感谢等待，现为你提供忠实反映原文的正确译文。今后如有经济学方面的问题，欢迎提问后通知一声，会尽量抽时间帮你忙的。我们在第五栏里既包括了资本总额，也包括了会计标准。资本总量的系数与零再没有区别，其幅度降至第一栏资本总额的五分之一。当我们用国内私营部门的信贷取代资本总量时（系数不详），也获得了类似的结果。这表明，会计标准囊括了载于资本化措施中的发展情况信息。因此，我们将在本文下面部分采用会计标准作为我们衡量发展的尺度。不过，读者足可以放心，从质量上来说，所得出的结果跟使用资本化措施来衡量发展的结果是类似的。
是这么？：TWO-SECTOR, THREE-MARKET CIRCULAR FLOW:A circular flow model of the macroeconomy containing two sectors (business and household) and three markets (product, factor, and financial)...两因素，三市场环形流宏观经济学中，一个环形流模式包含两个因素（商业和家庭）和三个市场（产品市场、代理市场和金融市场）...
China's sustained economic growth and weak world economic growth and the continuous devaluation of dollar, particularly the U.S. government in the domestic unemployment rate and rising international trade deficit of the circumstances, the United States some people will be unemployed manufacturing workers in the United States and the reasons for the Sino-US trade deficit Summed up as the RMB exchange rateFirst, the renminbi exchange rate is not the main cause of Sino-US trade deficit1, the EC analysis of Sino-US trade balanceChina and the United States for such a big difference between two main aspects of reasons: (1), the United States statistics will be part of China through Hong Kong re-exports of double counting in China's exports to the United States (2), the U.S. trade data Collection process has many problems.2, Sino-US trade deficit is what causes(1), the U.S. Government's high-tech products export control policy, Sino-US trade imbalance is an important reason.(2), U.S. investment in China's balance of trade of multinational companies is another important reason. China to the United States despite the existence of high trade surplus, but a large part of the trade surplus from the U.S. multinational companies in China, according to Chinese statistics show that: China's import and export amount of 56 percent is from foreign-funded enterprises to achieve, China is U.S. multinational companies to reduce production costs and increase profits one of the main channel.(3), the U.S. trade statistics report and the multinational corporations will not return to the United States of the investment income account3, Liaokai U.S. foreign trade deficit veilU.S. imports from the large number of foreign companies in setting up their own production lines, in other words, the U.S. subsidiary of multinational companies import goods from overseas, the reality of the trade are many companies and the companies, not countries trade with the countries of the document.British economist Julius once the U.S. balance of trade statistics, if coupled with its overseas subsidiaries in the local double-counting, then in 1986 the U.S. trade balance from a deficit of 144 billion U.S. dollars into 57 billion A surplus of U.S. dollars. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce statistics, in 1995 the U.S. subsidiary of multinational companies in sales over 210 million U.S. dollars, with exports of goods and services the same year 794 billion U.S. dollars, almost 3 trillion U.S. dollars, and foreign exports to the U.S. and foreign companies in the U.S. , A subsidiary of the internal sales total of 2.4 trillion U.S. dollars, the United States today is not the world's largest trade deficit country, but the world on a few large trade surplus with one of the country.U.S. exports to foreign multinational companies in the United States and abroad for sale on the market, both in 2002 and amounted to 3 trillion U.S. dollars. Over the same period, imports of U.S. and foreign multinational companies in the U.S. market sales, and for both of 2.4 trillion U.S. dollars, resulting in the United States on the world's total trade surplus of 600 billion U.S. dollars, and this is when the analysis of the U.S. foreign trade deficit Should comprehensively grasp the essence of the problem.4, the U.S. trade deficit, the real reason for the(1) in the 1970s, the two oil crises led to two world oil prices rose sharply, from Japan and developing countries with strong economic competitiveness and the strength of the dollar, which makes U.S. goods, services, trade Deficit in 1987 reached a peak of 152 billion U.S. dollars.(2) deterioration of the low U.S. savings rate, the United States must from the international financial market, raising funds for construction, that is, factoring funds to invest heavily in the building.(3) U.S. multinational companies in the United States in the import trade played by the "one of us" role, that is part of the trade deficit is actually "returning goods."China and the United States is a complementary economy, maintain the existing exchange rate system is a win-win situation
