The Scarlet Letter, published in 1850, is an American novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne and is generally considered to be his magnum opus. Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who gives birth after committing adultery, refuses to name the father, and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the novel, Hawthorne explores questions of grace, legalism, sin and guilt.[edit] Plot summaryThe Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal supervision.The Scarlet Letter. Painting by T. H. Matteson. This 1860 oil-on-canvas was made under Hawthorne's personal supervision.[1]The novel begins in 17th-century Boston, Massachusetts, then a Puritan settlement. A young woman, Hester Prynne, is led from the town prison with her infant daughter in her arms and the scarlet letter “A” on her bosom. The scarlet letter "A" represents the act of adultery that she has committed and it is to be a symbol of her sin – a badge of shame – for all to see. A man in the crowd tells an elderly onlooker that Hester is being punished for adultery. Hester's husband, who is much older than she is, sent her ahead to America while he settled some affairs in Europe. However, her husband never arrived in Boston. The consensus is that he has been lost at sea. While waiting for her husband, Hester has apparently had an affair, as she has given birth to a child. She will not reveal her lover’s identity, however, and the scarlet letter, along with her public shaming, is her punishment for her sin and her secrecy. On this day Hester is led to the town scaffold and harangued by the town fathers, but she again refuses to identify her child’s father.[1]The elderly onlooker is Hester’s missing husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chillingworth. He settles in Boston, intent on revenge. He reveals his true identity to no one but Hester, whom he has sworn to secrecy. Several years pass. Hester supports herself by working as a seamstress, and Pearl (her daughter) grows into a willful, impish child, who is more of a symbol than an actual character, said to be the scarlet letter come to life as both Hester's love and her punishment. Shunned by the community, they live in a small cottage on the outskirts of Boston. Community officials attempt to take Pearl away from Hester, but, with the help of Arthur Dimmesdale, an eloquent minister, the mother and daughter manage to stay together. Dimmesdale, however, appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. Chillingworth attaches himself to the ailing minister and eventually moves in with him so that he can provide his patient with round-the-clock care. Chillingworth also suspects that there may be a connection between the minister’s torments and Hester’s secret, and he begins to test Dimmesdale to see what he can learn. One afternoon, while the minister sleeps, Chillingworth discovers something undescribed to the reader, supposedly an "A" burned into Dimmesdale's chest, which convinces him that his suspicions are correct.[1]Dimmesdale’s psychological anguish deepens, and he invents new tortures for himself. In the meantime, Hester’s charitable deeds and quiet humility have earned her a reprieve from the scorn of the community. One night, when Pearl is about seven years old, she and her mother are returning home from a visit to the deathbed of John Winthrop when they encounter Dimmesdale atop the town scaffold, trying to punish himself for his sins. Hester and Pearl join him, and the three link hands. Dimmesdale refuses Pearl’s request that he acknowledge her publicly the next day, and a meteor marks a dull red “A” in the night sky. It is interpreted by the townsfolk to mean Angel, as a prominent figure in the community had died that night, but Dimmesdale sees it as meaning Adultery. Hester can see that the minister’s condition is worsening, and she resolves to intervene. She goes to Chillingworth and asks him to stop adding to Dimmesdale’s self-torment. Chillingworth refuses. She suggests that she may reveal his identity to Dimmesdale.[1]Hester arranges an encounter with Dimmesdale in the forest because she is aware that Chillingworth knows that she plans to reveal his identity to Dimmesdale, and she wishes to protect him. While walking through the forest, the sun will not shine on Hester, though Pearl can bask in it. They then wait for Dimmesdale, and he arrives. The former lovers decide to flee to Europe, where they can live with Pearl as a family. They will take a ship sailing from Boston in four days. Both feel a sense of release, and Hester removes her scarlet letter and lets down her hair. The sun immediately breaks through the clouds and trees to illuminate her release and joy. Pearl, playing nearby, does not recognize her mother without the letter. She is unnerved and expels a shriek until her mother points out the letter on the ground. Hester beckons Pearl to come to her, but Pearl will not go to her mother until Hester buttons the letter back onto her dress. Pearl then goes to her mother. Dimmesdale gives Pearl a kiss on the forehead, which Pearl immediately tries to wash off in the brook, because he again refuses to make known publicly their relationship. However, he too clearly feels a release from the pretense of his former life, and the laws and sins he has lived with.The day before the ship is to sail, the townspeople gather for a holiday and Dimmesdale preaches his most eloquent sermon ever. Meanwhile, Hester has learned that Chillingworth knows of their plan and has booked passage on the same ship. Dimmesdale, leaving the church after his sermon, sees Hester and Pearl standing before the town scaffold. He impulsively mounts the scaffold with his lover and his daughter, and confesses publicly, exposing the mark supposedly seared into the flesh of his chest. He falls dead just after Pearl kisses him.