在毕业论文写作过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，尤其是研究生同学，一般导师都会要求阅读一定数量的英文文献，这是因为许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。如何写开题报告，如何写文献综述，如何阅读外文文献，可以说，阅读一定数量的外文文献是毕业论文写作的必经之路。要求如下：1、前言 简要说明写作的目的，有关的概念以及综述范围，说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，所要解决的问题等。一般以 100～200 字为宜，使读者在读完前言后对有关问题获得一个初步的轮廓。2、主体 主体部分是全文的主要部分，具体写法以能较好地表达综述的内容为准则。通常根据内容的多少，将主体部分分为几段，每段有小标题。可按年代顺序综述。也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述。主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。主体部分每一段落的开始应是综合提炼出来的观点，即论点；接着是文献所提出的实验结果或调查事实，即论据，可见主体部分是按论点和论据组织材料的。总之，综述主体部分是以综合概括的论点开头引路，继之以诸家的资料、实验结果为论据展开层次论证。所以，综述也是一种论证文章的体裁，只是论点与论据都是前人文献所提供。如果前人的观点分散或不甚明确，则需作者整理概括，成为开头。在论述某些观点时，作者可有倾向性，但对相反的观点也应简要如实列出。对存在的矛盾和问题应充分如实描述。3、总结 常见的方式有：①扼要的概括、精练主题部分的主要内容；②介绍尚待解决的问题及对前景的展望；③某些篇幅较小的综述，也可以省略结束语。4、参考文献 通常凡引述的资料和主要的论点都应注明文献出处，以便使读者检索查阅。所引文献应以近 3 年内者为主；另外，未公开发表的资料不宜作为参考文献。在我国许多期刊希望列出重要的参考文献，一般限为 20～30 条为宜；但国际上许多生物医学期刊的综述文章，其参考文献甚多，全篇所列文献常达数百条之多。参考文献的著录格式国内尚不统一，应按各刊「投稿须知」要求撰写。扩展资料：1、如何查询国内专利文献可通过中国国家知识产权局(）和中国专利信息中心（）网站上的「专利检索」。可以免费检索全部中国专利信息（有文摘）。如需获取专利全文，则需前去中国国家知识产权局查阅，也可通过 CSDL 馆际互借和原文传递系统代为办理。2、如何查询国外专利文献科学院用户可首先选择查询 Web of Knowledge 中Derwent Innovations Index (德温特世界专利索引)，它是检索专利的权威数据库，收录全球了 40 多个专利机构的 900 万条基本专利，1800 万项专利，该库大部分有文摘，小部分有全文。3、其它可供利用的网上免费数据库欧洲专利局专利数据库： （免费 文摘）美国专利商标局专利数据库： （免费 文摘、全文）WTO知识产权组织： （免费 文摘）IBM专利数据库资源： （免费 文摘、部分全文）更多请参见中国专利信息网上的（国外）专利网站：
外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
Abstract: along with the social life rhythm is accelerating, snack market has made rapid development, from the fast food industry development level, western fast food than Chinese fast food has obvious Western fast food can have obvious advantage, because western fast-food through years of development has a core But Chinese fast food, can occupy the market share, in an ideal food market in certain key lies in whether the advantage to develop a Chinese fast food enterprise competitive strategy of science develop their core But according to the current characteristics of fast food industry for days rather fast development of enterprises, analyzed its core competitiveness in the management system, standardization, the employee service level, and innovation ability, and the problems existing in the construction of brand and according to the existing problems, and puts forward the corresponding cultivation strategies to solve the weaknesses in the competition, thus make the heavens ning Chinese fast food enterprises to realize modernization management, have their own food enterprise competitiveness, the characteristics and establish their core Keywords: the core competitiveness of Chinese fast food cultivation strategies
不要什么格式，前面写Abstract：然后是摘要的内容。后面要列出文中主要的关键词，关键词是Key Words：如Research；Fiber（光纤）；用分号分开Abstract:This article describes ……。或The research on……is presented。Key words：……；……；
AbstractHospital information system (HospitalInformation System), also known as the"hospital management information system", refers to the use of computer software and hardware technology, network communication technology and other modern means, the integrated management of the hospital and its affiliated departments of stream of people, logistics, financial flow, produced in variousstages of medical data acquisition, storage, processing, extraction, transmission,summary, generate a variety of information processing, information systems to provide comprehensive, automated management and all kinds of services for the overall operation of the Hospital information system (HIS) has become a symbol of the modern management of the This paper expounds thedevelopment process of hospital information system of outpatient registration system database management Analysis of the various functional design of the relation database management system has various functions realization,design description methods and algorithms, and concrete implementationrequired related technologies used in Hospital information management system to prepare the implementation of theoutpatient doctor patient information, information, management