was the golden age of the realistic English novel, represented by Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters (Charlotte, Emily and Anne), Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, George Eliot, and Thomas H World War One gave rise to British war poets and writers such as Wilfred Owen, Siegfried Sassoon, Robert Graves and Rupert Brooke who wrote (often paradoxically), of their expectations of war, and/or their experiences in the The Celtic Revival stimulated new appreciation of traditional Irish literature, however, with the independence of the Irish Free State, Irish literature came to be seen as more clearly separate from the strains of British The Scottish Renaissance of the early 20th century brought modernism to Scottish literature as well as an interest in new forms in the literatures of Scottish Gaelic and S The English novel developed in the 20th century into much greater variety and was greatly enriched by immigrant It remains today the dominant English literary Other well-known novelists include Arthur Conan Doyle, D H Lawrence, George Orwell, Salman Rushdie, Mary Shelley, Zadie Smith, J R R Tolkien, Virginia Woolf and JK R Important poets include Elizabeth Barrett Browning, T S Eliot, Ted Hughes, John Milton, Alfred Tennyson, Rudyard Kipling, Alexander Pope, and Dylan T Religion Main article: Religion in the United Kingdom Although today one of the most 'secularised' states in the world, the United Kingdom is traditionally a Christian country, with two of the Home nations having official faiths: Anglicanism, in the form of the Church of England, is the Established Church in E The Queen is Supreme Governor of the Church of E Presbyterianism (Church of Scotland) is the official faith in S The Anglican Church in Wales was disestablished in The Anglican Church of Ireland was disestablished in Other religions followed in the UK include Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, and B While 2001 census information [2] suggests that over 75 percent of UK citizens consider themselves to belong to a religion, Gallup International reports that only 10 percent of UK citizens regularly attend religious services, compared to 15 percent of French citizens and 57 percent of American A 2004 YouGov poll found that 44 percent of UK citizens believe in God, while 35 percent do not [3] The disparity between the census data and the YouGov data has been put down to a phenomenon described as "cultural Christianity", whereby many who do not believe in God still identify with the religion they were bought up as, or the religion of their [edit] Food Main article: British cuisine Although there is ample evidence of a rich and varied approach to cuisine during earlier historical periods (particularly so amongst wealthy citizens), during much of the 19th and 20th century Britain had a reputation for somewhat conservative The stereotype of the native cuisine was of a diet progressing little beyond stodgy meals consisting of "meat and two veg" Even today, in more conservative areas of the country, "meat and two veg" cuisine is still the favoured choice at the dinner Traditional British fare usually includes dishes such as fish and chips, roast dishes of beef, lamb, chicken and pork, as well as regional dishes such as the Cornish pasty and Lancashire H On 8 January 1940, four months after the outbreak of World War II, a system of food Rationing was introduced to conserve stocks and feed the nation during the critical war Rationing persisted until July 4, 1954 [4] when a fourteen year period of relative privation (which profoundly affected a generation of people attitude to 'a culture of food') finally came to an With the end of rationing, Britain's diet began to change, slowly at first during the 1950s and 1960s, but immeasurably by the closing decades of the 20th During the transitional period of the 1970s, a number of influential figures such as Delia Smith (perhaps Britain's most famous homegrown exponent of good food), began the drive to encourage greater experimentation with the new ingredients ( pasta) increasingly being offered by the The evolution of the British diet was further accelerated with the increasing tendency of the British to travel to continental Europe (and sometimes beyond) for their annual holidays, experiencing new and unfamiliar dishes as they travelled to countries such as France, Italy, and S Towards the mid to late 1990s and onwards an explosion of talented new 'TV chefs' began to come to prominence, (with figures as diverse as Jamie Oliver, Ainsley Harriott, Ken Hom, Nigella Lawson, Madhur Jaffrey, Nigel Slater, and Keith Floyd) this brought about a noticeable acceleration in the diversity of cuisine the general public were prepared to try and their general confidence in preparing food that had would once have been considered pure staples of foreign cultures, particularly the Mediterranean European, South and East Asian As a result, a new style of cooking called Modern British This process of increased variety and experimentation in food inevitably dovetailed with the very profound impact that the post-war influx of