[1]Frustrated in his revenge, Chillingworth dies a year later. Hester and Pearl leave Boston, and no one knows what has happened to them. Many years later, Hester returns alone, still wearing the scarlet letter, to live in her old cottage and resume her charitable work. She receives occasional letters from Pearl, who was rumored to have married an European aristocrat and established a family of her own. Pearl also inherits all of Chillingworth's money even though he knows she is not his daughter. There is a sense of liberation in her and the townspeople, especially the women, who had finally begun to forgive Hester of her tragic indiscretion. When Hester dies, she is buried in "a new grave near an old and sunken one, in that burial ground beside which King's Chapel has since been built. It was near that old and sunken grave, yet with a space between, as if the dust of the two sleepers had no right to mingle. Yet one tombstone served for both." The tombstone was decorated with a letter "A", and it was used for Hester and Dimmesdale.[edit] Major themesNathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne[edit] SinSin and knowledge are linked in the Judeo-Christian tradition. The Bible begins with the story of Adam and Eve, who were expelled from the Garden of Eden for eating from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. As a result of their knowledge, Adam and Eve are made aware of their disobedience, that which separates them from the divine and from other creatures. Once expelled from the Garden of Eden, they are forced to toil and to procreate – two “labors” that seem to define the human condition. The experience of Hester and Dimmesdale recalls the story of Adam and Eve because, in both cases, sin results in expulsion and suffering. But it also results in knowledge – specifically, in knowledge of what it means to be human. For Hester, the scarlet letter functions as “her passport into regions where other women dared not tread,” leading her to “speculate” about her society and herself more “boldly” than anyone else in New England.[2]As for Dimmesdale, the “cheating minister” of his sin gives him “sympathies so intimate with the sinful brotherhood of mankind, so that his heart vibrate[s] in unison with theirs.” His eloquent and powerful sermons derive from this sense of empathy.[2] The narrative of the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is quite in keeping with the oldest and most fully authorized principles in Christian thought. His "Fall" is a descent from apparent grace to his own damnation; he appears to begin in purity. He ends in corruption. The subtlety is that the minister is his own deceiver, convincing himself at every stage of his spiritual pilgrimage that he is saved.[3]The rosebush, its beauty a striking contrast to all that surrounds it – as later the beautifully embroidered scarlet A will be – is held out in part as an invitation to find “some sweet moral blossom” in the ensuing, tragic tale and in part as an image that “the deep heart of nature” (perhaps God) may look more kindly on the errant Hester and her child (the roses among the weeds) than do her Puritan neighbors. Throughout the work, the nature images contrast with the stark darkness of the Puritans and their systems.[4]Chillingworth’s misshapen body reflects (or symbolizes) the evil in his soul, which builds as the novel progresses, similar to the way Dimmesdale's illness reveals his inner turmoil. The outward man reflects the condition of the heart.[4]Although Pearl is a complex character, her primary function within the novel is as a symbol. Pearl herself is the embodiment of the scarlet letter, and Hester rightly clothes her in a beautiful dress of scarlet, embroidered with gold thread, just like the scarlet letter upon Hester's bosom. [2] Parallels can be drawn between Pearl and the character Beatrice in Rappaccini's Daughter. Both are studies in the same direction, though from different standpoints. Beatrice is nourished upon poisonous plants, until she herself becomes poisonous. Pearl, in the mysterious prenatal world, imbibes the poison of her parents' guilt.[edit] Past and presentThe clashing of past and present is explored in various ways. For example, the character of the old General, whose heroic qualities include a distinguished name, perseverance, integrity, compassion, and moral inner strength, is said to be “the soul and spirit of New England hardihood.” Now put out to pasture, he sometimes presides over the Custom House run by corrupt public servants, who skip work to sleep, allow or overlook smuggling, and are supervised by an inspector with “no power of thought, nor depth of feeling, no troublesome sensibilities,” who is honest enough but without a spiritual compass.[4]Hawthorne himself had ambivalent feelings about the role of his ancestors in his life. In his autobiographical sketch, Hawthorne described his ancestors as “dim and dusky,” “grave, bearded, sable-cloaked, and steel crowned,” “bitter persecutors” whose “better deeds” would be diminished by their bad ones. There can be little doubt of Hawthorne’s disdain for the stern morality and rigidity of the Puritans, and he imagined his predecessors’ disdainful view of him: unsuccessful in their eyes, worthless and disgraceful. “A writer of story books!” But even as he disagrees with his ancestor’s viewpoint, he also feels an instinctual connection to them and, more importantly, a “sense of place” in Salem. Their blood remains in his veins, but their intolerance and lack of humanity becomes the subject of his novel.[4][edit] Public responseThe Scarlet Letter was published in the spring of 1850 by Ticknor & Fields, beginning Hawthorne's most lucrative period.