问题一：见附录用英文怎么说 Refer to appendix. 如果多骇一个附录那么就是Appendix A, B, C... 问题二：毕业论文附录的英文原文，英文翻译是什么意思？ 20分 先到百度文库，找一篇此类文档中文的，然后用有道翻译，或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英 文，然后把英文放上面，中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。如果要找标准的PDF格式外文文 献，可以在谷歌，用英文文献名+空格+PDF 这样比较容易找到。 第一是Google搜索，主要是英文，尤其是其学术搜索，意义大。 第二，通过各大学图书馆系统，进入几个主流的出版发行集团。 第三，利用网络免费储存、电子书系统。尤其是国外多。 1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。 2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录） 3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。 4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。 5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。 6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。 一，选题要新颖。 这次我的论文的成功，和高分，得到导师的赞许，都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域，以及新进展，这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。 二，大量文献做基础 仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献，大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫，借鉴别人的思路，和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏，当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗 三，一气呵成 做好充分的准备，不要每天写一些，每天改一些，这样会打断自己的思路，影响文章的连贯。 四，尽量采用多的专业术语 可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感，但论文是比较专业的形式，是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的，所以论文语言的专业化，术语化会提升自己论文的水平。 五，用正规格式书写 参考正规的论文文献，论文格式。不要因为格式问题，而影响到你论文的质量。 六，最好在计算机上完成写作过程 如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程，好处以下几点：1，节省时间，无论打字的速度慢到什么程度，肯定要比手写的快。2，方便，大量的文献放在手边，一个一个查阅是很不方便的，文献都是用数据库编辑，所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点，写出提纲，随时翻阅，方便写作。3，修改编辑，在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4，随时存档，写一段，存一段，防止突然停电，或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏，一个晚上的......>> 问题三：英语高手帮忙翻译一个词语 附录--Appendices 没有简写 问题四：论文的附录（英文原文+译文）要写多少字？ SFWE 根据我搜集的一些网站来看，建议看看这个，要做毕业论文以及毕业设计的，推 荐一个网站 lw54 ，里面的毕业设计什么的全是优秀的，因为精 挑细选的，网上很少有，都是相当不错的毕业论文和毕业设计，对毕业论文的写 作有很大的参考价值，希望对你有所帮助。 别的相关范文很多的，推荐一些比较好的范文写作网站，希望对你有帮助，这些 精选的范文网站，里面有大量的范文，也有各种文章写作方法，注意事项，应该 有适合你的，自己动手找一下，可不要照搬啊，参考一下，用自己的语言写出来 那才是自己的。 如果你不是校园网的话，请在下面的网站找： 毕业论文网： wsdxs 分类很细 栏目很多 毕业论文： lw54 毕业设计： wsdxs/html/sf/lw/2009/0928/146347 开题报告： wsdxs/html/lunwenzhidao/kaitibaogao 实习论文： wsdxs/html/shixi 写作指导： wsdxs/html/lunwenzhidao 问题五：英语论文中附录怎么标注 能更具体些么？ 你指的是appendix？ 问题六：规范性附录 英文怎么说？ 5分 “规范性附录”英语是“Normative appendix” “规范性”是：Normative Appendix是“附录” 非规范性(non-normat丹ve) ：）~ 问题七：陈春娥英文怎么翻译？ Chen Chune第一种方法是：起一个与中文名字“谐音”的英文名字。比如李梅，可以起May Li，“梅”与May正好谐音。下面是四个例子，您可以参考。许多《英汉词典》的附录部分，都有英文名字的列表，您可以根据您的名字的汉语发音，找一个大致“谐音”的英文名字。不过这种方法有很大的局限性，大多数中文名字都没有谐音的英文名字，所以我们只能考虑另外两种方法。 问题八：针灸减肥真的有用吗？ 我亲身经历过，自己的配合也是减肥成功的50%的因素，因为大家都知道中医是一个很神奇的东西，针灸减肥配合美饥院对你制定的食谱这样才能起到最佳的效果。制定食谱并不是说控制饮食的目的，而是类似化学效应的一种效应（我比较笨，想不出别的比喻，可能不太恰当）针灸的方法+所食用的东西=脂肪的代谢与排出，所以就减肥成功了，而且不仅仅是体重还有尺寸可以让你看得到的。我减掉了30斤，原来可是130斤哦。当然，任何想减肥的人都需要不能暴饮暴食的，因为正是因为我们没有良好的饮食习惯所以我们原来才胖的呀：）所以，我认为，针灸减肥真的有用哦，我相信。
MTI专业毕业论文一般会选择写翻译实践报告，而翻译实践报告则要求提供至少10000字的翻译材料（双语）附在翻译实践报告之后，即附录。
一般的话，毕业论文查重只查论文的正文部分。附录的话一般来说是不参与查重的，只是查论文的正文。 这个不用过于担心，你努力把正文部分写好就行了。一般来说，通过论文的答辩和查重都是没有什么问题的，只要你认真修改，都是可以达到学校规定的要求的，加油！