帮你答了两个多小时啊，希望能够加分~~~~ 原创，谢绝复制，否则检举：A circular flow model of the macroeconomy containing two sectors (business and household) and three markets (product, factor, and financial) that illustrates the continuous movement of the payments for goods and services between producers and consumers, with particular emphasis on saving, investment, and the role of financial markets. 一个宏观经济的循环流动模型包含两个部门（企业和家庭）和三个市场（产品，因素，金融），说明了生产者和消费者之间，商品和服务的支付，之间的连续变动。特别强调是在投资，储蓄，和金融市场的作用。 Other circular models are two-sector, two-market circular flow; three-sector, three-market circular flow; and four-sector, three-market circular flow. 其他循环模型包含两个部分，两个市场循环流动;三个部分，三个市场的循环流动;和4个部分，三个市场的循环流动。 The two-sector, three-market circular flow mode l highlights the key role that financial market s play in the economy . 两个部分，三个市场的循环流动模式强调了 金融市场在整个经济中，所处的关键作用 。 It expands the simple two-sector, two-market circular flow by illustrating how saving is diverted from consumption expenditures through financial markets and then used for investment expenditures. 它通过说明储蓄是怎样通过消费金融市场转化，并且用于投资，来扩大简易的两个部分，和两个市场的循环流动， It illustrates that saving does not vanish from the economy, but is merely diverted. 这说明储蓄这个代名词不会从经济中消失，而仅仅是挪用。 Of some importance, this diversion is a prime source of investment expenditures on capital good s. 重要的是，这种转移是投资在资本商品上的一个主要来源。Two Sectors, Three Markets两个部分，三个市场 The two macroeconomic sectors included in this model are:这两个宏观经济部分在此模型中包括： Household Sector : This includes everyone, all people, seeking to satisfy unlimited wants and needs . 家庭部分 ：包括所有人，所有的人，追求满足无限的欲望和需求 。 This sector is responsible for consumption expenditures.这个部分是负责消费支出滴。 It also owns all productive resources.它还拥有所有的生产资源。 Business Sector : This includes the institutions (especially proprietorship s, partnership s, and corporation s) that undertake the task of combining resources to produce goods and services. 商业部分 ：它包括机构（特别是S独资， S合伙 和S公司 ），承担相结合的服务资源后的任务，以生产商品和服务。 This sector does the production .这个部分提供生产 。 It also buys capital goods with investment expenditures.当然，它也买一些投资分类中的资本商品。 The three macroeconomic markets in this version of the circular flow are:这三个宏观经济市场，在这个循环流动模型中是： Product markets : This is the combination of all markets in the economy that exchange final goods and services . 产品市场 ：这是在市场中交换最终产品和服务，所有市场的整合 。 It is the mechanism that exchanges gross domestic product .这是一种交换国内生产总值的机制 。 The full name is aggregate product markets, which is also shortened to the aggregate market .全名是综合产品市场，经常也叫综合市场 。Resource markets : This is the combination of all markets that exchange the services of the economy's resources, or factors of production --including, labor , capital, land , and entrepreneurship . 资源市场 ：这是交换市场中，所有服务经济资源，或者说生产要素 -包括劳动 ，资本， 土地和创业的整合市场 。 Another name for this is factor market s.另一个称呼是要素市场 Financial Markets : The commodity exchanged through financial markets is legal claim s. 金融市场 ：商品通过金融市场是S的法律主张。Legal claims represent ownership of physical asset s (capital and other goods).这个法律主张代表有形资产的所有权（资本和其他商品）。 Because the exchange of legal claims involves the counter flow of income, those seeking to save income buy legal claims and those wanting to borrow income sell legal claims.由于这种法律主张的变换包含有收入的逆向流动，一些人省下的收入寻求买到一些法律服务，还有一些人那通过借钱来寻求法律服务。 Spotlight on Financial Markets聚焦金融市场 The two-sector, three-market circular flow model highlights the role played by the financial markets.两个部分，三个市场的循环流动模型突出了金融市场所扮演的角色。 Financial markets provide a mechanism for the business sector to acquire the income needed to purchase capital goods.金融市场提供了一个机制给商业 ，以获取所需的收入购买资本商品。 The business sector acquires this income by selling legal claims through financial markets.商业部分用这笔收入，通过金融市场，购买到法律服务。 On the other side of the financial markets, the household sector buys these legal claims.金融市场另一方面，是家庭部门购买这些法律服务。 In so doing, it diverts a portion of income from consumption expenditures to saving.在这样做时，它留下了收入的一部分，用来储蓄，以供消费。 Financial markets, as such, enable the addition of three key flows to the model--saving, investment expenditures, and investment borrowing .金融市场，就像上面一样，包含了三个关键要素---储蓄，投资消费和投资借贷 。 These flows divert, but do not destroy, a portion of the core flow of production, income, and consumption to the business sector.这些流动改变，但不破坏。商业部分的产品，收入和消费。 This diagram presents the two-sector, three-market circular flow.此图给出了两个部分，三个市场的循环流动模型。 At the far left is the household sector, which contains people seeking consumption.最左边是家庭部分，其中包含人们追求的消费。 At the far right is the business sector that does the production.最右边是商业部分包括生产。 At the top is the product markets that exchange final goods and services.最顶部是产品市场，用来最终产品和服务的交换。 At the bottom is the resource markets that exchange the services of the scarce resources .最底部是资源，和稀缺服务的交换市场。 In the middle of the diagram, near the resource markets, is the financial markets.图的中间，靠近资源市场的，是金融市场。 Saving : With financial markets in place, the next step in the construction of the two-sector, three-market circular flow is saving. 储蓄 ：在金融市场这块中，，在两个部分，三个市场的循环流动的构造中，下一个是储蓄。 Saving is household sector income that is not used for consumption expenditures but rather is diverted to the financial markets.储蓄是指家庭部分中不用于消费支出，而是被转移到金融市场的那部分收入。 