自我设置语言环境学习一种语言，需要在自己大脑里建立这种语言的意识，用这种语言思考和表达，而不是用中文思考，再转换成外文。自我设置一种语言环境，就是自我充当由自己设定的语言环境中的某一角色，有声地完成其语言任务。 比如，假定要召开一个英语演讲会，自己是演讲会的主持人，那么就应该设想如何约稿、如何布置会尝大会主席该如何致词等，让自己进入这一角色，有声地完成整个过程。每个人可以根据自己的需要有目的地选择“环境主题和角色”。在这样一种口语环境下使用外语，有如音乐家在演奏时见到音符就出声，拳击手见对方的破绽就出击，反应必须及时到位，要求的是一种“技能”，而不仅是“知识”，要求一定程度的“熟练”，而不仅是“知道”。这就需要我们在日常生活中经常地、有针对性地对自己进行这样的思维和训练。要在自己的大脑中建立起外语语境，需要一个阶段用一定的强度、用相当的数量对自己的大脑施以相当的“强制”来进行。过了这个阶段，才是对新建立的语言体系进行补充，使其日臻完整。单靠平平常常的积累很难达到这个境界。 过好口语三关发音关： 发音的正确清晰，是口语的第一关。生活在中文环境里的人，要准确掌握一门外语的发音，需要经过一个刻意追求的过程。学发音要有一个阶段狠劲地注意口形和部位。不妨“勉强”一些，“夸大”一些，像京剧道白那样“过分”地咬准。正确的发音习惯之后，会逐渐变得自然。我们听外国人说中国话，只会对他们的发音准确而惊叹，而不会对他们不像中国人那样省力而认为不好。没有经过刻意准确的阶段就追求“自然”，这样发出的音只是一种不三不四，大体上有点像，却谈不上正确的声音。 有的音发得不准确，主要是口形和部位不到位。如th〔�〕〔δ〕是英语的一个特殊发音，许多人把它读作〔s〕，自认为比较接近了，其实是错了。甚至有的中国老师这样教：“读这个音本应该将舌头伸出来，但不伸出来也可以，外国人也能听懂。”这不是在教学生“中国式英语吗？”如果自己发音不准，就很难分辨别人发音的正确与否。过发音关必须严格要求，一丝不苟地去练，只想顺顺当当听其自然，常常最后学到的只是模棱两可的声音，谈不上正确。 句型关： 句型是在自己脑海中建立外语语境的重要一环。掌握句型的要求是不但在大脑“贮存”足够的句型，而且要在使用时灵活“调取”。英语中有许多与特定场景、气氛等相应的特定句型。用这些句型可以表达建议、请求、命令、安慰、指责、兴奋、愤怒等不同要求和情感。这类句型一般都很短，大都是简单句，却能表达出各种情形下的各种说法。要做到口语流利，就必须熟悉并掌握各种特定条件下的特定句型，形成对特定场景作出快速的语言反应能力。 掌握句型的方法是背诵和即席发言。学习外语的人一定要背诵好文章、好句子，一条好句子可以创造出许多好句子。背诵五十条句子，你的口语会好起来；再背五十条句子，你的口语会上一个台阶；如果再继续背诵五十条句子，你的口语会进入一个新的境界。不是要求学生细微地捉摸、详尽地分析每一课每一句，而是要求背诵到滚瓜烂熟的程度。其实并不是完全背诵，常常背到了一定的课数就在脑海中形成了外语的语境，建立了语感。熟读是说的前题，只要读得通畅，才会说得流利。古话说，“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟”，就是这个道理。 熟练句型的第二个方法是即席讲话。讲话的题目应稍为广一点，不要老是“Myfamily”“Myschool”。比如谈论北京的话题，有的同学只说一句“北京是中国的首都”，下面就不知要谈些什么。实际上，有许多话题可以谈论。例如：北京的历史、气候、大学、公园、交通、街道、建筑以及现代化建设等方面，还可以将话题引入自己感兴趣的体育比赛、电视剧、文艺或小说中去谈论一番。有的学生自尊心较强，害怕出错，不敢张嘴。即席讲话就是要求学生克服自卑与羞怯，大胆张口，在轻松愉快的气氛中用英语进行交谈，将所学句型用于谈话当中，将话题引入自己所熟悉的话题和表达法中。 词汇关： 提高口语能力的第三关是“词汇”。词汇量是解决表达“好不好”的关键。在掌握句型的基础上扩大词汇才有意义。在扩大词汇方面，需要记一些常用词、急用词。按使用频率、使用范围，大约5000左右的词汇就足以进行日常口语交流了。口语体不同于书面体，口语体中所常用的词汇，大都拼写简单，发音流畅，多是小词、简单词、常用词。有一些“万能词”，像go，make，do等，这些词在口语中的用法非常活跃，表达生动活泼，简明扼要，内涵异常丰富。掌握十来个这类词，就能套用各种句型，轻松自如地进行口语交流了。因此，教师要尽量用一些小词、短句和教过的英语教英语、解释难句和课文意思。学生用学过的英语学英语，听得清楚，理解得准确，这样学生运用英语的实际能力必将有所提高。 其它途径提高学生的口语能力除以上谈到的几点外，还有许多颇见成效的方法。例如：组织课外英语演讲会、英语歌曲比赛、英语故事会、英语角、英语诗歌朗诵会等各种形式的活动。这些活动大大刺激了学生的求知欲，提高了学生学习英语的兴趣，拓展了英语视野。聘用外籍教师来校讲学、授课，更是提高学生口语能力的大好时机。外国人讲英语语音、语调比较地道，谈话轻松、自然。经常与外国人一起聊天，口语能力将会有很大提高。希望对你有用！
英语情景对话作为真实生活的交际模式，作为语言输出的源头,作为语言练习的最佳途径，作为语言教授的媒介，它对于把英语作为外语来学习的学生，扮演着非常重要的角色。下面我为大家带来日常生活英语情景对话，欢迎大家学习!
