文献综述是对论文选题研究现状的梳理，但并不仅仅是把文献进行简单的堆砌与罗列，而是需要在总结梳理别人研究的同时，对已有的研究做出评价，也就是说有述有评，这也是为什么文献综述也叫做文献述评的原因。
一、报告的结构与要求 报告包括标题、内容摘要、索引关键词、目录、正文、后记、参考文献和附录等部分。全文专业技术类不少于12 000个汉字（含较简单的图表、程序段等），经济管理和文法类不少于10 000个汉字。报告一律打印，不得手写。 1．报告标题 报告标题应当简短、明确，有概括性，符合毕业设计任务的要求。报告标题应能体现报告的核心内容、专业特点和学科范畴。报告标题不得超过25个汉字，不得设置副标题，不得使用标点符号，可以分二行书写。报告标题用词必须规范，不得使用缩略语或外文缩写词。 2．内容摘要 内容摘要应扼要叙述报告的主要内容、特点，文字精练，是一篇具有独立性和完整性的短文，包括主要成果和结论性意见。摘要中不应使用公式、图表，不标注引用文献编号，并应避免将摘要撰写成目录式的内容介绍。内容摘要一般不超过200个汉字。 3．索引关键词 索引关键词是供检索用的主题词条，应采用能够覆盖报告主要内容的通用专业术语（参照相应的专业术语标准），一般列举3~5个，按照词条的外延层次从大到小排列，并应出现在内容摘要中。 4．目录 目录应独立成页，包括报告中全部章、节的标题和所在页码。 5．正文 正文包括绪论、报告主体和结论等部分。正文必须从页首开始。 绪论一般做为专业技术类报告的第一章，应综述前人在本领域的工作成果，说明毕业设计选题的目的、背景和意义，国内外文献资料情况以及所要研究的主要内容。 经济管理类和文法类报告的绪论即全文的开始部分，不编写章节号。一般包括对写作目的、意义的说明，对所研究问题的认识并提出问题。 报告主体是全文的核心部分，应结构合理，层次清晰，重点突出，文字通顺简练。 结论是对主要成果的归纳，要突出创新点，以简练的文字对所做的主要工作进行评价。结论一般不超过500个汉字。 正文一级及以下子标题格式如下： 专业技术类：第一章；1；一、；；（1）；①； 经济管理、文法类：1；1；一、；（一）；①。 6．后记 对整个毕业设计工作进行简单的回顾总结，对导师和对为毕业设计工作、报告撰写等提供帮助的组织或个人表示感谢。内容尽量简洁明了。 7．参考文献 参考文献是报告的不可缺少的组成部分。它反映了毕业设计工作中取材的广博程度。参考文献应以近期发表或出版的与本专业密切相关的学术著作和学术期刊文献为主。参考文献数量专业技术类不少于10篇，经济管理和文法类不少于15篇。 产品说明、技术标准、未公开出版或发表的研究报告等不列为参考文献，有确需说明的可以在后记中予以说明。 网上参考文献应注明准确的网页地址。 8．附录 对不宜放在正文中但对报告确有作用的材料（如外文文献的复印件和中文译文、公式的推导过程、较大型的程序流程图、较长的程序代码段、图纸、数据表格等），可以编制成报告的附录。附录字数不计入报告应达到的文字数量。 二、打印要求 报告必须使用标准A4打印纸进行打印，页面上、下边距各5厘米，左右边距各2厘（报告所附的较大的图纸、数据表格及计算机程序段清单等除外），并按报告装订顺序要求如下： 1．封面 见附件《报告封面、指导教师意见页、系部答辩委员会意见页》。 2．内容摘要 摘要标题按照正文一级子标题要求处理，摘要内容按照正文要求处理。内容摘要不设页码。 3．索引关键词 索引关键词与内容摘要同处一页，位于内容摘要之后，另起一行并以“索引关键词：”开头（字体加粗），后跟3~5个关键词（字体不加粗），词间空1字，其他要求同正文。 4．目录 目录列至报告正文的二级及以上标题所在页码，内容打印要求与正文相同。目录页不设页码。 5．正文 正文必须从正面开始，并设置为第1页。页码在页末居中打印，其他要求同正文（如正文第5页格式为“―5―”）。 报告标题为标准二号宋体字，居中，单倍行间距； 报告一级子标题为标准四号黑体字，居中，单倍行间距； 报告二级及以下子标题为标准小四号黑体字，左起空两个字打印，行间距为固定值20磅； 正文一律使用标准小四号宋体字，段落开头空两个字，行间距为固定值20磅； 正文中的公式原则上居中。如公式前有文字（如：“解”、“假定”等），文字应与正文左侧对齐，公式仍居中，公式末尾不加标点。公式序号按章编排，如第二章的第三个公式序号为“（2—3）”，附录2中的第三个公式序号为“（②—3）”等； 正文中的插图应与文字紧密配合，文图相符，内容正确，绘制规范。插图按章编号并置于插图的正下方，插图不命名，如第二章的第三个插图序号为“图2—3”，插图序号使用标准五号宋体字； 正文中的插表不加左右边线。插表按章编号并置于插表的左上方，插表不命名，如第二章的第三个插表序号为“表2—3”，插表序号使用标准五号宋体字。 后记 后记独占一页，标题按照正文一级子标题要求处理，内容按照正文要求处理。 参考文献 按照GB7714—87《文后参考文献著录规则》规定的格式打印，内容打印要求与报告正文相同。参考文献从页首开始，著录格式如下： 1 著作图书文献 序号 作者．书名．版次（第一版省略）．出版者，出版年份：引用部分起止页码 2 译著图书文献 序号 作者．书名．译者．版次（第一版省略）．出版者，出版年份：引用部分起止页码 3 学术刊物文献 序号 作者．文章名．学术刊物名．年，卷（期）：引用部分起止页码 4 学术会议文献 序号 作者．文章名．编者名．会议名称，会议地址，年份．出版地，出版者，出版年：引用部分起止页码 5 学位论文类参考文献 序号 作者．学位论文题目．学校和学位论文级别．答辩年份：引用部分起止页码 6 西文文献 著录格式同中文，实词的首字母大写，其余小写。 参考文献作者人数较多者只列前三名，中间用逗号分隔，多于三人的后面加“等”字（西文加“”）。 学术会议若出版论文集者，在会议名称后加“论文集”字样；未出版论文集者省去“出版者”、“出版年”项；会议地址与出版地相同的省略“出版地”，会议年份与出版年相同的省略“出版年”。 附录 按照正文一级子标题以下格式打印，每个附录均从页首开始，并在附录起始页的左上角用标准小四号黑体字注明附录序号。 评定意见页 见附件《报告封面、指导教师意见页、系部答辩委员会意见页》。
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这篇汉语言毕业论文是本科还是专科？
文献综述格式及写作技巧 文献综述是在对文献进行阅读、选择、比较、分类、分析和综合的基础上，研究者用自己的语言对某一问题的研究状况进行综合叙述的情报研究成果。文献的搜集、整理、分析都为文献综述的撰写奠定了基础。文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后，经过理解、整理、融会贯通，综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。综述的目的是反映某一课题的新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现。从其历史到现状，存在问题以及发展趋势等，都要进行全面的介绍和评论。在此基础上提出自己的见解，预测技术的发展趋势，为选题和开题奠定良好的基础。 文献综述格式一般包括： 文献综述的引言： 包括撰写文献综述的原因、意义、文献的范围、正文的标题及基本内容提要； 文献综述的正文： 是文献综述的主要内容，包括某一课题研究的历史 (寻求研究问题的发展历程)、现状、基本内容 (寻求认识的进步)， 研究方法的分析(寻求研究方法的借鉴)，已解决的问题和尚存的问题，重点、详尽地阐述对当前的影响及发展趋势，这样不但可以使研究者确定研究方向，而且便于他人了解该课题研究的起点和切入点，是在他人研究的基础上有所创新；文献综述中要说明自己研究方向的发展历史，前人的主要研究成果，存在的问题及发展趋势等,要有自己的观点和见解。鼓励研究生多发现问题、多提出问题、并指出分析、解决问题的可能途径。 文献综述的结论： 文献研究的结论，概括指出自己对该课题的研究意见，存在的不同意见和有待解决的问题等； 文献综述的附录： 列出参考文献，说明文献综述所依据的资料，增加综述的可信度，便于读者进一步检索。 一、文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍，而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此，文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。 二、文献综述要文字简洁，尽量避免大量引用原文，要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚，从原始文献中得出一般性结论。 三、文献综述不是资料库，要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”，确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关，其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起，既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势，又能反映研究内容的各个方面。 四、文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观，用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献，尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。 注意事项 ⒈ 搜集文献应尽量全。掌握全面、大量的文献资料是写好综述的前提，否则，随便搜集一点资料就动手撰写是不可能写出好的综述。 ⒉ 注意引用文献的代表性、可靠性和科学性。在搜集到的文献中可能出现观点雷同，有的文献在可靠性及科学性方面存在着差异，因此在引用文献时应注意选用代表性、可靠性和科学性较好的文献。 ⒊ 引用文献要忠实文献内容。由于文献综述有作者自己的评论分析，因此在撰写时应分清作者的观点和文献的内容，不能篡改文献的内容。 ⒋ 参考文献不能省略。有的科研论文可以将参考文献省略，但文献综述绝对不能省略，而且应是文中引用过的，能反映主题全貌的并且是作者直接阅读过的文献资料。