The household sector is on the buying side of financial markets.家庭部分是金融市场的买方。 It diverts income when it buys legal claims.这笔收入是用来购买法律服务的。 Click the [Saving] button to reveal this flow of saving from the household sector to the financial markets.单击[储蓄]以显示家庭部分中的储蓄，流向金融市场的流动。 Investment Borrowing : Household saving does not stop when it reaches the financial markets. 投资借贷 ：家庭储蓄不会停止，当它越来越靠近金融市场的时候。 Financial markets are a conduit that diverts the flow of saving to the business sector.金融市场是一个把储蓄流入到商业部分的渠道。 The business sector is on the borrowing side of the financial markets.商业部分是金融市场的借贷方。 By selling legal claims it borrows the income that can used for investment expenditures.通过出售法律服务，它可以获得收入，用于投资。 Click the [Borrowing] button to highlight this flow from the financial markets to the business sector.点击一下[借]来突出这一从金融市场到商业部分的流动。 Investment Expenditures : The primary reason that the business sector borrows income through the financial markets is for investment expenditures on capital goods. 投资支出 ：商业部分通过金融市场，借钱的主要原因是用来投资资本市场上。 Investment expenditures by the business sector then becomes the second basic expenditure on gross domestic product that flows through the product markets.在商业部分的投资支出，在流向产品市场后，就成为第二次国内生产总值。Click the "Expenditures" button to highlight this flow from the business sector to the product markets.点击“支出”按钮，突出从商业部门到产品市场的流动。 Combining all three flows indicates the key role played by the financial markets.把三个流动模型结合起来，揭示了金融市场所扮演的角色。 Saving flows from the household sector to the financial markets.储蓄：从家庭部门到金融市场的流动。 It then emerges from the financial markets as investment borrowing and moves to the business sector.它然后出现在金融市场，当投资借贷流动到商业部分的时候。 It then exits the business sector and heads to the product markets as investment expenditures.然后从商业部分中出来，流向产品市场（通过投资）。 Click the [Complete Model] button to illustrate.点击一下[整体模型]来说明。 Income diverted away from consumption expenditures by the household sector finds its way back to the product markets as investment expenditures by the business sector.通过家庭部分，收入通过投资支出，消费，最终回到了产品市场。 What It All Means这代表了什么意思 The flow going into the financial markets is saving, income diverted away from consumption and supplied to the financial markets.这个流动模型流入金融市场中的有，储蓄，用来消费的支出和提供给金融市场的部分。 The flow coming out of the financial markets is investment borrowing, income borrowed by the business sector to purchase capital goods, for business investment expenditures.这个流动模型流出金融市场的是投资借贷，商业部分通过购买资本商品的支出，来投资商业的部分。 Summing up, consider three points:总结起来，有三点： First , including saving, investment, and financial markets in the circular flow model does not change the total volume of the circular flow. 首先 ，在循环流动模型中，包括储蓄，投资和金融市场，并整个循环的总量。 Gross domestic product, factor payment s, and national income remain unchanged.国内生产总值， 要素支付 S和国民收入保持不变。 Financial markets merely divert part of the flow away from consumption and to investment.金融市场只是改变了从消费中转为了投资的那一部分。 It is the same basic diversion discussed in analysis of investment in the production possibilities model.这是与投资分析中，生产可能性模型类似的转换。Second , in this model, saving diverted into financial markets is, in general, equal to the investment borrowing coming out, and thus investment expenditures by the business sector. 第二点 ，在这个模型中，流到金融市场的部分储蓄，在一般情况下，等于投资借贷。 In practice, however, there are periods in which saving is less than investment or investment is less than saving.但在实际情况中，有时储蓄小于投资，又或投资超过储蓄少。 These periods are not just curiosities, but are fundamental to the economy.这个有时不仅仅是好奇，而且对于经济来说，是很基本的。Imbalances between saving and investment often trigger economic instability-- business cycles , unemployment , and inflation --that underlies much of the study of macroeconomics .储蓄和投资之间的失衡往往引发经济不稳定- 商业周期，失业和通货膨胀 -这对许多对于宏观经济学的研究至关重要 。 Third , there is more to the financial markets that just business sector borrowing. 第三点 ，有更多的资金流入到金融市场，而不仅仅只是从商业部分。 In particular, the government sector is a frequent financial market borrower, as well.特别是政府部门，它们也是金融市场的常客。 The government sector also issues legal claims through the financial markets as a means borrowing.政府部门把金融市场作为一种解决问题手段Other Models其他模型 This two-sector, three-market circular flow is one of four alternative circular flow models, each containing a different number of sectors or markets.两个部分，三个市场的循环流动模型是四种模型中的一种，每一种模型都包含着不同部分或不同的市场。 The other three models are:另外三种模式是： Two Sectors, Two Markets : The simplest circular flow model contains two sectors (household and business) and two markets (product and resource). 两个部分，两个市场 ：最简单的循环流动模型；包含两个部分（家庭和商业）和两个市场（产品和资源）。 This model highlights the core circular flow of production, income, and consumption.该模型突出了核心循环流动，即产品，收入和消费。 Three Sectors, Three Markets : Another version of the model includes the government sector. 三个部分，三个市场 ：另一种模式，它包括有政府部门。 This model highlights the importance of taxes, which are also diverted from household sector income and used to finance government purchases .该模型突出了税收的重要性，这也是从家庭部分转移到用于资助政府采购的部分 。 Four Sectors, Three Markets : The most comprehensive circular flow model includes the foreign sector . 四个部分，三个市场 ：最全面的循环流动模型，它包括外国机构 。 Adding the foreign sector highlights the role of trade with the rest of the world, especially exports and imports .添加了国外部分突出了该国与世界其他国家之间的贸易，尤其是出口和进口 。