有关毕业情景对话：升学
Steven and Bill have just taken the college entrance exam. Steven is admitted by a university, but Bill is not. Now, they are having a conversation.
史蒂文和比尔都刚参加完高考。史蒂文被一所大学录取了，但是比尔落榜了。现在，他们在谈话。
Steven：Bill, I have received the admission letter from Cambridge University!
史蒂文：比尔，我已经收到剑桥大学的录取通知书了。
Bill：Congratulations!
比尔：祝贺你。
Steven：How about you? Have you got any news from any university?
史蒂文：你怎么样?有大学来通知吗?
Bill：No. But I am going to apply for some vocational schools. I like fashion design and want to study it.
比尔：没有。但是我想申请一些职业学校。我喜欢服装设计，我想学这个。
Steven：I am glad you can study something you really like!
史蒂文：我很高兴你可以学你真正喜欢的东西。
有关毕业情景对话：毕业典礼
Steven and Bill will graduate from their college next week. Today, both of them attend the commencement.
史蒂文和比尔下周就要大学毕业了。今天，他们两个人都参加了毕业典礼。
Steven: Hi, Bill. Are you going to the commencement?
史蒂文：嗨，比尔。你是去参加毕业典礼吗?
Bill: Yes. Do you want to go with me?
比尔: 是的。要不要跟我一起去?
Steven: OK. (Several minutes later.) Let's go into the school auditorium.
史蒂文：好吧。(几分钟后。)我们进礼堂吧。
Bill: Now, take this seat. Do you see those piles of red diplomas on the desks on the stage?
比尔: 坐在这儿，你看到主席台桌子上那一叠叠鲜红的毕业证书了吗?
Steven: Yes. I find my heart is now rising and falling like waves, all sorts of feelings welling up in my heart.
史蒂文：是的。我感到自己此刻已是心潮起伏，百感交集。
Bill: That's true. Four years' trails and hardships, joys and sorrows of life are gushing out to my mind all together. I can hardly tell whether I am joyful or gloomy at the moment when I am about to leave the campus and to start a new stage of life.
比尔: 一点儿没错。四年的风风雨雨，四年的酸甜苦辣，一齐涌上了我的心头。在我即将离开校园开始新的人生旅程之际，我说不出自己是喜还是忧。
Steven: How time flies. Look, the president of the college has come onto the stage.
史蒂文：时间过得真快啊!瞧，校长上主席台了。
Bill: He's going to make the opening speech.
比尔: 他要致开幕词。
有关毕业情景对话：论文
Steven and Lily will soon graduate from college. Now they are busy writing theses.
史蒂文和莉莉马上就要大学毕业了，现在他们在忙着写论文。
Steven：How's your thesis going?
史蒂文：你的论文写得怎么样了?
Lily: Don't mention it. The thesis due date is coming, but my thesis isn t even close to being done.
莉莉：别提了。马上要交毕业论文了，可我的论文还差得远呢。
Steven：I've finished the first draft, but the professor said it's poorly written. I have to rewrite it. it's so depressing.
史蒂文：我倒是写完初稿了，可导师说不行，我还得重写。郁闷死了!
Lily: Don't worry. Anyway, you are better than me.