文献综述是对论文选题研究现状的梳理，但并不仅仅是把文献进行简单的堆砌与罗列，而是需要在总结梳理别人研究的同时，对已有的研究做出评价，也就是说有述有评，这也是为什么文献综述也叫做文献述评的原因。
论文文献综述怎么写
就是前言（你为什么写这篇文章）、正文（你写论文所找的资料，用你资料中的原话摘抄下来就可以了，或者国内、国外的研究情况，你为什么要研究这个课题。）、结论！！！
回答 你好，我国幼儿园语言教育现状我国幼儿园语言教育现状与发展趋势探讨与发展是遵循旧制 外国幼儿发展 创造机会,让幼儿相互交流思想,观念和情感,并与 成人及同伴建立人际关系; 在每一学习领域有组织有计划的活动中融入对交 流、语言和读写能力的培养; 创造机会,分享或欣赏各种韵律、音乐、歌曲、 希望可以帮到你 诚心为您解答每一个问题！ 如您满意请采纳最佳！如有疑问请继续追问！ 让我们一起相互学习，一起进步！ 您也可以选择先关注我，以后有其他的问题也可以找到我，再次咨询我！ 再次感谢！! 祝您生活愉快！天天开心 更多9条
维基百科找到的Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce Initial forays into psycholinguistics were largely philosophical ventures, due mainly to a lack of cohesive data on how the human brain Modern research makes use of biology, neuroscience, cognitive science, and information theory to study how the brain processes There are a number of subdisciplines; for example, as non-invasive techniques for studying the neurological workings of the brain become more and more widespread, neurolinguistics has become a field in its own Psycholinguistics covers the cognitive processes that make it possible to generate a grammatical and meaningful sentence out of vocabulary and grammatical structures, as well as the processes that make it possible to understand utterances, words, text, Developmental psycholinguistics studies children's ability to learn Areas of studyPsycholinguistics is interdisciplinary in nature and is studied by people in a variety of fields, such as psychology, cognitive science, and There are several subdivisions within psycholinguistics that are based on the components that make up human Linguistic-related areas:Phonetics and phonology are concerned with the study of speech Within psycholinguistics, research focuses on how the brain processes and understands these Morphology is the study of word structures, especially the relationships between related words (such as dog and dogs) and the formation of words based on rules (such as plural formation) Syntax is the study of the patterns which dictate how words are combined together to form Semantics deals with the meaning of words and Where syntax is concerned with the formal structure of sentences, semantics deals with the actual meaning of Pragmatics is concerned with the role of context in the interpretation of Psychology-related areas:The study of word recognition and reading examines the processes involved in the extraction of orthographic, morphological, phonological, and semantic information from patterns in printed Developmental psycholinguistics studies infants' and children's ability to learn and process language, usually with experimental or at least quantitative methods (as opposed to naturalistic observations such as those made by Jean Piaget in his research on the development of children) [edit] TheoriesTheories about how language works in the human mind attempt to account for, among other things, how we associate meaning with the sounds (or signs) of language and how we use syntax—that is, how we manage to put words in the proper order to produce and understand the strings of words we call "" The first of these items—associating sound with meaning—is the least controversial and is generally held to be an area in which animal and human communication have at least some things in common (See animal communication) Syntax, on the other hand, is controversial, and is the focus of the discussion that There are essentially two schools of thought as to how we manage to create syntactic sentences: (1) syntax is an evolutionary product of increased human intelligence over time and social factors that encouraged the development of spoken language; (2) language exists because humans possess an innate ability, an access to what has been called a "universal " This view holds that the human ability for syntax is "hard-wired" in the This view claims, for example, that