immigrants to the UK (many from Britain's former colonies in the Caribbean and Indian sub-continent) had on the national The new communities propelled new and exciting dishes and ingredients onto restaurant tables and into the national In many instances, British tastes fused with the new dishes to produce entirely new dishes such as the Balti, an English invention based on Indian cuisine that has since gained popularity across the Many of these new dishes have since become deeply embedded in the native culture, culminating in a speech in 2001 by Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, in which he described Chicken Tikka Masala as 'a true British national dish' [5] With the rich diversity of its peoples and its (arguably) relatively successful attempts at creating a true multicultural society, married to a reputation as an experimental and forward thinking nation, the future of British cuisine looks [edit] Education University College, Oxford was founded in the 13th centuryMain article: Education in the United Kingdom The education system in the United Kingdom varies in important respects between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern I Education is devolved to the Scottish Parliament and the assemblies in Wales and Northern I Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of five and Most children in the UK are educated in state funded schools financed through the tax system and so parents do not pay directly for the cost of Less than ten percent of the UK school age population attend independent fee-paying Many prominent independent schools, often founded hundreds of years ago, are known as public schools of which Eton, Harrow and Rugby are three of the better Most primary and secondary schools in both the private and state sectors have compulsory school This is a contentious point with generations of school children who would like to see them abolished, only to support their retention once they become parents, this is due to people wanting to have a 'uniform' appearance in schools and it reduces the brand logo culture from coming out in educational Due to the multicultural nature of England, some allowances have had to be made in the uniform regulations to accommodate the needs of some children's religious [edit] England Main article Education in England Most schools came under state control in the Victorian era, a formal state school system was instituted after the Second World W Initially schools were separated into infant schools (normally up to age 4 or 5), primary schools and secondary schools (split into more academic grammar schools and more vocational secondary modern schools) Under the Labour governments of the 1960s and 1970s most secondary modern and grammar schools were combined to become comprehensive Although the Minister of Education is responsible to Parliament for education, the day to day administration and funding of state schools is the responsibility of Local Education A Northern Ireland Main article Education in Northern Ireland Scotland Main article Education in Scotland Wales Main article Education in Wales Higher education The United Kingdom includes many historic These include the so-called Oxbridge universities (Oxford University and Cambridge University) which are amongst the world's oldest universities and are generally ranked at or near the top of all British Other universities include the University of St Andrews, the oldest university in S Academic degrees are usually split into classes: first class (I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class) [Sport Main article: Sport in the United Kingdom The national sport of the UK is football, and the UK has the oldest football clubs in the The home nations all have separate national teams and domestic competitions, most notably the Scottish Premier League, the FA Cup and the FA Premier L The first ever international football match was between Scotland and England in The match ended Other famous British sporting events include the Wimbledon tennis championships, the Grand National, the London Marathon, the ashes series of cricket matches and the boat race between Oxford and Cambridge A great number of major sports originated in the United Kingdom, including: Football (soccer), squash, golf, boxing, rugby (rugby union and rugby league), cricket, snooker, billiards, badminton and National costume The kilt is a traditional Scottish garmentThere is no specifically British national Even individually, England, Wales and Northern Ireland have only vestiges of a national costume; Scotland has the kilt and Tam o' In England certain military uniforms such as the Beefeater or the Queen's Guard are considered by tourists to be symbolic of Englishness, however they are not official national Morris dancers or the costumes for the traditional English may dance are cited by some as examples of traditional English Naming convention The naming convention in most of the United Kingdom is for everyone to have a given name, usually (but not always) indicating the child's sex, followed by a parent's family This naming convention has remained much the same