Analysis of Percy Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” In 'Ode to the West Wind,' Percy Bysshe Shelley tries to show his desire for transcendence, by explaining that his thoughts and ideas, like the 'winged seeds' are trapped. The West Wind acts as a force for change and forward movement in the human and natural world. Shelley sees winter not just as the last season of vegetation but as the last phase of life. Shelley observes the changing of the weather from autumn to winter and its effects on the environment. Shelley is trying to show that a man’s ideas can spread and live on beyond his lifetime by having the wind carry his 'dead thoughts' which through destruction, will lead to a rebirth in the imagination, and in the natural world. Shelley begins his poem by addressing the 'Wild West Wind'. He then introduces the theme of death and compares the dead leaves to 'ghosts'. The imagery of 'Pestilence-stricken multitudes' makes the reader aware that Shelley is addressing more than a pile of leaves. His claustrophobic mood is shown when he talks about the 'wintry bed' and 'The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low/ Each like a corpse within its grave, until/ Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow'. In the first line, Shelley used the phrase 'winged seeds' which presents i . . . The 'closing night' is used also to mean the final night. The 'pumice' shows destruction and creation because when the volcano erupts it destroys. This acts as an introduction and a foreshadow of what is to come later. ' also helps the reader prepare for the climax which Shelley intended. It seems that it is only in his death that the 'Wild Spirit' could be lifted 'as a wave, a leaf, a cloud' to blow free in the 'Wild West Wind'. The 'pumice' is probably Shelley's best example of rebirth. As the rising action continues, Shelley talks about the 'Mediterranean' and its 'summer dreams'. Again, he uses soft sounding words to calm the reader into the same dream-like state of the Mediterranean. He then writes like a mourning song 'Of the dying year, to which this closing night/ Will be the dome of a vast sepulchre/ Vaulted with all they congregated might'. Percy sees his ‘dome’ as a volcano and when the 'dome' does 'burst,' it will act as a 'Destroyer and Preserver' and creator. In 'Ode to the West Wind,' Shelley uses the wind to represent driving change and a carrier for his ideas.
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Form Each of the seven parts of "Ode to the West Wind" contains five stanzas--four three-line stanzas and a two-line couplet, all metered in iambic pentameter. The rhyme scheme in each part follows a pattern known as terza rima, the three-line rhyme scheme employed by Dante in his Divine Comedy. In the three-line terza rima stanza, the first and third lines rhyme, and the middle line does not; then the end sound of that middle line is employed as the rhyme for the first and third lines in the next stanza. The final couplet rhymes with the middle line of the last three-line stanza. Thus each of the seven parts of "Ode to the West Wind" follows this scheme: ABA BCB CDC DED EE. Commentary The wispy, fluid terza rima of "Ode to the West Wind" finds Shelley taking a long thematic leap beyond the scope of "Hymn to Intellectual Beauty," and incorporating his own art into his meditation on beauty and the natural world. Shelley invokes the wind magically, describing its power and its role as both "destroyer and preserver," and asks the wind to sweep him out of his torpor "as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!" In the fifth section, the poet then takes a remarkable turn, transforming the wind into a metaphor for his own art, the expressive capacity that drives "dead thoughts" like "withered leaves" over the universe, to "quicken a new birth"--that is, to quicken the coming of the spring. Here the spring season is a metaphor for a "spring" of human consciousness, imagination, liberty, or morality--all the things Shelley hoped his art could help to bring about in the human mind. Shelley asks the wind to be his spirit, and in the same movement he makes it his metaphorical spirit, his poetic faculty, which will play him like a musical instrument, the way the wind strums the leaves of the trees. The thematic implication is significant: whereas the older generation of Romantic poets viewed nature as a source of truth and authentic experience, the younger generation largely viewed nature as a source of beauty and aesthetic experience. In this poem, Shelley explicitly links nature with art by finding powerful natural metaphors with which to express his ideas about the power, import, quality, and ultimate effect of aesthetic expression.