essay papereconomic paper oxford economic papers
INTO THE STORMFOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world’s financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices for raw materials. China’s economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.过去一年的大部分时间里，高速发展的新兴国家一直在远处观望着西方国家的金融风暴。他们的银行仅持有少量抵押资产，而类似的资产已经破坏了发达国家的金融公司。商品出口商因为原材料的高价格而日渐富有。中国不可抗拒的经济力量已然开启，而且信贷刺激的内需从布达佩斯到巴西利亚都表现得非常充足。尽管大萧条后关于西方国家受难于金融崩塌的话题与日俱增，但新兴国家似乎距离金融风暴的中心还有一段距离。No longer. As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated, the emerging world’s stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies tumbled. The seizure in the credit market caused havoc, as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services, including trade credits.不过目前的情况不再是那样了，随着境外资本的流失和经济信心的消失，新兴国家股市暴跌（有些地区已经腰斩），本币迅速贬值。由于外国银行突然中断贷款，并且收缩了包括贸易信贷在内的基础银行服务，新兴国家的信贷市场突发混乱，并引发了一场浩劫。Like their rich-world counterparts, governments are battling to limit the damage (see article). That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange reserves. Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services industry. South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks’ debt. Less well-endowed countries are asking for help. Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($6.6 billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF, as is Ukraine. Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial help.新兴国家的政府和发达国家的政府一样都在为控制损失程度而奋斗。不过对于外汇储备充足的国家来说难度会小一些：俄罗斯斥资2200亿美元重振金融服务行业；韩国政府担保了1000亿美元的银行债务。而那些储备并不充足的国家正在四处求援：匈牙利成功向欧洲央行求得了50亿欧元（约66亿美元）的生命线，同时也在同国际货币基金组织协商借款事宜，同时向国际货币基金组织求援的还有乌克兰。近一打儿的国家在向基金组织求助。Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate measures. Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds, seemingly to stave off default (see article). But even stalwarts are looking weaker. Figures released this week showed that China’s growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent years.有持续问题的国家正棋行险招：阿根廷正在将私人养老金国有化，意图阻止违约的发生。即使强有力的国家也表现出虚弱一面：本周公布的数字表明今年中国的增长率在第三季度减缓为9%，虽然增速还算快，但是与近些年的两位数增率相比缓慢了不少。Blowing cold on credit对信贷没兴趣The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness, but the cumulative impact of all this will be enormous. Most obviously, how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something nastier. Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 months. But their economic fate will also have political consequences.众多新兴经济的意愿并不相同，但是累计在一起的影响力却非同一般。最明显的就是这些国家的表现将会决定世界经济所面临的是一个较为缓和的衰退还是更可怕的情况。在过去18个月的全球经济增长中，新兴经济贡献了75%。但是他们的经济命运也会有一些政治后果。In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak governments. But even strong regimes could suffer. Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social unrest. More generally, the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world economy. Unlike many previous emerging-market crises, today’s mess spread from the rich world, largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital markets. If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet more questioning of the wisdom of globalised finance.在类似东欧的很多地区，金融混乱目前的打击目标是软弱的政府；但强硬的政权同样会尝到苦果。一些专家认为中国每年需要7%的增长率来阻止社会动荡的发生。总体来说，如此争端必将影响全球经济一体化的讨论。与以往数次新兴经济危机不同，这次的混乱始于发达国家，很大程度上要归咎于一体化的资本市场。一旦新兴经济崩溃，无论是货币危机还是剧烈的经济萧条，大家对于金融全球化是否属明智之举会有更多的质疑。Fortunately, the picture is not universally dire. All emerging economies will slow. Some will surely face deep recessions. But many are facing the present danger in stronger shape than ever before, armed with large reserves, flexible currencies and strong budgets. Good policy-both at home and in the rich world-can yet avoid a catastrophe.幸运的是上述恐怖的场景没有发生在全球的每个角落：所有的新兴经济都会减缓发展速度，有一些也必将面临深度萧条；但是更多的国家在面临当下危机的时候却拥有比以往任何时候都强壮的形式，用充足的储备、弹性的货币和强大的预算武装自己。新兴国家及发达国家良好的政策可以避免大灾难的发生。One reason for hope is that the direct economic fallout from the rich world’s disaster is manageable. Falling demand in America and Europe hurts exports, particularly in Asia and Mexico. Commodity prices have fallen: oil is down nearly 60% from its peak and many crops and metals have done worse. That has a mixed effect. Although it hurts commodity-exporters from Russia to South America, it helps commodity importers in Asia and reduces inflation fears everywhere. Countries like Venezuela that have been run badly are vulnerable (see article), but given the scale of the past boom, the commodity bust so far seems unlikely to cause widespread crises.至少有一个原因值得抱有希望：发达国家此次灾难的直接经济影响还是在可控的范围内。欧美锐减的需求对出口来说无疑是一个打击，特别是对亚洲和墨西哥。商品价格走低：原油价格与巅峰时期比较已经下降了60%，很多粮食和金属类商品跌幅更大。这两个现象有混合效果：尽管从俄罗斯到南美的商品（能源）出口企业备受打击，但却帮助了亚洲的商品（能源）进口商，并且缓和了各地对通胀的恐惧。