你可以从以下几点着手： 一．餐桌礼仪概述 1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用. 二. 各国间不同的饮食文化 1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异. 4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点. 5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源. Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and W estern eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (e.g.four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impopssible to finish. A typical meal starts with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally a soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple"food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. One thing to be aware of is that when eating with a Chinese host, you may find that the person is using their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there, and maybe cover it up with a little rice when they are not looking. There is a certain amount of leniency involved when dealing with Westerners. So you won't be chastised. Eating No-no's Traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. 1) Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead,lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table. 3) Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Eat Local You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what othes are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Myatery Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare. Also, be sure to sample the local brew, Yanjing Beer. Drining Gan Bei!(cheers!) Alcohol is a big part of eating in Beijing. Especially when dining with Chinese hosts, you can expect the beer to flow freely and many beis to be gan-ed.(Gan Bei literally means "dry the glass")Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is bai jiu, high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of bai jiu, and some are quite good. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive and less formidable are Maotai and Wuliangye, which go for about 300-400 yuan per bottle. In comparison, Er Guo Tou costs a modest 4or 5 yuan per ping(bottle). If you are not a drinker, or don't feel up to the challenge, just say "wo bu hui he jiu"(I don't drink). It is generally acceptable to use Coke or tea as an alcohol substitute.
从这几篇 英语 作文 中，可以适当了解到中西饮食 文化 的巨大差异。下面是我给大家带来中西饮食文化差异英语作文，供大家参阅!
The Food Culture Difference Between China and West Studying food cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject. It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.
Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives. It has special status in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west. As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization. But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic.
Differences in Concepts
Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet and pays attention to the "color, flavor, taste " regardless of the nutrition . Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything. Even using the "color, flavor, shape and implement "which people often said to make the" realm "reification, is still difficult to crown all.
The major differences of eating culture between the West and China
a.The use of tableware
As we all know, chopsticks is our traditional tableware. We use chopsticks and spoon mostly and cups,plates,bowls and saucers are essential.The western use knife and fork.to eat..Their knifes can be divided into consumption knife, meat knife, friet knife, butter knife, fish knife and so on. The also have many kinds of forks like consumption fork, fish fork, and lobster fork.
b.The way to cook
China has very rich kind of cooking methods, such as braising, quick boiling, scaling, stewing, gradual simmering, slow red cooking, steaming, decoction and so on, up to more than thirty kinds. Besides, the dishes cooked with these methods are numerous. That is why Chinese feel it is very interesting to cook, while the Westerners emphasize too much on scientific diet and the collocation of nutrition. They cook according to scientific disciplines all the time, which is mechanized and monotonous, therefore without any joy.
c.The order of saving dishes
In a Chinese banquet cold dishes are the first served, next the hot dishes and the main course come with the following of soup, then follows the main food or desserts. Fruits often come the last. In a western banquet the serving order is different. The first course of Western dinner is appetizer. Appetizers have specific flavors, mainly salty or sour. They are few in amount but high in qualities. Different from Chinese dinners, the second course of Western dinner is soup. Western soup can be divided into four kinds, clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cool soup which can be divided into more kinds. The third course of a Western dinner is non-stable dish. Usually, aquatic products, eggs, bread is called non-stable dish. The fourth course of Western dinner is the main course, which contains meat and bird species. The fifth course of Western dinner is dishes made of vegetables. Westerners often eat raw vegetables, so vegetables are often made into salad. The six course of Western dinner is dessert, such as pudding, pancakes, ice cream, cheese and fruits. The last course contains beverage, coffee or tea.
The Western diet culture difference
Western diet due to geographical characteristics, influence of
climate factors such as environment, customs, appears in the ingredients, flavors, cooking methods, different degrees of differences in eating habits. It is because of these differences, diet has a strong regional character. Differences between Chinese and Western culture makes a difference of Chinese and Western food culture, and this difference from the West in ways of thinking and policy. Chinese focus on "Heaven", Westerners focus on "people-oriented".
Nutrition and delicious(营养与美味)
Due to West philosophy thought of different, Westerners Yu diet heavy science, heavy science is emphasizes nutrition, so Western diet to nutrition for highest guidelines, eating like for a bio of machine added fuel, special emphasizes food of nutrition components, protein, and fat, and carbohydrates, and vitamin and the various inorganic elements of content is match expedient, calories of supply is right, and these nutrition components is can for eating who full absorption, has no other side effects. Knowledge of these problems are cooking, and how color,
fragrance and taste of the dishes, it is first requested. Sanhedrin Premier diet in Western countries--France, its food culture in many ways and we
approximate, but access to nutritional problems, will open the distance between the two sides.
Five flavors mixed with the operation aimed at the pursuit of delicious cooking in China, during the processing of the hot frying and slow fire attack for a long time may cause destruction of the nutritional components of food. France is also the pursuit of delicious cooking, but at the same time not forgetting "nutrition" that premise, consistently delicious is that they do not care nutrition for the taking. Especially modern cooking trends occurred in the 1960 of the 20th century, with special emphasis on health, diet, to the pursuit of light oil, emphasized the use of fresh raw materials, stressed during the cooking process to
maintain original nutrition and taste, so vegetables are eaten raw. So that the Western diet nutrition is universal。
To be fair, when it comes to nutritional problems also hit the biggest weakness of the Chinese food。
While we pay attention to diet, a healing cuisine, food, attention to diet to keeping fit, but we cook in search of delicious as the first
requirement, resulting in many nutrient losses in the process. Chinese chefs to participate in cooking contest in the world in recent years, others set out clearly a vegetable nutritional components on the side, we come up with this material. People ask questions, also flounder at some
moment, greatly eat the suffering which cannot be told to others!
We have always been primary purpose is as a pursuit of delicious eating. Folk saying "to eat for days, fresh taste first." When people praise the food and always says "smell good", but that is because we feel the color, flavor and sensory organs "eyes, nose and mouth" up and down the order. People in the "color, smell and taste", has always been the "" character "King".
