工业设计 Industrial Design 帮楼主找了些很全面的资料哦，英文版本华文版本 designIndustrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of engineering, usability, marketing, brand development and sales.Definition of industrial designGeneralIndustrial Designers are a cross between a mechanical engineer and an artist. They study both function and form, and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move, or the circuits that control the movement. And usually, they partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and expectations.In Depth"Industrial Design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer." According to the IDSA (Industrial Design Society of America)Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, "Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state". This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved.According to the (Chartered Society of Designers) design is a force that delivers innovation that in turn has exploited creativity. Their design framework known as the Design Genetic Matrix (TM) determines a set of competences in 4 key genes that are identified to define the make up of designers and communicate to a wide audience what they do. Within these genes the designer demonstrates the core competences of a designer and specific competences determine the designer as an 'industrial designer'. This is normally within the context of delivering innovation in the form of a three dimensional product that is produced in quantity. However the definition also extends to products that have been produced using an industrial process. Industrial design is rapidly becoming an obsolete term as 'products' can now be industrially produced as 'one-offs' by the use of Rapid Prototyping Machines. In a post-industrial era and with the emergence of strategic design definitions such as this are incumbering designers and the advancement of design practice.According to the ICSID, (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design) "Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic exchange.Process of designAlthough the process of design may be considered 'creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial Designers often utilize 3D software, Computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, Coke bottle, and VW Beetle are frequently-cited examples.Industrial design has no focus on technical concepts, products and processes. In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns such as seduction, psychology, desire, and the sexual or affectionate attachment of the user to the object. These values and accompanying aspects on which industrial design is based can vary, both between different schools of thought and among practicing designers.Product design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design and/or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design.Also used to describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the term Industrial Design Engineer. The Cyclone vacuum cleaner inventor James Dyson for example could be considered to be in this category (see his autobiography Against The Odds, Pub Thomson 2002).Industrial design rightsIndustrial design rights are intellectual property rights that make exclusive the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired.
工业设计industrial design产品设计product design
第17 卷第4 期 皮 革 科 学 与 工 程 Vol117 ,No142007 年8 月L EATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Aug1 2007Artical ID :1004 - 7964 (2007) 04 - 0003 - 06Received Date :20072052213 P. Mokrejs :Corresponding author. Phone N°: + 420 57 603 1230 ;Fax N°: + 420 57 603 1563 ;e2mail :mokrejs @f t . utb. c2Recycling Technology for Waste Tanning LiquorsP. Mok rejs1 3, D. J anacova2 ,M. Mladek1 , K. Kolomaz nik2 , F. L angmaier1 ,V . V asek2(1. Tomas B ata University , Faculty of Technology , Department of Protein and Leather , nam.TGM 275 , 762 72 Zlin, The Czech Republic ;2. Tomas B ata University , Faculty ofA p plied Inf ormatics , Institute of Processing Cont rol and A p plied Computer Science ,N ad S t ranemi 4511 , 760 05 Zlin, The Czech Republic)Abstract :Tannery belongs to typical indust rial branches which during t he technological processp roduce considerable quantities of liquid and solid wastes cont ributing to polluting t he environ2ment . The presented work describes dechromation of waste tanning liquor utilising chrome sludgep roduced t hrough enzymatic hydrolysis of chrome2tanned leat her wastes. The principle of dechro2mation consist s in sorption of chrome f rom waste liquor af ter tanning to chrome sludge. Recy2cling technology is characterised by an almost 99 % efficiency , simplicity and low investment re2quirement s.Key words :solid waste ;liquid waste ;chrome sludge ;waste tanning liquor ;chrome recoveryCLC number :X 794 Document code :A鞣制废液的循环技术摘 要:制革属于典型的工业分支,制革工业中会产生大量的污染环境的废液和废固。该论文利用铬鞣革废物的酶法水解用铬污泥除去鞣制废液中的铬。除去铬的原理是鞣后的铬污泥从废液中吸收铬。该循环技术回收率可达99 % ,操作简单、成本低廉。关键词:固体废弃物;液体废弃物;铬污泥;鞣制废液;铬回收1 INTRODUCTIONThe tanning indust ry p rocesses wastes of themeat indust ry , raw hides , and t ransforms t hemt hrough chemical , chemico2p hysical and mechani2cal processes into leather s. During t he technologi2cal process , solid and liquid wastes arise which ,particularly as a consequence of t he cont rover sialchrome t hey contain , burden the environment .Processing one met ric ton of raw hide produces ap2prox. 200 kg finished leat her . About 30 , 000 kgwastewaters arise through processing and moret han 70 % chrome passes into liquid and solidwastes [1 ] .In classic tanning , approx. 40 % chrome (t hestarting charge of 15 - 17 kg Cr / t ) remains inleat her , 26 % - 30 % chrome passes into solidwastes and 30 % - 34 % chrome remains in liquidwastes. In t he tanning of hides using technologicalprocedures ensuring high removal of chrome com2pounds by white hide , 54 % - 57 % chrome remains© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. leat her , 31 % - 38 % chrome passes into solidwastes and 5 % - 15 % remains in liquid wastes [2 ] .For modifying t he tanning process , organic acids ,e. g. are used , which cont ribute to improving theremoval of chrome ions.1. 1 Liquid wasteManufacture of chrome2tanned leat hers pro2duces 115 - 2 times quantities of wastewater s t hanmanufact ure of vegetable2tanned leat her s [3 ] . Los2ses of chrome compounds in waste tanning liquor smay be prevented in several ways. The simplestapproach is the direct recycling method consistingin re2using exhausted liquor in t he tanning process.The main shortcoming of t his method is a negativeeffect of salt s and other contaminating substanceson quality of finished leather . Af ter being recycledseveral times , wastewater has to be discharged intosewage [4 ] . Anot her potential met hod is indirectrecycling , in which chrome is obtained f rom ex2hausted sludge t hrough precipitation using a suit2able alkaline agent , e. g. sodium hydroxide , sodi2um carbonate , sodium hydrogen carbonate , mag2nesium oxide , calcium sulp hate , calcium hydroxide[5 ] . A f urt her met hod consist s in employing elabo2rate techniques , e. g. elect ro2dialysis , membraneseparation , ion exchangers , wit h which chromemay be separated f rom ot her salt s contained in ex2hausted sludge. Chrome thus obtained is character2ised by much higher p urity than that obtainedt hrough indirect recycling. Disadvantages are ahigh cost and limited po ssibilities of applying t hesedemanding technologies in tanning factories [ 4 ] .Unutilised chrome in liquid wastes , apartf rom significant economic losses for tanneries , al soposes great hazard for t he environment and forman. The most stable and most important oxida2tion state is Cr ( III) . Compounds of Cr (VI) occurin t he form of chromates and dichromates and ex2hibit quite st rong oxidative properties [6 ] .Chrome is found in liquid tanning wastes in it st rivalent form , there exist s , however , potentialdanger of it s oxidising to hexavalent compounds ,particularly when t reating groundwater s to drink2ing waters. Hexavalent compounds , when com2bined wit h calcium or magnesium ions , are st rong2ly carcinogenic[7 , 8 ] .An extensive research exploring negativeeffect s of tanning wastewaters f rom local tannerieson t he adjacent ecosystem was conducted in Indi2a[9 ] . Highest level s of chrome contained in soilwere found in t he vicinity of tanneries , at approx.60 g/ kg. Highest chrome accumulation was ob2served in cauliflower stalks (72 mg/ kg) in locali2ties near tanneries. In st udies investigating Cr ac2cumulation in fish organs it was found t hat mostchrome accumulates in t he liver (approx. 22 mg/kg) and least in muscles (approx. 1 mg/ kg) . Thepo ssible t ransfer of hazardous Cr doses into t hefood chain and consequently to human beings ist hus quite obvious.112 Sol id wasteTannery processing al so produces a considera2ble quantity of solid chrome2tanned wastes whichpresent a significant problem due to t heir chromecontent . The problem of solid wastes has beensolved so far by land filling which , of course , be2side ever increasing land filling co st s al so bringst he danger of chrome escaping into t he ecosystem.Due to t heir containing a sizeable proportion ofprotein material , solid tanned wastes started to beprocessed. Enzymatic hydrolysis has being em2ployed to considerable extent in latest year s , wit hit s particular advantages being mild reaction condi2tions and economic cost2effectiveness [10 , 11 ] . Themain product of enzymatic hydrolysis is collagenhydrolysate , whose application possibilities arebroad , e. g. as feed additive , nit rogenous fertili2ser , raw material for preparing adhesives , corro2sion inhibitor s , etc. The remaining waste productaf ter enzymatic hydrolysis (chrome sludge) has notyet found lucrative application. It s employment ,due to chrome content , has not been much adoptedfor preparing combined tanning bat hs.Subject of the presented work is potential use4 皮革科学与工程 第17 卷© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. t he waste product af ter enzymatic hydrolysis ofchrome2tanned solid wastes (chrome sludge) for i2solating chrome compounds f rom waste tanningliquor s.2 MATERIALS AND METHODSSolid was determined according to ISO 4684[12 ] , ash according to ISO 4047 : 1998[13 ] , nit rogenaccording to ISO 5397 : 1984 [14 ] , Cr2 O3 accordingto ISO 