委内瑞拉的情形一直很糟糕，也很脆弱；不过由于过去极度的繁荣，商品价格下跌目前还不会引发大范围传播的危机。The more dangerous shock is financial. Wealth is being squeezed as asset prices decline. China’s house prices, for instance, have started falling (see article). This will dampen domestic confidence, even though consumers are much less indebted than they are in the rich world. Elsewhere, the sudden dearth of foreign-bank lending and the flight of hedge funds and other investors from bond markets has slammed the brakes on credit growth. And just as booming credit once underpinned strong domestic spending, so tighter credit will mean slower growth.比商品价格更令人震惊的事情发生在金融领域。由于资产价格的下降，财富水平正在被挤压缩水。以中国房价为例，目前已经开始下跌。尽管新兴国家的消费者比发达国家的负债水平低很多，上述情况还是会挫伤国内的经济信心。在其他方面，国外银行借款骤然匮乏、对冲基金以及其他投资者逃离债券市场，这些因素给信贷增长踩了一脚急刹车。正如发达的信贷曾经强力支撑国内支出那样，信贷紧缩将意味着增长放缓。Again, the impact will differ by country. Thanks to huge current-account surpluses in China and the oil-exporters in the Gulf, emerging economies as a group still send capital to the rich world. But over 80 have deficits of more than 5% of GDP. Most of these are poor countries that live off foreign aid; but some larger ones rely on private capital. For the likes of Turkey and South Africa a sudden slowing in foreign financing would force a dramatic adjustment. A particular worry is eastern Europe, where many countries have double-digit deficits. In addition, even some countries with surpluses, such as Russia, have banks that have grown accustomed to easy foreign lending because of the integration of global finance. The rich world’s bank bail-outs may limit the squeeze, but the flow of capital to the emerging world will slow. The Institute of International Finance, a bankers’ group, expects a 30% decline in net flows of private capital from last year.需要再次重申的是，冲击的表现会因国家的不同而有所区别。多亏中国和海湾产油国经常项目下的巨额顺差，新型经济整体还不断的向发达国家输送资本。但是80 多个国家的财政赤字已经超过GDP的5%，其中的多数是那些依靠国外救助过活得贫困国家；不过也有一些依靠私人资本的大国。对于类似土耳其和南非的国家来说，突然减缓的境外融资迫使其进行大幅调整。东欧的情况特别令人担忧，那里的不少国家赤字水平已经达到了两位数。另外，象俄罗斯这样处于顺差的国家，其银行也逐渐适应了可以轻易从外国取得的贷款，原因自然是全球金融一体化。发达国家的救助计划也许可以限制财富被挤压的水平，但资本流向新兴世界的速度无疑会减慢。国际金融研协会预测私人资本的净流量比去年回减少30%。A wing and a prayer飞行之翼与祈祷者This credit crunch will be grim, but most emerging markets can avoid catastrophe. The biggest ones are in relatively good shape. The more vulnerable ones can (and should) be helped.信贷紧缩必将令人生畏，不过多数新兴市场可以躲过一劫，最大的市场形势还相当不错。比较脆弱的市场可以（也应该）得到帮助。Among the giants, China is in a league of its own, with a $2 trillion arsenal of reserves, a current-account surplus, little connection to foreign banks and a budget surplus that offers lots of room to boost spending. Since the country’s leaders have made clear that they will do whatever it takes to cushion growth, China’s economy is likely to slow-perhaps to 8%-but not collapse. Although that is not enough to save the world economy, such growth in China would put a floor under commodity prices and help other countries in the emerging world.在那些坚强的巨人中，中国卓然不群：手握2万亿美元的储备，经常项下的顺差状态，与国外银行罕有关联，过剩的预算给推动支出留有足够空间。鉴于国家领导人已经明确表示将不惜一切代价为经济增长减速缓冲，中国的经济增长应该会减缓到大约8%的水平，但是决不会崩溃。虽然这不足以挽救世界经济，但是该增长率将会为商品价格建底并帮到新兴世界的其他国家。The other large economies will be harder hit, but should be able to weather the storm. India has a big budget deficit and many Brazilian firms have a large foreign-currency exposure. But Brazil’s economy is diversified and both countries have plenty of reserves to smooth the shift to slower growth. With $550 billion of reserves, Russia ought to be able to stop a run on the rouble. In the short-term at least, the most vulnerable countries are all smaller ones.其他的经济大国会受到更大的冲击，不过应该可以禁受住风暴侵袭。印度的财政赤字巨大，巴西很多公司面临巨大的外汇风险。但巴西经济已经实现多样化，同时上述两个国家拥有充足的储备来平稳过渡到缓慢的增长。俄罗斯掌握着5500亿美元的储备，应该能够阻止对卢布的抢购。至少在短期内，小国家才是最弱不禁风的。There will be pain as tighter credit forces adjustments. But sensible, speedy international assistance would make a big difference. Several emerging countries have asked America’s Federal Reserve for liquidity support; some hope that China will bail them out. A better route is surely the IMF, which has huge expertise and some $250 billion to lend. Sadly, borrowing from the fund carries a stigma. That needs to change. The IMF should develop quicker, more flexible financial instruments and minimise the conditions it attaches to loans. Over the past month deft policymaking saw off calamity in the rich world. Now it is time for something similar in the emerging world.受到紧缩信贷压力进行的调整必然带来痛苦，但快速的国际援助是明智之举，因为这会让结果很不相同。一些新兴国家已经向美联储求援以缓解流动性问题；有一些则希望中国可以拯救他们与水火。更佳的求救路线莫过于国际货币基金组织，因为它掌握大量的专门知识和2500亿美元的可出借款项。不幸的是人们认为向基金借款有辱其名，国际货币基金组织应该推出更快捷、更灵活的金融工具，同时实现借贷条件最小化。过去数月中，机敏的决策驱散了发达国家的灾难。现在也正是新兴世界发生类似事情的时候了。
Economical paper
纯英文的行不行啊？
1.解读英语长句的翻译密码2.基于关联理论的对英汉、汉英翻译的本质探讨3.浅析大学英语中翻译能力的提高策略4.外贸买卖合同中从句的翻译