Because of the extreme importance to the Chinese people, as well as the carrier of Chinese food just tastes, such as recognized luxury menu your cake and the sauce, shark fin, sea cucumber, hump, similar to its main constituents are cheap pork skin gelatin, itself is delicious, fresh soup to feed it, feed it, then use it to feed the people. Did this is not the flavor carriers to the core﹖
The Chinese emphasis on taste, is reflected in everyday conversation, such as family banquet, as soon as the main dish on the side table, the owner often say with modesty: "the meal well, not necessarily your taste. "He would never say:" does not have much nutritional value of vegetables, not enough calories。”
Cook about nutrition in the West at the expense of taste, at least for
primary purpose is not to taste enjoy. They to cold drink table, iced of cold wine also to then plus ice, and tongue surface throughout of taste neural once iced, will greatly lost taste of sensitivity, gradually to cannot differentiation taste; that with blood of steak and white fish, and white meat, raw of vegetable, white water Cook beans, and cook potatoes, although has "taste" and does not into "road", all are reflect has Western people on taste of ignored. They refuse to use monosodium glutamate, is sufficient to prove that such people are not aware of, and are not "known view" guest of honour!
Based on the importance of nutrition, Westerners more raw
vegetables, not just raw tomatoes, cucumber, lettuce, is the cabbage, onion, broccoli (broccoli) are also eaten raw. So their "salad" is like a plate of rabbit feed, make it difficult for us to accept. Modern Chinese people also talk about nutrition and health, know vegetables upon heating, vitamins, is destroyed, so we all for Mong Kok hot fries. It also bring down the content of vitamins, but not completely lost, but taste was more than delicious rabbit feed. Nutrition and taste of Chinese modern
gastronomy to the pursuit of optimal balance under balance, of course, is also a "happy medium"。
Standard and optional(规范与随意)
Westerners in the diet emphasize science and nutrition, has acted strictly in accordance with the standard of science of the whole process of cooking, steak tastes the same from New York to San Francisco, steak dishes are only a limited number of tomato, potato, lettuce. In addition, standardized amount of cooking requires sauce added accurate to the gram, cooking time is accurate to seconds. In addition in 1995 of the first issue of the digest was published overseas the eating in the Netherlands were also described in the article "Netherlands people's kitchens equipped with scales, liquid measuring cups, timers, scales, Spice rack size line up neatly on a standard bottle dozens of kinds of seasonings, like a chemical laboratory. ”
Chinese cooking and very different, not only the major cuisine has its own flavor and characteristics, is of the same cuisine with a menu, side dishes and a variety of spices used in the match, also according to the chef's personal characteristics are different. Is the same Chef a menu, despite its own generating method, but may vary according to different seasons, different, eat different identity, to be adjusted (such as rich in winter, light in the summer, the wedding to be colorful, funeral banquet taboos red Qiong Han to kill oil-greedy should be concentrated and thick sauce, gormandizer dine together should be fresh and unique). Also Cook your own tele mood changes, some kind of impromptu playing. Therefore, Chinese cooking is not only not emphasizing the second and g
standardization, but also places particular emphasis on randomness.
On the randomness of the food processing, first causing the Chinese recipes to space again and expanding: variety of raw materials, cutting skill variety, variety of spices, cooking methods and diverse and cross combination, a raw material can be made of several dozen types of dozens of kinds of dishes. For example, most commonly used raw
chicken, Cantonese cuisine chef hands, making dozens of road as well as hundreds of dish-LEGO. Other raw materials as well. And in is rich in a species raw materials of local, often can to this a raw materials made into table of Banquet, as Beijing of "full duck I", Yanbian of "full dog I", Guangdong of "full fish I", and "full Ho I", Changsha Li He WINS of "full cattle I", Beijing some halal restaurant of "full sheep I" and Beijing sand pot home of "full pig I", misery are reflected has China cooking of arbitrary derived out feast of dish type.
Machinery and interest(机械性与趣味性 )
Due to the standardization of Western dishes make, Cook became a mechanical work. Old KFC fried chicken recipe ingredients, and oil temperature, time of fried chicken, also must act strictly according to the specifications, and Chef's work becomes an extremely monotonous mechanical work, he is like an automated assembly line worker, or even by a robot that took its time. In addition, Westerners eat first aimed at
nutrition, as long as enough nutrition standards, others to be tolerant, thus today potatoes, steak, steak potatoes tomorrow, chefs in Diners in a very tolerant attitude of non-critical, repeated the day of mechanical work, of course, no fun at all.
In China, the cooking is an art, as female writer San Mao hotel in the desert article says: "I have always been on the family are hated, but the cooked dish is very interested, some onion, a few slices of meat,
scrambled out of a dish, I very much appreciate the art. "Cooking is an art, it is, like the other arts, reflects the rigor and the unity of off the cuff, so cooking has a very strong interest in China, even with certain games, attracted to food for the life of the Chinese people.
Fun cooking is traditional in China, drawing of Han dynasty
unearthed in the kitchen, would like an acrobatic troupe performed scenes. In the beauty of Du Fu's "machete fenlun" poetry, mention of this on the back of a knife a lot of bells, and is said to be the former chef of the Tang dynasty can be used while cutting the tinkle of music is played. Unfortunately, this tool and surgeon's skills have been lost.
Mongolian hot pot, and with similar spicy hot pot, Guangdong, Sichuan seafood hot pot is widely loved, in the fresh and hot, eat at ease,
and it moved to the main part of the cooking table, for people to
experience the fun of cooking over dinner. Also Xian with mutton soup, steamed bun of the very hard, to guests yourself broke to pieces, seems to eat than Cook chopped up and enjoy. Beijing-style "barbecue season" barbecue was disappointing, an exclamation he ' ll never be, is that it also changed it yourself "gentleman's not his fists". This modified, modified to have lost all interest in Sth., eating is not hard, it is not know how fun cooking in China, arbitrary orders out of the tragedy of such a pursuit of joy of cooking, Chef is definitely not in the West. Western motto is "work while you work, game game", it appears from the dichotomy of their mechanism, games are in dereliction of duty, game is to lose money on the sale, are "I don't." Advocates for a holistic and Chinese, "working in the game, a game in which", is the world.
Cooking Chinese have always regarded as a lot of fun, and to engage in this work to enrich the lives of positive performance. Youdaoshi "there is paradise, there are kitchen" cooking in China, just as with music, dance, poetry, painting, with improving the life realm of great significance.
So, in the final analysis is the difference between the perceptual and the rational. However, the difference seems to be changed with the development of science of fuzzy. More and more Chinese people to not only pay attention to color, smell and taste of the food, and pay more attention to the health and nutrition. Particularly experienced after SARS.