since the 15th century in England although patronymic naming remained in some of the further reaches of the other home nations until much Since the 19th century middle names have become very common and are often taken from the family name of an Traditionally given names were largely taken from the Bible however in the Gothic Revival of the Victorian era Anglo Saxon and mythical names became Since the middle of the 20th century however given names have been influenced by a much wider cultural 英国式足球（Wall game）的英文介绍Wall gameWally (pronounced Wall - ey ) is a groupe of games played predominantly in secondary schools in E The games are generally played during breaks and require a wall and tennis ball or Numbers involved in games range from four to 30-ish; however, numbers become unmanageable beyond How to playUsing a tennis ball The game is played against a stretch of wall with a smooth flat surface The wall should preferably be above two meters (although skilled players never use more than meter) The ball is 'served' by throwing the ball hard at the ground and making it bounce on to the wall; this is normally done from two to three meters away from the Players then have to hit the ball in the cupped palm of their hand towards the wall ensuring that it bounces on the ground before it hits the A player is out if they fail to hit the ball, fail to make the ball bounce before hitting the wall, or miss the The winner is the last person left A tennis raquet can be used instead of handsUsing a football The rules are the same although the ball is kicked rather than hit with the handDetailed RulesThe length of wall is changeable depending on the number of players but generally stays under eight Players can call for a re-serve if they feel there was a bad serve; this can only be done before the ball is The person who is nearest to the ball is the one that has to hit Failure to do so results in them being Players can step out of the way of the ball if there is someone behind them, thus making the person behind them responsible for hitting the If two players begin to claim the other person was nearer to the ball then both players are The ball is sometimes aimed at other players because they are out if the ball hits If the ball hits the joining of the wall and floor (a '50/50') players can call for the round to start Playing StyleThe game is played differently to the way the rules would The playing style is fast and furious and when well-played the ball is hit very hard and low to the ground three or four meters away from the Playing occasionally changes to the ball being hit very softy close to the wall requiring players to be very close to the wall; this is generally used tactically as players can then hit the ball hard so that it shoots off almost parallel to the wall catching out people who had not been playing close to the This tactic generally only last a round or part of one as it is considered VariationsThere are a few variations of the game although they are played with less frequency than the main 'Stings' is played exactly the same as the normal game except at the end of a game the first person has to stand against the wall while the winner gets one shoot against them with the '3D' wally is generally played in corridors or classrooms, in this variant of the game 2 or 3 walls are used as well as the
选修课 足球赏析 留的作业 老师说了 最好关于足球的多点吗？
半夜一点，在随身小纸片上写下这些文字，只因为我爱足球。爱足球不需要任何理由。尽管我分不清前锋与中位，叫不出每一支球队的名字。 足球就两个字——热血。日韩交锋，总能让人兴奋不已。在这特殊的战场上，我看到了一群视足球比生命还重要的人类。他们激情飞扬。有多少话语都化做呐喊，足球此刻便没有了国界，因为，足球就是生命！看那些队员在场上拼杀，会止不住激动落泪，只有足球，才能给人如此强烈的生命的震撼！ 爱足球，不需要任何理由。尽管我是女生，尽管我分不清南美与欧洲的球风。 阿根廷，智利，巴西……哪一个不是足球王国？上到老人，下到幼童，足球都是他们的伙伴。 我爱巴乔，他是足球的英雄；我爱罗纳尔多，爱他对足球的投入甚至那可爱的龅牙；我爱欧文，爱他的敬业球德；我爱小贝，爱他的英俊潇洒更爱他球场上的叱诧风云。 爱足球，不需要任何理由。尽管中国足球一次次令球迷失望。 我相信，足球迟早会代替乒乓球成为我们的国球。我始终坚信，迟早有一天，足球也会成为全民运动带领我们向前走。 我相信，没有人能拒绝足球的热力激扬，那阳光下草地青葱，当足球有了灵魂，这便是生命，这便是足球！ 足球这最具魅力的运动将绽放在神州！ 我看中国足球： 外行看热闹，我就说说“热闹“话。看球不能没反思，于是我们小组的几个同志得出以下结论： 1．话说“一个国家的男足水平代表一个国家的素质“，恩，中国男足责任重大，加把劲。而中国教育厅责任更加重大，“素质“如何，全民的才是真正的。 2．中国球迷欠组织性与纪律性，且容易“叛国“。球迷们且慢发火，这球赛不说，球迷在赛时没有足够坚定的意志，离终场还有一段时间就开始痛哭……我们应向邻邦韩国学习，不到比赛终结，球迷都是一副坚定的表情喊“必胜“。作为中国人，我们有责任相信我们的球队，不论胜败都应给他们有利的支持！ 由此所反映出的社会意识问题便是——民众原则性不够强，太易妥协。中国加入WTO，WTO也在侵蚀中国，倘若我们原则性不够强，中国在经贸领域的活力与持久力就会大打折扣。比如东北一牙签厂私自将每吨牙签降价100美元这件事所造成的严重后果便是“私利当前，原则靠边“的典型例子。以此为戒，民众原则性有待加强。 3．球员踢球不能很好进入状态。 这确实是个很严重的问题。 球场上没有足够热情与拼命的劲头，技术又如何？气势便差人一截。一日我那小妹问“为什么他们都没别人猛啊？“作为中国队绝对拥护者，我我无言以对。是啊，为什么，我们没有别人拼命的劲头？中国足球太需要生命燃烧的激情！精神上先输，兵家大忌。 而民众的生活状态也与此相似——生活态度不够硬朗，挣扎在颓废与平庸的边缘。人可以平凡但不可以平庸，没有热情的生命会象没有热情的足球一样平淡无味。我们需要热爱，需要激情。 4．普通民众无法充分认识到足球的重要性，国家对足球的重视程度有待提高。 足球可以带动我国出口贸易额的增长，你信吗？中国足球强大了，中国会差到哪里去？足球是我国体育项目中的弱项，尽管有乒乓球，排球，跳水，花样溜冰等为我们争光，但它们的号召力远不及足球。我是说，在世界范围内的号召力。 中国足球在未来几年中可谓商机无限。 看在足球对全世界号召力如此大的份上，国家就给足球更充分的重视吧。怎么说它都会拉动几个经济增长点吧…… 不看僧面看佛面对不？
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星期天下午,我约了几个同学去学校操场踢足球来到球场,我们先把人员分了两组,六个人一组,我们这一组有鲍晨、周彬彬和我等六个人,对方有詹永健他们六个人比赛开始,首先由我方开球我接过别人传来的足球,用脚带着往前跑很快,我就把足球带到了对方的球门区域我正要摆好姿势踢球射门,可是没有料到竟然有一个可恨的家伙从后面趁我没有防备的时候,把足球给勾走了我方人员马上追上去拦截可是那个人竟然像猴子一样灵活,躲过了我方人员的拦截带着足球直冲我方的球门“啊,不好!”我急得大叫可是,已经没有什么用处了因为,他已经来到我方的球门区域,而且躲过守门员提起脚来用力一踢足球直向球门里面射完了,我方失了一球,对方赢了一球!他们队高兴得又是蹦来又是跳我们一方立刻聚在一起商量了一会对付对方的办法然后,我们立刻采用新的战术和对方比赛
上亚马逊买 我是C罗 这本书就行了