5398 [ 15 ] , Cr according to ISO 9174 : 1998[16 ] and Mg according to ASTM D511203 [ 17 ] .Chrome sludge is a waste product of enzymatichydrolysis of chrome2tanned solid waste and it scomposition is given in Tab. 1. Typical composi2tion of chrome2tanned solid waste is given in Tab.2.Tab11 Composition of chrome sludge1)表1 铬污泥成份Parameter ValueTS/ % 1614Ash/ % 3410N / % 114Cr2O3 / % 1215MgO / % 1115 1) based on total solidsTab12 Composition of chrome2tanned solid waste1)表2 铬鞣革固体废弃物成份Parameter ValueTS/ % 6911Ash/ % 1019N/ % 2011Cr2O3 / % 415 1) based on total solidsTab13 Composition of waste tanning liquor表3 鞣制废液成份Parameter ValueTS/ % 718Ash/ %1) 8713N/ %1) 018Cr/ (mg/ kg) 1 ,769Mg/ (mg/ kg) 693p H 412colour blue2green 1) based on total solidsWaste tanning liquor was obtained f rom tan2ning of cowhides and it s composition is presentedin Tab. 3.The experimental part was divided into twopart s. The fir st part contained five selected massratio s of chrome sludge ∶ waste liquor and threevarious dechromation times , see Table 4. Practicaldechromation was performed under laboratory con2ditions by stirring chrome sludge with waste tan2ning liquor at room temperat ure in accordance wit ht he scheme shown in Fig. 1. Af ter dechromation ,t he heterogeneous mixt ure was cent rif uged. A partof supernatant was analysed for Cr content . Theinvestigated object in view was quantity of residualchrome in waste tanning liquor af ter dechromation.The second part of test s followed up result s ofwaste liquor dechromation efficiency in t he first ex2perimental part . The mass ratio of chrome sludge∶waste liquor producing greatest dechromation ef2ficiency was selected and a series of test s per2formed to t he p urpo se of st udying dechromation re2action kinetics.Fig1 1 Scheme of dechromation of waste tanning liquor图1 鞣制废液的脱铬流程3 RESULTSTest s and dechromation result s at variousmass ratios of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor and va2rious dechromation times are shown in Tab14.Tab15 t hen shows dechromation result s at mass ra2tio of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor = 1 ∶1 and va2rious dechromation times. Each test was performedt hreefold and arit hmetic mean calculated , standarddeviation ranged wit hin ±5 %.第4 期 P. Mokrejs ,et al :Recycling Technology for Waste Tanning Liquors 5© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. Dechromation results of waste tanning liquor at mass ratios of Cr sludge/ waste liq. and dechromation times表4 铬污泥与废液不同质量比以及不同脱铬时间条件下鞣制废液的脱铬结果TestNo.Batch( g)sludge :liquort/ minIn2processpHCr liq. /( mg/ kg)Eff iciency/ %1 7114 ∶50 30 6134 - 7108 807 54142 90 190 89123 180 116 93154 20183 ∶50 30 6195 - 7148 146 91175 90 58 96176 180 33 98117 35171 ∶50 30 7121 - 7168 53 97108 90 33 98119 180 36 981010 50 ∶50 30 7130 - 7190 24 981711 90 23 981712 180 17 991013 70 ∶50 30 7148 - 8102 41 971714 90 32 981215 180 79 9516 1) Starting content of chrome in waste tanning liquor = 1769 mg/ kgTab1 5 Dechromation results of waste tanning liquor andtimes1)表5 铬污泥与废液质量比为1 ∶1 不同脱铬时间条件下鞣制废液的脱铬结果TestNo.t/ minIn processpHCr liq./ ( mg/ kg)Eff iciency/ %1 4 7120 - 7133 438 75122 8 7127 - 7145 351 80123 12 7151 - 7189 299 83114 16 7176 - 7194 230 87105 20 7180 - 7191 206 88146 24 7181 - 7194 200 88177 28 7181 - 7196 139 92118 32 7182 - 7199 43 97169 36 7188 - 8103 32 981210 40 7190 - 8104 19 981911 60 7186 - 8106 28 981412 80 7187 - 8107 22 981813 100 7180 - 8111 35 9810 1) Starting content of chrome in waste tanning liquor =1769 mg/ kg ;mass ratio of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor = 1∶1Figure 2 shows column plot s representing re2sidual chrome content in waste tanning liquor af tert he dechromation procedure at various chromesludge ∶waste liquor ratios and various dechroma2tion times. With a mass ratio of 1 ∶7 af ter 30 mindechromation , a drop of chrome in liquor exceeding50 % was found , af ter 180 min the dechromationefficiency was greatest . Wit h a ratio of 1 ∶214 ,t he tendency of chrome content in liquor to de2crease wit h time was at it s greatest , residualchrome content in liquor coming down to 3314 ppmwhich represent s dechromation efficiency exceeding98 %. Wit h a ratio of 1 ∶114 t he tendency ofchrome decrease is similar , when t he greatest dropof chrome content in liquor was already recordedaf ter 90 min of dechromation ( to 3312 mg/ kg) .Wit h a ratio of 1 ∶1 , lowest level s of residualchrome in liquor were already at tained in 30 min ofdechromation app rox. 24 mg/ kg , representing al2most 99 % dechromation efficiency. A f urt her in2crease in dechromation times produced but negli2gibly decreased chrome content in liquor . Wit h aratio of 114 ∶1 , t he greatest drop of chrome con2tent in liquor was recorded af ter 90 min dechroma2tion. Fig13 shows dechromation kinetics of wastetanning liquor at mass ratio of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor = 1 ∶1 and various dechromationtimes. From result s it is obvious t hat af ter 40 min6 皮革科学与工程 第17 卷© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. chrome content in waste tanning liq2uor decreased to approx. 20 mg/ kg , which com2pared wit h starting content of chrome in waste tan2ning liquor ( 1769 mg/ kg) signifies almost 99 %chrome removal efficiency. Further increases indechromation time did not show in markedly in2creased chrome removal efficiency , and values ofresidual chrome content in slurry fluct uated be2tween 20 and 35 mg/ kg.4 DISCUSSIONDuring past decades , a t ransfer occurred of anotable part of tanning plant s f rom economicallyadvanced west European count ries to developingcount ries and to count ries of t he Asian continent .In latest year s , however , t he environmental loadproduced by t hese plant s became unsustainable andintensive negotiations on resolving t he mat ter gotunder way. When rest ructuring existing and con2st ructing new tanning plant s , issues coming partic2ularly under consideration are solid and liquidwastes containing chrome. Contamination ofgroundwater s wit h liquid wastes containing chromeis obvious. Release of chrome f rom solid wastes第4 期 P. Mokrejs ,et al :Recycling Technology for Waste Tanning Liquors 7© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. proceed particularly t hrough elution by rainwith great hazard of groundwater contamination.The danger of Cr ( III) oxidising to Cr (VI) was al2ready mentioned in t he fir st part of this cont ribu2tion.Test result s showed t he solid waste product ,chrome sludge , may be successf ully employed to i2solate chrome f rom waste tanning liquors , and t hatwith an efficiency of app rox. 99 %. The advanta2ges of recycling technology may primarily comprisesimplicity and low demand for investment cost s ,which make it ideally applicable when recyclingwaste tanning liquor s especially in tanning plant sin t he developing world.Utilisation of chrome2enriched sludge remainsan open issue. A feasible alternative is it s combus2tion and separation of chrome , which may be used ,e. g. in pigment manufacture. A particular compli2cation is presented by accompanying magnesium ,which is undesirable for t hese applications. Isola2ting magnesium f rom chrome sludge will be subjectof a following research. Employment of chrome2enriched sludge for p reparing f resh tanning bathsal so remains an open issue.5 CONCLUSIONRecycling technology developed for removingchrome f rom waste tanning liquors wit h applicationof waste chrome sludge achieves almost 99 % effi2ciency. Dechromed waste liquor represent s a mini2mal load on t he environment . Chrome2enrichedsludge , following isolation of ot her accompanyingelement s (especially magnesium and calcium) com2plicating it s f urther processing , could serve to pre2pare pigment s. Result s of experimental measure2ment s and an elaborated mat hematical model of re2cycling technology will serve to propose an algo2rit hm of enclosed dechromation cycle cont rol whichwill be t he subject of pilot2plant test s.Acknowledgements : The aut hors would like tot hank to The Minist ry of Education of The CzechRep ublic for financial support to t his work execu2ted under MSM Grant No : 7088352102.References :[1 ] Process technology for recovery and recycling of chromi2um f rom leather waste and sludge , BLC , EV5VO542(1994 1996) .[2 ] Ludvik J . Chrome balance in leather processing [ J ] .UNIDO , US/ RAS/ 92/ 120/ 11 - 51 (2000) .[3 ] Mladek M ,et al . Leather indust ry waste t reatment [M] .State Technical Literature Publishing , Prague ( 1971) :261 - 265.[4 ] Rajamani S. A system for recovery and reuse of chromi2um f rom spent tanning liquor using magnesium oxide andsulphuric acid[J ] . UNIDO (2003) .[ 5 ] Covington A D , Sykes R L , Barlow J R , et al. A practi2cal chrome recovery system using magnesium oxide[J ] . JSoc Leather Technol Chem ,1985 , (69) :166 - 174.[6 ]Cotton F , Wilkinson G. Advanced Inorganic Chemist ry( A Comprehensive Text ) [ M ] . Academia , Prague(1973) . 788 - 803.[7 ] Hartford W H. Proceedings Chromium Symposium [J ] .Indust rial Health , Foundation , Pitt sburg (1989) .[8 ]Vijayalakshm R . A Study of the interaction of Cr ( III)complexes and their selective binding with B2DNA. Amolecular modelling approach[J ] . J Biom St ruc Dynam ,2002 (19) :1063 - 1072.[9 ] Chattopadhyay B. The environmental impact of wastechromium of tannery agglomerates in the east Calcuttawetland ecosystem[J ] . J Soc Leather Technol Chem ,2000(84) :94 - 100.[ 10 ] Cabeza L F. Isolation of protein product s f rom chromi2um2containing leather waste using two consecutive en2zymes and purification of final chromium product : Pilotplant studies [ J ] . J Soc Leather Technol Chem , 1999(83) :14 - 19.[11 ] Langmaier F. Product s of enzymatic decomposition ofchrome2tanned leather waste [J ] . J Soc Leather TechnolChem , 1999 (83) :187 - 195.[12 ] ISO 4684 , Determination of volatile matter.[ 13 ] ISO 4047 : 1998 , Determination of sulphated total ashand sulphated water insoluble ash.[14 ] ISO 5397 : 1984 , Determination of nit rogen and hidesubstance.[15 ] ISO 5398 , Determination of chromic oxide.[16 ] ISO 9174 :1998 , Water quality 2 Determination of chro2mium 2 Atomic absorption spect romet ric methods.[17 ]ASTM D511 - 03 , Standard test methods for calciumand magnesium in water.8 皮革科学与工程 第17 卷© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved.