1、What people like to eat depends on the environment and custom. There are two main kinds of food which are Chinese food and western food. They are different. 人们喜欢吃什么取决于环境和风俗。有两种主要的食品，中餐和西餐的。他们是不一样的。 2、First, cook techniques are different. Chinese people tend to use stir-fry or quick-fry method. Western people like to have their vegetables or meat either steamed or boiled. Second, Chinese food and western food have their own characteristics. Chinese people think taste is more important. Chinese cooks always spend much time on taste. Western people think nutrition is more important. They have a balanced diet. Their food must contain vitamin and protein. Third, there is also a huge difference. Chinese people use chopsticks. They just use chopsticks to pick things and pass it into your mouse. Western people use fork and knife. They use fork to hold the meat and cut it by knife and use fork to help to get that piece of meat into mouse. Finally, the banquet forms are different. Chinese like to eat dinner together at a big table. Western people like to eat buffet. They like to eat freely. 首先，烹调方法不同。中国人倾向于使用旺火炒或者爆的方法。西方国家的人喜欢蒸或者煮蔬菜或肉。第二，中餐和西餐都有他们自己的特点。中国人认为味道更重要。中国厨师总是在味道上花很多时间。西方人觉得营养更重要。他们有着均衡的饮食。他们的食物必须含有维生素和蛋白质。第三，还有一个很大的区别。中国人使用筷子。他们只是用筷子夹东西进嘴巴。西方人使用刀叉。他们用叉把肉定住，用刀把它切小，之后再用叉把肉放到嘴巴里。最后，宴会的形式也是不一样的。中国人喜欢一起在一张大桌子边吃晚餐。西方人喜欢吃自助餐。他们喜欢自由自在地吃。
略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中，对美味追求几乎达到极致，以至中国人到海外谋生，都以开餐馆为业，成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本！遗憾的是，当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时，我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值，我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮，使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏，许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题，实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求，倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”；然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”，为什么“好吃”，“好吃”在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明，中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐，最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度，度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化，决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。
最好去学校图书馆或省市图书馆上网进论文库查询以往论文以作参考
你可以从以下几点着手： 一．餐桌礼仪概述 1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用. 二. 各国间不同的饮食文化 1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异. 4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点. 5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源. Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and W estern eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests (e.g.four people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impopssible to finish. A typical meal starts with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally a soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple"food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. One thing to be aware of is that when eating with a Chinese host, you may find that the person is using their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there, and maybe cover it up with a little rice when they are not looking. There is a certain amount of leniency involved when dealing with Westerners. So you won't be chastised. Eating No-no's Traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. 1) Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead,lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table. 3) Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Eat Local You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what othes are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Myatery Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare. Also, be sure to sample the local brew, Yanjing Beer. Drining Gan Bei!(cheers!) Alcohol is a big part of eating in Beijing. Especially when dining with Chinese hosts, you can expect the beer to flow freely and many beis to be gan-ed.(Gan Bei literally means "dry the glass")Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is bai jiu, high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of bai jiu, and some are quite good. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive and less formidable are Maotai and Wuliangye, which go for about 300-400 yuan per bottle. In comparison, Er Guo Tou costs a modest 4or 5 yuan per ping(bottle). If you are not a drinker, or don't feel up to the challenge, just say "wo bu hui he jiu"(I don't drink). It is generally acceptable to use Coke or tea as an alcohol substitute.
我也写这个题目，我的导师建议我从三方面写。1 中国各个菜系的饮食文化特点2 美国的饮食文化特点3 差异{饮食观念，饮食结构，制作方法，食用方式，餐桌礼仪，，，，]感觉还是好写，如果你学校图书资源丰富，有万方数据库，中国知网等，那就有很多参考的了
As we all know, the eating habit of China and the eating habit of America are very different. Americans like to eat burgers, steak, and some high calories food. But Chinese like to eat rice and noodles and something like that. I think that why the gap between these two eating habits is so large is that America and China are two different area of the world. And maybe some religious problem. Anyways, there are so many differences that makes the eating habit of China and America different.
中西饮食文化差异论文
在社会的各个领域，大家总免不了要接触或使用论文吧，借助论文可以达到探讨问题进行学术研究的目的。怎么写论文才能避免踩雷呢？以下是我收集整理的中西饮食文化差异论文，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
摘要：
本文通过阐述中西餐饮文化差异，分析中西餐饮文化在在哲学体系、价值观念、思维方式等方面的差异，从而促进中西方文化的融合，让更多的人通过饮食了解饮食背后的文化。
关键词：
中西文化；饮食文化；差异比较
提到饮食文化，人们总是会不约而同地首先想到“吃”，不错，饮食的确是人类生存和发展的第一需要，是社会生活的基本形式之一。然而加上了“文化”二字以后，饮食就不仅仅是“吃”这么简单了，它包括饮食文化的整体，是人类在饮食方面的创造行为及其成果，凡涉及人类饮食方面的思想、意识、观念、哲学、宗教、艺术等都在饮食文化的范围之内。
一、中西餐饮文化差异
中西方饮食文化最显而易见的不同就是使用的饮食器具。西方人以刀叉为食器，并且规定显明，不同规格的刀叉所使用的方式及场合不同，而且是不可以混用的。
中国人的餐桌上却不如西方人那么复杂，虽然是简简单单的一双筷子，但它在饮食文化中担任着十分重要的角色：筷子可以是我们的烹饪的工具，也是每家每户的搅拌器，打个鸡蛋，冲个饮料，无疑都需要筷子的帮忙。与西方如此严谨的规范相比，中国的筷子的确随意得多。
受科学导向的影响，西方烹饪的全过程必须严格按照科学规范行事，每道菜肴每次烹饪的过程、方法几乎完全一致，并且其所用的调料会精确到克，烹饪时间会精确到秒。
西方人对食物的选材极具规范，他们多以荤食为主，烹饪时往往以一整块肉或是一整只的禽类为主要食物，并且不吃内脏，认为内脏是弃料；对于蔬菜的选择上也比较单一，而且在饮食中以蔬菜为装点辅助之用，所以在西方人的饮食中蔬菜多为装饰工具。
相较于西方人而言，中国人在食物的选择与烹饪方式上就要随意得多。在中国厨师的手上也能变成一道味美的佳肴，这样的菜例比比皆是，如爆炒猪腰、糟猪肚、韭菜炒猪肝，等等。说到烹饪方式，更是层出不穷。不同于西方人的“精确到克”、“精确到秒”，中国人历来都是“随心所欲”，强调凭经验对结果进行把握。中国人喜素食，蔬菜的种类远多过于西方，这样，食材的相互搭配就变化多端，就以炒猪肝为例，可以是大葱炒猪肝，也可以是青椒炒猪肝，更可以是韭菜炒猪肝，每一道菜都各有风味。
西方人的饮食文化中注重食物的营养价值，因此，他们提倡吃生食，他们认为高温烹调会破坏了食物本身的营养，唯有生食才能最大限度地保存食物的天然属性和原汁原味，那么他们所追求的营养价值也可以被很好地保留。
中国饮食文化更重食物的味道，“美味”是中国饮食文化的第一要义，因此，中国人会借助一切技术手段、烹饪方式、调味方法使自己的食物变得鲜美无比，在中国，炒、煮、炖、烩、烧、烤、蒸、煎、炸、焖、熘等都是十分常见的熟食性烹调技术。
二、差异背后的文化根源
（一）哲学体系：形而上学与适度原则
西方哲学体系以形而上学为主要特点，也就是用孤立、静止、片面的观点看世界，认为一切事物都是孤立的，永远不变的；如果说有变化的话，那么只是数量的增减和场所的变更，这种增减或变更的原因不在事物内部而在于事物外部。反映到饮食文化就是所闻即所见，无论是菜单还是对食物的装点、摆盘，都是以一种最直接的方式呈现给人看，追求真实性，没有华丽的点缀，只体现食物的本源属性，这点与西方人的处事原则不谋而合，这样的哲学背景下就促成了西方人视“营养价值”为饮食的第一要义的观念，不在乎饮食的艺术性、创造性，目标性明确，即食物就是用来补充人对于营养需求的工具。
与西方人不同，中国传统哲学思想中最显著的特点之一是模糊、不可捉摸。它不像西方的形而上学那样追求事物的客观性、真实性，强调所闻即所见，而是凡是讲求分寸、讲求整体配合、讲求一个“度”。反映在饮食文化上的就是中国人将“美味”作为饮食的第一要义。在烹饪上，中国人讲究整体融合，没有西方人的精确，讲究的是凭经验将一道菜的各个部分相协调进而形成一道美味的佳肴。其中的经验又是模糊的，同一道菜，同一个师傅，每次做可能也会做出不同的味道，凭借经验对菜肴进行整体的把握，追求烹饪技术的随意性与艺术性，这便是中国人的传统哲学观念――模糊而完美。