[5] When he delivered the final pages to James Thomas Fields in February 1850, Hawthorne said that "some portions of the book are powerfully written" but doubted it would be popular.[6] In fact, the book was an instant best-seller[7] though, over fourteen years, it brought its author only $1,500.[5] Its initial publication brought wide protest from natives of Salem, who did not approve of how Hawthorne had depicted them in his introduction "The Custom-House". A 2,500-copy second edition of The Scarlet Letter included a preface by Hawthorne dated March 30, 1850, that he had decided to reprint his introduction "without the change of a word... The only remarkable features of the sketch are its frank and genuine good-humor... As to enmity, or ill-feeling of any kind, personal or political, he utterly disclaims such motives".[8]The book's immediate and lasting success are due to the way it addresses spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint. In 1850, adultery was an extremely risqué subject, but because Hawthorne had the support of the New England literary establishment, it passed easily into the realm of appropriate reading. It has been said that this work represents the height of Hawthorne's literary genius; dense with terse descriptions. It remains relevant for its philosophical and psychological depth, and continues to be read as a classic tale on a universal theme.[9]The Scarlet Letter was also one of the first mass-produced books in America. Into the mid-nineteenth century, bookbinders of home-grown literature typically hand-made their books and sold them in small quantities. The first mechanized printing of The Scarlet Letter, 2,500 volumes, sold out within ten days,[5] and was widely read and discussed to an extent not much experienced in the young country up until that time. Copies of the first edition are often sought by collectors as rare books, and may fetch up to around $6,000 USD.On its publication, critic Evert Augustus Duyckinck, a friend of Hawthorne, said he preferred the author's Washington Irving-like tales. Another friend, critic Edwin Percy Whipple, objected to the novel's "morbid intensity" with dense psychological details, writing that the book "is therefore apt to become, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical in his exhibition of them".[10] 20th century writer D. H. Lawrence said that there could be no more perfect work of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.[11][edit] Allusions* Anne Hutchinson, mentioned in Chapter 1, The Prison Door, was a religious dissenter (1591-1643). In the 1630s she was excommunicated by the Puritans and exiled from Boston and moved to Rhode Island.[4]* Martin Luther (1483-1546) was a leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany.* Sir Thomas Overbury and Dr. Forman were the subjects of an adultery scandal in 1615 in England. Dr. Forman was charged with trying to poison his adulterous wife and her lover. Overbury was a friend of the lover and was perhaps poisoned.* John Winthrop (1588-1649), first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.* Richard Dawkins' Out Campaign is represented with the Scarlet Letter A emblem.[edit] Film, TV and theatrical adaptationsMain article: Film Adaptations of the Scarlet Letter1995 film poster1995 film poster* 1917: A black-and-white silent film directed by Carl Harbaugh with Mary G. Martin as Hester Prynne* 1926: A silent movie directed by Victor Sjostrom and starring Lillian Gish and Lars Hanson.* 1934: film directed by Robert G. Vignola and starring Colleen Moore* 1973: Der Scharlachrote Buchstabe a film directed by Wim Wenders in German* 1979: PBS version starring Meg Foster and John Heard* 1994: A rock musical, "The Scarlet Letter" written by Mark Governor is produced in Los Angeles.* 1995: The Scarlet Letter, a film directed by Roland Joffé and starring Demi Moore as Hester and Gary Oldman as Arthur Dimmesdale. This version is "freely adapted" from Hawthorne according to the opening credits and takes liberties with the original story.* 1996: The film Primal Fear references The Scarlet Letter.* 1996: The Marilyn Manson promotional video for the song 'Man That You Fear' obliquely references the novel.* The Red Letter Plays (In The Blood produced in 1999, and F--ing A, produced in 2000) by playwright Suzan-Lori Parks, rewrote the story placing it in contemporary New York and Houston.* 2001: A musical stage adaptation which premiered at the Fringe Festival in Edinburgh, Scotland, by Stacey Mancine, Daniel Koloski, and Simon Gray.* 2004: The Scarlet Letter is a Korean noir-thriller featuring an adulteress' monologue, that mentions a plan to raise her unborn child as Pearl in America, in a desperate plea to exit her obsessive affair.* 2008: "shAme"[1], a rock opera by Mark Governor based on "The Scarlet Letter" premieres in Los Angeles. It is a major reworking of his 1994 stage musical that was also produced in Boston in 2000 and as a radio production in Berlin in 2005. The 2000 version was endorsed and presented by the Nathaniel Hawthorne Society.[edit] References to the novelLists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (September 2008)[edit] Literature* The 1993 novel The Holder of the World by Bharati Mukherjee re-wrote the story, placing it in present-day Boston, Colonial America, and seventeenth-century India during the spread of the British East India Company.* Deborah Noyes wrote a companion to this novel entitled Angel and Apostle with Pearl as the main character.* Postmodern writer Kathy Acker borrows from The Scarlet Letter in her novel Blood and Guts in High School. Janie, the main character, identifies with Hester Prynne and intertwines their stories in a vulgar manner.