of drug information, at the same time, also realized the information of patient treatment,patient registration and some other commonly used function After several tests, the system can be in the normal operation of the windowsoperating system to install the SQL Server2005, is a practical, reliable andconvenient operation of the hospital information management system, realize the basic functions of information management system for hospital outpatient, has achieved the anticipated Keywords: information management system for hospital outpatient department;management information system; database connection望采纳 ，最好加分赏赐，哈哈。
Times New Roman 字体，5倍行距，首行缩进2字符，
FlashisaUSpany(MACROMEDIAcompany)launchedinJune1996theoutstandingWebanimationsoftware,COncetherageinChina,andthereFAnimationisalsoafashionart,themostdirectsimpleanimationisFFlashhasitsownuniqueperformanceofmethods,means,methodsandflowof"flasher"Itisasymbolofmoderncivilization,isanewartform,isapopularnetworkofIComputerreplacingthetraditionalpenandink,movingimagesandsoundthesameanimationartistsexpressemotions,Flashundeniablehasbecomeanewformofartisticexpression,asthenewthingsitiswidelyused,mainlyfornetworking,Flashwebsitetitles,FlashAnimation,FlashWebsite,Flashcommercials,television,PDAs,games,MTV,mobilescreensavers,mobilemultimedia,TheseareexpressedFItcancomeoutofalotofbusinessopportunities,Nowthecomputer,network,mobilephoneusersareconstantlyincreasingandsothenetworkgrowandperfectthecomputermorepopular,Soit'sfans,creatorsandmoreandmoredevelopmentplatforms,Keywords:FLASHsoftwareproduction,design,characterset,sub-camera,two-dimensionalanimatio
外国语学院英语论文格式规范(附样例) A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中,除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）外国语学院 2001级英语教育1030120011XX XXX 指导老师：XXX（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of ……（英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距。）【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距。） Introduction (顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行) In both English and Chinese, … So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999) (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前) The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, … And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以（1），（2）…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)… The differences between English idioms and Chinese 1 The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号： ，， ，…；节的编号：1,2…，1,2…；小节的编号为：1, 2…。小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i），（ii）…；之后再采用字母加括号，如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号） … In conclusion, …2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms … Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法): (9) We never know the worth of water till the well is (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose …1 The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms …(i) … …(ii) … … Conclusion …Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号）Sanved, The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C] New York: OUP, 常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》，1993，4：44。冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》，1998，6：11。李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》，2000，30：30。（论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序。夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；5倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）(以下内容单独一页)汉英习语的对比研究（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中）【摘 要】 汉英的习语问题是个既简单有复杂…… …… ……（中文摘要：上空二行；题目采用黑体五号字，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，缩进2个汉字字符，方括号中的“摘要”两个字之间空一格；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号，采用楷体五号字，不加粗，单倍行距； 第二行起要顶格；字数约400字，约8-10行；）【关键词】 习语；对比；英语；汉语（中文关键词：题目采用黑体五号字，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，缩进2个汉字字符；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号，采用楷体五号字，不加粗，单倍行距；各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后不空格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距）一、 基本格式：论文只能打印在每页纸的一面上，不得打印在正反面上。