（二）价值观：个人主义与集体主义
西方人推崇个人主义价值观念，个人目标高于对群体的忠诚。也就是说每一个只需要对自己负责即可，不需要服从其他任何一个集体，可以根据自己的喜好、需要选择自己喜欢的群体，但这样的选择并不是永久的，可以随时因为自己需求的改变而重新进行选择。如改变祈祷的教堂，更换雇主，等等。反映在饮食文化中最显著的就是西方人实行分餐制。
与之相对的，中国人崇尚集体主义价值观。在中国文化中，人们推崇谦虚知礼，不喜欢争强好胜，社会风气往往封杀过于突出的个人，正所谓“行高于众，人必非之”。在饮食文化中，这样的集体主义观念的确是受到了中国传统思想的影响，中国人的宴席多喜用圆桌，从形式上体现了团结、礼貌、共享的氛围。美味佳肴摆在桌子的中心，既是欣赏品尝的对象，又是交流感情的媒介。在这样的宴会气氛下，饮食已经不是宴会的主要目的，情感的交流才是宴会的中心。与西方人直截了当的交际方式不同，中国人的饮食目的依仗于一大群人的情感触碰、交流和共鸣。
（三）思维方式：个性与整体
西方人注重个性的发展，强调在集体中个性的最大限度发挥。他们追求差异性，凡事求异，认为每一个人都是独一无二的，强调天下万物都是独立的个体，彼此间没有联系，认为个性与个体的独立自主是人类社会发展的动力之一，因此对事物的看法与考虑往往从个性出发，西方人将独特的个性发展放置于一切行为活动的大前提之下。这无疑体现在了他们的饮食文化中，泾渭分明的摆盘和装点，虽同在一个盘子中，确是个性突出的各自为政，没有任何调和，肉即是肉，菜即是菜，土豆即是土豆，个性鲜明，味道明确，不会相互影响、相互混合。在烹饪上，同一个盘子中的不同食材也是被分开进行加工的，不会将它们放在一起烹煮，处处彰显西方人对于个体与个性的尊重和重视。中国人注重整体的发展，强调圆满、整合的思维方式和思想观念。不喜欢过于鲜明的个性张扬，反映在烹饪上更显见，无论是什么样的食材全部倒入锅中，再配以各种佐料进行烹调，即使原本个性鲜明，味道独特的食材在这样的磨合之下不会再显得如此锋芒。因此，中国菜尝起来滋味丰富，层次感强烈。再回过头看每一道菜，红不是那样鲜艳的红，绿也不是那样扎眼的绿，而是一种经过调和以后产生的和合之美。
（四）生活方式与生活节奏
在西方，流水线上的重复作业，实行计件工资制，生活节奏急促，人们有意无意地受到机械的两分法影响，将游戏与工作分得很清楚，即工作时工作，游戏时游戏，这样的生活方式十分单调、刻板，机械的工作生活模式逐步影响到了西方人对饮食的需求，导致饮食本身的单一性和简单性。
中国人则不然，中国人的随意性在这里体现无遗，不喜欢单纯的、机械的工作生活模式，推崇一种经验性的工作方式或者喜欢在工作中加入自己喜欢的元素或方法，就像中国的饮食烹饪一样，存在不稳定性，这样的不稳定性既指工作模式、工作方法的不稳定，又指工作结果的不稳定。就好像一道菜如果想要让它尝起来不那么咸，南方人可能会选择放糖冲淡咸味，如南方人的糖醋风味，就是用糖的甜与醋的酸中和酱油的咸味；而北方人则可能会把这道菜加水烹制食材，让食材变淡的同时改变了菜的性质，可能从一道炒菜变成了一道靓汤，因为生活经验、生活环境的不同而不同。这样并不稳定的经验性的改变方式，使原来单纯的一道菜变成了现在的三道菜而非两道菜，其中创造性与艺术性油然而生。
三、当前的餐饮文化发展与中西文化之间的融合
然而如今的中西方餐饮文化已不再像以前那样泾渭分明了，中餐中也融入了西式元素，西餐中处处彰显中国风，这是一种新型的饮食文化模式，中西合璧的饮食文化队伍将会越来越壮大，人们也可以通过了解饮食文化了解这个世界。
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摘要：
本文主要介绍中西文化及其差异，从文化和差异两方面叙述。中西饮食文化的发展历史分别叙述美国和中国不同的文化历程，由于两方面不同的文化底蕴，在饮食上出现了差异。本文主要从观念上的差异、宴会礼仪的差异，中西饮食文化的融合等方面展开论述。最后介绍了西方饮食对中国产生的影响，从正反两方面论述。了解中西饮食文化差异的同时，接受可以接受的部分并与中国饮食相融合，使我们日常生活中的饮食更加丰富，但又不乏自身特色。这才是我们正确对待中西饮食文化的态度。
关键词：
中西差异；饮食文化；餐饮礼节
不同的民族和国家存在着各具特色的饮食文化。具有浓郁的民族性和多样性的特点。饮食文化的差异也是跨文化交际中影响交际结果的因素之一。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。中西饮食文化的碰撞和交流丰富了全球的饮食文化。
一、从筷子与刀叉文化看中西饮食观念的差异
刀叉因为适应欧洲人饮食习惯而出现，它和筷子影响了东西方不同的生活观念。中华饮食刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据游修龄教授的研究，刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧民族的生活习惯有关，他们马上生活随身带刀，往往将肉烧熟，割下来就吃。后来走向定居生活后，欧洲以畜牧业为主，面包之类是副食，直接用手拿。主食是牛羊肉，用刀切割肉，送进口里。到了城市定居以后，刀叉进入家庭厨房，才不必随身带。由此不难看出今天作为西方主要餐具的刀和筷子身份很是不同，它功能多样，既可用来宰杀、解剖、切割牛羊的肉，到了烧熟可食时，又兼作餐具。
大约15世纪前后，为了改进进餐的姿势，欧洲人才使用了双尖的叉。用刀把食物送进口里不雅观，改用叉叉住肉块，送进口里显得优雅些。叉子才是严格意义上的餐具，但叉子的弱点是离不开用刀切割在前，所以二者缺一不可。直到17世纪末，英国上流社会开始使用三尖的叉，到18世纪才有了四个叉尖的叉子。所以西方人刀叉并用只不过四五百年的历史。
刀叉和筷子，不仅带来了进食习惯的差异，进而影响了东西方人生活观念。游修龄教授认为，刀叉必然带来分食制，而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐相配。西方一开始就分吃，由此衍生出西方人讲究独立，子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制，突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元，从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。
虽然不能将不同传统的形成和餐具差异简单对应，但是它们适应和促成了这种分化则是毫无疑问的。筷子是一种文化传统的象征。华人去了美国、欧洲，还是用筷子，文化根深蒂固，而老外们在中国学会了用筷子，回到自己的国家依然要重拾刀叉。
二、烹饪方法的差异
在中国，烹调是一种艺术，与其他艺术一样，体现着严密性与即兴性的统一，所以烹调在中国一直以极强烈的趣味性，甚至还带有一定的游戏性，吸引着以饮食为人生之至乐的中国人。由于发展十分成熟，已经脱离了完全根据菜谱操作的方法，发展到较高级的阶段，每一道菜的都可以在原有的基础上加以发展变化，以适应地区、季节、对象、作用、等级的不同，比如蘑菇炒牛肉，冬天的色宜深些，口味宜重些，夏天的色和味宜清淡些；对于江苏一带的人来说，调味中可加糖，但是面对川湘顾客，则应多放辣。中国的烹饪的方式多种多样，有炒、炸、焖、爆、煎、烩、煮、蒸、烤、腌、冻、拔丝、糖醋等，做出的菜肴让人眼花缭乱。在烹饪大师的眼中，做菜和制作工艺品一样有着高深的学问，即使是同一道菜，不同的厨师会做出不同的口味来。而西方则不同，可以说是相当的理性，他们的烹饪相应的变化较少，同一道菜从洛杉矶到纽约口味不会有太大的变化。虽然显得单调，但是简单的工艺却使得他们能够在大规模的商业化中取得惊人的成功。西餐菜肴烹饪的方法主要是烧、煎、烤、炸、焖，各种原料很少集合烹调，正菜中鱼就是鱼，鸡就是鸡，即使是调味料也是现吃现加。烹饪的全过程比较规范，调料的添加量精确到克，烹调的时间精确到秒，厨师好像化学实验室的实验员。由于西方菜肴制作的规范化，烹调成为一种机械的工作。肯德基炸鸡只要按方配料，油的温度，炸鸡的时间，依规范行事即可，因而厨师的工作就成为一种极其单调的机械性工作。再者，西方人进食的目的首在摄取营养，只要营养够标准，其他尽可宽容，因而今日土豆牛排，明日牛排土豆。美国的食品广告铺天盖地，但万变不离其宗，炸鸡、炸薯条、炸鱼块，其菜肴加工方法简单，基本是机械的混合，所以菜肴的种类极少。