complex syntactic features such as recursion are beyond even the potential abilities of the most intelligent and social non- (Recursion, for example, includes the use of relative pronouns to refer back to earlier parts of a sentence—"The girl whose car is blocking my view of the tree that I planted last year is my ") The innate view claims that the ability to use syntax like that would not exist without an innate concept that contains the underpinnings for the grammatical rules that produce Children acquiring a language, thus, have a vast search space to explore among possible human grammars, settling, logically, on the language(s) spoken or signed in their own community of Such syntax is, according to the second point of view, what defines human language and makes it different from even the most sophisticated forms of animal The first view was prevalent until about 1960 and is well represented by the mentalistic theories of Jean Piaget and the empiricist Rudolf C As well, the school of psychology known as behaviorism (see Verbal Behavior (1957) by BF Skinner) puts forth the point of view that language is behavior shaped by conditioned The second point of view (the "innate" one) can fairly be said to have begun with Noam Chomsky's highly critical review of Skinner's book in 1959 in the pages of the journal L[1] That review started what has been termed "the cognitive revolution" in The field of psycholinguistics since then has been defined by reactions to Chomsky, pro and The pro view still holds that the human ability to use syntax is qualitatively different from any sort of animal That ability might have resulted from a favorable mutation (extremely unlikely) or (more likely) from an adaptation of skills evolved for other That is, precise syntax might, indeed, serve group needs; better linguistic expression might produce more cohesion, cooperation, and potential for survival, BUT precise syntax can only have developed from rudimentary—or no—syntax, which would have had no survival value and, thus, would not have evolved at Thus, one looks for other skills, the characteristics of which might have later been useful for In the terminology of modern evolutionary biology, these skills would be said to be "pre-adapted" for syntax (see also exaptation) Just what those skills might have been is the focus of recent research—or, at least, The con view still holds that language—including syntax—is an outgrowth of hundreds of thousands of years of increasing intelligence and tens of thousands of years of human From that view, syntax in language gradually increased group cohesion and potential for Language—syntax and all—is a cultural This view challenges the "innate" view as scientifically unfalsifiable; that is to say, it can't be tested; the fact that a particular, conceivable syntactic structure does not exist in any of the world's finite repertoire of languages is an interesting observation, but it is not proof of a genetic constraint on possible forms, nor does it prove that such forms couldn't exist or couldn't be Contemporary theorists, besides Chomsky, working in the field of theories of psycholinguistics include George Lakoff and Steven P[edit] MethodologiesMuch methodology in psycholinguistics takes the form of behavioral experiments incorporating a lexical decision In these types of studies, subjects are presented with some form of linguistic input and asked to perform a task ( make a judgment, reproduce the stimulus, read a visually presented word aloud) Reaction times (usually on the order of milliseconds) and proportion of correct responses are the most often employed measures of Such experiments often take advantage of priming effects, whereby a "priming" word or phrase appearing in the experiment can speed up the lexical decision for a related "target" word [2]Such tasks might include, for example, asking the subject to convert nouns into verbs; , "book" suggests "to write," "water" suggests "to drink," and so Another experiment might present an active sentence such as "Bob threw the ball to Bill" and a passive equivalent, "The ball was thrown to Bill by