概述(30 词左右)：用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。例如：This paper is…或 This study focuses on…目的(30 词左右)：用 To…就可以了，没有必要使用 in order to 或者 for the purpose of 等较长的表述。方法(50 词左右)：尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤，其中注意时态的使用。常用的词汇有：test,study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。结果(50 词左右)：直入主题地摆出结果，如 This paper shows… 或 The results are…结论(60 词左右)：删去类似于“The result of the study showedthat…” 的赘语，逐 条罗列出结论。展望(20 词左右)：指出研究对未来的意义，如 This paper is of greatsignificance in… 或指出不足。语态：规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态，突出信息。但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚， 现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。人称 最好不要出现 I，we 等第一人称代词，而是使用第三人称，如 the author 等时态： 摘要的时态以一般现在时为主，表示一种存在于自然界的客观规律。在特殊的情 况下可以使用一般过去时或现在完成时，用来表明一定范围内的结论或是某一过程的延续性。描述具体的动作时通常用一般过去时，总结主要的结果时通常用一 般现在时。注意：用 paper 做主语来描述论文概况时后面常用一般现在时：This paper aimsto focus on… 而采用 study 来描述相同的内容时则常用一般过去时：This study investigated…以上就是青藤小编今天的分享内容，总之，在英文摘要中一定不要出现不常见的术语，过多的形容词， 无关的背景资料，自我评价等。
furthermore,moreover,on the other hand,neverthless,in my views,therefore,more precisely,all in all,in a word,
一些副词 放句首提高档次：surprisely,fortunately……连词：besides,therefore,instead,however发表观点：As far as I'm considered,In my opinion,As for me,I think图表显示：what is illustrated in the pictureis that……，As is shown in the picture above……,动名词定语从句，名词性从句倒装必背的一些词汇 （自己举例着）ps:我们老师说 你要是把初中课本里的作文用上去，分数不会低
学术词汇(academic vocabulary)：指常出现在各学科学术文章中的词汇，例如propose，significant，analyze 等， 它们可包括学术论文中8%到10%的词汇（Coxhead，2000）。 当我们把一个词叫做“学术词”时，并不是它只为有学问的人所使用，而意味着它在英语词汇中的出现是由于书籍和文学的培养，而不是日常谈话的实际需要 学术词汇因行业不同，同样的英语单词翻译成中文意思就差别很大。 如：日常用法可能大家都把“服务”译为：serve。在餐厅，服务员“上菜”叫：serve；在球类活动中，“发球”译成;serve。
听我说,论文,用语要严格使用同词汇于频繁,令文章显烦he USAthe States都America更加口语化,代表文章能用,我说两用,都比较式说
就是平时不怎么用，一般出现在学术论文中等的专业性词语，比如(Tourette's syndrome)多发性抽动症
用which好要是用where的，表示在什么地方，那么where depend on exports…就没有主语了
我觉得，这句话有些问题，这个Which depend on 用的很怪，呵呵，个人认为用 in terms of 会好点。然后，of other countries 也怪怪的，应该用 with other countries吧，呵呵，希望你推敲一下，祝好
结论：concluding remarks （不唯一）致谢：acknowledgments参考文献：references
用现在分词更好。RELYING ON EXPORTING
英语关联词用法 英语关联词 —并列连词 1 并列连词 在句子中不做成分,仅表示前后关系 用于连接彼此互补依存的对等的成分 1)连接语词:slow but safe/ either this week or next week 2)连接分句:I went and she 可分别表示下列关系 1)转折:but, yet, however, neverthe- less 2) 因果:so, for, therefore 3) 选择r, either…or, neither…nor 英语关联词 —并列连接词 2 4)并列和递进:and,both…and, as well as not only…but (also) 英语关联词 —关联词 关联词 用于引导从句 名词从句: He doesn't know what she 副词从句:If he comes, I'll give it to 形容词从句:He's the best student I've ever 英语关联词 —连接词 1 关联词的类别及所表示的关系 要特别注意关联词在从句中(及某些连接词在短语中)所担当的成分,这是正确使用关连词的关键 连接词:引导名词从句,在从句中不做成分 1) that(无含义): I said that he was 2) whether(if)(表示不确定性或选择关系): I don't know whether it is 英语关联词 —连接词 2 连接代词 1)引导名词从句,在从句中做主语,宾语,表语和 定语 A who/which 作主语(口语who中可做宾语, 但其前面不可有与其配合使用的介词): I asked him who came into the / I asked him who(m) he saw whom/which 做宾语: Ask him which he 英语关联词 —关联词 3 C whose 做宾语(=whose thing(s)) /定 语: I wonder whose house that D what 做上面提及的各种成分: I don't know what I should What can be done 2)与不定式连用,在其中多做主语和宾语 We can't decide whom to We must decide what to I couldn't decide which to 英语关联词 —关联词 4 连接副词 引导名词从句或与不定式连用,在从句 中做状语 1) how: That's how I look at 2) where: I don't know where he 3) when: Tell me when to use the 4) why: I'll tell you why you have to do 英语关联词 —关系词 1 关系代词 1) who 表示人,在从句中做主语和表语(口语 who中可做宾语,但其前面不可有与其配合使用 的介词): The man who spoke is my I don't know who he The man who I saw told me 2) whom 表示人,在从句中做宾语和表语: The man whom I saw told me 英语关联词 —关系词 2 3) whose 表示"某人/物的",of which表示 "某物的", 在从句中做定语: That's the man whose son is my The room whose window faces south is her The room of which the window faces south is her 英语关联词 —关系词 3 4) which 表示物,在从句中做主语和表语: I like the picture which was taken in front of the main 5) that 表示人/物,在从句中做主语和宾语; 注 意下列关于that作为关系代词的用法 A现行词前有最高级形容词修饰时: This is the best film that I've ever 英语关联词 —关系词 4 B先行词是下列词语或为其所修饰修饰时: the first, the last, the only, the same, the very, all, any, no, This is the last chance that you You are the only friend that I He told me all that he 英语关联词 —关系词 5 C 先行词是下列不定代词或为其所修饰修饰时: much, little, none, everything/body, nothing, There's nothing in the world that can frighten D 以Who/Which开始的句子,其后的定语从句中 的关系代词不使用who/which,而代之以 Who that knows him would trust him Which of these buses is the one that goes to London 英语关联词 —关系词 6 E人和事物/动物同为先行词时: The man and the horse that fell into the river were 6) 关系代词做介词宾语 A一般介词可放在whom/which的前面或其所 在的从句的句尾,关系代词为that时,只可 放在其所在的从句的句尾 Is this the car for which you paid a high price 英语关联词 —关系词 7 Is this the car which you paid a high price for Is this the car that you paid a high price for Is this the car you paid a high price for B介词during, except以及表示(从整体中) "分割"(出部分)的介词of等介词要放在关 系代词的前面: 英语关联词 —关系词 8 The years during which he was away were long years to He wrote many books, some of which C其介词与动词不可分割的短语动词中的介词必 须放在其动词之后,不可放在关系代词之前: This is the book which he has been looking 7)关系代词的省略 A关系代词作宾语时: The girl I work with is 英语关联词 —关系词 9 Bhat在定语从句中做表语时: He is not the man that he was when I saw him He is not the man he was when I saw him 关系副词 在定语从句中均做状语 1)where 地点: That's one point where I'd like your 英语关联词 —关系词 10 2) when 时间: At the time when I saw him, he was 3) why 原因: That is the reason why I came so 4) that 方式/时间/原因 I like the way that /in which he did 英语关联词 —关系词 11 That was the first time (that) I saw The reason why/that he was dismissed is not easy to 5)in which/at which = where This is the school in which/at which/ where he 6)for which = why I don't the reason for which he 英语关联词 —关系词 12 7)on which = when The day on which she was born was 22 September,