The industry design- future master of Chinese industry"What is the industrial design?" This question caused the people which multitudinous has not involved regarding this has the understanding desire actually to have the psychology which confused, did not know should by among what kind of status, what way involvement. And what is more believed that, the industrial design is the simple packing. They cannot understand any is "industry designer". They thought the designer must be the branch industry, for instance designs the toy to call "toy designer", designs the furniture to call "furniture designer", designs the automobile to call "automobile designer". Actually, the industrial design is the outward appearance design not merely. Now is cramped to the industrial design understanding very much, regards as it is the modelling design merely, therefore it must go naturally with the craft comparison, the Chinese industry designer basically all is an outward appearance modelling design. The handset sells the fire such, actually changging is the outward appearance. The plan is others, the patent is others, we only can go to trade the color to trade the outer covering. We only are in tidy up to the product, do not have the solution basic question. Since the industrial design has said is in fact the Industrial Revolution people's design. Since the Industrial Revolution appeared the big division of labor, some people study the market specially, some people study the marketing specially, some people study the technical development specially, some people study people's life demand specially. This time, designed is separated, this time design was called the industrial design. The industrial design takes to the enterprise the huge benefit. The industrial design occupies the big ingredient in a product value, not greatly easy quantification, because it is contains in inside, is a soft value, its content is the cultural value, is the national mechanism, the horizontal ability one kind manifests. The overseas some similar analogies, like US has this kind of view, certainly is not very precise: In the enterprise if invested in the technical equipment renews has brought benefit, that industrial design brought the benefit was its 5 times. If invests 1,000 US dollars, brings the benefit on the equipment is 10% speech, that this 1,000 US dollars will throw the benefit which will bring to the design will be 780%, at least 560%, because its added value high, the profit will be high. England's Madame Thatcher as early as had said in 20 years ago, England may not have the government, but may not not design. England's success mainly depends on its design impetus. The industrial design is belongs to the modern industry product, the product structure, the industrial structure carries on the specialty which the plan design, innovates unceasingly. Its core is take "human" as the center, the design creation achievement must be able fully to adapt, satisfiedly to take "human" the demand. Humanity's demand never can pause on some, thus the industry is the design also is needs "to redesign" the specialty. The industrial design is the scientific research technology achievement transforms as the product, forms the commodity, conforms to the demand, the beneficial environmental protection core process, is the technical innovation and the knowledge innovation touchdown target, is system approach which the product, the commodity, the thing, the waste product transforms mutually. The industrial design essence is "artificial thing science". Before the reform and open policy, our country basically has not formed own industrial design ability. In the modern industry product, extremely little belongs to our country to originate. Two, under the planned economy system, the product uniform purchase has exclusive selling rights, falls short of demand, is the seller market, under such historical condition, also does not need the industrial design. In the recent 20 years, our country industrial design enterprise had the very big progress. The at the beginning of 1980s, the universities, colleges and institutes start to establish the industrial design specialty, now, our country had more than 200 colleges and universities to open this specialty, some big enterprises also one after another established the industrial design department, the industrial design started in the product modelling design aspect to win initial success. As a result of the industrial design advancement, causes the enterprise product modelling diversification, but looked from society's overall, the industrial design still was at the early time development phase in our country, but also has not been able to like the developed country to be same, created the high benefit with extremely active "productive forces" "industrial". The big market concept essence is not by "the modelling" design primarily, but is serves the "user take" as "this". Therefore, the industrial design true duty, is carries on the conceptual design to the new life style demand which the localization of target, the research analysis and determined from this. This leading direction on for the work which met down had found the very good starting point. At present " sells fixes production quotas " " the small market " mechanism, the force enterprise falls into vicious circle " noisy crowd ", “the price war " eddy current is inescapably involved. Its primary cause has not grasped industrial design this methodology, therefore has not been able in the enterprise industrial structure, in the product mix adjustment strategy and even " brand ", “in the quality " concept, serves the " customer for central " " the " goal to take truly the enterprise profit the basic condition, but only grasps " hardware ", the technology, the processing quality, the advertisement, the marketing and the enterprise vivid strategy and so on these methods. Does not stress the basic market localization, the market goal variation strategy, namely did not stress the industrial design, enterprise's technological innovation has lost the goal, created the enormous resources waste, finally, enterprise's competition only paused in the low level. Cites an example to explain malpractice: The developing nation development automobile industry has two paths, one is the South Korean path, through the independent development, the development nationality industry, becomes the multinational corporation the competitor; One take the Latin American nations as representative, runnings in the capital path, degenerates into the multinational corporation the dependency. But our country produces early compared to South Korea the automobile for several years, several big automobile group company is basic until now independently has not developed the passenger vehicle ability. Are increasingly many with the foreign joint capital automobile enterprise, in the world the famous multinational corporation nearly all arrived China to pool capital. Most important, uses our technology to fire our brand, carries forward the national industry to need the industrial design in the final analysis. In the independent brand time, the design will become the commercial strategy a part, the design strategy becomes the enterprise strategy the important part. Perhaps the design can create the new business model in this time. Because is too early, we are impossible to this kind of strategy industrial design understanding in extremely clearly, but some tendencies we are may estimate. One is the product image distinguishes into possibly, each brand all must have own individuality, this kind of individuality will also manifest in enterprise's all product family member; Two, the design object can have the development. Its real situation and the thing equally important, the product and the service is worth taking equally. Not only enterprise sales product, but also sells the service. Again to looks out into the distance the vision looks, the experience design not does not have possibly. Three, in the design method even more emphasized the team cooperation, the team members will come from a broader domain. In fact, because has the special status and the function in the industrial promotion and the development, now many countries already the industrial design took the national innovation strategy the important constituent, establishes the special control section in abundance, the investment huge fund, and gives the support in the industrial policy. England is equipped with National Design Committee, manages the nation industrial design advancement work; Japan proposed " builds the nation on the basis of scientific and technical development, the design leads the way the " national policy, is equipped with the design promotion hall, the design policy hall as well as the industrial promotion in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry can use in advancing this work; South Korean Government is proposed in the industrial development summary that, hoped becomes the world to 2010 to design the powerful nation. Then our country if hoped can through enhance the high-tech product the added value to strengthen our comprehensive strength, then should start from the present to take the industrial design, sets up the special government control section and the profession association, and provides the capital source for it. Government to industrial design fund investment, also must have the special allocation, set up the fund. Under so environment, not only can develop the native place to design, but also can have the formidable rallying point to attract more international resources.