* In the novel Speak, Hairwoman, the English teacher, refers to The Scarlet Letter in her lesson. The novel's protagonist, Melinda Sordino, is a freshman in high school who is ostracized from her fellow schoolmates during the school year, much as Hester Prynne was ostracized by the Puritans in Boston.* Maryse Condé's novel I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem, although set at the time of the Salem witch trials, also features the character Hester Prynne.* The title of Jhumpa Lahiri's 2008 novel Unaccustomed Earth comes from a passage from the introduction to The Scarlet Letter: "Human nature will not flourish, any more than a potato, if it be planted and replanted, for too long a series of generations, in the same worn-out soil. My children have had other birthplaces, and, so far as their fortunes may be within my control, shall strike their roots into unaccustomed earth."[edit] CultureRichard Dawkins's Out Campaign for atheism uses a red scarlet "A" on webpages and clothing as an emblem of atheist identification. [12]Tennessee has drivers convicted of DUI wear vests advertising this fact while on roadside litter pick-up duty. This is a badge of shame similar to the original scarlet letter.
近年来,世界各国在 教育 、军事、经济、政治、文学等多个领域的交流越来越频繁,极大地促进了这些领域的进步和快速发展。下面是我为大家整理的英文学术论文，供大家参考。
摘要：英美文学中的文学批评存在多种不同的理论，不同理论学派所持有的观点也不尽相同，每个学派之间都有其丰富的理论基础，从多维的角度去进行主客观的文学批评，正是因为文学批评有着其自身科学性、审美性、公信力等方面的特点，能够包容多种批评学派的存在，对文学作品进行客观、科学的批评。
关键词：英美文学;文学批评
一、文学批评理论在英美文学教学中的意义
目前我国大多数院校都开设了相应的文学教育理论课程，而在关于英美文学的教学过程中，文学批评与文学教学是相辅相成的关系，文学批评可以从其独特的视角关注和解读英美文学作品，得到与众不同的观点，从而充分了解了整部英美文学作品的历史意义和内涵。文学批评也为英美文学教学提供了一把打开其大门的钥匙，让学生有机会从不同的角度，不同的观点、不同的思想关注英美文学，更好地促进了英美文学的发展。以文学批评基本理论为依据，应用到英美文学教学中，将有助于在学习作品过程中，避免传统的、印象式的解读，使学生通过对原著的充分解读，仔细品味原著中作者想要表达的观点，以及写作的手法，培养学生踏实阅读的学风，还能够让学生充分感受到文学的魅力，增强学习兴趣，提高学习成绩。
二、英美文学中文学批评的多方位表现形式
1.英美文学中新批评理论。
上世纪三四十年代开始出现以兰色姆(J.C.Ransom,1888-1974)、威姆塞特(W.K.Wimsatt,1907-1975)等为代表，形成了英美文学中的“新批评”理论。他们认为一切从作者的原始写作动机与作者的阅读感受为出发点所进行的文学批评都是“错误的谬论”，脱离了文学批评的初衷，将文学批评的对象进行了根本的转移，即转移到了文学作品对阅读者心理影响方面上，脱离了被批评对象的本身，从而沦为了单一的印象论。英美文学中的新批评理论认为单纯依靠阅读者的感觉，会使阅读者产生相对的“阅读错觉”——即带入阅读者已有的自我认知来干扰对作品进行正确的、客观的文学批评。新批评理论强调的是以尊重和细读原著为基础，对原著进行客观、公正的、不带有固有主观意识的文学批评，形成踏实阅读的风气。在高校英美文学教学过程中运用新批评理论，也就是说教师需要花更多的时间去钻研原著，提出更有价值的问题供学生进行课上探讨，这样才能赋予学生机会去利用新批评理论认识英美文学、了解英美文学、发现英美文学的精髓所在，主动地去学习英美文学。
2.英美文学中读者反应批评理论。
在整个英美文学历史发展过程中，从来不缺少批评的新声音和新形式的产生于与发展，斯坦利.费希(StanleyFish)就对新批评理论提出了挑战，他认为单纯的从作品本身进行分析而忽略了读者的作用，是对整个阅读过程的误解。“读者反应批评”强调原著作品对于读者的影响，读者在阅读原著后所起到的作用以及能够从中得到的感受为重点。读者反应批评理论以读者为重，从读者的角度来诠释“文学批评”的过程。作品需要“留白”，这些留白的地方正是读者阅读完作品之后进行的“自我想象”，是对作品新的解读和延展，得到一种“作者——作品——读者”三者之间的交流。但是这种理论由于强调的是读者的作用，而每位读者都是不同的个体，即便对同一文学作品，也有着不同的解读方式和看法。这是“读者反应批评理论”所面对的最大的难题。
三、英美文学作品中文学批评的特点
1.文学批评与多种学科紧密相连。
在英美文学中文学批评几乎是文学研究的 同义词 ，文学批评以文学鉴赏为基础，以文学理论为指导，对作家作品进行分析、研究、认识和评价，这一整个过程不单单是一种文学行为，更是与多种学科有着密切的联系，大部分的文学批评都运用了“心理学”“社会学”“哲学”等多种学科。尤其是文学批评中的“读者反应批评理论”充分运用了读者的阅读心理和阅读感受，来对文学作品进行文学批评，得到了相关作品的反馈。
2.英美文学中的文学批评具有审美性。
不论是以新批评理论为基础，还是以读者反应批评理论为基础，大部分的文学批评都具有审美性。这里的审美性指的是它以文学作品为基础，关注做作品所传达的艺术性和美学性，批评者需要按照美的规律，从文学作品的美学方向出发对原著进行审美性分析，作出审美判断和评价，使读者能够更好的理解和认识到作品，提升读者的审美情趣和阅读能力。
3.英美文学中的文学批评具有科学性。
任何形式的文学批评都不应该脱离科学发展的实际，正确的文学批评在批评者进行美学、艺术学批评的同时也要利用理性的 逻辑思维 方式，对文学作品进行客观的批评。批评者需要具备科学的创造性，用科学的研究 方法 、研究思维、研究理论对文学作品进行客观公正的批评，并且能够以客观事实为基础，查阅大量丰富的文学资料来对原著进行周密的、系统的分析和判断，不可参杂大量的个人主观思想、狭隘偏见，以对原著进行科学的文学批评。
四、结束语
英美文学中的文学批评存在多种不同的理论，不同理论学派所持有的观点也不尽相同，每个学派之间都有其丰富的理论基础，从多维的角度去进行主客观的文学批评，正是因为文学批评有着其自身科学性、审美性、公信力等方面的特点，能够包容多种批评学派的存在，对文学作品进行客观、科学的批评。文学又有着其特殊的地方，不同于其他客观事物，不能用一般规律去对它进行解读和分析，正是因为有了文学批评的存在，才能够在不同读者角度，不同理论支持下对英美文学作品进行深层次的分析和解读，探究作者想要表达的观点，了解原著作者的真实意图， 总结 归纳英美文学发展特点，以便更好地学习。
参考文献
1、英美文学课的困境与多媒体辅助教学刘仪华南通师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版)2000-10-3025
2、高校英语专业英美文学类课程教学现状调查鲁吉西安外国语学院学报2003-12-0124
摘要：随着时代的发展，我国高等教育需要培养人文素质与科学素质相结合的人才，以促进学生的全面发展.如果学生只注重科学知识而忽视其人文素质的培养，将会成为一个只拥有知识而没有智慧的人。
关键词：英美文学;英语教学
英美文学导入作为一种新的导入模式，可以拓宽大学英语的教学模式，符合《要求》中集多种教学模式的需要.另外，我国普通高校特别是理工科院校的学生大都是理科生，在高中阶段把注意力集中在数理化和生物的学习上，对英美文学知识的了解相对较少，《要求》中提出大学英语教学要提高学生的综合 文化 素养，在大学英语教学中有必要融入英美文学导入，使学生更多地了解英美文学知识和西方文化，这有助于提高学生的学习兴趣，培养其综合文化素养.目前，我国普通高校的大学英语教师在学习期间都学习过英美文学，其中一些教师在研究生阶段的研究方向就是英美文学.教师掌握丰富的英美文学知识，有能力在导入中融入该方面的知识.所以，从大学英语教学要求、学生的求知欲和教师能力几方面来看，英美文学导入融入大学英语教学具有一定的可行性.
受传统大学英语教学模式单一的影响，很多学生在学习过程中产生厌学感、疲惫感和焦虑感，影响学生学习的积极性和学习效率，而文学导入“可以减轻学习者的焦虑感，以利于语言习得”[2].英美文学导入可帮助学生摆脱传统大学英语教学模式单一的负面影响，对新时代的大学英语教学具有积极的促进作用.
1有助于提高学生的学习兴趣
著名科学家爱因斯坦曾说过:“兴趣是最好的老师”.当学生对一门学科感兴趣时，即使没有家长、教师的督促，学生也会对这一学科不断地探索和学习，从中获得学习这一学科的乐趣.目前，我国大多数学生从小学三年级开始 学习英语 ，到大学一年级基本学习了十年英语，多数学生已经对英语产生厌倦感.所以，让学生继续学习英语的最好办法就是不断提高他们对英语的兴趣.英美文学方面的知识在高中阶段接触得较少或只接触一些浅显的内容，在导入中加入英美文学内容会使学生们觉得很新颖，从而能集中注意力认真听老师讲解并提高学习兴趣.在《新视野大学英语》读写教程第一册第七单元“FacetoFacewithGuns”中有一个 句子 :Turingthosepa-gesandstudyingtheirphotographsislikeflowingonthesadcurrentthat，likeBlake’sThames，seemsto“markineveryface，marksofweakness，marksofwoe[3]”.这句话实际上引用了美国著名浪漫主义诗人威廉•布莱克的著作《伦敦》中的诗句，教师可以通过对浪漫主义时期的诗歌特点对《伦敦》进行分析，可以增强学生对诗歌的欣赏能力和对课文中句子的准确理解.《新视野大学英语》读写教程第二册第六单元中，SectionA部分的 文章 标题是“AsHisNameIs，SoIsHe!”，有的教师会根据文章标题从人名的角度进行导入，但如果从文学角度进行导入会更加激发学生们的兴趣.这个标题实际上出自《圣经》箴言第七章，原句是“Asamanthinkethinhisheart，soheis.”教师可以从《圣经》这个角度进行导入，学生基本都听说过《圣经》，但了解得不是很多，教师可以给学生们介绍《圣经》中伊甸园、诺亚方舟、出埃及记等著名的 故事 .另外，《圣经》不仅是__的经典，也是西方文学的源头，许多英美文学中的著名作品都与《圣经》有关.综合考察这些受《圣经》影响的文学作品，我们会发现，文学作品对圣经 典故 的运用非常灵活多样.就圣经典故的类型而言，就有语典、人典、事典、意象、结构模式、观念等诸多种类[4].霍桑的《红字》、梅尔维尔的《白鲸》、斯坦贝克的《愤怒的葡萄》和福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》等许多英美文学经典作品中的对白、典故和意象都源自《圣经》.通过从《圣经》角度进行导入，学生们可以了解《圣经》与文学作品之间千丝万缕的联系，并增加对英美文学和英语的学习兴趣.
2有助于学生了解西方文化
在阅读英美文学作品时，学生们可以从中了解更多的西方文化，在国际交流中可以避免不必要的文化冲突.《新视野大学英语》读写教程中出现了爱尔兰作家奥斯卡•王尔德、英国诗人威廉•华兹华斯、约翰•弥尔顿和美国作家大卫•梭罗，教师可以从他们的作品作为切入点进行导入，用这些作品帮助学生了解西方文化.教师也可从课文中出现的单词进行导入，《新视野大学英语》读写教程第三册第四单元中出现了colony这个单词，学生们看注释都知道它是“殖民地”的意思，教师可以从文学角度进行导入，欧洲的清教徒移民在北美先后建立十三块殖民地，美国文学深受清教主义的影响，清教主义对美国文学的影响就如儒家思想对中国文学的影响一样深远，历史学家巴斯认为，没有对美国清教思想的了解，就不可能理解美国社会[6].清教徒提倡的谦卑、诚实、勤奋、节俭以及在艰难环境下的乐观精神也对美国社会产生深远影响，清教主义奠定了美国民主并塑造了美国人民的性格，美国人的勤奋、节俭和乐观与清教主义是分不开的.同时，很多美国作家在创作中深受清教主义的影响，这些作家的作品文风简朴，语言清新、直接.所以，通过对清教主义的讲解，有助于学生从根源上了解美国人的性格，有助于对西方文化有更深层次的了解.