就论文写作而言，很多同学都觉得大学涉及查重的标准规定比课程论文的标准规定要严格得多，而且有一定的规范性，那么，我们在进行论文写作是需要留意什么，论文查重时，要将附录进行删除吗。毕业论文与课程论文相差太大，还有很多点，如字数相差太大，论文的内容要更多，一般都是八千到一万字，此外，论文要有封面图、目录、论文引言引用的参考文献和附录，一般都是3000~5000字之间。论文哪些部分需要进行查重需要看学校的规定，按照规定对论文进行上传即可。论文附录到底会不会影响论文的查重结果？其根本原因是论文的附录内一般为论文引用的部分参考文献，在此部分参考文献中所引用的参考文献内容都是重复的，如附录被算成论文的查重结果，那么很明显，我们这篇论文将有很高的重复性，这种情况显然是不会接受的，因此一般状况下的论文查重网站不可能将附录分析到自己的论文查重结果。很多人比较担心自己的附录已经被贴上了红色的标签，那说明查重系统的附录已经把附录分析成了论文的查重结果，这到底是怎么一回事？实际上将附录内容分析到文章的主体内容，从而增加我们的查重率，并不一定要算成论文查重系统错误，根本原因是写附录时同学们写附录时格式不规范。根源在于附录内容格式不规范，因此在判断情况下会将附录内容判断为文章的正文内容，从而造成对其分析不属于查重结果。另外，这是因为很多同学上传论文时以 pdf格式上传，而非 word格式，如学生上传时以 pdf格式上传，那么这将涉及pdf格式以进行检测，即使是格式正确的附录，在检测后将变成 pdf格式，分析到文章主体内容，从而影响重复率。
论文的附录指的是与论文正文有关的文章信息或者是参考文献资料，附录是作为设计说明书或论文的补充部分，并不是我们必须的。论文附录是否在查重范围内，要看学校的要求，如果学校没有要求附录部分查重，在查重论文时，此部分我们可以不用提交。如果在查重系统中提交了，论文附录会不会查重呢？
根据学校的要求进行提交：如果学校明确规定需要提交论文附录，那么我们在查重论文时一定要把附录部分一起提交。如果没有这方面的要求，我们可以根据论文附录的具体情况来决定是否提交。如果论文的附录部分都是抄袭的，是从网上查找的完整的文献，那此部分肯定会拉高整体重复率，小编建议去除论文的附录后再提交到论文查重系统，这样才会获得一份比较合格的论文检测技术报告。如果论文当中的附录是由自己所写的，没有任何抄袭，就算在论文查重系统时提交论文附录，这样也不能不可降低论文整体的重复率。如果不确定附录是否有抄袭，一般来说，历史比较久的书籍和外文文献，知网论文查重系统识别到的概率相对要低一些，如果一个不确定自己的论文附录是否可以存在抄袭，建议先找其他相关论文查重系统进行检测一次，这样也能了解论文整体的重复率情况，方便我们做出更合理的选择。如果附录部分确实抄袭比较多，就去掉附录再提交，如果没有抄袭，就连附录部分一起提交到学校的知网查重系统进行检测。
目前市面上大多数查重系统都会对附录进行检测。因为附录内容也是论文的一部分，其中可能存在的抄袭行为同样会影响到论文的创新性和质量。因此，查重系统通常会将正文、附录和参考文献等内容全部进行检测，以确保论文的原创性和学术诚信。
在使用查重系统时，我们需要注意的是：附录部分应该尽量原创，不要直接复制粘贴他人的内容。如果确实需要添加其他人的数据或信息，应注意标注出处，并且在参考文献中将其列出。只有这样才能保证附录部分的合法性和正当性。
总之，论文查重是保证学术诚信和提高学术水平的必要手段。对于附录部分，查重系统也会进行检测，因此我们需要在论文写作过程中严格遵守学术规范，确保论文的原创性和质量，以及学术诚信的维护。
英语翻译毕业论文可以写某个电影或者某本书的翻译，开始也不太会，也是莫文网的高手帮忙的，很靠谱的说应用英语翻译呼唤理论指导大学英语翻译教学:现状与对策商务英语翻译中存在的问题与对策新世纪十年来商务英语翻译研究:回顾与前瞻国内商务英语翻译研究综述顺应理论视角下科技英语翻译切雅实证分析经济一体化环境下的商务英语翻译教学大学英语翻译教学存在的问题与对策语用观视角下的中医英语翻译教学实证研究翻译——找到源语的所指——对规划教材《商务英语翻译》误译译例的批判研究从功能对等角度看商务英语翻译高校科技英语翻译课程设置探讨功能对等理论指导下的商务英语翻译科技英语汉译的英语翻译技巧研究——以船舶英语文本中的汉译为例功能对等视角下的科技英语翻译论商务英语翻译的4Es标准关联理论在科技英语翻译中的应用——以Climate Change and Peak Oil文本的翻译为例大学英语翻译教学:问题与对策英语翻译专业本科生的笔译能力调查分析——以某师范大学英语翻译专业为例中国职业篮球俱乐部体育英语翻译人员现状及发展对策研究从目的论的角度下看商务英语翻译试论旅游英语翻译中的创造性论高职商务英语翻译教学中学生跨文化交际意识的培养试论近代国人英语翻译基于功能翻译理论的商务英语翻译教学任务型教学法在《商务英语翻译》教学中的运用跨文化因素对商务英语翻译的影响及调整策略商务英语翻译教学存在的问题与改革商务英语翻译与文化信息等值研究大学英语翻译教学教材编写探讨东西方文化差异对商务英语翻译的影响顺序分析在科技英语翻译中的应用——以翻译项目《大气污染排放系数手册》为案例从关联理论分析法律英语翻译中的文化差异及其翻译补偿商务英语翻译原则探讨商务英语翻译中的文化与语用因素研究Advanced Systematic Golf高尔夫技术英语翻译项目的实践报告
前言翻译。论文附录译文写的内容诗论文前言，讲论文前言转换成英文之后，附录在上面即可。毕业论文是专科及以上学历教育为对本专业学生集中进行科学研究训练而要求学生在毕业前撰写的论文。
就目前人工智能的发展水平来看，机器降重还远远做不到“准确读取语句的意思，并将之用不同的词汇表述出来”我学姐推荐的北京译顶科技那边做的不错，你可以考虑一下。你可以加速去知道了解下
只查正文，你说的这个不查重。放心就好了，也就是说从你写的第一部分到最后一部分！后面的感谢语，参考文献都不查重！查重用papertime就行，很好用，学校给的查重字数兑换码（four six three zero nine two 把英文换成阿拉伯数字兑换就行了，非常好用，还能在线降重！）
就论文写作而言，很多同学都觉得大学涉及查重的标准规定比课程论文的标准规定要严格得多，而且有一定的规范性，那么，我们在进行论文写作是需要留意什么，论文查重时，要将附录进行删除吗。毕业论文与课程论文相差太大，还有很多点，如字数相差太大，论文的内容要更多，一般都是八千到一万字，此外，论文要有封面图、目录、论文引言引用的参考文献和附录，一般都是3000~5000字之间。论文哪些部分需要进行查重需要看学校的规定，按照规定对论文进行上传即可。论文附录到底会不会影响论文的查重结果？其根本原因是论文的附录内一般为论文引用的部分参考文献，在此部分参考文献中所引用的参考文献内容都是重复的，如附录被算成论文的查重结果，那么很明显，我们这篇论文将有很高的重复性，这种情况显然是不会接受的，因此一般状况下的论文查重网站不可能将附录分析到自己的论文查重结果。很多人比较担心自己的附录已经被贴上了红色的标签，那说明查重系统的附录已经把附录分析成了论文的查重结果，这到底是怎么一回事？实际上将附录内容分析到文章的主体内容，从而增加我们的查重率，并不一定要算成论文查重系统错误，根本原因是写附录时同学们写附录时格式不规范。根源在于附录内容格式不规范，因此在判断情况下会将附录内容判断为文章的正文内容，从而造成对其分析不属于查重结果。另外，这是因为很多同学上传论文时以 pdf格式上传，而非 word格式，如学生上传时以 pdf格式上传，那么这将涉及pdf格式以进行检测，即使是格式正确的附录，在检测后将变成 pdf格式，分析到文章主体内容，从而影响重复率。