工业设计英语教育教学探究论文
摘要 ：本文通过对工业设计专业的英语教学分析和研究，探析了目前专业英语教学的部分现状及可能存在的问题，并提出工业设计专业英语在教学中的一些思路和方法，探讨了如何在应用方面的教学问题，从教学内容、教学方法、师资队伍建设、考核方式等方面探讨了课程改革的措施，获得了一些初浅的结论。
关键词 ：工业设计；专业知识；专业英语
一、引言
随着“一带一路”倡议的兴起，整个国际经济进入了一个崭新的阶段。中国对外进出口的日益增加以及相关科研文献查阅的大量需求，对于开设专业英语教学显得尤为重要。专业国际化和市场国际化不断深入，在本科教学中，专业英语教育越来越受到重视，工业设计专业英语教学有一定难度，涉及到的外文资料有一定深度和广度，这就给专业英语教学带来了一定困难，尤其对专业英语词汇的理解和把握，传统的教学方法目前不可能有效达到专业英语教学的要求和目的，因此，探讨工业设计专业英语教学，提升教学质量，成为当前专业英语教学研究和讨论的热点[1]。
二、工业设计专业英语的教学背景及分析
专业英语是与基础英语（或通用英语）相对提出的概念，它的教学目标、教学内容和实践要求不仅仅是专注语法、语句即课文的分析，而是重在将语言运用和语言交流结合，既关注社会、市场和国际上对于英语人才的要求，也重视学生在将来的实际工作中的需求[2]。工业设计专业英语在本科教育过程中的重要性以及必要性主要体现在以下几个方面。1.随着我国工业设计专业和学科的发展，引进、引用、借鉴国外的资料、技术以及教学方法和教学内容不断增加和日趋明显。开设双语教学成为常态化，在教学中，英文专业书以及国外英文原版教材、专著和资料已经被广泛用作教学或者参考资料。2.工业设计专业的毕业生步入社会之后，在参加项目设计、产品构思、工作管理，以及其他技术工作中，越来越多地接触英文专业文献及资料，在设计和构思中也大量参考和受启发于国外设计概念、设计思路、设计构想以及相关的资料文献。基于以上现实情况，需要工业设计专业的毕业生具备较高的专业知识和英文水平。3.许多本科生毕业后继续攻读硕士或者博士，他们从事的研究工作处于本专业前沿，在向国际刊物投稿、进行国际间交流的过程中，需要具有一定的外文阅读、学习能力，并能够对专业英语的内容进行准确分析和掌握。所以设计专业的学生不仅要掌握基础英语，而且要掌握一定的专业英语。
三、工业设计专业英语的教学现状分析
1.目前我国理工类院校对于专业英语的教学还处在探索和研究阶段。过去高校将英语教学重点放在基础英语上，强调提高大学英语四、六级通过率，并将此作为重要的考核指标，而将专业英语仅仅作为基础英语的简单“延伸扩展”，重点在于对基础英语教学模式的研究探讨和分析，忽视专业英语教学成效。2.目前我国工业设计专业英语的教学过程中，学校、老师和学生对专业英语的重视程度有待加强，对专业英语的认识还有待提高，在专业英语的学习方式、方法和理念方面有待进一步改进。比如，采用大课堂教学的方法；对于课程设计、课程开发、课程实施等需求有待提升。在工业设计专业英语教学设置的合理性方面、教材内容的规范性方面、师资力量的.提高程度等方面，有很多值得探讨的问题。而采用基础英语教学方法进行专业英语教学可能是当前最为突出的教学问题。3.在上专业英语课时，学生已经进入专业课学习，且课程较多，压力也大，这样易导致学生把专业英语当做负担；此外由于工业设计专业英语内容较单一、专业背景较浓厚，文章形式和风格较呆板和枯燥，而且工业设计专业英语词汇较难、句子较难、汉语表达较难，从而使得学生感到有压力，学习较吃力，这种状况对于培养学生的学习兴趣和积极性较为不利。4.教学中以教师为中心。教师带领学生从学习生词到解释语法难点，再进行重点文句翻译。使学生处于被动学习地位，学生参与课堂讨论交流的机会和氛围少，师生之间很少互动和交流，教学中一般侧重于专业词汇的解释和课文阅读及英译中的训练，而忽略了听力和用英语表达专业概念的训练。“听、说、读、写、译”的训练不均衡，学生口语差、发音不规范、听力弱等现象普遍存在。5.目前大多数专业英语的考试形式是翻译专业文献，有些利用查阅资料和字典进行开卷考试，这种考核方式不仅形式和内容单一，内容覆盖面窄，而且也导致了学生容易轻视专业英语的学习。而反观基础英语的考核方式，如四、六级考试包括听、写、阅读等，甚至还有口语考试，专业英语的考核方式值得进一步改革。6.师资情况。工业设计专业英语教师较少来自具有本专业知识且英语水平较好的教师，绝大部分属于教授基础英语的教师。虽然基础英语教学是专业英语教学的基础，但是相比较于专业英语教师，基础英语教师英文功底扎实，对于专业英语教学中的基础部分有有利的一面；但工业设计的专业词句以及在专业领域的含义，需要有较好的专业基础知识的支撑。因此，具有专业知识背景同时又有基础英语教学能力的教师，是工业设计专业英语较为理想的授课教师[3]。
四、工业设计英语教学改革、措施和方法
1.在工业设计专业英语教学中，通过词汇记忆、短语练习和英语对话提高课堂的趣味性和实效的同时，需要通过一些新的教学理念、教学方法和英文专业资料，结合多媒体等教学方式，达到有效的教学目的。2.采用微课程教学模式进行教学方法的改进，在教学课堂中，通过微课程计划、设计、开发、执行、实施等微细步骤。以“微课程”为中心，围绕和引导学生在课程的安排和整体方面，灵活地进行专业英语学习，促进工业设计专业英语教学的趣味性、素质性、逻辑性、专业性、现实性[4]。3.研究工业设计专业英语课堂模式以及应用，有针对性地对学生的学习方式进行改善，并促使他们养成自学的好习惯，提升素质教学。结合当前采用大课堂教学的方式，多利用多媒体、微课程、翻转课堂等新型的教学模式，以满足现代信息化教学需求。4.工业设计专业英语教学难度较大，专业知识较为复杂，在英语课堂教学实践中，通过移动互联网促使学生在课程学习中变被动为主动，转变学习的思维方法，提升自身学习的能力和素质。5.在改进教学方式和方法的过程中，结合实际情况，对学生加强实训和交流，加深他们对课程内容更深层次的理解。例如，到外企或者有国际背景的企业，进行实地的考察、参观、实习等，通过这样循序渐进的实训教学，改善和纠正学生不重视专业英语学习的思想，使他们认识到专业英语学习的重要性，激发他们的学习动力。6.采用量化评估，考核学习效果，提高教学和学习质量。针对具体的工程应用问题和有关实践以及专业领域要求，进行教学体系的评估、教学内容的更新、教学方法的改进、教学质量的提高。设置对工业设计专业英语教学模式内容的考核项目及研究。7.提高教师的专业知识和专业技能。有目的、有计划、有选择地进行专业英语教师的选拨、培养和提高，不仅在基础英语方面，而且在专业英语方面提高教师的素质和水平，加强具有专业知识背景的教师在基础英语方面的培养和学习。8.科学的考核体系。课程学习的考核是检查教学效果、督促学生学习的一种重要手段，其目的是提高专业英语的教学水平和教学质量，所以要制定行之有效、合理的课程考核体系。专业英语的考核应该以专业英语综合能力、翻译、单词、英文专业术语等为主要考核内容，采用“四位一体”的考核方法，平时考查与期中测试相结合，闭卷与开卷相结合，平时成绩与期末考试相结合，基础知识与专业应用知识相结合的考核法。
五、结语
在科技不断进步、社会快速发展、“一带一路”倡议深入推进实施、国际交流日益频繁的当今社会，工业设计专业英语的教学要以培养学生的专业语言、交流、沟通和应用能力为目标，培养出能够适应当前以及未来工业设计工程领域工作需求的优秀的科技型创新人才，提高我国在国际上地位和作用。这也是我们今后努力的目标。
参考文献：
[1]廖莉芳,秦傲松.专业英语教学现状调查报告[J].外语界,2000,(3):26-30.
[2]曹万林,李振泉,刘晓慧,李宗泳.大工程教育背景下提高本科教育质量的新措施[J].北京教育,2008,(1):39-40.
[3]廖志豪.基于素质模型的高校创新型科技人才培养研究[D].华东师范大学,2012.
[4]孙伟民.以实践教学为载体培养学生的工程意识和工程设计能力[J].中国高等教育,2006,(9):46-47.
不难。硕士基本都是考过了英语四六级的，对英语的使用是熟练的，哈工大工业设计硕士只有用过英语考级考试才能赋予学位，用英语单词写一篇英语论文对他们来说十分简单。
工业设计 Industrial Design 帮楼主找了些很全面的资料哦，英文版本华文版本 designIndustrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of engineering, usability, marketing, brand development and sales.Definition of industrial designGeneralIndustrial Designers are a cross between a mechanical engineer and an artist. They study both function and form, and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move, or the circuits that control the movement. And usually, they partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and expectations.In Depth"Industrial Design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer." According to the IDSA (Industrial Design Society of America)Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, "Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state". This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved.According to the (Chartered Society of Designers) design is a force that delivers innovation that in turn has exploited creativity. Their design framework known as the Design Genetic Matrix (TM) determines a set of competences in 4 key genes that are identified to define the make up of designers and communicate to a wide audience what they do. Within these genes the designer demonstrates the core competences of a designer and specific competences determine the designer as an 'industrial designer'. This is normally within the context of delivering innovation in the form of a three dimensional product that is produced in quantity. However the definition also extends to products that have been produced using an industrial process. Industrial design is rapidly becoming an obsolete term as 'products' can now be industrially produced as 'one-offs' by the use of Rapid Prototyping Machines. In a post-industrial era and with the emergence of strategic design definitions such as this are incumbering designers and the advancement of design practice.According to the ICSID, (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design) "Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic exchange.Process of designAlthough the process of design may be considered 'creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial Designers often utilize 3D software, Computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, Coke bottle, and VW Beetle are frequently-cited examples.Industrial design has no focus on technical concepts, products and processes. In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns such as seduction, psychology, desire, and the sexual or affectionate attachment of the user to the object. These values and accompanying aspects on which industrial design is based can vary, both between different schools of thought and among practicing designers.Product design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design and/or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design.Also used to describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the term Industrial Design Engineer. The Cyclone vacuum cleaner inventor James Dyson for example could be considered to be in this category (see his autobiography Against The Odds, Pub Thomson 2002).Industrial design rightsIndustrial design rights are intellectual property rights that make exclusive the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired.