3有助于提高学生的人文素质
随着时代的发展，我国高等教育需要培养人文素质与科学素质相结合的人才，以促进学生的全面发展.如果学生只注重科学知识而忽视其人文素质的培养，将会成为一个只拥有知识而没有智慧的人.人文素质可以帮助学生形成正确的人生观、世界观和价值观，促进精神方面的修养.《新视野大学英语》读写教程第二册第七单元“LightenYourLoadandSaveYourLife”中出现了本•富兰克林，教师可以把富兰克林作为导入的对象.富兰克林不仅是政治家、科学家，还是著名的文学家，在他的《自传》中，富兰克林为自己规定了十三条需要培养的美德，包括节制、沉默寡言、生活秩序、决心、简朴、勤勉、诚恳、公正、适度、清洁、贞洁和谦虚等.这十三条美德对当今的大学生提高人文素质具有一定的积极作用，教师可以让学生以富兰克林为典范，在日常生活中以十三条美德要求自己.教师也可以让学生们对这些美德进行自由讨论，相互交流，并对目前社会中存在的不良现象进行评价，有助于提高学生的分析能力和社会责任感.所以，英美文学导入是新时期高等教育的重要组成部分，也是提高学生人文素质的重要手段.
我国高等院校，特别是理工科院校的非英语专业学生对英美文学知识了解得相对匮乏，同时大学英语教学的导入方法也比较单一.所以，教师在大学英语教学中利用英美文学知识进行导入，既可以解决课堂导入的单一问题，又可以增强学生的学习兴趣，增加学生对英美文学知识的了解，有助于他们了解西方文化并提高其人文素质，这符合我国高等教育培养全面人才的发展需要，满足21世纪对复合型人才的需求.
参考文献
1、英美电影文学的多媒体教学模式周震,丁文英外语电化教学2002-02-2026
2、独白与交往,何去何从?——浅论英美文学课程的教学吕洪灵;外语与外语教学2006-08-0126
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[1] Schubert : Leland Hawthorne[M] , The Artist University of North Carolina Press , 1944 [2] Turner, Arlin: Nathaniel Hawthorne [M] . Barnes & Nobel, Inc. ,1961 [3]Gerber, John C. ed. , Twentieth Century Interpretations of The Scarlet Letter:A Collection of Critical Essays[M] .New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. ,1968 . [4] Bercovtiti，Sacvan．The Office of The Starlet Letter[M]．Baltimore London:The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1991． [5]Todd , Robert The Magna Mater Archetype in the“The Scarlet Letter”[J ]New England Quarterly 45
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您应该指的是商务英语这个专业的毕业论文吧。选一个你想写的主题，看看之前的文献，打好框架，然后把想写的内容填充进去
一.关于本专业毕业论文的选题英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。各个大方向中又可以选择小的方向，具体解释如下：1.英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法的运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生的兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义，不能流于肤浅的分析。文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的（如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别的（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）2.语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）。应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习的影响”等。3.翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究（如“汉语成语的英译”）。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。 二.英语专业毕业论文格式要求 学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。（一）前置1．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。2．目录：由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页。3．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在200字左右4关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文的中心词，以显著的字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。（二）主体部分主题部分包括引言（Introduction）、正文(Body)、结论(Conclusion)、参考文献(Bibliography)。主体部分必须由另页右页开始。1．引言：主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。2．正文：论文的正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。要求论据充分，论点明确。行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项的序号编码方法，采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法，论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列，依次从1开始，连续编号，中间用“．”相隔，最末级编号之后不加点。示例：1．2．…… 2.1 2.2…… 2.2.12.2.22.2.3.… 2.2.3.13．结论：学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论，它是对正文部分的论述的概述，也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。4．参考文献：写作学位论文过程中，阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单，置于正文之后，另页开始。参考文献的著录按原文献语种为原则。（1）文献目录应另页书写，外文文献排前，中文文献排后。外文文献书名须用斜体。（2）文献目录一律按作者姓氏汉语拼音或外文字母顺序排列。（3）每条文献必须顶格写，回行时空两字或五个英语字母。（4）将各文献的类型代号（即文献英文名的首字母）注明在文献之后：专著[M] 学位论文[D] 论文集〔C〕 报纸文章〔N〕 期刊文章〔J〕 报告[R]专利 [P] 专著、论文集的析出文献[A] 其他未说明文件 〔Z〕电子文献中光盘图书 [M／CD]（MONOGRAPH ON CD）网上期刊〔J/OL〕（serial online）5．文内所引文献：要求附夹注，应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名（英文只注姓），出版年和引文页码。若为转引文献，则加quoted in 字样。 例：（王佐良，1982：38） （Newmark，8：26-33）6.文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。正文中没有出现的，不应出现在参考文献中。（三）附录部分附录包括所有与论文有关的补充材料，如图表或照片等。
In 2002 will be implemented in three 10 X college entrance examination system. College entrance examination system in the reform of English teaching reforms. The key lies in establishing the class-based teaching system (1) listening and speaking. Against the status quo of poor listening and speaking ability of students to open every Monday of English listening and speaking sections. Use the latest teaching listening "to the future", "traveled the United States," "expect English," and other tapes, video tapes and newspapers, using advanced listening equipment in the classroom teaching through listening, speaking, dialogue, performances, lectures and other lively, interesting students heard about the form of training to improve the communication skills of students, training students in the level of oral expression, reversing the pre-existing "dumb-style" English teaching status quo. (2) the addition of extensive reading classes, the establishment of Foreign Language Reading Room. Although the new textbooks to read the current increased, but far from what is needed. In order to expand the scope of the students exposure to English, optional printing a variety of genres, subjects suitable for students to read the article. According to the requirements of content and reading test, teachers will be articles to classify each article in the post-coupled with an appropriate amount of reading comprehension questions. In order to broaden the teaching of English extension, so that extensive reading in English from the curricular and extra-curricular extension to the establishment of foreign language reading acquisition have been published in a variety of domestic suitable for high school students to read English books, will be in English Extensive Reading from the classroom extended to Yuelan Shi to further stimulate students interest in reading and initiative. Subscribe for students in English newspapers and magazines, the establishment of English specialty health system, at any time to give them an open reading rooms and study rooms. Teaching through extensive reading, students can not only consolidate the textbooks and the basics, but also can improve the self-learning ability to develop intelligence, reading to be fun. (3) The creation of writing classes. Poor writing skills for students in English and Chinese-style English sentences in the written expression of uncommon situation, the school can fully use my existing computer software, according to the new textbooks written request, step