论文纸的大小尺寸为A4纸打印。侧面装订。二、题名页：论文题名页上打印格式基本相近，中、英文对照，中文题目页在第一页，英文题目页在第二页。一般由顶部往下三分之一页处打印论文题目，论文题目都用大写字母，下隔八行打印论文调查者姓名、所属电大，再下隔八行视实际情况打上提交日期XX年XX月XX日以及课程名称：论文项目设计上述各项内容都应打印在论文题名页的中间部位。三、摘要及关键词页摘要及关键词页上打印格式同论文题名页，中、英文对照，中文题目页在上，英文题目页在下。一般根据提要的内容多少安排打印。中文题目摘要采用宋体一号，加粗，摘要正文部分采用宋体，小四号。关键字题目部分采用宋体三号，加粗，关键字短语部分采用宋体，小四号。英文题目摘要采用Times New Roman字体，字号为一号，加粗，摘要正文部分采用Times New Roman字体，字号为小四。四、致谢页学员可以自选致谢页，一般不要求写中文。英文大标题采用Times New Roman字体，字号为一号，加粗，正文部分采用Times New Roman字体，字号为小四。五、目录页英文大标题采用Times New Roman字体，字号为一号，加粗，小标题部分统一采用Times New Roman字体，字号为三号，加粗。注意在右方注明对应的页号，中间虚线连接。六、正文页论文的正文需隔行打印，正文采用Times New Roman字体，字号为小四。大标题为Times New Roman字体，字号为三号、加粗字。副标题为Times New Roman字体，字号为三号、加粗。七、尾注、参考文献页与附录页尾注、参考文献页与附录页（大标题采用Times New Roman字体，字号为一号，加粗）正文部分如尾注、参考文献目录与附录可不必隔行打印，字体为Times New Roman小四。
Abstract: li qingzhao's works can be devided into two periods by south crossing , the sound of the late slower, history mournful This article mainly from the prototype image in the sound understanding, analysis of li qingzhao slow flow out pretty sad mood of sorrow, And through a series of images, such as wine scenery, chrysanthemum, old goose, dusk, ng tung chai, To realize the rain in the word to us as described in the artistic
目前 nowadays
driven by the development of society,the vedio media industry has been developing rapidly in he paper will introduce what kind of influences and advantages the cartoon can produce when we bring it into vedio media in the mordern times that is witnessing a rapid development of information and he cartoon is a product of the rapidly developing high technology and ancient art of but the cartoon industry is one of the industries which have the most day ,it's being brought into people's lives as vedio media in a extensively way,an angle of view of media is becoming more and more extensive by its highly versatile showing fundation ,and it presents people's dream as a amazing true into your 动画这个词语，我用的卡通--cartoon（ 动画: animation, cartoon, animated cartoon, cameracature 动画的英文Animation源自于拉丁文字根的anima，意思为灵魂，动词animare是赋予生命，引申为使某物活起来的意思，所以animation可以解释为经由创作者的安排，使原本不具生命的东西像获得生命一般地活动。）。影视广告vedio media不会错。祝你拿个高分。 title: on influences of cartoon for the development of vedio media 直译:论动画在影视广告发展过程中的影响 on effect of cartoon in vedio media直译: 动画在影视广告中的效果(作用)
Abstract:Becomeagingdaybydayalongwiththesocietydailyaggregatedemandandthepopulation,thevariouscountries'communitymedicalserviceorganizationarisesatthehistoricmoment,notonlyhasprovidedconveniently,thequickmedicalserviceforthegeneralsicknesspatient,Howestablishestheperfecthighlyeffectivecommunitymedicalservicesystem,impelsthecommunitymedicalserviceforwarddevelopmentunceasingly,AtpresentShanghaiunceasinglyisadvancingowncommunitymedicalservicesystemreform,ThecommunityhealthservicecenterhasbecometheSFuturethisaspectreformdirectionprominentgovernment'sincommunityhealthserviceleadingrole,takewilltransformtheoperationalmechanismasthebreach,willexploreimplements“therevenueandexpendituretwolinemanagement”tothecommunityhealthservicecenterand“themedicineguaranteesthefundtotalamountprepaysystem”,willimplement“allthepeopletobudgetthemanagement”Achievesthedepthconformitymedicalserviceresourcesdiligently,Keyword:Communityhealthservice;Healthreform;Citiesmedicalservicesystem;Shanghai
用GOOGLE翻译，，然后自己在修改
是西村规范化房东夫人会员飞得更高发货
论文翻译软件比较多，比如百度、谷歌、有道等等，软件其实大同小异吧。
有道、google均可，但是翻译完之后自己最好读一遍，有些是直译，所以语句不太通顺
On the animated TV ads at the role ofWith the continuous development and progress of society, the Chinese film and television advertising industry developed This paper expounds the development of modern high-speed information will be used in film and television animation in the ads benefits and Now animation industry is the most potential for development of industries, it is the rapid development of high technology and ancient art of painting a product, now it has the form of a wide range of ads into people's daily life, its no Can not make the performance of ads means the perspective becomes more open up people's minds will dream more real in people's eyes to 加分 满分哦