杨帅（2016）按照共享经济主体方面之间的差异来进行分类的，与此同时，杨帅还提出了包含消费及生产领域的可以实现对参与主体进行划分的框架。该框架是一个比较具体化的框架，主要包括以下几点：第一，企业-个人类型。这种类型指的是企业借助第三方网络平台或相关联的企业进行其闲置资源利用渠道的拓宽。其中，最为经典的案例就是首钢创客空间。第二，个人-企业类型，这种类型也被称为临时工代表性经济形式。简单来说就是那些拥有时间、资源、技能的个人借助网络平台中的相关众包平台，满足企业临时性的服务需求。在这一过程中，个人为企业提供服务并收取适当的报酬。通过这种方式，企业能够用较低的成本来解决其内部问题而且个人也能够在为企业提供服务的过程中得到相应的报酬。第三，个人-个人类型，在这种模式中交易的主体为个人。个人能够借助第三方网络平台来实现个人需求与共计之间的协调，该网络平台作为媒介其主要的作用就是为双方提供信息。比如：滴滴出行。通过该平台，双方的利益都能够得到满足，且经济效益也能够得到增加。最后一种是企业-企业类型，通过对互联网的合理应用，企业中的闲置资本能够得到有效的利用。通过资源的充分利用，企业内部生产领域的结构性问题也能够得到很好的解决。例如：阿里巴巴淘工厂。阿里巴巴淘工厂将线下供给能力与线上市场需求之间进行了结合，以此来带动其供给与需求之间的最优配置，进而提升其企业资源配置的合理性。吴晓隽和杨天波（2015）的观点中，共享经济是能够在IT软硬件生产、无线网络、信息终端以及新型消费及生产模式的构建过程中都有十分重要的作用。也就是说，共享经济的影响范围不仅局限于互联网及相关产业中，还包括对于企业经营管理、消费模式、生产模式的影响。郑志来（2016）在对共享经济这一问题进行研究的过程中，首先对供给侧改革的相关内容进行了分析。随后，郑志来表示，共享经济能够有效的改善经济失衡的状况并能够成为供给侧机构性变革过程中一个十分重要的补充部分。共享经济与供给侧结构性改革之间是存在着一定的联系的，且共享经济是一种实现经济方式转变的有效手段。二、共享经济相关理论（一）共享经济的概念最早提出共享经济这一概念的学者是马科斯·费尔逊和琼·斯潘思，在其代表作《社区结构和协同消费：常规活动的方法 》中有对这一概念的详细解释。近几年，伴随着我国经济发展水平的不断提升，共享经济这一概念逐渐被人们所了解。当下，我国对于共享经济的定义为：借助互联网信息技术等一系列相关的科学技术，对海量的、分散的资源进行合理有效的整合并能够满足多样化需求的经济活动的总称。共享经济的主要特征为使用权限，是一种合作经济。共享经济的目的就是为了进行交易成本的压缩，进而带来经济效益的提升。共享经济的主要作用包括以下两点：首先，共享平台的性质是中间媒介，能够带动双方交易成本的降低。与此同时，借助这一共享平台双方能够得到更多的资源和信息，并且其监督成本较低。其次，在共享平中，原本不能够加入到大交易环节中的物品也能够进行交易。这就使交易的范围得到了扩大，且资源的利用效率得到了提升。伴随着经济的不断发展和进步，产生了一种新型的经济形态—基于 O2O 的共享经济。这种经济活动其实在很久之前就已经产生了，不过都没有得到人们的重视。近几年，基于O2O的共享经济逐渐被人们所了解、重视并且不断的发展起来。这种新型经济形态产生的根本原因是互联网信息技术的不断发展，使得传统的交易区域、空间被打破，市场规模得到了扩张。在这种形势下，每个人都是需求者和供给者。在新型经济形态中，物品的使用权、所有权之间处于分离的状态，且相关的交易内容也被赋予了新的意义。与此同时，人们在获取物品的过程中其目的也发生了改变。人们的关注点转移到了物品的实际使用权利上，这就使得物品的使用效率得到了明显的提升。对于消费者来说，用更加低廉的价格就能够租用到你需要使用的物品，这种方式既能够满足消费者使用物品的需求还能够减少消费者的支出。而且，限制资源在这一过程中也能够得到更加合理、有效的利用。（二）共享经济的特点1、价值增值价值增值过程属于西方经济学领域，其被定义为是劳动力价值的补偿，而其在共享经济的商业模式下，其又被赋予了新的意义与和内涵，因为共享经济对于价值进行了全新的定义，即只有在有需求的人手里，物品才能体现其价值，因而这一价值增值过程就成为了将闲置的物品转移到对其存在需求的人手里的过程。卖家通过售卖闲置的物品，在清理自己的生活空间的同时还可以回收到相当于物品原价格中的一定资金的回报，而限于经济原因而无法入手想要商品的买家也可以经由购买这些出售的闲置商品来满足自身的强烈渴望。2、充分利用闲置资源对于闲置资源的充分利用也是共享经济特点中的一种，其能够提高资源的利用率甚至保护环境。正是由于社会经济的不断发展与科技的飞速进步使得一部分人在追求最新科技的同时对于其拥有的尚且完好的高科技产品进行不断的淘汰，这正是由于城市生活集约化的进一步发展和居民个人生活水平的不断提高同时伴随在社会产能过剩的背景下个人对于产品拥有的越来越少的可使用空间所导致的。而那些所淘汰下来的产品又会对个人的生活空间产生占据，由此甚至还需要个人来负担养护和维修的开销，同时产品没有得到充分利用也是一种资源的浪费，违背了绿色发展的理念。其实在社会生活中，共享经济无处不在，例如在交通领域，其传统的公交飞机地铁火车就能够极大的的便利许多乘客的交通出行，它就属于一种共享经济。而新开发出来的滴滴打车也对众多用户的出行起到了很大的便利。将使用交通产品的时间段错开以实现对于车辆的使用率的显著提升，这在降低物品闲置时间，提高资源的利用效率的同时还能实现对于在自身生活成本上的降低，符合绿色发展的理念3、网络易访性随着互联网那个大时代的到来，人们可以更加方便的经由网络来实现自身的生活方式上的便捷化，这点也体现在了共享经济中的闲置物品交易上，买家和卖家双方都能够在网上实现顺畅的交流，这也使得卖家更容易对用户的需求实现掌握，互联网所提供的强大的图文功能可以让买家更好的了解卖家的产品，也更便于卖家对自己的产品进行更好的展示以吸引客客户。O2O网站是一种个人对个人的网络销售方式，正适合闲置物品的买卖，其提供的功能可以降低卖家进行宣传推广的成本，而对于卖家来说也是省去了去线下进行了解的精力，使其通过网络就能实现对产品的全方位了解，因而共享商业模式的实现离不开网络的易访性，正是其为买家与卖家之间提供了便利且成熟的用以双方交流的平台来实现了对于共享商业的促进作用。4、社群共享社群共享是消费者在消费过程中，寻找的具有相同消费需求的群体，为了节省一定的消费费用而采用团购或拼团的方式进行消费。例如拼多多和美团就是针对具有相同购物需求的的消费者群体而建立的；58同城、安客居是将有共同的居住需求的人们聚在一起；51job以及智联招聘则是构建了一个用人单位和求职者之间的沟通交流搭建了桥梁；天猫、淘宝以及聚美优品则是找准自己的市场定位，主要对自己的强项进行经营。通过众多的APP我们可以看出，社群共享产生了一种新的消费模式。5、所有权需求下降在以前那个物资匮乏的年代，只有拥有了该商品的所有权才能心安理得地使用。不过现在人们生活水平的大大提高，对产品的消费观念也发生转变，人们在进行商品购买时更突出获得商品的使用权而不是所有权，商品只有对自己有用才具有价值。在这种消费观念下，共享经济应运而生。一辆共享单车可以在一天内满足十几个人的出行需求，一份学术资料可以供几百位学者学习借鉴，如何在最小的代价下最大程度上满足市场需求，是在共享经济发展模式下需要思考的主要问题。共享经济的发展在一定程度上满足了更多人的消费需求，并且被更多的人认可和接受。三、我国共享经济存在的问题分析（一）现有法律法规无法适应共享经济的发展由于我国的法律条文大部分是在上世纪制定的，所以在我国当下实行的法律体系中，对于新出现的共享经济并没有制定明确的法律规定，而且共享经济依托于互联网的发展而发展，并且在多个领域均有涉及，所以没有一个行业的法律能够直接套用到共享经济的发展之中，对于共享经济从业人员的待遇问题、电商平台的税收问题等层出不穷的新问题都有待解决。一些陈旧的法律条文并不能适应当下经济发展的需要，如果从旧时代的法律角度来看新时代的经济发展，共享经济中有许多创新企业都涉嫌违规或在濒临违规的边界，部分法律并不能对共享经济的发展起到相应的监管，反而具有一定的阻碍作用。共享经济的准入门槛较低，服务质量良莠不齐，并且在对共享经济的发展中缺少有效的市场监管，消费者利益得不到保障。因此，我国要不断完善关于共享经济的法律体系，建立相关的监管部门保障行业稳定发展，并通过相应的激励机制促进创新企业的发展，使共享经济能为我国的国民经济发展做出更大的贡献。
学术堂整理了十个经济金融类的论文题目，供大家进行选择：1、我国开放式证券投资基金业绩评价实证研究2、基于行为金融理论下的市场有效性研究与证券价值分析3、我国证券市场股权结构的制度安排与改革4、汽车金融中的信贷资产证券化研究5、金融中介理论和我国全能银行的发展6、重构我国农村金融体系研究7、关于建立我国中小企业政策性金融体系的思考8、金融衍生工具监管制度研究9、我国商业银行房地产金融风险及其防范10、世界金融监管模式的发展及我国之借鉴
提供一些翻译方向的论文题目，供参考。商务合同英汉互译技巧英文品牌汉译知识对于翻译的重要性中英文化差异及其对英汉互译的消极影响英语广告中修辞手法的应用及其翻译<<红楼梦>>金陵判词两种译文的比较及评析从红楼梦诗词翻译看翻译中的文化补偿关于李后主“虞美人”的3种英译本的鉴赏跨文化交际与商标翻译中式菜肴的命名与翻译浅谈英语电影片名的翻译英文电影片名的翻译策略英文化妆品广告之美学翻译数字在中西文化中的内涵差异及数字习语翻译初探浅析原语文本在目标语文本中文体的适应性英语习用语翻译中的等效性研究论语境在英汉翻译中的作用浅析英语动画片翻译的基本原则中英服饰广告的翻译论英汉翻译中语篇连贯的重要性论译者的风格与译风经济英语中的隐喻及其翻译从翻译的美学角度浅析旅游资料的中英译
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纯英文的行不行啊？
China's sustained economic growth and weak world economic growth and the continuous devaluation of dollar, particularly the U.S. government in the domestic unemployment rate and rising international trade deficit of the circumstances, the United States some people will be unemployed manufacturing workers in the United States and the reasons for the Sino-US trade deficit Summed up as the RMB exchange rateFirst, the renminbi exchange rate is not the main cause of Sino-US trade deficit1, the EC analysis of Sino-US trade balanceChina and the United States for such a big difference between two main aspects of reasons: (1), the United States statistics will be part of China through Hong Kong re-exports of double counting in China's exports to the United States (2), the U.S. trade data Collection process has many problems.2, Sino-US trade deficit is what causes(1), the U.S. Government's high-tech products export control policy, Sino-US trade imbalance is an important reason.