by step training on the students writing. "English written expression and training", will be Practical, descriptive text, description text and carry out the purpose of discussion, sub-level guidance training. Writing Course opened for the entrance examination is not merely to prepare for the written expression, but also enable students to learn a variety of English style of writing methods and techniques to meet the future requirements of the community of foreign language experts. (4) The implementation of the different levels of English teaching, the successful introduction of English classes and increase class. Students according to their actual English proficiency, the free selection of the successful lessons to enhance our lessons. School teachers to take a listing. The basis of less successful lessons where students can make up for deficiencies in knowledge and a good grasp of double-base implementation, to develop their own non-intellectual factors, promote the improvement of performance and enjoy the joy of success. The basis of good students can participate in improving the high level of English classes comprehensive training to promote their own standard of English to the "high, precision and advanced the" development and outline the task ahead of schedule to prepare for the contest. 2002年全国将实施3十X高考制度。高考制度在改革，英语教学改革势在必行。 关键在于建立各课型教学体系 （1）听说课。针对学生听说能力差的现状，开设每周一节次的英语听说课。选用最新听力教材“走向未来”，“走遍美国”，“希望英语”等录音带，录像带及报纸，利用先进的听音设备，在课堂教学中通过听，说，对话，表演，演讲等各种生动，有趣的形式对学生进行听说训练，提高学生的交际能力，训练学生的口语表达水平，扭转以前存在的“哑巴式”英语教学的现状。 （2）增设泛读课，建立外文阅览室。现行新教材尽管阅读量增加，但远远不能满足需要。为了扩大学生对英语的接触范围，可选印各种体裁，题材适于学生阅读的文章。根据内容和阅读测试的要求，教师将文章进行分类，在每篇文章后配以适量的阅读理解题。为了拓宽英语课堂教学的外延，使英语泛读由课内延伸到课外，建立外文阅览室，购置国内现已出版发行的各种适合中学生阅读的英语读物，将英语泛读由教室扩展到阅览室，进一步激发学生的阅读兴趣和主动性。为学生订阅英文报刊和杂志，建立英语特长生制度，随时给他们开放阅览室和自修室。通过泛读课教学，学生不仅能巩固课本中出现的基础知识，而且能提高自学能力，开发智力，从阅读中得到乐趣。 （3）开设写作课。针对学生英文写作能力差，中国式英语句子在书面表达屡见不鲜的状况，可充分利用我校现有的电脑软件，根据新教材写作要求，循序渐进地对学生进行写作训练。 “英语书面表达与训练”，将应用文，描写文，说明文和论述进行有目的，分层次的指导训练。开设写作课不仅仅是单纯为高考的书面表达做准备，也是让学生学会各种英语文体的写作方法与技巧，适应未来社会对外语人才的要求。 （4）实施英语分层次教学，开设英语成功课与提高课。学生可以根据自己的实际英语水平，自由挑选上成功课还是提高课。教师采取挂牌上课。基础较差的学生可以在成功课里弥补知识的缺陷，抓好双基落实，开发自己的非智力因素，促进成绩的提高，享受成功的喜悦。基础较好的学生可以参加提高班的较高水平的英语综合训练，促使自己的英语水平向“高，精，尖”发展，提前完成大纲任务并为竞赛作好准备。
《英文科技论文写作与学术报告 - 清华大学》百度网盘免费资源下载
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英文科技论文写作与学术报告 - 清华大学|7.9.1 Lecture 3 - Part 3.mp4|7.8.1 Lecture 3 - Part 2.mp4|7.7.1 Lecture 3 - Part 1.mp4|7.6.1 Lecture 2 - Part 3.mp4|7.5.1 Lecture 2 - Part 2.mp4|7.4.1 Lecture 2 - Part 1.mp4|7.3.1 Lecture 1 - Part 3.mp4|7.2.1 Lecture 1 - Part 2.mp4|7.12.1 Lecture 4 - Part 3.mp4|7.11.1 Lecture 4 - Part 2.mp4|7.10.1 Lecture 4 - Part 1.mp4|7.1.1 Lecture 1 - Part 1.mp4|6.8.1 Summary by|6.8.1 Summary by
从小学、初中、高中到大学乃至工作，说到论文，大家肯定都不陌生吧，论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成。那么，怎么去写论文呢？下面是我为大家整理的大学英语四级作文模板：辩论式议论文，欢迎大家借鉴与参考，希望对大家有所帮助。
Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.
There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all,论据1. More importantly,论据2. Most important of all,论据3.
In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to表决心.或From above, we can predict that预测.
People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that观点1, while others point out that观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing,论据1. For another,论据2.
Last but not the least,论据3.
To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to表决心.或From above, we can predict that预测.
Why does anyone wear makeup? Because we don't feel confident enough. That's why. Speaking for myself and clas *** ates, if a few of us wear makeup and teachers will be targeting us and shaming us. In class they will call us to the front and make us take it off, this will ruin our self-esteem and is embarrassing. For us girls with imperfect skin, we make ourselves presentable through wearing makeup (light, not caked on) and when we are made to take it all off, it makes us feel ugly and worthless and it seems like everyone is looking at you and thinking 'she had bad skin'. Wearing makeup is a way to boost confidence and feel good about yourselves inside. Its not a beauty contest...We simply want to feel pretty and like we are worth something. When girls feel ugly and worthless it can lead to more serious things like depression or anorexia.
下面列举了100句高考及大学英语作文中常用的高级句型，如果大家把这些句型牢记并用活，作文拿高分不是问题。
英文议论文范文On online chatting ① 网上聊天越来越流行 ② 有人反对它，有人赞同。
③ 我的看法 With the development of IT, online chatting is being increasingly popular with many people. However, people's opinions about it vary from person to person. Some think that it has more problems than benefits. First, it is a waste of time, energy and money as it doesn't produce any useful information and products. Second, it is misleading to its users because cyberspace is actually an imaginary space where things are unreal or fictional. But the advocates of online chatting support it because it is another way of recreation which is both exciting and relaxing. Besides, it helps them release their emotions and worries freely and safely. To them, it is very useful and wonderful. As far as I am concerned, whether online chatting is good or bad depends on the person who does it. So long as we can keep ourselves under good control, we can use it scientifically and properly without its bad effects. 议论文范文 2 As students, we always have a lot of exams/tests every term. Tests are used nowadays to check/examine/measure how well /effectively students study. Exams are a very useful and important educational tool of measurement. However, exams have some side effects of their own. First, some exams can't reflect the real progress students make. Second, too difficult or too many exams force students to cheat in exams. Too many exams force students to study for the sake of exams only, to name just a few. In my opinion, advantages of exams far oueigh their disadvantages. Despite their side effects, exams can on the whole check and show how well students study scientifically and accurately. At least so far there has been not any method that take their place in education. Besides, exams seem to be fair to all students as they are objective and everyone is equal before test results. To conclude, exams may continue to exist in our education for a long time before they are replaced by some better measurement methods.