开展英语情景对话教学，离不开教师对情景的精心创设，才能帮助学生理解对话内容，达到学以致用的目的。下面是大学英语口语对话范文，一起来了解下吧：【大学英语口语对话范文】A:Good morning, sir. Have a seat please.A:先生，早上好，请坐。B:I would like to know the state of the residential property market right now because I have anapartment tosell.B:我想知道目前住宅物业的市场情况，因为我想把我的住宅出售。A:Sure, here is my business card. I'm James Wilson. Let me explain to you how things are. Inrecent months, the demand for residential properties has become extremely high. The price ofresidenticd propetly has risenalmost twenty percent.B:没问题，这是我的名片。我叫詹姆士威尔逊。让我向你解释一下住宅物业的市场情况。最近几个月住宅物业需求非常大。房屋价格上涨了将近20%。B:Really? Since I have to go back to England within the next few months, I would like to sell myapartment as soon as possible.B:真的?因为我几个月内就得返回英国了，所以我想尽快卖出我的房子。A:Don't worry, sir. I think it's a seller's market right now. Let me get down some informationabout your apartment first. what is your property's address?A:先生，不用担心，依我看现在是卖方市场。让我先记录一些关于你的房子的资料吧。请问你的房子在哪里?B:Flat C. 15/F, Tong House, Tai Koo Shing.B:在太古城唐厦十五楼F座C室。A:What is the square footage of your property? How many bedrooms and living rooms?A:你的房子面积有多大?有几间卧室和客厅?B:Its gross area is approximately nine hundred square feet. There's one living room, onedining room, one master bedroom and two other bedrooms.B:建筑面积约九百平方英尺。有一个客房、一个饭厅、一间主卧室和两间客卧。A:What is the orientation and view?A:你的房子的朝向及观景怎么样?B:It faces south with a hillside view.B:南向，面对山景的。A:The market price for Tong House is around five thousand Hong Kong dollars per square foot,but it also depends on the internal layout and condition of the house.A:唐厦的市场售价每平方英尺约五千港币，不过要视房子的内部布局及装修条件而定.B:I would like to ask for four point five million Hong Kong dollars.B:我希望定价为港币四百五十万元。A:May I have your name and contact number, Sir?A:先生，可否告知我你的名字及联系电话?B:Johnson, and my contact number is 28765432. May office number is 21234567.B:我叫约翰逊，我的联系电话是28765432，办公电话是21234567。A:Thank you, Mr. Johnson. May I ask you one more question? When will your property becomeavailable?A:谢谢你，约翰逊先生。我可以再问你一个问题吗?请问你的房子何时可以变付?B:In about one month.B:大约一个月之后。A:Also, Mr. Johnson, I would like to remind you my company will charge a commissionequivalent to one percent of the transaction price in the event of a successful selling of theproperty through our introduction.A:还有，约翰逊先生，我想提醒你，如果我们为你成功介绍了买家，本公司将向你收取成交价的百分之一作为佣金。B:No problem.B:没有问题。A:Thank you very much. I will introduce your properly to our clients. When they want to seeyour property, Iwill give you a call.A:非常感谢，我会把你的房产介绍给我公司的客户。如果客户想看楼，我会通知你的。B:Thank you.B:谢谢。【大学英语口语情景对话】A:Hello, who's that speaking?A:你好，哪位?B:I am calling about the advertisement for a flat with a bedroom. Do you still have it now?B:你好，请问你登广告出租的那套一居室的单元房租出去了吗?A:Yes, I do.A:还没有。B:Is there any furniture in it?B:里面有家具吗?A:Yes, it's fully furnished.A:有的，设施齐全。B:What's the rent for a year?B:年租金是多少?A:15,000 Yuan, including water, but electricity and gas.A:一万五千元，包括水费、不含电费和燃气费。B:Where is it located?B：位于哪儿?A:It's in International Trade Zone. It's only ten minutes' walk from the nearest subway station.A：在国际商贸区，离最近的地铁站走路只需十分钟。B:That's great. But can you make the rent cheaper, let's see,12,000 Yuan?B:那太好了。能否把租金降一点，一万二怎样?A:The price can be talked over. How about coming around and taking a look at it first?A:价格好商量，要不你先过来看看再说?B:OK. I will be free at tomorrow afernoon. I'll take a taxi to get there.B:好吧，我明天下午有空，我会打的去。明天见。A:All right, see you.A:好，再见。【大学英语口语日常对话】A: Fashion show is around the corner, I’m so excited! 时装表演即将来临，我很兴奋!B: Are there any good!这有什么好的!A: I didn't see anything wrong with the clothes; they looked pretty nice to me. I think you don’t like it! Why?我没看出衣服有任何问题;在我看来它们都很不错。我觉得你不喜欢!为什么?B: It was dumb. I think it's stupid for women to wear clothes like that. 这是愚蠢的。我认为女人们穿成那样是很愚蠢的。A: The benevolent see benevolence and the wise see wisdom. 仁者见仁，智者见智。B: Do you really think people can wear that stuff and walk around the streets? 你真的认为人们可以穿那种东西走在街上?A: Yes, I do. At least, some people certainly can. They wear high-fashion clothes to show off their sense of style and wealth. 是的，我这样认为。至少，有人一定会。他们穿着时尚的衣服展示他们的时尚感和财富。B: Well. I still think they're dumb. It makes more sense to spend the money on more practical purposes.我仍然认为他们是愚蠢的。把更多的钱花在更有意义的地方比较实际。A: So you think it's bad if I wear it?所以你认为我穿成这样很不好吗?B: If you wear it I must speak nice! 