(2), U.S. investment in China's balance of trade of multinational companies is another important reason. China to the United States despite the existence of high trade surplus, but a large part of the trade surplus from the U.S. multinational companies in China, according to Chinese statistics show that: China's import and export amount of 56 percent is from foreign-funded enterprises to achieve, China is U.S. multinational companies to reduce production costs and increase profits one of the main channel.(3), the U.S. trade statistics report and the multinational corporations will not return to the United States of the investment income account3, Liaokai U.S. foreign trade deficit veilU.S. imports from the large number of foreign companies in setting up their own production lines, in other words, the U.S. subsidiary of multinational companies import goods from overseas, the reality of the trade are many companies and the companies, not countries trade with the countries of the document.British economist Julius once the U.S. balance of trade statistics, if coupled with its overseas subsidiaries in the local double-counting, then in 1986 the U.S. trade balance from a deficit of 144 billion U.S. dollars into 57 billion A surplus of U.S. dollars. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce statistics, in 1995 the U.S. subsidiary of multinational companies in sales over 210 million U.S. dollars, with exports of goods and services the same year 794 billion U.S. dollars, almost 3 trillion U.S. dollars, and foreign exports to the U.S. and foreign companies in the U.S. , A subsidiary of the internal sales total of 2.4 trillion U.S. dollars, the United States today is not the world's largest trade deficit country, but the world on a few large trade surplus with one of the country.U.S. exports to foreign multinational companies in the United States and abroad for sale on the market, both in 2002 and amounted to 3 trillion U.S. dollars. Over the same period, imports of U.S. and foreign multinational companies in the U.S. market sales, and for both of 2.4 trillion U.S. dollars, resulting in the United States on the world's total trade surplus of 600 billion U.S. dollars, and this is when the analysis of the U.S. foreign trade deficit Should comprehensively grasp the essence of the problem.4, the U.S. trade deficit, the real reason for the(1) in the 1970s, the two oil crises led to two world oil prices rose sharply, from Japan and developing countries with strong economic competitiveness and the strength of the dollar, which makes U.S. goods, services, trade Deficit in 1987 reached a peak of 152 billion U.S. dollars.(2) deterioration of the low U.S. savings rate, the United States must from the international financial market, raising funds for construction, that is, factoring funds to invest heavily in the building.(3) U.S. multinational companies in the United States in the import trade played by the "one of us" role, that is part of the trade deficit is actually "returning goods."China and the United States is a complementary economy, maintain the existing exchange rate system is a win-win situation
othing in literature can long s
ABC:美国广播公司(ABC电视台 )CBC:加拿大CBC 英语电视台NBA:美国职业篮球联盟CBA：中国职业篮球联盟CAAC：中国民用航空局 ID：主要是网络上帐号的意思，英语翻译过来是身份的意思IBM：(国际商业机器公司)IDD:国际长途 BA:农学士 AD:公元
技术的英文翻译是：technology；technique
重点词汇：
读音：英 [tekˈnɒlədʒi] 美 [tekˈnɑːlədʒi]
释义：n.技术；工艺；工业技术；设备；机器；技术学；工艺学
读音：英 [tekˈniːk] 美 [tekˈniːk]
释义：n.技巧；技术；工艺；技能；技艺；手段；方法
短语：
例句：
大多数新来的人都在从事将这项技术转化为产品的工作。
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ABC=Abridged Building Classification for Architects, Builders ＆Civil Engineers 建筑师、建筑商和土木工程师用节略本建筑分类法[英];Advanced BONUS Core 高级沸腾式过热核反应堆内核;Advanced-Booking Charter 预订包机;Advancing-Blade Concept 向前叶片概念;Africa Bibliographic Centre 非洲文献目录中心;Airborne Control 空中控制;Alarms by Carrier 载波报警;Already Been Converted 已被转换;Amateur Book Collector《业余藏书家》(期刊);American Broadcasting Company 美国广播公司;Analysis Bar Charting 分析条形图;Asian Badminton Confederation 亚洲羽毛球联合会;Associated Builders and Contractors 建筑商与承包商协会[美];Aus-tralianBroadcastingCorporation 澳大利亚广播公司;Automatic Binary Computer 自动二进制计算机CBC=Canadian Broadcasting Corp加拿大广播公司NBA=美国职业篮球联赛CBA=中国职业篮球联赛;[军]Cost-Benefit Anlysis, 成本效益分析CAAC=Civil Aviation Administration of China中国民用航空总局ID=身分，身份 (identification, identity)IBM=（美国）商用机器公司 (International Business Machines)DDD=Direct Distance Dialing 直接远距离拨号(美国与加拿大的长途电话),长途直拨(电话)IDD=国际直拨长途电话(International Direct Dialing)BA=文学士 (Bachelor of Arts);英国航空公司 (British Airways);Bachelor of Agriculture 农学士AD=公元 (Anno Domini);Active Duty现役;Advanced Development 试制(样机, 样品);Aerodynamic Decelerator 气动力减速器;Agriculture Decisions 《农业决策》(期刊);Air Dried 风干的, 空气干燥的;Airdrop 空投(美国空投工程实验室发表的研究报告);Airworthiness Directives 《飞行性能控制》([美]FAA的研究报告);American Documentation 《美国文献工作》(期刊);Architectural Design 《建筑设计》 ([英]期刊);Army Digest 《陆军文 摘》(期刊);Art Digest 《艺术文摘》(期刊);ASTIA Document 武装部队技术情报局文献[美];Autograph Document 亲笔签署的文件;Average Depth 平均深度;Average Deviation 平均偏差, 平均差国际商务活动是一种跨国活动，随着电报、电话和电传的发明，国际贸易得到了迅速的发展，远隔重洋的买卖双方用电话交谈、发送电文，均要求简明扼要，便于记忆和记录，国际传递与交际中也就省时节费。