使用率高的英文写作中常用句式1．表示原因1）There are three reasons for this．2）The reasons for this are as follows．3）The reason for this is obvious．4）The reason for this is not far to seek．5）The reason for this is that．．．6）We have good reason to believe that．．．例如：There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid， and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．注：如考生写第一个句子没有把握，可将其改写成两个句子。如：Great changes have taken place in our life． There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。2．表示好处1）It has the following advantages．2）It does us a lot of good．3）It benefits us quite a lot．4）It is beneficial to us．5）It is of great benefit to us．例如：Books are like friends．They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons．Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us．3．表示坏处1）It has more disadvantages than advantages．2）It does us much harm．3）It is harmful to us．例如：However，everything divides into two．Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television．4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient， possible）for sb．to do sth．2）We think it necessary to do sth．3）It plays an important role in our life．例如：Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．Soon， computers will be found in every home，too．We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．5．表示措施1）We should take some effective measures．2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．例如：The housing problem that we are confronted with is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．6．表示变化1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．2）A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．例如：Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．7．表示事实、现状1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．2）No one can deny the fact that．．．3）There is no denying the fact that．．．4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．5）However，that’s not the case．例如：We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems， we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．8．表示比较1）Compared with A，B．．．2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．3）There is a striking contrast between them．例如：Compared with cars，bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．9．表示数量1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％ compared with that of January．例如：With the improvement of the living standard，the proportion of people’s income spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．再如：From the graph listed above，it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．10．表示看法1）People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth．2）People have different opinions on this problem．3）People take different views of（on）the question．4）Some people believe that．．．Others argue that．．．例如：People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However， others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers．再如：Do “lucky numbers really bring good luck？Different people have different views on it．注：一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。11．表示结论1）In short，it can be said that ．．．2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that ．．．例如：From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however， its method should be improved．注：例句1可用于任何一个段落的结论句；例句3则多用文章结论段的第一句。12．套语1）It’s well known to us that ．．．2）As is known to us，．．．3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．4）From the graph（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way． 例如：As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus．The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays，the society is changing and developing rapidly，and the campus is no longer an “ivory tower ．As college students，we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after we graduate．再如：Does it pay to be honest？This is a topic that is being widely talked about and different people have different opinions on it．