三、餐饮礼节
在餐饮氛围方面，中国人在吃饭的时候都喜欢热闹，很多人围在一起吃吃喝喝，说说笑笑，大家在一起营造一种热闹温暖的用餐氛围。除非是在很正式的宴会上，中国人在餐桌上并没有什么很特别的礼仪。而西方人在用餐时，都喜欢幽雅、安静的环境，他们认为在餐桌上的时候一定要注意自己的礼仪，不可以失去礼节，比如在进餐时不能发出很难听的声音。
中西方宴请礼仪也各具特色。在中国，从古至今大多都以左为尊，在宴请客人时，要将地位很尊贵的客人安排在左边的上座，然后依次安排。在西方则是以右为尊，男女间隔而座，夫妇也分开而座，女宾客的席位比男宾客的席位稍高，男士要替位于自己右边的女宾客拉开椅子，以示对女士的尊重。另外，西方人用餐时要坐正，认为弯腰，低头，用嘴凑上去吃很不礼貌，但是这恰恰是中国人通常吃饭的方式。吃西餐的时候，主人不提倡大肆的饮酒，中国的餐桌上酒是必备之物，以酒助兴，有时为了表示对对方的尊重，喝酒的时候都是一杯一杯的喝。
综上所述，饮食文化的交流存在于我们的日常生活中，并不断充当全球经济文化整合过程中，不同文化之间的“传递带”。它已经成为了一种日益增强的`文化影响力，正发挥着比其他任何全球化单一力量大得多的作用，也在悄悄地改变着全世界。中西饮食文化的碰撞、交流以及融化为全人类文明起到填补和着彩的作用。中西餐饮文化将在交流中共同发展！
参考文献：
[1]胡文仲．中英(英语国家)文化习俗比较[M]．外语教学与研究出版社,1999．
[2]林语堂．生活的艺术[M]．外语教学与研究出版社,1998．
[3]萨姆瓦．跨文化传通[M]．三联书店,1988．
摘要：饮食文化是跨文化交际中非语言文化的重要组成部分之一。了解中西方饮食文化的差异，对于外语学习者来讲，不仅能加深对所学语言文化的理解，更能提高跨文化交际的成功率。本文从中西方饮食文化用餐形式和礼仪的差异、饮食观念的差异、饮食结构的差异、烹饪的差异等方面入手，对中西方饮食文化进行了比较，目的在于明确中西方饮食文化差异，消除界限，增进了解，促进交流。
关键词：中西方饮食文化、文化差异、形式和礼仪、观念结构
一、引言
饮食文化是跨文化交际中非语言文化的重要组成部分之一。饮食与文化紧密相关，不同的民族因其生活地域、气候环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，而创造出不同的饮食文化。传统的西方文化是畜牧文化和海洋文化，而中国是农耕文化和陆地文化，两种不同的文化反映出人们生活方式的差异，而饮食的差异则深刻透露自身的文化背景。
二、中西用餐形式和礼仪的差异
中国自古以来的礼仪就有以和为贵的思想观念，以和为贵的思想体现在从古至今中国人在开席时都有一家人在一起就餐的观念，体现了中国传统的饮食礼仪。中国人的聚食制延续千年。在中国，任何一个宴席，都是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，从形式上营造团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。这就是聚食制，聚食制的起源很早，从许多地下文化遗存的发掘可见，古代炊间和聚食的地方是统一的，炊间在住宅的中央，上有天窗出烟，下有篝火，火上安放陶釜、陶鼎，在火上做炊，就食者围火聚食。这种聚食古俗一直延续至后世。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。这符合中华民族大团圆的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中和的思想。此外，聚食制的长期流传，也是中国重视血缘亲属关系和家族家庭观念在饮食方式上的反映。
三、中西饮食观念的差异
在中国的饮食文化中，对味的追求往往大于对营养的追求，人们在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜好吃，那道菜不好吃。然而若要进一步问什么叫好吃，为什么好吃，好吃在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的意境，即使用人们通常所说的色、香、味、形、器把这种境界具体化，恐怕仍很难涵盖其所有意味。在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性。这种价值理念的差别构成了中餐过于注重饭菜色、香、味的特点。这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和，最终要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一切讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想。西方人对待饮食的态度主要坚持其实用性特征，从营养角度出发，重视食物对人体的健康，不追求花样和饭菜的其他功能。他们认为“吃”只是为一个生物的机器加入燃料，保证其正常的工作、生活的运行，只要吃了以后能保持身体健康，抵御病菌的攻击，则其他方面并不讲究。由此可见，饮食在他们心中只是一种维持生命的活动。尤其是在西方国家享有美食之称誉的大国法国，更是追求高质量的营养。法国烹调虽追求美味，但总不忘“营养”这一大前提。在现代西方社会，除了营养的需求外，还十分重视养生，真正做到了以人为本。
四、饮食结构的差异
据西方统计，中国人吃的蔬菜有600多种，是西方的六倍还多。在中国的日常饮食结构中，素菜占据主导位置，而荤菜只有在节假日或者生活水平较高时才进入平常饮食结构中，所以在中国自古就有“菜食”的说法。这种饮食传统，主要与佛教徒的鼓吹有千丝万缕的联系，他们视动物为“生灵”，而认为植物为“无灵”，所以，中国传统文化主张素食主义。西方国家秉承游牧民族、航海民族的文化血统，以渔猎、养殖为生，传统饮食习俗以动物性食料为主，由于西方大多数国家地理位置处于高纬度，有些国家甚至终年积雪，这就造成了西方国家大多数人喜食肉类食物，而且西方人注重营养采取了生熟结合的方式，蔬菜很多时候以前菜沙拉方式出现，饮食结构的不同有时也反映出了各个民族在生活方式和饮食文化方面的不同态度。
五、中西方饮食文化中烹饪的差异
西方烹调遵循的是规范与科学，西方人强调科学与营养，烹饪中处处显示规范与科学。在西方菜谱中，计量都以克计算。这种菜谱似乎是科学的，实际上，这种科学性，也有其弊端，缺乏特色。另外，规范化的烹调甚至要求配料的准备都精确到秒。此外，在西方，一道菜在不同的地区，不同的季节，面对不同的食者，皆为同一味道，毫无变化。中国烹调推崇的是随意与特色，西方人不能理解中国烹调不追求精确的规范化，反而推崇随意性。翻开中国菜谱，常常发现原料的准备量、调料的添加量都是模糊概念。一汤匙、半碗、少许比比皆是，可究竟汤匙、碗有多大，少许是多少，没有具体标准。中国饮食倾向于艺术性。它的特点就是随意性。比如同样一道菜肴，由于地区、作用、等级等不同，可以在操作上做不同的处理。以红烧鱼为例，冬天的色宜深些，口味宜重些，夏天则色和味均清淡些。对于江浙一带的人来说，红烧鱼的调味中可加糖，如面对川湘顾客，则应多放辣。
六、结语
研究跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异将使人们增进相互间的了解，享受不同饮食带来的不同感受，增进文化间的交流、互补与融合，促进人们之间的相互理解和欣赏。笔者相信对中西方国家饮食文化礼仪进行比较，可以增强跨文化交际的意识，从而认识到宽容、理解及尊重文化差异对提高文化交际能力至关重要。
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一、两种不同的饮食观念餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去--因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。二、饮食方式的不同中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。