现代语言学家提出语言的经济性也正是这个道理。因此，商务语域里的人们创造了大量缩略语，而且简化方式多样。如： A/B(AirBill)空运提单 BPC(BookPricesCurrent)现行账面价值 YD(yard)码 Kgs.(kilograms)千克 NTWK(Network)网络 ACPT(Accept)接受 WKS(weeks)周，星期 商务英语缩略语数量日增，形式多样，意义广泛，涉及到经济、贸易、财政、金融等各个领域，这并不是人们的头脑中固有的，更不是人类遗传基因决定的。而是各种潮流汇合后所形成的产物。这种潮流主要是指全球科技与商贸的发展使全球经济趋向一体化，由之产生了需要一种简便的交际语言来记录与表达。 三、商务英语缩略语的结构 商务英语缩略语的构词方法很多，情况复杂，常用大写字母，但有时大、小写字母并用，一般按字母读音，但有时也按拼音读音。商务英语缩略语的简化方式，概括起来，主要有如下几种： 1�使用一个短语中每个词（主要是实词）的首写字母构成缩略语。这种缩写法多用大写字母，字母之间可用或不用缩写号。这是一种最常见的缩写法，常常用于组织名称、票据名称、作品名称、说明书和价格术语等专有名词的缩写，按字母读音。例如： NIC(NationalInformationCentre) 国家信息中心 IAG（InternationalAuditingGuideline） 国际审计指南 BE,B.E.(BillofExchange) 汇票、交换券、国外汇票 EMP（EuropeanMainPort） 欧洲主要港口 FOA（FreeonAircraft） 本文原文 飞机上交货价 2�以辅音为核心组成缩写词（并列的两个相同的辅音字母只用一个）。这类缩写法主要用于单词的缩写，可用大写字母，也可用小写字母，或用大写字母带出小写字母，一般按字母读音，也可拼读。如： (1)用所有的辅音字母构成缩写词: RCVD(received)收到 PCS(pieces)匹，件，块，片，张，部分 (2)用词首的元音字母和其后所有的辅音字母构成缩写词: ACDNT(accident)事故，意外事故 INFM(inform)通知，向……报告 (3)用单词的第一音节和第二音节的第一辅音字母构成缩写词: PREM(premium)保险费 TEL(telephone)电话 (4)用第一和第二音节及第三音节的第一辅音字母构成缩写词： APPROX(approximate)近似的，大约的 MANUF(manufacture)制造 (5)用第一音节和其后所有的辅音字母或部分重要的辅音字母构成缩写词： SHIPMT(shipment)装运，装船 CONSGNT(consignment)发货 (6)用单词首尾两个辅音字母构成缩写词： BK(bank)银行 FM(firm)商行，公司，实盘 (7)用每个音节的第一辅音字母及该词的最后一个辅音字母构成缩写词等等。 MGR(man-ag-er)经理 MSG(mes-sage)信息，电文 3�利用同音或近音字母组成缩写词。这种缩写法常用于单音词和少数双音节词转化为同音字母的缩写词，按拼音或字母音读音。常见的有： BIZ(business)商业，业务，交易，生意 R(are)是（或助动词） U(you)你 UR(your)你的 WUD(would)会，情愿 THRU(through)通过，经过 OZ(ounce)盎司 4�利用第一音节和第二音节构成缩写词。这种构成缩写词的方法用得不多，偶尔用之。如： AVE(avenue)大街，林荫道 MEMO(memorandum)备忘录 CONDI(condition)条款，条件 NEGO(negotiation)洽谈 5�截去一个自然词的首部或尾部而形成的缩略词。可拼读，可用小写字母。如： phone(telephone)电话 pro(professional)专业人员 im(import)进口 impos(impossible)不可能 6�外来语的缩略语在英语中的应用。在英语中，往往借用外来语的缩略语有借自于拉丁语、西班牙语、瑞典语、挪威语、法语、德语等语种。如： DGU(DeutscheGesellschafifurUnternchmungsforschung)德国运筹学学会〔德语〕 CONG(Congius)加仑〔拉丁语〕 LO(LandsorganisasjoneniNorge)挪威工会联合会〔挪威语〕 FIL(FeiraInternacionaldeLisboa)里斯本国际博览会〔葡萄牙语〕 F.（forte）〔乐〕用强音〔意大利语〕 JAMC(JournaldeL'AssociationM'edicaleCanadienne)加拿大医学杂志〔法语〕 A.D.(AnnoDomini)公元〔拉丁语〕 四、商务英语缩写语的语义演变 语言在运用中受语境的制约，而且，这种制约功能是绝对的，普遍的。语境决定着语言的意义、色彩和用法。商务英语缩略语更是一种运用着的语言现象，在商务这一语境中，人们在阅读和翻译商务信函、合同、单证、文件时，也经常接触它们。我们发现，商务英语缩略语比其它语言单位对语境更具有依赖性。语境影响、制约着商务英语缩略语的使用。由于受语境的制约，许多词语的语义产生了很大的变化。如： 1）quotation在社交语境中为“语录”、“引言”。在商务语境中常为“报价单”、“行情”等含义，且常用缩写词形式QUTN。如： aquotationfromMaoZe-dong毛泽东语录（在一般社交语境中） aQUTN（quotation）ofprice报价单（在商务语境中） theQUTNS(quotations)ofgreentea绿茶行情（在商务语境中） 2)commission在一般社交语境中为“委托（代理）事项”、“代理（权）”、“委员会”，但在商务语境中为“佣金”，可用缩写形式COM。如： togobeyondone'scommission越权（在一般社交语境中） theMilitarycommission军事委员会（在一般社交情境中） a10%COM(commission)百分之十的佣金（在商务语境中） 3)instrument在一般社交语境中为“仪器”、“手段”、“乐器”，而在商务语境中为“票据”、“证券”支付工具等。且可以缩写词INSTR出现，如： opticalinstrument光学仪器（在一般社交语境中） windandstringedinstruments管弦乐器（在一般社交语境中） anegotiableinstr(instrument)流通票据，可转让票据（在商务语境中） Instr(Instrument）ofpayment支付工具（在商务语境中） 4)credit在一般社交语境中意为“信任”、“称赞”、“增光（的人或事)”，而在商务语境中指的是“信贷”、“贷方”、“信用状”（＝letterofcredit）“赊欠”等，且可用缩写语形式cre，如： Hedeservescreditforhisdevotednesstothejob.他的敬业精神值得称赞。（在一般社交语境中） Heisdeterminedtobeacredittohiscountry.他决心为他的国家争光。（在一般社交语境中） Interest-freecre（credit） 无息信贷（在商务语境之中） cre（credit）balance 贷方余额（在商务语境中） 五、商务英语缩略语的句法功能 商务英语缩略词（语）用简单的几个字母表达复杂的含义，具有言简意明，快速捷达的特点，广泛应用于国际贸易、国际金融、国际经济技术合作等领域，在商务这一语境的交际中起着十分重要的作用。商务英语缩略语（词）可以和自然词交织在一起在普通句中使用，和普通英语词语一样，具有同等的句法功能，但习惯上不用作谓语。然而在商务电报电传文稿中，甚至可以每个句子成份都用缩略语，而且动词缩略词也可以做谓语，同时还有简单的时态和语态区分：进行时与将来时用现在分词，过去时、完成时、被动语态用过去分词。如： 1)C.I.F.isthebasiswearetooffer. 到岸价是我们的报价基础。(C.I.F.在句中做主语) 2)AllyourpricesinthelistareonF.O.B.. 贵方表中的价格都是离岸价。（F.O.B.为介词宾语） 3)SendYRL/C. 请惠寄你方信用证。（YRL/C=yourletterofcredit，做宾语） 4)GDSARVD. 货物已抵达。（ARVD做谓语） L/COPNDLSTMON 信用证已于上周星期一开出（OPND做谓语） 5)YRL/CRCVDBFRGDSSENT 发货前收到贵方信用证。（YR做定语，L/C做主语，RCVD做谓语，BFRGDSSENT做状语） SHPARVGNXTMON 货船下周星期一抵达（ARVG做谓语） SHPGNOV20 将于十一月二十日装船（SHPG做谓语） 6)PleasequoteusC.I.F.Shanghai. 请报上海到岸价。（C.I.F.做宾语） 7)TheinsurancewecoverisWPA. 我们投保的是水渍险。（WPA做表语） 此外，英语缩略词还有单复数形式、修辞色彩和语体差异之别。
ABC American Broadcasting Company, Inc 美国广播公司 agricultural bank of China 中国农业银行 American Born Chinese 香蕉人，美国出生的中国人 ABC是拉丁字母的前三个，用来指一般常识或浅显的道理，有时也用做书名 CBC canadian broadcasting corporation加拿大广播公司 complete blood count[医]全血球计数 NBA National Basketball Association的缩写(全国篮球协会) CBA Chinese Basketball Association是中国篮球协会 美国也有个CBA,它的全称是大陆篮球协会. CAAC Civil Aviation Administration of China中国民航 ID identification, identity) ID是英文IDentity的缩写,ID是身份标识号码的意思 IBM International Business Machines Corporation国际商业机器公司 DDD Domestic Direct Dial: 国内直拨国内长途直拨电话业务 Domain-Driven Design领域驱动设计 IDD international direct dial 国际直拨电话 BA Beauty Advanced, 美容推广 bachelor of arts文学学士 AD Advertising 拉丁文 Anno Domini 的缩写，意为“主的生年”,即公元 Alzheimer disease 阿尔茨海默病 Active Directory活动目录BCBureau of Census (美国)人口统计局Blue Cross 蓝十字会Before Christ 公元前