AbstractHospital information system (HospitalInformation System), also known as the"hospital management information system", refers to the use of computer software and hardware technology, network communication technology and other modern means, the integrated management of the hospital and its affiliated departments of stream of people, logistics, financial flow, produced in variousstages of medical data acquisition, storage, processing, extraction, transmission,summary, generate a variety of information processing, information systems to provide comprehensive, automated management and all kinds of services for the overall operation of the Hospital information system (HIS) has become a symbol of the modern management of the This paper expounds thedevelopment process of hospital information system of outpatient registration system database management Analysis of the various functional design of the relation database management system has various functions realization,design description methods and algorithms, and concrete implementationrequired related technologies used in Hospital information management system to prepare the implementation of theoutpatient doctor patient information, information, management of drug information, at the same time, also realized the information of patient treatment,patient registration and some other commonly used function After several tests, the system can be in the normal operation of the windowsoperating system to install the SQL Server2005, is a practical, reliable andconvenient operation of the hospital information management system, realize the basic functions of information management system for hospital outpatient, has achieved the anticipated Keywords: information management system for hospital outpatient department;management information system; database connection望采纳 ，最好加分赏赐，哈哈。
Abstract: along with the social life rhythm is accelerating, snack market has made rapid development, from the fast food industry development level, western fast food than Chinese fast food has obvious Western fast food can have obvious advantage, because western fast-food through years of development has a core But Chinese fast food, can occupy the market share, in an ideal food market in certain key lies in whether the advantage to develop a Chinese fast food enterprise competitive strategy of science develop their core But according to the current characteristics of fast food industry for days rather fast development of enterprises, analyzed its core competitiveness in the management system, standardization, the employee service level, and innovation ability, and the problems existing in the construction of brand and according to the existing problems, and puts forward the corresponding cultivation strategies to solve the weaknesses in the competition, thus make the heavens ning Chinese fast food enterprises to realize modernization management, have their own food enterprise competitiveness, the characteristics and establish their core Keywords: the core competitiveness of Chinese fast food cultivation strategies
Abstract:Becomeagingdaybydayalongwiththesocietydailyaggregatedemandandthepopulation,thevariouscountries'communitymedicalserviceorganizationarisesatthehistoricmoment,notonlyhasprovidedconveniently,thequickmedicalserviceforthegeneralsicknesspatient,Howestablishestheperfecthighlyeffectivecommunitymedicalservicesystem,impelsthecommunitymedicalserviceforwarddevelopmentunceasingly,AtpresentShanghaiunceasinglyisadvancingowncommunitymedicalservicesystemreform,ThecommunityhealthservicecenterhasbecometheSFuturethisaspectreformdirectionprominentgovernment'sincommunityhealthserviceleadingrole,takewilltransformtheoperationalmechanismasthebreach,willexploreimplements“therevenueandexpendituretwolinemanagement”tothecommunityhealthservicecenterand“themedicineguaranteesthefundtotalamountprepaysystem”,willimplement“allthepeopletobudgetthemanagement”Achievesthedepthconformitymedicalserviceresourcesdiligently,Keyword:Communityhealthservice;Healthreform;Citiesmedicalservicesystem;Shanghai