The industry design- future master of Chinese industry"What is the industrial design?" This question caused the people which multitudinous has not involved regarding this has the understanding desire actually to have the psychology which confused, did not know should by among what kind of status, what way involvement. And what is more believed that, the industrial design is the simple packing. They cannot understand any is "industry designer". They thought the designer must be the branch industry, for instance designs the toy to call "toy designer", designs the furniture to call "furniture designer", designs the automobile to call "automobile designer". Actually, the industrial design is the outward appearance design not merely. Now is cramped to the industrial design understanding very much, regards as it is the modelling design merely, therefore it must go naturally with the craft comparison, the Chinese industry designer basically all is an outward appearance modelling design. The handset sells the fire such, actually changging is the outward appearance. The plan is others, the patent is others, we only can go to trade the color to trade the outer covering. We only are in tidy up to the product, do not have the solution basic question. Since the industrial design has said is in fact the Industrial Revolution people's design. Since the Industrial Revolution appeared the big division of labor, some people study the market specially, some people study the marketing specially, some people study the technical development specially, some people study people's life demand specially. This time, designed is separated, this time design was called the industrial design. The industrial design takes to the enterprise the huge benefit. The industrial design occupies the big ingredient in a product value, not greatly easy quantification, because it is contains in inside, is a soft value, its content is the cultural value, is the national mechanism, the horizontal ability one kind manifests. The overseas some similar analogies, like US has this kind of view, certainly is not very precise: In the enterprise if invested in the technical equipment renews has brought benefit, that industrial design brought the benefit was its 5 times. If invests 1,000 US dollars, brings the benefit on the equipment is 10% speech, that this 1,000 US dollars will throw the benefit which will bring to the design will be 780%, at least 560%, because its added value high, the profit will be high. England's Madame Thatcher as early as had said in 20 years ago, England may not have the government, but may not not design. England's success mainly depends on its design impetus. The industrial design is belongs to the modern industry product, the product structure, the industrial structure carries on the specialty which the plan design, innovates unceasingly. Its core is take "human" as the center, the design creation achievement must be able fully to adapt, satisfiedly to take "human" the demand. Humanity's demand never can pause on some, thus the industry is the design also is needs "to redesign" the specialty. The industrial design is the scientific research technology achievement transforms as the product, forms the commodity, conforms to the demand, the beneficial environmental protection core process, is the technical innovation and the knowledge innovation touchdown target, is system approach which the product, the commodity, the thing, the waste product transforms mutually. The industrial design essence is "artificial thing science". Before the reform and open policy, our country basically has not formed own industrial design ability. In the modern industry product, extremely little belongs to our country to originate. Two, under the planned economy system, the product uniform purchase has exclusive selling rights, falls short of demand, is the seller market, under such historical condition, also does not need the industrial design. In the recent 20 years, our country industrial design enterprise had the very big progress. The at the beginning of 1980s, the universities, colleges and institutes start to establish the industrial design specialty, now, our country had more than 200 colleges and universities to open this specialty, some big enterprises also one after another established the industrial design department, the industrial design started in the product modelling design aspect to win initial success. As a result of the industrial design advancement, causes the enterprise product modelling diversification, but looked from society's overall, the industrial design still was at the early time development phase in our country, but also has not been able to like the developed country to be same, created the high benefit with extremely active "productive forces" "industrial". The big market concept essence is not by "the modelling" design primarily, but is serves the "user take" as "this". Therefore, the industrial design true duty, is carries on the conceptual design to the new life style demand which the localization of target, the research analysis and determined from this. This leading direction on for the work which met down had found the very good starting point. At present " sells fixes production quotas " " the small market " mechanism, the force enterprise falls into vicious circle " noisy crowd ", “the price war " eddy current is inescapably involved. Its primary cause has not grasped industrial design this methodology, therefore has not been able in the enterprise industrial structure, in the product mix adjustment strategy and even " brand ", “in the quality " concept, serves the " customer for central " " the " goal to take truly the enterprise profit the basic condition, but only grasps " hardware ", the technology, the processing quality, the advertisement, the marketing and the enterprise vivid strategy and so on these methods. Does not stress the basic market localization, the market goal variation strategy, namely did not stress the industrial design, enterprise's technological innovation has lost the goal, created the enormous resources waste, finally, enterprise's competition only paused in the low level. Cites an example to explain malpractice: The developing nation development automobile industry has two paths, one is the South Korean path, through the independent development, the development nationality industry, becomes the multinational corporation the competitor; One take the Latin American nations as representative, runnings in the capital path, degenerates into the multinational corporation the dependency. But our country produces early compared to South Korea the automobile for several years, several big automobile group company is basic until now independently has not developed the passenger vehicle ability. Are increasingly many with the foreign joint capital automobile enterprise, in the world the famous multinational corporation nearly all arrived China to pool capital. Most important, uses our technology to fire our brand, carries forward the national industry to need the industrial design in the final analysis. In the independent brand time, the design will become the commercial strategy a part, the design strategy becomes the enterprise strategy the important part. Perhaps the design can create the new business model in this time. Because is too early, we are impossible to this kind of strategy industrial design understanding in extremely clearly, but some tendencies we are may estimate. One is the product image distinguishes into possibly, each brand all must have own individuality, this kind of individuality will also manifest in enterprise's all product family member; Two, the design object can have the development. Its real situation and the thing equally important, the product and the service is worth taking equally. Not only enterprise sales product, but also sells the service. Again to looks out into the distance the vision looks, the experience design not does not have possibly. Three, in the design method even more emphasized the team cooperation, the team members will come from a broader domain. In fact, because has the special status and the function in the industrial promotion and the development, now many countries already the industrial design took the national innovation strategy the important constituent, establishes the special control section in abundance, the investment huge fund, and gives the support in the industrial policy. England is equipped with National Design Committee, manages the nation industrial design advancement work; Japan proposed " builds the nation on the basis of scientific and technical development, the design leads the way the " national policy, is equipped with the design promotion hall, the design policy hall as well as the industrial promotion in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry can use in advancing this work; South Korean Government is proposed in the industrial development summary that, hoped becomes the world to 2010 to design the powerful nation. Then our country if hoped can through enhance the high-tech product the added value to strengthen our comprehensive strength, then should start from the present to take the industrial design, sets up the special government control section and the profession association, and provides the capital source for it. Government to industrial design fund investment, also must have the special allocation, set up the fund. Under so environment, not only can develop the native place to design, but also can have the formidable rallying point to attract more international resources.
工业设计industrial design产品设计product design
工业设计 Industrial Design designIndustrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of engineering, usability, marketing, brand development and sales.Definition of industrial designGeneralIndustrial Designers are a cross between a mechanical engineer and an artist. They study both function and form, and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move, or the circuits that control the movement. And usually, they partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and expectations.In Depth"Industrial Design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer." According to the IDSA (Industrial Design Society of America)Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, "Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state". This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved.According to the (Chartered Society of Designers) design is a force that delivers innovation that in turn has exploited creativity. Their design framework known as the Design Genetic Matrix (TM) determines a set of competences in 4 key genes that are identified to define the make up of designers and communicate to a wide audience what they do. Within these genes the designer demonstrates the core competences of a designer and specific competences determine the designer as an 'industrial designer'. This is normally within the context of delivering innovation in the form of a three dimensional product that is produced in quantity. However the definition also extends to products that have been produced using an industrial process. Industrial design is rapidly becoming an obsolete term as 'products' can now be industrially produced as 'one-offs' by the use of Rapid Prototyping Machines. In a post-industrial era and with the emergence of strategic design definitions such as this are incumbering designers and the advancement of design practice.According to the ICSID, (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design) "Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic exchange.Process of designAlthough the process of design may be considered 'creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial Designers often utilize 3D software, Computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, Coke bottle, and VW Beetle are frequently-cited examples.Industrial design has no focus on technical concepts, products and processes. In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns such as seduction, psychology, desire, and the sexual or affectionate attachment of the user to the object. These values and accompanying aspects on which industrial design is based can vary, both between different schools of thought and among practicing designers.Product design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design and/or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design.Also used to describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the term Industrial Design Engineer. The Cyclone vacuum cleaner inventor James Dyson for example could be considered to be in this category (see his autobiography Against The Odds, Pub Thomson 2002).Industrial design rightsIndustrial design rights are intellectual property rights that make exclusive the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired.