Bob" and then ask the question, "Who threw the ball?" We might then conclude (as is the case) that active sentences are processed more easily (faster) than passive More interestingly, we might also find out (as is the case) that some people are unable to understand passive sentences; we might then make some tentative steps towards understanding certain types of language deficits (generally grouped under the broad term, aphasia)[3]Until the recent advent of non-invasive medical techniques, brain surgery was the preferred way for language researchers to discover how language works in the For example, severing the corpus callosum (the bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres of the brain) was at one time a treatment for some forms of Researchers could then study the ways in which the comprehension and production of language were affected by such drastic Where an illness made brain surgery necessary, language researchers had an opportunity to pursue their Newer, non-invasive techniques now include brain imaging by positron emission tomography (PET); functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); event-related potentials (ERPs) in electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG); and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Brain imaging techniques vary in their spatial and temporal resolutions (fMRI has a resolution of a few thousand neurons per pixel, and ERP has millisecond accuracy) Each type of methodology presents a set of advantages and disadvantages for studying a particular problem in Computational modeling - the DRC model of reading and word recognition proposed by Coltheart and colleagues[4] - is another It refers to the practice of setting up cognitive models in the form of executable computer Such programs are useful because they require theorists to be explicit in their hypotheses and because they can be used to generate accurate predictions for theoretical models that are so complex that they render discursive analysis One example of computational modeling is McClelland and Elman's TRACE model of speech [5]More recently, eye tracking has been used to study online language Beginning with Rayner (1978)[6] the importance and informativity of eye-movements during reading was Tanenhaus et ,[7] have performed a number of visual-world eye-tracking studies to study the cognitive processes related to spoken Since eye movements are closely linked to the current focus of attention, language processing can be studied by monitoring eye movements while a subject is presented with linguistic [edit] Issues and areas of researchPsycholinguistics is concerned with the nature of the computations and processes that the brain undergoes to comprehend and produce For example, the cohort model seeks to describe how words are retrieved from the mental lexicon when an individual hears or sees linguistic [8][2]Recent research using new non-invasive imaging techniques seeks to shed light on just where certain language processes occur in the There are a number of unanswered questions in psycholinguistics, such as whether the human ability to use syntax is based on innate mental structures or emerges from interaction with other humans, and whether some animals can be taught the syntax of human Two other major subfields of psycholinguistics investigate first language acquisition, the process by which infants acquire language, and second language In addition, it is much more difficult for adults to acquire second languages than it is for infants to learn their first language (bilingual infants are able to learn both of their native languages easily) Thus, sensitive periods may exist during which language can be learned [9] A great deal of research in psycholinguistics focuses on how this ability develops and diminishes over It also seems to be the case that the more languages one knows, the easier it is to learn [10]The field of aphasiology deals with language deficits that arise because of brain Studies in aphasiology can both offer advances in therapy for individuals suffering from aphasia, and further insight into how the brain processes