如果你穿成这样我一定说它很好看!A: I know you will say that.我就知道你会这样说。B: Only you know me!知我者非你莫属!【大学生关于食品安全英语对话】A :the problems of domestic food safety are appearing constantly,And have your heard problem of oranges? 国内食品安全问题不断显现，你听说过问题橘子吗?B:Really?真的?A:There are fresh citrus maggots. County on a buried 2500 kilos, and several provinces nationwide have. 有新鲜的柑橘生了蛆虫。县里埋了2500公斤，全国好几个省都有这种状况。B: How terrible.Now the domestic food security is really bad. 多么可怕。现在国内食品安全是非常糟糕的。A: U.S.do better in this piont. 在这一点上美国做的更好。B:Ah, which the United States did manage very well. What is their experience? 啊，美国确实做的很好。他们有什么经验?A: the right OF FDA in the United States is power,and Very strict law enforcement. 在美国，食品药物管理局的权利非常大，而且执法非常严格。B:is there more success experience?有更多的成功经验吗?A:It's a fairly standard market, no hawker stalls and food in the supermarket, food into the supermarket to go through inspection, so the food will not get home as domestic so fresh. 要有一个相当标准的市场，没有小贩的摊档和食品在超市，食品经过超市的检查，这样只要食物不是很新鲜就不会被带回家B：How should people buy safe food?你认为人们该如何购买安全食品?A：When we choose food, we must remember to check its tag, confirming whether the basic information is marked on it, including ingredients, producer, shelf life and particularly date of manufacture. 选择食品时，我们一定要记住查看标签，确认上面是否标注基本信息，包括配料、生产厂家、保质期，尤其是生产日期。B：Why does food contamination occur frequently these days?为什么食品污染问题现在频繁发生?A：Because the food manufactures are so obsessed with making money that they lose the business ethics. They no longer take food safety as their priority.因为食品生产者惟利是图，丧失了商业道德。他们不再把食品安全当作首要问题。
A; Are you enjoying your time at university?B: It's okay, but not as much as I expected.A: Really? Why not?B: I thought that the subjects would be easy, and I would have lots of time to play, but actually I have many assignments.A: What type of assignments are you having problems with?B: I find my accounting assignments very difficult.A: Have you considered asking a tutor to help?B: Hmm, I guess I could. Where would I find one?A: You can often find them advertising on the notice board in the library.B: Thanks, I'll go and check that out. Provided I don't get distracted on the way and end up in the gym instead!A: Ha! Have you joined a sports team?B: Yes, I'm playing for the university volleyball team.A: Hey, so am I! Which team are you on?B: I've joined the university volleyball society, they've put me in the men's league.A. Ah, I guess that's why I haven't seen you. I'm playing in a mixed league.B: Cool! That sounds like a nice way to meet some new friends ... maybe even make a new girlfriend ..A. Actually, now that you mention it, our captian is very pretty!B: What else are you doing at university apart from studying and playing volleyball?A. I've also joined the university debating team, we have a competition every month.B. That sounds like fun. Are there still places open for other people to join?A. Yes, they're always looking for new people to join.B. Thanks, that's good to know, I think I'll go and sign up next week.A. Hey, what time is your next class? I think I have to go now.B. I'm in no hurry, my next class doesn't start for a couple of hours.A. Lucky you, enjoying the university life! I'm off now, see you later.B. Enjoy! B. So, do you want me to go with you the library, we can check out the notices for tutors? A. Okay, let's go.望采纳^_^！
写作思路：通过对话，叙述彼此大学生活遇到的烦恼和收获。
A: Are you enjoying your time at university?
你享受你的时间在大学里吗?
B: It's okay, but not as much as I expected.
是的，但不是和我预期的一样多。
A: Really? Why not?
真的吗?为什么不呢?
B: I thought that the subjects would be easy, and I would have lots of time to play, but actually I have many assignments.
我认为很容易，我会有很多时间玩，但实际上我有很多作业。
A: What type of assignments are you having problems with?
你是什么类型的作业有问题?
B: I find my accounting assignments very difficult.
我找到我的会计作业非常困难。
A: Have you considered asking a tutor to help?
你认为请家教帮助吗?
B: Hmm, I guess I could. Where would I find one?
嗯，我想我可以。我找到一个在哪里?
A: You can often find them advertising on the notice board in the library.
你可以经常发现他们在图书馆广告通知董事会。
B: Thanks, I'll go and check that out. Provided I don't get distracted on the way and end up in the gym instead!
谢谢，我去检查一下。提供我不分心的路上，最终在健身房!
A: Ha! Have you joined a sports team?