第17 卷第4 期 皮 革 科 学 与 工 程 Vol117 ,No142007 年8 月L EATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Aug1 2007Artical ID :1004 - 7964 (2007) 04 - 0003 - 06Received Date :20072052213 P. Mokrejs :Corresponding author. Phone N°: + 420 57 603 1230 ;Fax N°: + 420 57 603 1563 ;e2mail :mokrejs @f t . utb. c2Recycling Technology for Waste Tanning LiquorsP. Mok rejs1 3, D. J anacova2 ,M. Mladek1 , K. Kolomaz nik2 , F. L angmaier1 ,V . V asek2(1. Tomas B ata University , Faculty of Technology , Department of Protein and Leather , nam.TGM 275 , 762 72 Zlin, The Czech Republic ;2. Tomas B ata University , Faculty ofA p plied Inf ormatics , Institute of Processing Cont rol and A p plied Computer Science ,N ad S t ranemi 4511 , 760 05 Zlin, The Czech Republic)Abstract :Tannery belongs to typical indust rial branches which during t he technological processp roduce considerable quantities of liquid and solid wastes cont ributing to polluting t he environ2ment . The presented work describes dechromation of waste tanning liquor utilising chrome sludgep roduced t hrough enzymatic hydrolysis of chrome2tanned leat her wastes. The principle of dechro2mation consist s in sorption of chrome f rom waste liquor af ter tanning to chrome sludge. Recy2cling technology is characterised by an almost 99 % efficiency , simplicity and low investment re2quirement s.Key words :solid waste ;liquid waste ;chrome sludge ;waste tanning liquor ;chrome recoveryCLC number :X 794 Document code :A鞣制废液的循环技术摘 要:制革属于典型的工业分支,制革工业中会产生大量的污染环境的废液和废固。该论文利用铬鞣革废物的酶法水解用铬污泥除去鞣制废液中的铬。除去铬的原理是鞣后的铬污泥从废液中吸收铬。该循环技术回收率可达99 % ,操作简单、成本低廉。关键词:固体废弃物;液体废弃物;铬污泥;鞣制废液;铬回收1 INTRODUCTIONThe tanning indust ry p rocesses wastes of themeat indust ry , raw hides , and t ransforms t hemt hrough chemical , chemico2p hysical and mechani2cal processes into leather s. During t he technologi2cal process , solid and liquid wastes arise which ,particularly as a consequence of t he cont rover sialchrome t hey contain , burden the environment .Processing one met ric ton of raw hide produces ap2prox. 200 kg finished leat her . About 30 , 000 kgwastewaters arise through processing and moret han 70 % chrome passes into liquid and solidwastes [1 ] .In classic tanning , approx. 40 % chrome (t hestarting charge of 15 - 17 kg Cr / t ) remains inleat her , 26 % - 30 % chrome passes into solidwastes and 30 % - 34 % chrome remains in liquidwastes. In t he tanning of hides using technologicalprocedures ensuring high removal of chrome com2pounds by white hide , 54 % - 57 % chrome remains© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. leat her , 31 % - 38 % chrome passes into solidwastes and 5 % - 15 % remains in liquid wastes [2 ] .For modifying t he tanning process , organic acids ,e. g. are used , which cont ribute to improving theremoval of chrome ions.1. 1 Liquid wasteManufacture of chrome2tanned leat hers pro2duces 115 - 2 times quantities of wastewater s t hanmanufact ure of vegetable2tanned leat her s [3 ] . Los2ses of chrome compounds in waste tanning liquor smay be prevented in several ways. The simplestapproach is the direct recycling method consistingin re2using exhausted liquor in t he tanning process.The main shortcoming of t his method is a negativeeffect of salt s and other contaminating substanceson quality of finished leather . Af ter being recycledseveral times , wastewater has to be discharged intosewage [4 ] . Anot her potential met hod is indirectrecycling , in which chrome is obtained f rom ex2hausted sludge t hrough precipitation using a suit2able alkaline agent , e. g. sodium hydroxide , sodi2um carbonate , sodium hydrogen carbonate , mag2nesium oxide , calcium sulp hate , calcium hydroxide[5 ] . A f urt her met hod consist s in employing elabo2rate techniques , e. g. elect ro2dialysis , membraneseparation , ion exchangers , wit h which chromemay be separated f rom ot her salt s contained in ex2hausted sludge. Chrome thus obtained is character2ised by much higher p urity than that obtainedt hrough indirect recycling. Disadvantages are ahigh cost and limited po ssibilities of applying t hesedemanding technologies in tanning factories [ 4 ] .Unutilised chrome in liquid wastes , apartf rom significant economic losses for tanneries , al soposes great hazard for t he environment and forman. The most stable and most important oxida2tion state is Cr ( III) . Compounds of Cr (VI) occurin t he form of chromates and dichromates and ex2hibit quite st rong oxidative properties [6 ] .Chrome is found in liquid tanning wastes in it st rivalent form , there exist s , however , potentialdanger of it s oxidising to hexavalent compounds ,particularly when t reating groundwater s to drink2ing waters. Hexavalent compounds , when com2bined wit h calcium or magnesium ions , are st rong2ly carcinogenic[7 , 8 ] .An extensive research exploring negativeeffect s of tanning wastewaters f rom local tannerieson t he adjacent ecosystem was conducted in Indi2a[9 ] . Highest level s of chrome contained in soilwere found in t he vicinity of tanneries , at approx.60 g/ kg. Highest chrome accumulation was ob2served in cauliflower stalks (72 mg/ kg) in locali2ties near tanneries. In st udies investigating Cr ac2cumulation in fish organs it was found t hat mostchrome accumulates in t he liver (approx. 22 mg/kg) and least in muscles (approx. 1 mg/ kg) . Thepo ssible t ransfer of hazardous Cr doses into t hefood chain and consequently to human beings ist hus quite obvious.112 Sol id wasteTannery processing al so produces a considera2ble quantity of solid chrome2tanned wastes whichpresent a significant problem due to t heir chromecontent . The problem of solid wastes has beensolved so far by land filling which , of course , be2side ever increasing land filling co st s al so bringst he danger of chrome escaping into t he ecosystem.Due to t heir containing a sizeable proportion ofprotein material , solid tanned wastes started to beprocessed. Enzymatic hydrolysis has being em2ployed to considerable extent in latest year s , wit hit s particular advantages being mild reaction condi2tions and economic cost2effectiveness [10 , 11 ] . Themain product of enzymatic hydrolysis is collagenhydrolysate , whose application possibilities arebroad , e. g. as feed additive , nit rogenous fertili2ser , raw material for preparing adhesives , corro2sion inhibitor s , etc. The remaining waste productaf ter enzymatic hydrolysis (chrome sludge) has notyet found lucrative application. It s employment ,due to chrome content , has not been much adoptedfor preparing combined tanning bat hs.Subject of the presented work is potential use4 皮革科学与工程 第17 卷© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. t he waste product af ter enzymatic hydrolysis ofchrome2tanned solid wastes (chrome sludge) for i2solating chrome compounds f rom waste tanningliquor s.2 MATERIALS AND METHODSSolid was determined according to ISO 4684[12 ] , ash according to ISO 4047 : 1998[13 ] , nit rogenaccording to ISO 5397 : 1984 [14 ] , Cr2 O3 accordingto ISO 5398 [ 15 ] , Cr according to ISO 9174 : 1998[16 ] and Mg according to ASTM D511203 [ 17 ] .Chrome sludge is a waste product of enzymatichydrolysis of chrome2tanned solid waste and it scomposition is given in Tab. 1. Typical composi2tion of chrome2tanned solid waste is given in Tab.2.Tab11 Composition of chrome sludge1)表1 铬污泥成份Parameter ValueTS/ % 1614Ash/ % 3410N / % 114Cr2O3 / % 1215MgO / % 1115 1) based on total solidsTab12 Composition of chrome2tanned solid waste1)表2 铬鞣革固体废弃物成份Parameter ValueTS/ % 6911Ash/ % 1019N/ % 2011Cr2O3 / % 415 1) based on total solidsTab13 Composition of waste tanning liquor表3 鞣制废液成份Parameter ValueTS/ % 718Ash/ %1) 8713N/ %1) 018Cr/ (mg/ kg) 1 ,769Mg/ (mg/ kg) 693p H 412colour blue2green 1) based on total solidsWaste tanning liquor was obtained f rom tan2ning of cowhides and it s composition is presentedin Tab. 3.The experimental part was divided into twopart s. The fir st part contained five selected massratio s of chrome sludge ∶ waste liquor and threevarious dechromation times , see Table 4. Practicaldechromation was performed under laboratory con2ditions by stirring chrome sludge with waste tan2ning liquor at room temperat ure in accordance wit ht he scheme shown in Fig. 1. Af ter dechromation ,t he heterogeneous mixt ure was cent rif uged. A partof supernatant was analysed for Cr content . Theinvestigated object in view was quantity of residualchrome in waste tanning liquor af ter dechromation.The second part of test s followed up result s ofwaste liquor dechromation efficiency in t he first ex2perimental part . The mass ratio of chrome sludge∶waste liquor producing greatest dechromation ef2ficiency was selected and a series of test s per2formed to t he p urpo se of st udying dechromation re2action kinetics.Fig1 1 Scheme of dechromation of waste tanning liquor图1 鞣制废液的脱铬流程3 RESULTSTest s and dechromation result s at variousmass ratios of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor and va2rious dechromation times are shown in Tab14.Tab15 t hen shows dechromation result s at mass ra2tio of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor = 1 ∶1 and va2rious dechromation times. Each test was performedt hreefold and arit hmetic mean calculated , standarddeviation ranged wit hin ±5 %.