对于硕士生的英文论文查重附录都是以学校为标准的，如果学校有明文规定，在提交论文的时候，硕士生需要查重附录，那么硕士生在论文查重的时候，就需要查重附录，如果没有要求，也就不必提交查重附录。
其主要内容就是学校较重要的原始数据、数学推导、统计表格等，文史类论文大多是文字性的，而理工类论文大多是数据和统计表格。
如何降低重复率
通过查看论文查重报告单的方式自行修改论文重复部分，以此达到降低查重率的目的。用户可以进入查重页面，查重完成后点击下载检测报告按钮，将报告单保存至本地后。
打开查重报告单可以看到论文中有哪些部分为重复内容，知网查重报告单中会以红色字体显示重复部分，因此建议学生根据报告单中标红的部分来对论文重复部分进行修改，全部修改后即可降低论文重复率。知网论文查重由于是采用了最先进的模糊算法。
如果整体结构和大纲被打乱，可能会引起同一处的文章检测第一次和第二次标红不一致或者第一次检测没有标红的部分第二次检测被标红。因此在修改重复内容的时候尽量变换句式，不要打乱论文原来的整体大纲和结构。
知网查重含附录吗？附录一般不需要查重，若是有提交检测也算重复滴~
才给10分，问这么高难度的问题
文献可到OA图书馆查询。
1、 [会计学]公允价值计量属性应用研究2 摘 要本文主要针对新会计准则中重新引用公允价值计量的问题进行研究。首先介绍了公允价值的定义，并与其他的计量属性进行全面的比较。然后对准则中部分引入公允价值的条款进行阐述，结合我国现阶段的经济环境以及... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2008-10-27 2、 [会计学]公允价值计量属性应用研究1 摘 要公允价值一直是我国关注的一个热点，我国在使用公允价值计量的过程中，曾经有过惨痛的教训。在2006年2月颁布的新会计准则中，作为会计国际化的重要步骤，我国又一次在具体会计准则中多次使用公允价值，这... 类别：毕业论文 大小：98 KB 日期：2008-10-27 3、 [会计学]公允价值计量属性的理论与应用分析 摘 要2006年2月15日，我国财政部颁布了新的企业会计准则，其中：金融工具、投资性房地产、债务重组、资产减值、租赁和套期保值等方面采用了公允价值计量。然而，在实际工作中，公允价值的运用遇到了像利润操... 类别：毕业论文 大小：143 KB 日期：2007-08-29 :3cj./soft/search.asp?act=Topic&classid=20&keyword=%B9%AB%D4%CA%BC%DB%D6%B5&btn=+%CB%D1%CB%F7+
没，因为这样的得是这个相关专业的才可能既有外文文献又有中文翻译，你可以去Wiley-Blackwell 之类的外文期刊网上去找些外文文献，再做翻译。
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希望对你有帮助。仅供参考！
最近在玩轩辕传奇手游，记得从15级开始每日完成2大环炼宝任务，它是你获取银票和经验的主要来源之一，也是每日必做的任务；任务在轩辕城炼宝区域找到NPC冷少泉处领取任务，根据任务提示去到相应的地宫滑鼠右键放至背包内的宝鼎，在宝鼎周围（切记必须在宝鼎周围，超出宝鼎范围的话击杀怪物是不计数的
童鞋你好！ 这个估计需要自己搜寻了！ 网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！ 我在这里给你点搜寻国际上常用的外文资料库： ---------------------------------------------------------- ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 Elsevier SDOL资料库 IEEE/IEE(IEL) EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会 ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会 Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库 Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书 ProQuest学位论文全文资料库 国道外文专题资料库 CALIS西文期刊目次资料库 推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ----------------------------------------------------------- 中文翻译得自己做了，实在不成就谷歌翻译。 弄完之后，自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦！ 学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的！ 外文翻译不是论文的主要内容！ 所以，很容易过去的！ 祝你好运！
直接下载 Microscopic traffic simulation: A tool for the design, *** ysis and evaluation of intelligent transport systems J Barcelo, E Codina, J Casas, JL Ferrer - Journal of Intelligent & , 2005 :aimsun./AIS_2002_revised.pdf Analysis of possibilities and proposals of intelligent transport system (ITS) implementation in Lithuania A Jarašūniene - Transport, 2006 :mlat.vgtu.lt/upload/tif_zur/2006-4-jarasuniene.pdf
已发请查收。
Sino-Japan Trade Relations The bilateral trade between China and Japan amounted to US$236 billion in 2007, reflecting an increase of 20.6 percent compared with the previous year, 33 times over the trade volume at the beginning of the reform and opening up. This vast volume and fast growth took place amid China’s accession into the World Trade Organization at the end of 2001 and increased trade disputes between the two countries, not to mention recurrent foreign exchange rate fluctuations in international