哈!你加入了一个体育队吗?
B: Yes, I'm playing for the university volleyball team.
是的，我在大学排球队。
A: Hey, so am I! Which team are you on?
嘿，我也是!你是哪个团队?
B: I've joined the university volleyball society, they've put me in the men's league.
我加入了大学排球协会，他们是男人的联赛。
A: Ah, I guess that's why I haven't seen you. I'm playing in a mixed league.
啊，我想这就是为什么我没见到你。我在一个复杂的联盟。
B: Cool! That sounds like a nice way to meet some new friends ... maybe even make a new girlfriend ..
太酷了!这听起来像一个很好的方式来满足一些新朋友…甚至做一个新女朋友. .
A. Actually, now that you mention it, our captian is very pretty!
实际上，既然你提到它，我们的captian非常漂亮!
B:What else are you doing at university apart from studying and playing volleyball?
你在做什么在大学里除了学习和打排球吗?
A:I've also joined the university debating team, we have a competition every month.
我还加入了大学辩论队，我们每个月都有竞争。
B:That sounds like fun. Are there still places open for other people to join?
那听起来很有趣。还有地方打开其他人加入吗?
A: Yes, they're always looking for new people to join.
是的，他们总是在寻找新的人加入。
B: Thanks, that's good to know, I think I'll go and sign up next week.
谢谢，很好，我想我下个星期会去报名。
A: Hey, what time is your next class? I think I have to go now.
嘿，你下节课是什么时候?我想我现在得走了。
B: I'm in no hurry, my next class doesn't start for a couple of hours.
我不着急，我下节课不开始几个小时。
A: Lucky you, enjoying the university life! I'm off now, see you later.
你是幸运的，享受大学生活!我要走了，下次见。
B: So, do you want me to go with you the library, we can check out the notices for tutors?
所以，你想让我和你一起去图书馆，我们可以看看导师的通知吗?
A: Okay, let's go.
好吧，我们走吧。
一、英语论文中引用名人名言的格式通常分为直接引用和间接引用。
1、直接引用先介绍名人的来历，后面直接引出名人的原话。
例如：According to Francis Bacon, a renowned British writer and philosopher, "Money is a good servant and a bad master."
翻译：英国著名作家和哲学家培根（FrancisBacon）说：“金钱是一个好仆人，也是一个坏主人。”
2、间接引用
间接引用通常为引用俗语或者古话。
例句：There goes a saying that he knows most who speaks least.
翻译：有句俗语说，谁说得最少，谁知道得最多。
二、英语论文中引用一句句子的格式是：As an old saying goes+(引用的句子)。引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。
三、正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。
扩展资料：
命题方式
简明扼要，提纲挈领。
英文题名方法
①英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语最常见，即题名基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和（或）后置定语构成；短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。
②一般不要用陈述句，因为题名主要起标示作用，而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义，且不够精炼和醒目。少数情况（评述性、综述性和驳斥性）下可以用疑问句做题名，因为疑问句有探讨性语气，易引起读者兴趣。
③同一篇论文的英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致，但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下，个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。
④国外科技期刊一般对题名字数有所限制，有的规定题名不超过2行，每行不超过42个印刷符号和空格；有的要求题名不超过14个词。这些规定可供我们参考。
⑤在论文的英文题名中。凡可用可不用的冠词均不用。
参考资料来源：百度百科-论文格式
要的 否则就是抄袭