展开全部 Why does anyone wear makeup? Because we don't feel confident enough. That's why. Speaking for myself and clas *** ates, if a few of us wear makeup and teachers will be targeting us and shaming us. In class they will call us to the front and make us take it off, this will ruin our self-esteem and is embarrassing. For us girls with imperfect skin, we make ourselves presentable through wearing makeup (light, not caked on) and when we are made to take it all off, it makes us feel ugly and worthless and it seems like everyone is looking at you and thinking 'she had bad skin'. Wearing makeup is a way to boost confidence and feel good about yourselves inside. Its not a beauty contest...We simply want to feel pretty and like we are worth something. When girls feel ugly and worthless it can lead to more serious things like depression or anorexia....
精还是泛？Every one is faced with the option of reading method. Some think that we should read extensively. It is their conviction that, reading extensively could easily enlarge knowledge, widen interests and enrich lives. On the other hand, with the sharp increase in information today, we are not allowed to read word by word. It seems an impossible mission to acplish digesting carefully every material. Therefore, what we need nowadays is to read extensively. However, some people, on the contrary, hold the opposite point of view. In their eyes, we benefit much more from reading intensively. Only by following every word are we able to prehend the hidden meanings. Besides, without intensive reading, we are likely to miss a good many wonderful expressions, thoughtful words and even truths. Thus, they suggest chewing a book mouth by mouth rather than simply swallowing it at a time. As far as I am concerned, we ought to learn to read extensively as well as intensively. It is not often possible, to read in merely one way. Instead of trying to read every line and word in newspapers and magazine, we'd better summarize the main idea. And when it es to literature, art, science articles and others like these; it is wise to read them intensively。
Students can use the holiday to do odd jobs. High school students to work 's purpose is not to make money, but to integrate into the reality of society, their ability to exercise, to broaden our horizons, increase of knowledge and experience, obtain valuable social experience, experience another kind of out of the ordinary life in the.High school students to work not only exercise the courage and insight, but also cultivate patience and carefulness. ＂ Hard to know life, learn ＂, by taking a part-time job, so that students can understand the parents work hard, found their own inadequacies, on their own to the value of objective evaluation. This in effect also to enable the students to have a correct position, enhance the students to learn confidence and perseverance.
remended in the past, as a matter of military urgency, that under no circumstances must Formosa fall under Communist control. Such an eventuality would at once threaten the freedom of the Philippines and the loss of Japan and might well force our western frontier back to the coast of California, Oregon and Washington.To understand the changes which now appear upon t
但一定要尊重历史，尽量还原本来的面貌呀参考这个思路 首先要看这是什么古迹。
像圆明圆都已经成为废墟了也有被人们重建的价值。
如果这古迹有警醒世人的作用，立一块碑提示世人就可以了。
如果这古迹就是供观赏的，像绍兴的沈园，当然可以翻修重建
怎么写呢？...
我，一个自信的孩子，在成长的海洋中，我享受成功的快乐与失败的痛苦，他们总是时不时，陆续地敲着我的门，在它们的伴随下成就了一个自信的我，接受着风雨的洗礼。
紧张忙碌的期中考试过去了，一切暂时都回到了往日的平静，而我那颗心却依然跳个不停，还没忘却考试时的紧张。
我永远也忘不了那一天，那场生平以来第一次让我心跳加速的语文考试。
至今回想起来，我的手还是凉的，不断的冒着冷汗。
当天十一点，当我将语文考试卷全都做完时，心中的石头算是落地了，愉悦地检查着题目，然而，当我读到作文是，我仿佛是在大冬天又被猛地泼了盆冷水，心都凉了。
天啊！我的作文离题了。
也许是我看错了，太紧张了，怎么可能呢？然而，我的直觉，我眼前的事实告诉我，确实偏题了。
顿时，我惊呆了。
怎么？重写一篇吗？可是，时间一定不过。
我不是地看着手表。
一定不够，怎么会这样呢？我好象看到时间悄悄的在我的指间流失。
不行，不行，你们回来啊！眼泪涌上眼眶。
为什么怎么倒霉的事情偏偏会轮到我？我的两只手在相互不断的摩擦着。
我多么希望时间可以重来！不行！还有半个小时多，还是有可能的，否则这些时间我一定会在焦虑中痛苦下去的。
不管了，痛苦就痛苦吧！那个重要的时刻，我觉得。
我在写与不写中徘徊，最后，理智终于让我决定去拼一拼。
坚信，自信的想，我能行，我是个自信的人，我努力做的事一定能成功，有志者事竟成。
十一点十分，离考试结束还剩半小时。
我拿了作文稿纸，坐下，一拿到笔，我就已经开始飞快地书写起来。
《遗憾是可以挽回的》，我写着，想起了英语等级考试时的失败与成功，我飞快地构造起了一篇文章。
慢点，慢点，时间别过得那么快。
我的内心暗暗祈祷着。
我的手在抖，我的心在抖，我觉得我全身都在努力。
终于，这篇盼望许久的文章终于出炉了。
现在十一点三十七分，我真觉得自己太伟大了，在这么短的时间里，竟然成功了，我觉得自己简直制造了一个奇迹。
试卷上交了，虽然是短时间内的作品，我依然自信满满地相信它，相信自己，这次不会考砸。
第二个星期，分数出来了，90分，虽然不是最好，虽然作文也扣了很多，然而我依然兴高采烈，那时我第一次在极度紧张的短时间内完成的作文试题。
它证实了我的自信没有错，见证了我那次可怜的经历。
世上没有不可能，不可能只是不敢做，而不是不能做。
相信自己，去做那些“不敢做”的事情，我们会看到成功在向我们招手。
Women are Demanding Equality With Men Where was a time when, if a lady got into a crowded bus or train, a gentleman would immediately stand up and bring to offer his seat. But now, things are different. Today a gentleman will probably look out of the window,or if he feels a bit shy, hide behind his newspaper. Either way,the lady will have to stand until someone else gets off. ii63.Com You can't entirely blame men for this change in manners, though. Gone are the days when women could be referred to as the weaker ones without causing trouble. A whole generation of women has grown up demanding equality with men, not just equality in jobs or education, but in social life. Hold a door open for some women and you are likely to get an angry lecture on treating women as weaker ones unable to open doors for themselves. Take a girl out for a meal and she'll probably insist on paying her share of the bill. On second thought, that is perhaps not a bad idea. II63﹒ It's no wonder, then that men have given up some ways of politeness and consideration which they used to show towards women. On the other hand, the man's active politeness is perhaps slowly being replaced by true consideration for the needs and feelings of women, so that men can see women as equal human beings, rather than as weaker ones or something that can be used to please men. Maybe it is worth women's while to stand in the bus or train. 妇女要求男女平等 曾经有一个时期，假如女士上了拥挤的公共汽车或火车，绅士们就会立即起身让座。
但现在情况完全不同了。
现在，男士们可能会看着窗外，或者，假如他感到有点不好 意思，就会藏在报纸后面。
这两种情况不管是哪种，女士们只能站着等到有人下车。
但是这种礼貌行为的变化不能完全归咎于男士。
女士们被当作弱者而不会引起麻烦的日子一去不复返了。
新一代的女性成长起来，不仅在工作或教育上，而且在社会生活 中都要求男女平等。
假如你为某些女士开门，就可能得到怒气冲天的说教，觉得你把女士当成连门都不能自己开的弱者。
带一个女孩子外出吃饭，她可能会坚持付自己的那份账单。
仔细想想这也许不是什么坏事。
II63.COM 所以男士放弃了他们过去对女士的某些礼貌和体谅也就不足为奇了。
另一方面，男士们主动的礼貌也许正在渐渐地被处于对女士需求和情感方面的真正考虑所取代，所以男士可以把女士当成平等的人类，而不是弱者或是用来取悦男人的工具。
也许女士们在公共汽车或火车上站一会儿是值得的。