currency markets and somehow intensified fears in Japan of China’s enhanced competitiveness. Given this background, it is of interest to speculate on what future prospects will be for the two neighbors’ economic relations, and in particular, what has been special in their bilateral economic relations as well as what challenges lie ahead for them. I. Characteristics of Sino-Japanese Trade Bilateral diplomatic relations between the People’s Republic of China and Japan were normalized in 1972, shortly after the United States President Richard Nixon visited Beijing but well before the normalization of U.S.-China relations in 1979. During the year immediately prior to Sino-Japanese diplomatic normalization, the two countries’ bilateral trade stood at about 900 million dollars, approximately 4 percent of China’s total external trade at the time. Normalization was quickly followed by a sharp rise in China’s imports of Japanese goods, first mainly of textile goods and various machinery tools, and later of household electronics, cars and light trucks, etc. Sino-Japanese relations made considerable progress in the 1980s. Only a few years after China’s reform and opening in 1978, Japanese brands of TV sets and cars flooded into Chinese markets, and ordinary Chinese consumers began to taste the products of western materialism. Surges in Chinese imports of Japanese goods, through various means and channels of trade, led China to accumulate serious trade deficits and to draw on her official foreign exchange reserves. This ultimately resulted in substantial Chinese currency devaluations throughout the 1980s. The growth of China’s external trade dipped in 1989-1990 perhaps mainly due to various non-economic reasons, but the bilateral trade with Japan continued to expand at a steady rate. In 1993 Japan surpassed Hong Kong to become Chinese Mainland’s largest trade partner, by official Chinese statistics, and it has remained so ever since. Overall, between 1990 and 2002, the growth of bilateral trade between China and Japan in dollar terms averaged 16.3 percent per annum, exceeding that of China’s total external trade over the same period (15 percent). From 2000 to 2007, annual foreign trade volume increased by 16 percent. The fact that the growth in bilateral trade between China and Japan since the early 1990s has been rapid and more or less steady (except briefly for 1997-98), appears somehow unusual or even puzzling. First, during many of the years of the period, the Japanese economy and Japan’s overall external trade had slowed down significantly compared to the 1980s. Second, as the Asian financial crisis hit many of the economies and their intraregional trade hard, bilateral trade between China and Japan suffered only a slight setback, if any, during the turbulent two years of 1997-98. Third, when the Japanese yen witnessed significant depreciations vis-à-vis the US dollar whilst Chinese Yuan continued steady peg to the US dollar during 1998 and 2000, China’s Japanese imports/exports seemed not to have been reactive to the changes in the foreign exchange rates. In the case of 1998, China’s exports to Japan