HarvardReference格式是英国学校学生用来写英文论文的一种引用格式；使用率相比其它引用格式较普遍一些。那么如何使用HarvardReference格式进行引用呢？学术堂来带你认识哈佛引用格式。HarvardReference格式包括两种类型：1.直接引用或解释源时，使用正文引用。它们位于作品的正文中，并包含完整引用的片段。根据来源类型的不同，哈佛大学参考文献中的一些引文可能如下所示：“AfterthatIlivedlikeayoungrajahinallthecapitalsofEurope…”(Fitzgerald,2004).2.参考资料列表位于工作结束，显示完整的引用，用于分配中使用的来源。以下是哈佛参考书目中一本书的完整引用例子：Fitzgerald,F.(2004).ThegreatGatsby.NewYork:Scribner.HarvardReference格式参考列表是为了让读者自己定位原始资料而创建的。引用列表中的每个引用包括各种信息，包括：作者姓名发表年份标题城市出版出版者引用内容的页码通常，哈佛参考文献列表引用遵循以下格式：Ÿ 姓，首字母。（发表年份）标题。城市：出版商，页面。引文按照作者姓氏的字母顺序列出。如果同一作者有多个来源，则在出版之日前按照顺序列出引文。引用两个或两个以上作者的书的Harvard格式引用具有多个作者的引文时，请按照它们在来源上的显示顺序进行排列。用“and”来分隔名字。姓，首字母和姓氏，第一首。（发表年份）标题。城市：出版商，页面。例：Desikan,S.andRamesh,G.(2006).Softwaretesting.Bangalore,India:DorlingKindersley,p.156.Vermaat,M.,Sebok,S.,Freund,S.,Campbell,J.andFrydenberg,M.(2014).Discoveringcomputers.Boston:CengageLearning,pp.446-448.Daniels,K.,Patterson,G.andDunston,Y.(2014).Theultimatestudentteachingguide.2nded.LosAngeles:SAGEPublications,pp.145-151.HarvardReference格式参考文献列表当同一作者有多件作品时，按年份排列引用次序。在同一年出版资料时，请按照标题的字母顺序排列。例：Brown,D.(1998).Digitalfortress.NewYork:St.Martin’sPress.Brown,D.(2003).Deceptionpoint.NewYork:AtriaBooks.Brown,D.(2003).TheDaVincicode.NewYork:Doubleday.HarvardReference格式引用印刷期刊印刷期刊引用的标准结构：姓，首字母（发表年份）文章标题。期刊，卷（期），页面（s）。例子：Ross,N.(2015).OnTruthContentandFalseConsciousnessinAdorno’sAestheticTheory.PhilosophyToday,59(2),pp.269-290.Dismuke,C.andEgede,L.(2015).TheImpactofCognitive,SocialandPhysicalLimitationsonIncomeinCommunityDwellingAdultsWithChronicMedicalandMentalDisorders.GlobalJournalofHealthScience,7(5),pp.183-195.
无须加括号，写书名，要加双引号
英语论文答辩开场白（精选7篇）
在现在社会，许多人对开场白的掌握需求逐渐增多，开场白应该达到明确您的'意图，使目标愿意和您交流，允许您提出问题的目的。那么，开场白一般是怎么写的呢？以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文答辩开场白，欢迎大家分享。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is prof.xxx. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole years hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, thats all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.
Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper.
Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.
The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.
The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This times literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.
The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
Good morning.
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.)
I am XXX. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor XXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis. My topic is XXXXXXXXX.
The whole thesis consists of --- parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of ------. And the second part is going to analyze ----------.
In the third part, ---------will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about --------. Then the author will dig into the root causes of ------- in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal --------of ---------in the last part. Thank you!