第4 期 P. Mokrejs ,et al :Recycling Technology for Waste Tanning Liquors 5© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. Dechromation results of waste tanning liquor at mass ratios of Cr sludge/ waste liq. and dechromation times表4 铬污泥与废液不同质量比以及不同脱铬时间条件下鞣制废液的脱铬结果TestNo.Batch( g)sludge :liquort/ minIn2processpHCr liq. /( mg/ kg)Eff iciency/ %1 7114 ∶50 30 6134 - 7108 807 54142 90 190 89123 180 116 93154 20183 ∶50 30 6195 - 7148 146 91175 90 58 96176 180 33 98117 35171 ∶50 30 7121 - 7168 53 97108 90 33 98119 180 36 981010 50 ∶50 30 7130 - 7190 24 981711 90 23 981712 180 17 991013 70 ∶50 30 7148 - 8102 41 971714 90 32 981215 180 79 9516 1) Starting content of chrome in waste tanning liquor = 1769 mg/ kgTab1 5 Dechromation results of waste tanning liquor andtimes1)表5 铬污泥与废液质量比为1 ∶1 不同脱铬时间条件下鞣制废液的脱铬结果TestNo.t/ minIn processpHCr liq./ ( mg/ kg)Eff iciency/ %1 4 7120 - 7133 438 75122 8 7127 - 7145 351 80123 12 7151 - 7189 299 83114 16 7176 - 7194 230 87105 20 7180 - 7191 206 88146 24 7181 - 7194 200 88177 28 7181 - 7196 139 92118 32 7182 - 7199 43 97169 36 7188 - 8103 32 981210 40 7190 - 8104 19 981911 60 7186 - 8106 28 981412 80 7187 - 8107 22 981813 100 7180 - 8111 35 9810 1) Starting content of chrome in waste tanning liquor =1769 mg/ kg ;mass ratio of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor = 1∶1Figure 2 shows column plot s representing re2sidual chrome content in waste tanning liquor af tert he dechromation procedure at various chromesludge ∶waste liquor ratios and various dechroma2tion times. With a mass ratio of 1 ∶7 af ter 30 mindechromation , a drop of chrome in liquor exceeding50 % was found , af ter 180 min the dechromationefficiency was greatest . Wit h a ratio of 1 ∶214 ,t he tendency of chrome content in liquor to de2crease wit h time was at it s greatest , residualchrome content in liquor coming down to 3314 ppmwhich represent s dechromation efficiency exceeding98 %. Wit h a ratio of 1 ∶114 t he tendency ofchrome decrease is similar , when t he greatest dropof chrome content in liquor was already recordedaf ter 90 min of dechromation ( to 3312 mg/ kg) .Wit h a ratio of 1 ∶1 , lowest level s of residualchrome in liquor were already at tained in 30 min ofdechromation app rox. 24 mg/ kg , representing al2most 99 % dechromation efficiency. A f urt her in2crease in dechromation times produced but negli2gibly decreased chrome content in liquor . Wit h aratio of 114 ∶1 , t he greatest drop of chrome con2tent in liquor was recorded af ter 90 min dechroma2tion. Fig13 shows dechromation kinetics of wastetanning liquor at mass ratio of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor = 1 ∶1 and various dechromationtimes. From result s it is obvious t hat af ter 40 min6 皮革科学与工程 第17 卷© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. chrome content in waste tanning liq2uor decreased to approx. 20 mg/ kg , which com2pared wit h starting content of chrome in waste tan2ning liquor ( 1769 mg/ kg) signifies almost 99 %chrome removal efficiency. Further increases indechromation time did not show in markedly in2creased chrome removal efficiency , and values ofresidual chrome content in slurry fluct uated be2tween 20 and 35 mg/ kg.4 DISCUSSIONDuring past decades , a t ransfer occurred of anotable part of tanning plant s f rom economicallyadvanced west European count ries to developingcount ries and to count ries of t he Asian continent .In latest year s , however , t he environmental loadproduced by t hese plant s became unsustainable andintensive negotiations on resolving t he mat ter gotunder way. When rest ructuring existing and con2st ructing new tanning plant s , issues coming partic2ularly under consideration are solid and liquidwastes containing chrome. Contamination ofgroundwater s wit h liquid wastes containing chromeis obvious. Release of chrome f rom solid wastes第4 期 P. Mokrejs ,et al :Recycling Technology for Waste Tanning Liquors 7© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. proceed particularly t hrough elution by rainwith great hazard of groundwater contamination.The danger of Cr ( III) oxidising to Cr (VI) was al2ready mentioned in t he fir st part of this cont ribu2tion.Test result s showed t he solid waste product ,chrome sludge , may be successf ully employed to i2solate chrome f rom waste tanning liquors , and t hatwith an efficiency of app rox. 99 %. The advanta2ges of recycling technology may primarily comprisesimplicity and low demand for investment cost s ,which make it ideally applicable when recyclingwaste tanning liquor s especially in tanning plant sin t he developing world.Utilisation of chrome2enriched sludge remainsan open issue. A feasible alternative is it s combus2tion and separation of chrome , which may be used ,e. g. in pigment manufacture. A particular compli2cation is presented by accompanying magnesium ,which is undesirable for t hese applications. Isola2ting magnesium f rom chrome sludge will be subjectof a following research. Employment of chrome2enriched sludge for p reparing f resh tanning bathsal so remains an open issue.5 CONCLUSIONRecycling technology developed for removingchrome f rom waste tanning liquors wit h applicationof waste chrome sludge achieves almost 99 % effi2ciency. Dechromed waste liquor represent s a mini2mal load on t he environment . Chrome2enrichedsludge , following isolation of ot her accompanyingelement s (especially magnesium and calcium) com2plicating it s f urther processing , could serve to pre2pare pigment s. Result s of experimental measure2ment s and an elaborated mat hematical model of re2cycling technology will serve to propose an algo2rit hm of enclosed dechromation cycle cont rol whichwill be t he subject of pilot2plant test s.Acknowledgements : The aut hors would like tot hank to The Minist ry of Education of The CzechRep ublic for financial support to t his work execu2ted under MSM Grant No : 7088352102.References :[1 ] Process technology for recovery and recycling of chromi2um f rom leather waste and sludge , BLC , EV5VO542(1994 1996) .[2 ] Ludvik J . Chrome balance in leather processing [ J ] .UNIDO , US/ RAS/ 92/ 120/ 11 - 51 (2000) .[3 ] Mladek M ,et al . Leather indust ry waste t reatment [M] .State Technical Literature Publishing , Prague ( 1971) :261 - 265.[4 ] Rajamani S. A system for recovery and reuse of chromi2um f rom spent tanning liquor using magnesium oxide andsulphuric acid[J ] . UNIDO (2003) .[ 5 ] Covington A D , Sykes R L , Barlow J R , et al. A practi2cal chrome recovery system using magnesium oxide[J ] . JSoc Leather Technol Chem ,1985 , (69) :166 - 174.[6 ]Cotton F , Wilkinson G. Advanced Inorganic Chemist ry( A Comprehensive Text ) [ M ] . Academia , Prague(1973) . 788 - 803.[7 ] Hartford W H. Proceedings Chromium Symposium [J ] .Indust rial Health , Foundation , Pitt sburg (1989) .[8 ]Vijayalakshm R . A Study of the interaction of Cr ( III)complexes and their selective binding with B2DNA. Amolecular modelling approach[J ] . J Biom St ruc Dynam ,2002 (19) :1063 - 1072.[9 ] Chattopadhyay B. The environmental impact of wastechromium of tannery agglomerates in the east Calcuttawetland ecosystem[J ] . J Soc Leather Technol Chem ,2000(84) :94 - 100.[ 10 ] Cabeza L F. Isolation of protein product s f rom chromi2um2containing leather waste using two consecutive en2zymes and purification of final chromium product : Pilotplant studies [ J ] . J Soc Leather Technol Chem , 1999(83) :14 - 19.[11 ] Langmaier F. Product s of enzymatic decomposition ofchrome2tanned leather waste [J ] . J Soc Leather TechnolChem , 1999 (83) :187 - 195.[12 ] ISO 4684 , Determination of volatile matter.[ 13 ] ISO 4047 : 1998 , Determination of sulphated total ashand sulphated water insoluble ash.[14 ] ISO 5397 : 1984 , Determination of nit rogen and hidesubstance.[15 ] ISO 5398 , Determination of chromic oxide.[16 ] ISO 9174 :1998 , Water quality 2 Determination of chro2mium 2 Atomic absorption spect romet ric methods.[17 ]ASTM D511 - 03 , Standard test methods for calciumand magnesium in water.8 皮革科学与工程 第17 卷© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved.
工业设计 Industrial Design 帮楼主找了些很全面的资料哦，英文版本华文版本 designIndustrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of engineering, usability, marketing, brand development and sales.Definition of industrial designGeneralIndustrial Designers are a cross between a mechanical engineer and an artist. They study both function and form, and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move, or the circuits that control the movement. And usually, they partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and expectations.In Depth"Industrial Design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer." According to the IDSA (Industrial Design Society of America)Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, "Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state". This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved.According to the (Chartered Society of Designers) design is a force that delivers innovation that in turn has exploited creativity. Their design framework known as the Design Genetic Matrix (TM) determines a set of competences in 4 key genes that are identified to define the make up of designers and communicate to a wide audience what they do. Within these genes the designer demonstrates the core competences of a designer and specific competences determine the designer as an 'industrial designer'. This is normally within the context of delivering innovation in the form of a three dimensional product that is produced in quantity. However the definition also extends to products that have been produced using an industrial process. Industrial design is rapidly becoming an obsolete term as 'products' can now be industrially produced as 'one-offs' by the use of Rapid Prototyping Machines. In a post-industrial era and with the emergence of strategic design definitions such as this are incumbering designers and the advancement of design practice.According to the ICSID, (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design) "Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic exchange.Process of designAlthough the process of design may be considered 'creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial Designers often utilize 3D software, Computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, Coke bottle, and VW Beetle are frequently-cited examples.Industrial design has no focus on technical concepts, products and processes. In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns such as seduction, psychology, desire, and the sexual or affectionate attachment of the user to the object. These values and accompanying aspects on which industrial design is based can vary, both between different schools of thought and among practicing designers.Product design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design and/or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design.Also used to describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the term Industrial Design Engineer. The Cyclone vacuum cleaner inventor James Dyson for example could be considered to be in this category (see his autobiography Against The Odds, Pub Thomson 2002).Industrial design rightsIndustrial design rights are intellectual property rights that make exclusive the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired.