英文议论文范文On online chatting ① 网上聊天越来越流行 ② 有人反对它，有人赞同.③ 我的看法 With the development of IT,online chatting is being increasingly popular with many people.However,people's opinions about it vary from person to person.Some think that it has more problems than benefits.First,it is a waste of time,energy and money as it doesn't produce any useful information and products.Second,it is misleading to its users because cyberspace is actually an imaginary space where things are unreal or fictional.But the advocates of online chatting support it because it is another way of recreation which is both exciting and relaxing.Besides,it helps them release their emotions and worries freely and safely.To them,it is very useful and wonderful.As far as I am concerned,whether online chatting is good or bad depends on the person who does it.So long as we can keep ourselves under good control,we can use it scientifically and properly without its bad effects.议论文范文 2 As students,we always have a lot of exams/tests every term.Tests are used nowadays to check/examine/measure how well /effectively students study.Exams are a very useful and important educational tool of measurement.However,exams have some side effects of their own.First,some exams can't reflect the real progress students make.Second,too difficult or too many exams force students to cheat in exams.Too many exams force students to study for the sake of exams only,to name just a few.In my opinion,advantages of exams far oueigh their disadvantages.Despite their side effects,exams can on the whole check and show how well students study scientifically and accurately.At least so far there has been not any method that take their place in education.Besides,exams seem to be fair to all students as they are objective and everyone is equal before test results.To conclude,exams may continue to exist in our education for a long time before they are replaced by some better measurement methods.
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提纲式作文 1． 对立观点式 A．有人认为X 是好事，赞成X， 为什么？ B． 有人认为X 是坏事， 反对X，为什么？ C．我的看法。 Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。 However, other people stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。 There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。 2． 批驳观点式 A．一个错误观点。 B． 我不同意。 Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。（According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响）。 There might be some element of truth in these people’s belief. But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief. (以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。 3． 社会问题（现象）式 A．一个社会问题或者现象。 B． 产生的原因 C．对社会和我们生活的影响 D． 如何杜绝。（如果是问题的话） E． 前景的预测。 Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem. (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public). According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。（或者是一个例子）。 There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon. 下面参照辩论式议论文的写法。 X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。 A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。 Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will …….. 写作模板——图表式作文 It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as X varies). At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of …(多少). What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are … (多少) reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table. First of all, …(第一个原因). More importantly, …(第二个原因). Most important of all, …(第三个原因). From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势). 写作模板——辩论式议论文 模版1 Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea. There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3. In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测. 模版2 People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2. Last but not the least, 论据3. To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测. 模版3 There is no consensus of opinions among people about X（争论的焦点）。Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. First of all, 论据1。 Furthermore, 论据2。 Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3。 A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点。 As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测
英语写作能力的培养不是一日之功，必须从平时的练习中一点点培养。巧用一些经典句型会为作文添加一点亮色，多得一点印象分。本文整理了英语议论文常用的开头和结尾，希望对大家有帮助。
要求文章结构必须十分严谨，文章各个部分的功能都要十分清晰，开头、中间和结尾都有严格的要求。英语议论文共有三大特点：
1、观点鲜明的开头
2、紧扣主题的结尾
3、有主题句并且衔接自然的中间段落
另外，英语文章和汉语不同的是段落的主题句一定要放在段首，而不能按照中文的写作习惯放在段落的中间或者最后，换句话说，每段的内容都是根据首句来展开的，其顺序不能颠倒。
在中心统一这个问题,应该遵循英文议论文的写作思路和习惯：表示支持则旗帜鲜明地支彻彻底底地反对，而不能采取“墙头草两边倒”的做法。
1.It goes without saying that…不言而喻…
2.It can be said with certainty that…可以肯定地说……
3.As the proverb says，正如谚语所说的，
4.It has to be noticed that…必须注意到…
5.It's generally recognized that…普遍认为…
1. It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.
很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展
2. From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.
在我看来，支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理.
3. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……
我无法完全同意这一观点
4.As far as I am concerned/In my opinion……
就我而言……
5. Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……
最后，坦率地说，还有另外一个实际的原因……
由于英语作文考查的是学生词汇、语法、句式等各种知识的掌握情况,因此学生要写好英语作文,就必须全面掌握英语知识。下面，是我为你整理的高中英语作文议论文模板，希望对你有帮助!
第1段：Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... (导入话题)
Our opinions are divided on this topic.(观点有分歧) 正文：
第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.(正方观点)
Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)
第3段：However, the others are strongly against it. (反方观点)
Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由) 结论：
第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.(个人观点)
第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages. 正文：
第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is
that...(赞同A的原因)
第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势) 结论：
第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ 3.观点论述类议论文模板： 导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句，承上启下) 正文：
第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由) 结论：
第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段，构成"总—分—总"结构)
4."How to"类议论文模板：
导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题 正文：
第2段：Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法) 结论：
第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)
第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题 As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. (亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对)
The reasons for this may be listed as follows. (过渡句，承上启下) 正文：
第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由) 结论：
第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... (照应第1段，构成"总—分—总"结构) 4."How to"类议论文模板：
导入：
第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题 正文：
第2段：Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法) 结论：
第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)