李海芳，《浅析中西方饮食文化差异》2、 赵洪恩，李宝席.《中国传统文化通伦》 3、 姚伟钧，邓儒伯，王玉德.《中国传统文化新编》4、 易艳萍，马寅初. 《西方文化背景知识选讲
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的 文化 上有其独特的内涵。下文是我为大家整理的关于文化差异英语论文的 范文 ，欢迎大家阅读参考! 文化差异英语论文篇1 文化差异对 英语学习 的影响 一、引言 在英语学习过程中很多人努力学习语音、词汇和语法等语言方面，却忽略了文化因素在语言学习过程中的重要作用，致使许多人虽具备一定的语言能力但在英语交流中仍会遇到许多困难。缺乏对文化因素重要性的认识已严重影响了英语学习。 文化因素对语言的影响很早便引起了国内外学者的关注，如20世纪80年代我国着名学者胡文仲就认为：“语言是文化的一种表现形式，不了解英美文化，要学好英语是不可能的。”但在多年的英语教学中文化因素仍未受到足够的重视，因此，本文将从中西方的 传统文化 、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异来探讨文化差异对语言的影响。 二、文化差异对语言的影响 要想学好英语不仅需要掌握语音、语义和语法等语言本身的技能，还需要注重文化差异对语言学习的影响。语言和文化是不可分割、互相依存的整体，语言是文化的表现形式和载体，同时又受所属文化的制约。若不能充分了解西方文化就无法真正学好英语。 众多学者已充分研究了文化的内涵，如戴炜栋和张红玲认为，文化研究发展至今，一个最具概括性、广为接受的观点认为文化是一个群体的生活方式，它包括人自出生后所学到的一切，如语言、言行方式和内容、信仰，以及人们赖以生存的物质和精神基础。张婧则认为，不同的民族所处的地理环境和历史环境不同，因而对不同的事物和经历有着不同的编码分类;不同的民族因不同的宗教信仰，也导致了他们独特的笃信，崇尚和忌讳心态;不同的民族因其发展的特殊历史过程也产生了本民族自己的历史 典故 、 传说 轶事。本文主要关注中西方在传统文化、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异及其对语言的影响。 (一)传统文化上的差异 中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统，在各自的文化上有其独特的内涵。由于受到不同的历史和传统的影响，中西方国家在各自漫长的历史长河中所沉淀形成的传统文化亦不尽相同，因此，我们在 学习英语 时除了要学好语言，更要关注语言所属的文化内涵。正如刘长江所言，文化教学应与语言教学同步融合。 由于历史和传统的差异，中西方人们对于同一事物的理解和感受也有区别。如“龙”在中西方的传统文化中的内涵便迥然不同。“龙”是中华民族的图腾，我们引以为豪的自称“龙的传人”。在中国传统文化中“龙”是吉祥、幸福的象征，人们多用“龙腾虎跃”或“龙凤呈祥”等词形容吉庆的气氛。 但西方文化往往把“龙(dragon)”视为邪恶势力的象征，寓意凶残。在西方传统文化中“dragon”指的是一种长有双翅且会吐火的怪兽，因此，它与凶暴直接联系在一起。 (二)习俗文化上的差异 中西方文化差异尤其典型地体现在习俗文化方面。不同国家的习俗文化反映在各自的社会生活和交际活动中，如称谓、礼仪、恭维、致谢等方面。若不能充分了解中西习俗文化上的差异则会严重影响彼此的交流。 如在称谓方面中西方的习俗文化便有着极大的差异。中国人由于受到宗法观念的根深蒂固的影响遵循讲礼节、尊长辈的习俗。俗话说：“子不言父名，徒不言师讳。” 因此，在中国，孩子倘若对长辈或教师直呼其名会被认为不懂礼貌，将会受到家长的责罚。而在西方的习俗文化中西方人称呼除父母外的其他人时大都直呼其名，以示友好和亲近。这一点在美国尤为普遍，甚至初次见面就用名字称呼。这一差异的原因在于中国人尊崇长幼有序、尊卑有别，而西方人则崇尚人人平等、追求自由。 (三)不同价值体系间的差异 价值观念被普遍认为是文化的核心所在，不同文化背景中人的价值观念必然会有所不同。而价值观念又对人们现实生活中的言语表达产生重要的影响，因此，语言也往往折射出一个民族的价值观念。中西方价值观念的差异也直接反映在语言表达上，尤其典型地体现在诸如，禁忌、隐私等方面。 如中国人的价值观念注重社会群体间的亲密友好关系，因此，将询问对方的年龄、收入、婚否等情况视为是对对方的关心，但这些问题在西方人眼中却是一种禁忌，在他们的价值观念中这些均为个人的隐私，因此，避而不谈。再如中国人碰到熟人打招呼常会问“你去哪儿”或“你吃饭了吗”等，以示对对方的关心和双方的亲密友好关系，但这在西方人眼中却大有窥探隐私之嫌。 三、结语 英语学习中语言与文化密切相关，如高宝虹所言，在语言学习中，文化充当着极其重要的角色，语言的使用要受该语言所属民族文化制约。因此，中西方文化的差异必然影响英语语言的学习。尽管已有学者对此进行了探讨，但对文化因素的忽视仍未得到有效的改善。张友平曾指出，外语教学不应当仅仅是语言教学，还应当包括文化教学。因此，我们学习英语不仅要学习语言本身，还要熟知语言的文化背景，只有这样才能真正地将英语学以致用，准确顺畅地将其应用于对外交流之中。 参考文献： [1]胡文仲.文化差异与外语教学[J].外语教学与研究，1982(8):45-51. [2]戴炜栋，张红玲.外语交际中的文化迁移及其对外语教改的启示[J].外语界，2000(2)：2-8. [3]张婧.文化知识在英语教学中的作用[J].教学与管理，2009(2):84-85. [4]刘长江.谈外语 教育 中目的语文化和本族语文化的兼容并举[J].外语界，2003(4):14-18. [5]高宝虹.交际化外语教学中的文化认知观[J].外语与外语教学，2003(8):33-38. [6]张友平.对语言教学与文化教学的再认识[J].外语界，2003(3):41-48. 文化差异英语论文篇2 浅析英汉文化差异对语言的影响 [摘要]语言文字是人类社会进行交际的重要 方法 ，同时也是文化的重要载体。各个民族的语言在受到民族自身社会文化影响的同时，又反映着各自民族本身的文化内涵。如果某一个民族的人们不了解另一个民族的文化因素和文化内涵，就很难进行顺利的交流。因此，我们得把语言知识和文化知识结合起来，交际才能顺利地进行。因此，文化差异对翻译的影响不容低估。 [关键词]文化差异 宗教信仰 历史典故 风俗 所谓翻译不仅是对语言进行的转换过程，同时也是对文化进行传递的过程。研究对外汉语教学的专家赵贤州先生说：“跨文化交际之所以成为可能，正是人类享有某些共通的文化信息;而跨文化交际之所以产生某些偏差，是因为双方不能共享另一些有差异的文化信息”。本文着重从生存环境，宗教信仰、历史典故和风俗三个方面论述英汉文化差异对翻译的影响。 一、生存环境的差异对翻译的影响 生存环境的差异对翻译的影响可以说是基础的，显而易见的，同时又是根深蒂固的。对习语的运用是英汉民族生存环境的差异，是语言运用中的一个非常重要的表现。习语的产生、运用和人们的劳动生活有着很密切的联系。例如，在汉民族的文化中，中国人们印象中的东风是很温暖的，只有西北风才是很寒冷的。而英国地处西半球，海洋性气候，西风则是 报告 春天消息的，看如下例子：How many winter days have I seen him，standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind? (在很多冬日里我总看见他，鼻子冻得发红发紫，站在飞雪和东风里。)钱哥川在《翻译漫谈》一书中认为此句的east wind，译成汉语时应该是西风或北风，这正是地理环境与我们生存环境不同的原因造成的文化气氛的不同。又如，在中国人眼里，夏天总是和酷暑炎热联系在一起，“烈日炎炎似火烧”“骄阳似火”是常常被用来描述中国夏天的词语。