did decrease by a moderate amount (a 7 percent fall), which was nonetheless proportionally smaller than the overall falling level in Japan’s imports (an 11.4 percent fall). In the case of 2000, China’s exports to Japan actually increased by a large amount, unscathed by any unfavorable moves in the currency markets. However, as long as the further appreciation of Chinese Yuan to US dollar, the pressure on exporting industry in China becomes more serious than ever before. These “unusuals” seem to suggest that there have been fundamental, structural driving forces behind the growth in the bilateral trade between China and Japan. Had Sino-Japanese economic relations been similar to other ordinary bilateral economic relations, a rather slower growth in the bilateral trade could have been expected instead. Moreover, even if (from a Chinese point of view) China’s economy and trade have achieved a high growth record, it remains to be wondered why China’s trade with Japan grew faster than her trade with the entire outside world since the early 1990s. II. The Sino-Japanese “Special Relationship” Right now, China has surpassed U.S. to be the largest trade partner to Japan, and Japan means the third largest trade partner to China as well. At mean time, Japan is the largest importing origin country and the fourth largest exporting market of China. It should be kept in mind as always that both at the beginning of our reform and opening and presently after three decades of development, China was and still is in a catching-up process in relation to the developed world where Japan has long belonged. Over this period, both China and Japan have undergone a number of fundamental economic structural changes, and these have affected their trade and economic relations. What will be of interest to us here are the common or enduring factors that have been effective within the dynamics of interaction between demand and supply on each side of the two countries’ economic relations. We will look first at China’s demand for Japanese products and then at Japan’s demand for Chinese products. With a growing economy and an increasingly diversified trade partnership network throughout the 1990s, China’s demand for Japanese products had gradually moved into relatively high quality consumer goods and internationally price-competitive industrial goods. It is well-known that a breed of new domestic Chinese producers of electronics has emerged and has expanded their share in China’s domestic markets, resulting in a fall in the market shares that used to be enjoyed by certain Japanese brands. Yet Japanese manufacturers as a whole have been successful in investing in Research and Development, moving on to upscale markets, thus maintaining their competitiveness in the world manufacturing market as well as in China’s domestic market. On the other hand, the role of Japanese direct investment in China and Japan’s financial aid to China in promoting bilateral trade should also be noted. Throughout the 1990s Japan’s direct investment had been virtually invariably more than 10 percent of China’s FDI inflow in annual terms, though there