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members.I am xsj and my supervisor is zy. With his sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper.Now,it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Heavenly War and Earthly Conflict, an Insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this story as one of texts in British and American literature Selections. Last but not least, I am keen on the study of human nature and the profound significance and instructions for us from John Milton. For the above facts, I select the Heavenly war and earthly conflict an insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this great poem we can know more about this Literature masterpiece,and I also want to show my own understanding about it.
Next, here is an outline of my presentation and I devide my paper into four parts. Part one presents an introduction of John Milton and Paradise Lost. Part two introduces the main contents of the book of Paradise Lost. Part three gives my own analysis of major characters in Paradise Lost. Part four draws some conclusions by my careful reading and thinking.
OK, that is all. Thank you. Now you may raise your questions. I am ready.
Good morning.
all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
各位老师，下午好！ 我叫***，是**级**班的学生，我的论文题目是--------------------，论文是在**导师的悉心指点下完成的，在这里我向我的导师表示深深的谢意，向各位老师不辞辛苦参加我的论文答辩表示衷心的感谢，并对四年来我有机会聆听教诲的各位老师表示由衷的敬意。下面我将本论文设计的目的和主要内容向各位老师作一汇报，恳请各位老师批评指导。首先，我想谈谈这个毕业论文设计的目的及意义。其次，我想谈谈这篇论文的结构和主要内容。最后，我想谈谈在实验过程中的不足和这篇论文。烧玻璃的过程以及这篇论文的写作，也使我越来越认识到自己知识与经验缺乏的过程。虽然，我尽可能地收集材料，竭尽所能运用自己所学的知识进行烧玻璃实验和论文写作，但所测数据并不完备，对许多还是一知半解，论文还是存在许多不足之处,有待改进.请各位评委老师多批评指正，让我在今后的学习中学到更多！谢谢！
《新时期下的小学英语教学方式研究》
【摘 要】小学英语教学必须有一套重要的教学方法。一个合格的英语教师，既要从理论上掌握教学方法，又应在实践中灵活地运用，善于在完成教学任务的同时，也要教会学生如何获得知识的方法。对英语教学方法的探究，必须从教师和学生两方面着手，作综合研究，这是小学英语教学改革的需要，也是当前开展素质教育的需要。
【关键词】小学英语;课堂教学;思考
提高课堂教学效率，实施有效教学是完成小学英语教学目标，提高小学英语教学质量的重要途径。广大小学英语教师要通过有趣、有用、有效的教学活动达到教学目标，有效促进学生的发展。
一、课堂教学活动要目标明确
新课程理念下，基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是：培养学生的综合语言运用能力，学生能够用英语做事情是课堂教学目标达成的主要体现。在小学英语课堂教学中，教师广泛采用贴近学生生活的，易于学生参与体验的任务型教学活动。而有些活动的教学目标指向性不强，甚至指向错误的教学目标。如，在一次听课中，有位教师在教学单词 Chinese book， English book， math book， school bag， notebook的拼写时，让学生用身体的运动写出单词的字母，有的学生显得很兴奋，而有的学生纯粹是在那里乱扭，甚至连字母都不拼读，只是觉得好玩，好笑。这样的活动看似热闹，但不能起到真正强化单词拼写的作用。像这样不能指向正确的教学目标的活动我们不能认为它是有效教学。
二、情境创设要真实便于操作，合理分配时间
新课程提倡创设真实、具有挑战性的开放的教学环境和问题情境。要求教师从学生的生活经验和已有的知识出发，创设生动有趣的教学情境，引导学生开展观察、操作、猜想、推理、交流等活动，使学生通过学习活动，掌握基本的知识和技能。创设符合教学内容贴近学生生活的真实的教学情境是小学英语课堂实施有效教学的重要途径。小学英语教学中，主要有借助实物和图像创设的教学情境，借助动作(活动)创设的教学情境，借助语言创设的教学情境，例如，在学习文具的词汇时，有的教师设计了利用 pen， pencil， pencil-case， eraser， ruler， crayon等实物或图片进行猜谜游戏，让学生猜书包中的物品;在学习“ At the zoo”话题时，教师设计了带学生参观动物园的情景，让学生口头描述他们所熟悉的动物，如 elephant， cat， dog， monkey， bear， tiger的特征，并能说 I like monkey。这些情境的创设都有利于学生在有限的时间内达到预期的学习目标，教学活动目标明确。然而，在现在的课堂教学中，尤其在一些展示课的课堂上，有些教师过于注重情境的创设，用大量的时间和语言创设情境。如，有位教师在教授“ My clothes”的内容时，设计了开服装店，买服装的活动。教师可以课前安排学生每四人一小组，分别在家里 draw一些服装 picture带到课堂上开展活动。但是在授课时教师首先教学生用纸和彩笔在课堂上制作 shirt，T-shirt， skirt， dress， trousers， sweater， jacket， vest， jeans， pants等图片，结果 35分钟的一节课，学生用了近 30分钟的时间制作 “clothes pictures”，最后教师仅在临下课前几分钟的时候，让学生用做好的“ clothes pictures”开展 clothes shop，进行对话练习。整节课的教学时间安排非常不合理，教师用了过多的时间进行了非针对教学目标的活动，使得课堂教学的效率大大降低。又如，有的教师在教“ in， under， on”方位词时，设计了捉迷藏的活动。教师精心地把教室布置成家庭房间的场景，有床、桌子、箱子等物品，一名学生蒙着眼睛猜另一名学生藏的地点。由于学生对活动的场景非常感兴趣，注意力不能集中到运用所学语言描述同学位置的教学活动中，并且由于活动场景的有限，每次只能有两名学生参与活动，使得该活动的效率大大降低。因此，教师在创设情境时，不仅要注重教学情境的真实性、趣味性，而且要考虑到活动的可参与性和效率性。