而英国的夏季则是温暖明媚舒适的，是一年中最舒服最宜人的季节，就像我们中国的春天一样。显而易见，英汉两个不同的民族，由于地理环境上的不同，生存环境存在差异，观察客观事物、反映客观世界的方式和角度是不一样的。因此，翻译千万不能只照词典上的词义逐词逐句的翻译，否则不能达到有效顺利的沟通。 二、宗教信仰和历史典故对翻译的影响 英汉文化在宗教信仰与历史典故上也存在着很大的差异。这对翻译有很大的影响，我们要有深刻的认识。西方人大多信__，认为上帝(god)可创造一切，因而有“God helps those who help themselves”(上帝帮助自助的人) 的说法。而中国人信奉佛教、道教，多有“玉帝”“观音”“菩萨”“慈悲为怀”等词汇。在中国文化中，有各种各样的历史典故，如“盘古开天”“牛郎织女”“卧薪尝胆”等等。在西方的文化里，很多历史典故都来源于古希腊和罗马神话，还有圣经 故事 。请看下面例句：Being a teacher is being present at the creation，when the clay beings begin to breathe.基督__，上帝创造了人，而人又来自尘土。所以，英语中creation指“上帝”。而clay指“上帝创造的人”。理解了creation和clay这两个词的宗教内涵后，就可以把其译为：老师是创造的见证人，目睹着生命呼吸成长。可见英汉文化中不同的宗教信仰贯穿在其各自的语言表达交流之中。如果译者缺少对对象文化个性的深刻认识，就难以理解 句子 的文化内涵，这将对译文的准确性产生影响，从而达不到有效沟通。 三、风俗上的不同对翻译的影响 英汉民族在习俗上有很大的差异，这对翻译必然有一定的影响。中国人把“龙”当成是吉祥的神物，有着伟大的力量，所以龙在中国文化里是至尊无上的帝王的象征，因而有“望子成龙”的说法，但是在英美国家却把龙当作是喷烟吐火的凶残怪物。相反的，中国人把猫头鹰当做不吉祥的象征，而英语中却说as wise as an owl，把猫头鹰当做智慧的象征。类似的例子在英汉交流中，我们经常会发现，给人很新异的感觉，这就是风俗上的不同导致根深蒂固的文化差异，译者在翻译的过程中一定要深刻意识到这一点，考虑风俗对翻译的影响，能使英汉民族进行有效交流。 四、结语 不论是卓越的翻译家还是出色的译评专家，都应该是具有两种文化意识和精通两种语言的真真正正的文化人。交流促进理解，沟通有助于进步，翻译则是交流与沟通的桥梁，让我们真正做好翻译的工作，架起英汉沟通的桥梁，为英汉交流做出应有的贡献。 【参考文献】 [1]崔建京.中学英语教学中的英美文化渗透[J].大连教育学院学报,2003(6). [2]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004. [3]包惠南.文化语境与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001. [4]彭保良.从文化差异的角度看英汉翻译中词义的确立[J].中国翻译,1998(1):25. [5]邓炎昌,刘润青.语言与文化――英汉语言文化对比[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1989:159.
There are some cultural differences between Chinese and western inorder to avoid unnecessary misunderstanding caused and trouble. First, Chinese concept of privacy isrelatively weak. People count on their in-group to look after each other. Sothe Chinese are often very willing to understand other people's ups and downs, andthe others are willing to share. But to the westerners, violation of personalprivacy does not allow, For example, we tend to ask one's age, marital status,children, occupation, or income when first met each other, which is a polite inChinese, but in the West it will be considered as a violation of their privacy. Second, westerners deeply believe that time ismoney, so they are much cherished time in life, and they often do a carefulplanning at a fixed time, they have a good habit of Keep the appointment on time.But Chinese people are not very focused on time. Westerners have often feltuncomfortable about it. Third, Chinese people are willing to be modestmostly. When communication with others, we often praises others and belittle ourselves,we think that modesty is a virtue. For example, when we were praised, we often say"No, I am not. I just did what I should do.” But in the same case the Westwill always say” Think you” to accept. So we always think that westerners aretoo-confident and pride, and when hear the Chinese people that deny otherstheir own praise, westerns would be very surprised and think that the Chinese peopleare dishonest. Finally, the Chinese nation's fine traditionof hospitality is known. In social situations, Chinese people often toast eachother and offering each other cigarettes, even if filled with delicious food,the owner has always used to say a few words such as” bear with me”. Sometimesthe owner will use chopsticks to take their food the guest's bowl, using a varietyof ways to persuade the guests more than a bite, drink more. But in Westerncountries, people have respect for individual rights and personal privacy. So theywill not use various means to persuade guests to drink, you will not need todrunk so far.您采纳，我很开心。