had been some marked falls between 1997 and 2000. Moreover, Japanese direct investment in China has been relatively concentrated in manufacturing, which is believed to have a stronger effect in generating trade linkages between the two countries than otherwise. Japan had been investing in China during the early 1990s, and trade decreased during the late 1990s, but resurged at the millennium. The resurgence might have been because of the prospect of China becoming a part of the World Trade Organization (WTO). “By 2001 China’s international trade was the sixth-largest in the world” and over the next several years it is expected to be just under Japan, the fourth largest. Up to December, 2007, the real invest from Japan to China accumulated to US$61.56 billion. Japan turns to the second largest investing origins to China. Japan’s financial aid to China (first begun with the diplomatic normalization in the 1970s), mainly through government-to-government channels, has totaled some US$20 billion in the form of lending on favorable terms, together with some additional US$2 billion mainly in the form of technical assistance. Japan is the largest provider of financial aid to China. The role of this financial aid has been significantly positive and multifaceted in China’s development process, and it has certainly helped the growth of bilateral trade. Since 1995 Japan has been taking a very proactive role in using WTO law to challenge its dominant trade partners, the United States. But its emphasis on a rule-based approach is not only relegated to the United States. In fact, it promises also to spill over into trade disputes with key partners in Asia where, for historical, reasons Japan has had trouble taking confrontational stances. This is particularly true for the case for China, which is widely perceived as the rising economic power that poses a direct challenge to Japan across a number of critical and sensitive economic issues. This paper focuses specifically on the interplay between WTO law and politics as Japan seeks to deal with China across a number of trade issues and disputes.Sino-Japanese trade relations boast great growth potential and the two sides should make more efforts to push economic cooperation in more fields.China and Japan have made much headway in terms of bilateral trade in the past 30 years, when their bilateral trade volume expanded, with more types of goods traded, and they have played an increasingly important role in each other's trade development.Japan is China's third largest trade partner and the fourth largest export destination while China replaced the US in July to become the No 1 export destination of Japan. The volume of bilateral trade jumped to $236 billion last year from a meager $4.8 billion in 1978, a 48-fold increase. During this time, China had a trade deficit with Japan for most of the years.However, Sino-Japanese trade growth still lags behind that of China's overall trade. In 1978, Sino-Japanese trade accounted for 23.4 percent of China's total trade while last year it had shrunk to less than 11 percent. Unwelcome as it is, it also shows that bilateral