三、课堂教学语言应简单易懂
简单明了的指令语能够使教师讲的时间相对减少，学生实践语言的机会相对增加。教师在组织小学英语课堂教学活动时应尽量使用英语，这样可以创设浓厚的英语学习氛围，也能为学生提供更多的接触和学习英语的机会。小学英语课堂活动的英语指示语应当简单和明了。然而，由于小学生所掌握的英语语言知识有限，尽量使用学生能够理解的词句，必要时可以通过肢体语言或母语帮助学生理解，“TPR”最能让学生在“做中学”。如，教 big， small， short， long， tall等单词时，教师借助肢体语言进行教学演示，“big”两手张开画个大圈， “small”用两手指做个特别小的小圈等，学生很快就理解了这些单词的汉语意思，并且，学生也在一起跟老师做肢体语言表演时，感受到学习的乐趣，在他们脑海里留下了深刻的印象，也大大提高了课堂教学的有效性。
总之，实施小学英语有效课堂教学的技巧有很多。此外，小组活动、两人活动、合作学习、个别化学习、合理有效的评价都是实施有效教学的有效方式。
课堂是教学工作的主阵地，也是提高教学质量的主要渠道。过去传统的教学模式已不能适应新的教育体制和要求，我们要更新教育教学观念，转变工作作风，建立民主平等的师生关系，营造宽松、和谐的教学氛围。
英语教学中小组活动有效性策略的实践与研究课题开题报告一、 课题的现实背景及意义合作学习是国际上最流行的教学策略之一,20世纪70年代兴起于美国,并在70年代中期至80年代中期取得实质性进展,是一种富有创意和实效的教学理论与策略.也是我国新一轮课程改革所提倡的一种重要的学习方式,《基础教育课程改革纲要》提出了要转变学生的学习方式,认为学生学习方式的革新是当前在学校课堂全面推进素质教育的重点,特别强调自主、合作与探究的学习方式,改变以教师为中心,课堂为中心和课本为中心的局面,促进学生的主动学习和自主发展.所谓合作学习,就是学生通过分工合作共同达成学习目标的一种学习方式.学生通过个体努力以及小组成员间的合作,完成指派的学习任务.合作学习强调积极的相互支持与配合,强调发挥每一个学生的积极性,实现互动式,交流式的学习,为不同层次的学生提供参与学习,体验成功的机会,促进学生之间有效的沟通与交往.在合作学习过程中,只有小组取得了成功,个人才能成功.合作学习特别强调自主、合作与探究的学习方式,强调要改变以教师为中心和书本为中心的局面,促进学生的主动学习和自主发展.另外,有助于改变传统教学过程中“教师讲,学生听,教师问,学生答”这一单一、刻板的教学方式,改变英语教学中长期存在着“重知识讲授、轻能力培养”的倾向,实现师生之间、学生之间多向、互动、多元的信息交流方式,从而真正推动每个学生进步.因此,努力改革课堂教学方法,提高教学效果,在英语教学中,尝试着将小组合作学习引进课堂,改变以往的师生关系,更新讲课模式,调动学生学习英语的积极性,激励学生的参与意识和协作能力,实现课堂教学交际化,具有很大的现实意义.二、国内同类课题的研究状况小组合作活动（又称合作学习）于70年代率先兴起于美国,并且已被广泛应用于中小学教学实践.它的产生除了美国独特的社会文化背景之外,主要是出于克服传统教学存在的弊端,改革课堂教学提高教学效率的需要.它将社会心理学的合作原理纳入教学之中,强调人际交往对于认知发展的促进功能.基本做法是将全班学生依其学业水平、能力倾向、个性特征、性别乃至社会家庭背景等方面的差异组成若干个异质学习小组（每组3-6人）,创设一种只有小组成员才能达到个人目标的情境,即小组成员不仅要努力争取个人目标的实现,更要帮助小组同伴实现目标,通过相互合作,小组成员共同达到学习的预期目标.小组合作学习将班级授课制条件下学生个体间的学习竞争关系改变为“组内合作”、“组际竞争”的关系,将传统教学与师生之间单向或双向交流改变为师生、生生之间的多向交流,不仅提高了学生学习的主动性和对学习的自我控制,提高了教学效率,也促进了学生间良好的人际合作关系,促进了学生心理品质发展和社会技能的进步.关于小组合作学习被很多学者认为是一种适应各种学习风格,并能促进学生积极参与学习过程的一种最流行也最有效的方法.早在1979年,美国的教育学家约瀚逊就论述了这种方法的种种好处.他这样写道：小组合作学习比起班级竞争学习或个体学习来,更能有效地掌握、保持和迁移概念、定律和原则?合作的集体成员可以逐渐形成更高超的概念学习策略,更有效的探寻和利用他人的信息,更能从自己的头脑中复现或用自己的话阐述正在学习的材料,能在更短的时间内学到更多的材料?学生越是具有合作的态度和经验,他们就越是能积极主动、持之以恒地追求明确的学习目标,越是相信学业成败是靠自己的努力,越是希望成为优秀的学生和获得优异的成绩,越是认为学习新知识是有重要意义的?与只有班集体竞争学习或个体学习经验的学生相比,有合作学习经验的学生更信任自己的教师,更容易把教师当作激励者而接纳教师,无论从学习上还是私人感情上都是如此.小组合作活动得到了许多国家教育工作者的认同.80年代以来,它也成为了我国教学理论和实践领域所研究的对象.在《全日制义务教育普通高级中学课堂标准（实验稿）》（以下简称《标准》）的基本理念和课堂实施建议中,小组合作学习已经成为了一个重要的概念.《标准》提出的小学英语课程的任务是这样阐述的：激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣,使学生树立信心,养成良好的习惯和形成有效的学习策略.近年来,我国一些地方学校改革课堂教学,也对小组合作活动进行了应用与研究.国内外的研究和实践,都验证了小组合作活动作为课堂教学常规组织形式在提高学习效果方面的有效性.小组合作活动已成为提高教学效率的新策略.三、课题研究的主要目的通过该课题的研究,旨在能使小学英语对话教学找到高效的操练模式,切实开展小组合作活动,改革传统的课堂教学模式,让每一个学生都能参与到学习中来,通过小组合作活动,使每个学生的英语运用能力都能得到长足的进步与发展.同时,以这样的学习形式为载体,充分体现学生的主体意识,培养参与意识,发挥潜