一、用于驳性和比较性论文 In general, I don’t agree In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold The chief reason why… is that…There is no true that… It is not true that… It can be easily denied than… We have no reason to believe that… What is more serious is that… But it is pity that… Besides, we should not neglect that… But the problem is not so Therefore… Others may find this to be true, but I believer that… Perhaps I was question why… There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to… Though we are in basic agreement with…, What seems to be the trouble is… Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that… It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that… There is in fact on reason for us so believe that… What these people fail to consider is that… It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that … Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages The advantages of B are much greater than A A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into 二、用于描写图表和数据 It has increased by three times as compared with that of There is an increase of 20% in total this It has been increased by a factor of 4since It would be expected to increase 5 The table shows a three times increase over that of last It was decreased twice than that of the year The total number was lowered by 10% It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 The number is 5 times as much as that of It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with…三、用于解释性和阐述性论说文Everybody knows that…It can be easily proved that… It is true that… No one can deny One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is… The chief reason is that… We must recognize that… There is on doubt that… I am of the opinion that… This can be expressed as follows; To take …for an example… We have reason to believe Now that we know that… Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned… The change in …largely results from the fact There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally… A number of factors could account for the development in… Perhaps the primary reason is… It is chiefly responsible of… The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact… Here are several possible reasons, excerpt that…Somebody believes/ argues/ holds/ insists/ thinks that… It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon… Different people observes it in different 六、用于论证和说明 As it is described that… It has been illustrated that… It provides a good example of… We may cite another instance of… History man provides us with the examples of… A number of further facts may be added… The situation is not unique, it is typical of dozens I have A recent investigation indicate that… According to the statistics provided … According to a latest study, it can be predicted… There is no sufficient evidence to show that… All available evidence points to the fact that… Examples given leads me to conclude that… It reveals the unquestionable fact that… The idea may be proved by facts… All the facts suggest that… No one can deny the fact that… We may face the undeniable fact that…●表示比较和对照关系的句型：1) A is to B what/ as C is to D(A之于B犹如C之于D)2) Just , 3) A and B have sth in 4) A is similar to B5) The same is true of，The same can be said of(……也是如此)6) The advantages of A are much greater than B7) compared with B, A has many 8) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages(利大于弊)9) Wonderful as A is, however, it has its own disadvantages 10) Although A enjoys considerable advantage , it can not compete with B 11) Contrary to widely accepted views, I believe 12) What people fail to consider is 13) It is one thing to insist , it is quite another to show 14) Nothing can rival…(……是无与伦比的)15) …has drawbacks as well as 16) A is superior(inferior) to B17) varies from person to person(……是因人而异的)18) A is just the opposite (to B)19) A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)20) …is not the same (as)●过渡性句型：1) this is true 2) This is true, no doubt, 3) 4) It is one thing ; it is another ●描写图表和数据的句型1) rank first (both) 2) in proportion 3) A is by far the 4) As many 5) The number is imes as much as that of 6) The figure has nearly doubled/tripled, as against that of last 7) It accounts for 35% 8) By comparison with , it decreased/increased/fell 9) ise rapidly(slowly)10) ain 11) ach 12)There is a slight/slow/steady/rapid rise/increase /////decrease/decline/reduction/fall/drop in13)be on the increase/ decrease/ rise/ decline (……在不断的增加,减少,上升,下降)●图表作文中的过渡、概括句型：1) As can be indicated in the table, 2) As we could find out later， 3) As is revealed in the table，4) As the survey results show，5) This table provides several important points of comparison 6) The two graphs depict the same thing in 7) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows:8) According to the figures given in the table, 9) This chart shows that 10) As is shown by the graph, 11) It can be seen from the statistics that 12) It is generally believed / accepted/ thought/ held 四、用于文章的开头 As the proverb says… It goes without saying that… Generally speaking… It is quite clear than because… It is often said that … Many people often ask such question:“…？” More and more people have come to realize… There is no doubt that… Some people believe that… These days we are often told that, but is this really the case? One great man said that… Recently the issue of… has been brought to public In the past several years there has been… Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether… Currently there is a widespread concern that… Now people in growing number are coming to realize that… There is a general discussion today about the issue of … Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive 五、用于文章的结尾 from this point of view… in a word… in conclusion… on account of this we can find that… the result is dependent on… therefore, these findings reveal the following information: thus, this is the reason why we must… to sum up … as far as…be concerned, I believe that… It is obvious that… There is little doubt that… There is no immediate solution to the problem of …, but …might be None of the solutions is quite The problem should be examined in a new It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on… Ta说明原因的句型:1) There are some/two/many good reasons /to 2) We have two good reasons 3) The reason for is that + 从句4) Among the most convincing reasons given by people , one should be 5) One may think of the trend as a result 6) The change largely results from the fact 7) There are several causes for this significant growth 8) A number of factors could account for the 9) It is no simple task to give the reason for 10) The cause of /reason for higher prices was an increase in 11) Because/As/Now that/Since the demand has increased, the prices are 12) An increase in demand causes/results in/leads to/produces higher 13) The demand has 14) Therefore,/As a result,/For this reason,/Because of this,/Consequently, the prices are 15) If there is an increase in demand, then prices /go //are 16) Different people look in different ●表示不同看法的句型:1) Different people have/ hold different opinions/ views on the question/ problem/ Some believe that ; Others argue Still others maintain that 2) They are quite different from each other in their 3) Some people hold the opinion that it is good to 4) They think quite differently on this 5) Opinions vary from individual to individual, from culture to ●表示必须,紧急,有困难做某事的句型:1) It is important (necessary , urgent , difficult , easy , convenient , comfortable , expensive , desirable , advisable) for to do king into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclusion that…2) have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing (有困难做某事)为写作增加亮点几种常见的开头法(1) 主题句法：The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive The biggest safety threat facing airlines today may not be a terrorist with a gun, but the man with the portable computer in business Believe it or not, optical illusion (错觉) can cut highway (2) 问题法：Do you know how many people die from traffic accidents every 23 minutes?Why does cream go bad faster than butter?(3) 对比法：Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable (4) 数据法：According to a recent survey, about 9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their Honesty:根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。Living off Campus:根据最近的一项统计调查显示，35%的学生不住宿舍，而是在学校外面租房子住。Youth:根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。The latest statistics show that …(5) 故事法：Six o’clock yesterday (June 20th, Friday) afternoon when I was walking along the riverbank of our school, an unbelievable scene caught my (6) 引语法：A proverb says, “You are only young ”(适用于记住的名言)It goes without saying that we cannot be young (自编名言)作文的亮点句型亮点句型The popularity of “A World without Thieves” and mounting concerns about its negative impact upon children, have rekindled the outcry for a rating Building construction has been enjoying a boom particularly since China became a member of the WTO and Beijing was named host of the 2008 Olympic GShe has put forward a lot of very good suggestions and devoted a lot of her spare time to improving the living conditions of the I thought I wanted to do I wanted to use everything I had been That is the reason you are on the earth—to be My ears are open, my eyes are I am humble because I was China changes every day, for the My dream is to see an Enrichment Officer in every zoo in China and to have annual meetings when people from all the zoos in the country gather together to exchange views on what types of enrichment are working best for the animals in CPeace and development remain the overriding themes of the China will continue to give top priority to heritage Israel would continue its efforts to destroy the terrorist infrastructure, arrest those behind terrorist activities and harshly punish those who perpetrate these murderous The Liberal Party’s 11-year reign as Canada’s governing party was in The State has rendered strong support to alleviate the heavy burden of these Local protectionism is a serious issue in China and threatens the establishment of a national market We have to be flexible and pragmatic, and give necessary consideration to the concerns of other parties, including making compromises and concessions when the situation Experts say the reform and consolidation of the Chinese airline industry is laying a solid foundation for the rationalization of airline