trade still has great potential to expand further.Japan has supported China's economic development through yen loans and grants. By the end of last year, Japan had committed to a total of $30 billion to China for financing 255 projects.Another $1.27 billion has been earmarked in grants to help China's social causes, such as education and poverty reduction.As Chinese President Hu Jintao said in a speech during his visit to the Waseda University in May: "The Japanese government has played a positive role in China's modernization drive by making Japanese yen loans in support of China's infrastructure construction, environmental protection, energy development and scientific and technological advancement."Japan also benefits from its yen loans for China. Through the yen loans, it can ensure imports of Chinese resources, provide more opportunities for its enterprises to export to and invest in the Chinese market. Japanese enterprises, for example, have had much more investment in such places as the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and areas surrounding Bohai Sea. They used to invest mainly in Dalian, Liaoning province.As Sino-Japan economic cooperation deepens, the market has replaced government as the major driving force for bilateral trade and investment growth. The yen loans have been earmarked for projects in more fields, such as environment since 1996, and Chinese enterprises have expanded investment in Japan, with some listed in the Japanese stock market.With those achievements, the two countries need to strengthen cooperation in sectors of mutual concern, such as energy saving and environment. Japanese enterprises are not very active in technological transfers owing to IPR concerns. They have transferred mainly low-end technologies to China.As the Chinese government is enhancing IPR protection, it is advisable for Japanese enterprises to enter China to have the "first-mover" advantage in future cooperation. Meanwhile, the prices of technological transfers are often too high for Chinese firms to afford, which is also a hurdle for technology trade between the two countries.The two sides should also enhance cooperation between Japanese small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and Chinese businesses through such moves as establishing a "Japan SME Park". The China Association of International Trade is now setting up a system to help products of Japanese SMEs to enter the Chinese market.it is of interest to speculate on what future prospects will be for the two neighbors’ economic relations, and in particular, what has been special in their bilateral economic relations as well as what challenges lie ahead for them. Had Sino-Japanese economic relations been similar to other ordinary bilateral economic relations, a rather slower growth in the bilateral trade could have been expected instead. Moreover, even if (from a Chinese point of view) China’s economy and trade have achieved a high growth record, it remains to be wondered why China’s trade with Japan grew faster than her trade with the entire outside world since the early 1990s.这是我以前写论文时候找的材料，你按照题目找找吧，希望能有点用