外文翻译是你上网上查询一篇文章，和你的设计题目相似的英文文章，然后自己翻译过来，这就是外文翻译，篇幅必须长一点，因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。 文献综述一般就是把你所用到的资料都一一介绍一下，不要很具体，因为论文是文献综述的具体介绍，文献综述中还包括一些与设计题目有关的现实描述。
自然和科学两个免费的文学呢！ ！您的图书馆也可能是多啊，还有，你应该有一个专业的外国文学！ ！ 一些外文网站，但我一直没能降低我的老师说要免费的！ ！ MPMI，植物病理学，植物病害，PNAS，科学1，细胞的公共图书馆，
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财系统的设计与实现的外文翻译和文献综 肯定知道
翻译 ：老师出的？ 很难的。要知道要写翻译程式，必须写一下几个子程式： 词法分析->语法分析->语言优化. 你必须深入理解 汉语和 英语的语法. 根本不用去做,应为这是专业人员写的
文献综述就是用资料，只不多有一个比较固定的格式。 主要是，关于你的论文主题，国内外学者提出多点看法和主张。某某学者在某某文章中，就你的论文主题，提出看法认为如何如何 都是这样的语句，写出来就ok了。需要大概七八篇文章的论述，最好是高阶的人物写的文章，发表在高阶期刊上的。 知网搜寻文章，搜出来的文章，看看摘要就能写进综述里了，不用下载，中国知网，自己搜寻 合适采纳啊 外文翻译，如果学校图书馆上网有购买国外资料库，例如springerlink或者sci的，可以资料库找 如果没在学校可以谷歌学术搜寻相关英文关键词
涉及论文上的翻译可以在相应的翻译机构中完成即可。例如翻译达人，也是不错的选择，涉及的业务广而语种多，适合每种需求的客户
既然叫做外文文献综述，那就是根据相关课题的研究进展的相关文献（包括中文，英文）进行英文书写综述，若果只是要求中文文献综述，那也可以找一篇相关外文综述进行翻译。 望采纳，谢谢楼主
推荐你到 三七毕业设计网看看 真的不错~他们那里有专门的文献综述专区，参考一下肯定能搞定
seek68数字图书馆有许多外文文献数据库。可以去那里查外文文献。
土木工程的key哀，速度，
机械工程论文参考文献
机械工程是一门涉及利用物理定律为机械系统作分析、设计、制造及维修的工程学科。下面是我为大家整理的机械工程论文参考文献，欢迎阅读。
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3D打印技术在工业设计的应用论文
摘要 ：3D打印技术是一项具有工业革命意义的先进制造技术，可推动工业设计模式发生变革，拓展工业设计的内涵，促使工业设计思维的解放，缩短设计周期，节省研发成本，降低企业风险。本文阐述了3D打印的技术体系，探讨了3D打印技术在工业设计上的应用，分析了3D打印技术对工业设计的影响。
关键词 ：3D打印；工业设计；应用；影响
一、3D打印技术
（一）3D打印技术原理。3D打印技术最早称为快速成形技术或快速原型制造技术，是在当代CAD/CAM技术、机械工程、分层制造技术、激光技术、计算机数控技术、精密伺服驱动技术以及新材料技术的基础上集成发展起来的一种先进制造技术。它是以计算机三维数字模型为蓝本，用软件将其分解成若干层平面切片，然后由数控成型系统利用激光束、热熔喷嘴等方式将可粘合材料进行逐层堆积黏结，最终叠加成型，制造出产品。
（二）3D打印技术的常见细分类别及可使用材料。常见的3D打印技术根据成型技术的不同可以分为下表几个类别：
（三）3D打印的优势。3D打印技术是大批量生产形式向小批量、个性化生产形式发展的引领技术，其突出优势在于生产结构、外观复杂的物品而不增加成本、多样化不增加成本，在于无须组装、零时间交付、设计空间无限、零技能制造、不占空间、便携制、减少废弃副产品、材料无限组合及精确的实体复制。
二、3D打印在工业设计中的应用
（一）概念模型、功能原型的制作。在工业设计的流程中，需要反复制作不同作用和类型的零件、模型，传统的方法有着制作周期长、劳动强度高、精度差、成本高等诸多缺点，而使用3D打印技术可以快速、轻松、精准的得到所需的零件、模型。
（二）工业设计过程中所需工具的制作。工业设计是一个充满创造力活动，不同的产品、不同的设计师在设计过程中需要用到各种各样的器材和工具来辅助，这些工具大多数都是设计师根据需要自行制作。这时，可以通过3D打印机完成，而不是耗费大量的时间、精力通过各种加工方式去制作。3D打印设备在工具制作上不仅可以缩短时间，降低成本，还可以构造出结构更加精密、质量更加轻盈、更加符合人体工程学的产品，大幅度提高设计的效率。
（三）小批量产品生产。随着3D打印技术的发展，其打印成本和打印时间进一步下降，可以打印的材料、方式不断丰富，使其在小批量产品生产上与传统加工制造工艺相比，有着生产流程短、时间少、成本低等巨大优势，而且不受时间、空间、机床、模具的限制，只要有需要便可以随时暂停生产，对设计进行修改，解除了传统制造业的技术、成本、工期等限制，这样，设计的产品不但快速而且灵活的得以生产。
三、3D打印对工业设计的.影响
（一）解放束缚，改变设计理念。传统的设计造型受产品的生产、组装等工艺制约，使得设计师的创造力、想象力受到束缚。而随着3D打印技术的发展和成熟，结构、外观再复杂的产品都能通过3D打印机打印出来，且浑然一体。如此，设计师可以将精力集中在产品形态、外观创意和功能创新、改进上，使产品的造型设计多元化、结构设计一体化、使用人性化趋势逐渐显现，在其技术、经济、美学、环境、人机等属性因素中，人机属性和美学属性因素所占的比例得到提高。传统的工业设计是建立在传统的大批量生产方式之上的，这就要求设计是根据一个模型来进行的，即使是所谓的个性化设计也只是将模型的生成范围缩小了。这意味着使用者的心理、生理及使用时间、环境等差异性在设计过程中难以体现。如鼠标设计就是这种典型的设计方式：传统设计模式是让使用者手掌的大小、使用的习惯、个性需求等去适应有限的规格、型号，而3D打印技术则可根据使用者的手形、习惯、个性需求等设计、生产出与其完全匹配的产品。3D打印技术使产品的个性化设计与生产成为可能，利用3D打印技术可以实现产品的量身定做，真正实现以人为本。
（二）3D打印技术对工业设计流程及成本的影响。在设计过程中，顺畅而高效的设计交流是工业设计开发取得成功的重要保证。其中各种类型的模型是交流的重要手段之一，手工制作的模型在精度、质感、触感等方面与概念的设计预期都存在较大偏差，而3D打印能克服这些缺点，使设计团队中的每个成员及用户都能够直观地看到和触摸这些概念模型，比较它们之间的结构、外形和功能的差别与优劣。另外，工业设计过程中的模型如果用手工制作的话将耗费相当长的时间，是缩短产品上市时间的最大障碍，采用3D打印可大大缩短概念模型和产品原型的制作时间，从以往的几天乃至几个星期缩短到几小时。近年来，随着产品复杂化和个性化的发展趋势，设计过程中模型加工和制造的成本非常高，复杂模型甚至要求制作专用模具和加工工艺以保证模型的精度和真实效果，而3D打印技术可实现模型随时、随地制作，大幅度降低设计成本。
（三）3D打印技术对设计产业的影响。传统的工业设计模式受到固有减式生产方式所制约，由专业设计师主导。但随着3D打印技术的日趋成熟，独立设计师对于传统加工业的依赖性将越来越小。对于那些具有较强的创新意识，具备一定的设计、研发能力的消费者很可能变成设计师和生产商。随着3D打印技术所带来的社会化制造，独立设计师和品牌也将崛起。
四、3D打印在工业设计中所面临的问题
3D打印由设计师、设计软件、设备、材料等共同作用，相互影响。在工业设计领域，3D打印技术解放了设计束缚，激发了设计师的创作灵感，但用于3D打印技术的设计软件、模型输出格式等方面依然需要进一步发展与完善。目前，3D打印技术可以与设计完美地结合在一起已经在诸多产品上得以证实，并获得了广泛的认可，但是如何让其在更多的产品生产中发挥应有的作用，仍是一个需要不断探讨的问题。同时，3D打印技术其本身又存在先天性不足，例如：打印尺寸受技术和打印机的限制、产品打印时间过长及大批量生产时无成本优势等，这些原因使3D打印仍不能代替传统制造工艺。结论：3D打印技术在工业设计领域已经获得了重大的发展和应用。在工业设计领域，3D打印技术不仅可以满足当下人们对个性化、订制化产品的要求，还可以实现结构、外观复杂产品的制造，提高设计制造精度，大大缩短设计周期，降低设计成本，激发了设计师的创作灵感，为产品设计带来新的生命力，同时催生了大量独立设计师及设计品牌，有良好的发展前景。同时，3D打印技术也存在一些技术和推广上的缺点与不足，但随着3D打印技术的发展、成熟及设计人员的不懈努力，一定会在工业设计领域得到越发广泛的应用。
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