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The vast night sky, in western poetry has countless stars shine, shine.The life course only thirty spring and autumn period of British poet Shelley has past tianyu resplendent in a meteor, glowing with singular and dazzling brilliance.We hear of his poetry is more like the song of life, not always singing poet immortal life, echoes in eternity of time and space.Shelley was born in a hereditary noble family, since childhood to the families of the conservative atmosphere and the kind of gentleman poise filled with disgust affectation.In school, he accepted the eighteenth century enlightenment thought, and the utopian socialism of early British trend more give him with profound effect.He once said: I will not with selfishness, company image, curse people together, and I will be attacked.I swear will pour out my whole life contribute to worship of beauty.Shelley's young life is such a spirit of rebellion and struggle at the beginning, from his ode to the west wind ", the first thing we feel is a peaceful soul, one erases all the destruction of the ugly forces:It should be said that Shelley is conditional enjoy praised the secular life, he became his family as the eldest son of the rank of nobility and property of the inevitable successor, boyhood into Eaton his noble school, youth he studied at Oxford University, he should follow the rules from nation, Ann keepeth his.However he lent his family expenses were all used to buy books, he was reluctant to sacrifice his spirit in the presence of the title and heritage.Shelley to s, Europe in the age of darkness, the reactionary forces gathered together and formed a "holy alliance", under the coercion of the bourgeois regime, the democratic and national revolution in the trough, the atmosphere of choking on the society at that time, more make the Shelley to burst all mental quality.So, in order to get rid of the bound and obstacles of mental anguish, Shelley with "west wind" such a male of powerful artistic image to an outlet his pent-up resentment in the heart.To say the "west wind" the precision wild, uninhibited, wanton destruction force is just what Shelley's desire to pursue life force, was his strong resistance by the currents of life.West wind comes, "all saddened discoloration, bravery afraid lose, shuddering litter" itself, it went through the cloud in the sky, the long wave short waves in the sea to rise, its hands to have swept away all things that do not belong to the autumn, the damage and refreshes fun, this energetic male pleasure forever, is just the most real Shelley's life consciousness.In the past, we in the understanding of Shelley's poem, the "west wind" of this kind of destructive power as more of a social revolutionary force, it is certainly not wrong.Because Shelley is a always pay attention to politics, the study of politics, and engaged in political poet, he is the dark social reality detest evil, to hate everything ugly power, he is going to change all the old, a strong desire to create a new society are reflected in many of his poems.And strong west wind, of course, can be interpreted as a symbol of revolutionary spirit.It is said that the the lu xun's "ode to west wind" is introduced to China, with particular emphasis on the poems that misfits and destruction of the time spirit, because the Chinese have many forms of bondage and obstacles of the society, need to "destruction" and "new".But like today we can't take only a single understanding of lu xun for a political "revolutionary fighters" (where lu xun once accept Nietzsche's "superman philosophy", according to Nietzsche's view, "destruction and power" is reflected as a "superman" life vigor), Shelley "west wind" this image also borrow xuan yu on such a philosophy of life: the power of life is to destroy.Here the "destruction" of both destroy meaning, has a profound connotation of struggles against, more.Actually in Shelley's life, always embodies the resistance and struggle, he was expelled from school, was expelled from the family, his against the tide with a civilian woman private life and his eldest daughter eloped with teacher Switzerland and his adventure, etc., all in the bowels of the character indicates that Shelley restless and struggle, and his tireless, YongWangZhiQian the pursuit of the spirit.Therefore shape through the "west wind" this great art image, we should see more was the "superman" Shelley himself as the embodiment of the life force. 终于打好了，打字好累。望接纳~
Analysis of Percy Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” In 'Ode to the West Wind,' Percy Bysshe Shelley tries to show his desire for transcendence, by explaining that his thoughts and ideas, like the 'winged seeds' are trapped. The West Wind acts as a force for change and forward movement in the human and natural world. Shelley sees winter not just as the last season of vegetation but as the last phase of life. Shelley observes the changing of the weather from autumn to winter and its effects on the environment. Shelley is trying to show that a man’s ideas can spread and live on beyond his lifetime by having the wind carry his 'dead thoughts' which through destruction, will lead to a rebirth in the imagination, and in the natural world. Shelley begins his poem by addressing the 'Wild West Wind'. He then introduces the theme of death and compares the dead leaves to 'ghosts'. The imagery of 'Pestilence-stricken multitudes' makes the reader aware that Shelley is addressing more than a pile of leaves. His claustrophobic mood is shown when he talks about the 'wintry bed' and 'The winged seeds, where they lie cold and low/ Each like a corpse within its grave, until/ Thine azure sister of the Spring shall blow'. In the first line, Shelley used the phrase 'winged seeds' which presents i . . . The 'closing night' is used also to mean the final night. The 'pumice' shows destruction and creation because when the volcano erupts it destroys. This acts as an introduction and a foreshadow of what is to come later. ' also helps the reader prepare for the climax which Shelley intended. It seems that it is only in his death that the 'Wild Spirit' could be lifted 'as a wave, a leaf, a cloud' to blow free in the 'Wild West Wind'. The 'pumice' is probably Shelley's best example of rebirth. As the rising action continues, Shelley talks about the 'Mediterranean' and its 'summer dreams'. Again, he uses soft sounding words to calm the reader into the same dream-like state of the Mediterranean. He then writes like a mourning song 'Of the dying year, to which this closing night/ Will be the dome of a vast sepulchre/ Vaulted with all they congregated might'. Percy sees his ‘dome’ as a volcano and when the 'dome' does 'burst,' it will act as a 'Destroyer and Preserver' and creator. In 'Ode to the West Wind,' Shelley uses the wind to represent driving change and a carrier for his ideas.
Form Each of the seven parts of "Ode to the West Wind" contains five stanzas--four three-line stanzas and a two-line couplet, all metered in iambic pentameter. The rhyme scheme in each part follows a pattern known as terza rima, the three-line rhyme scheme employed by Dante in his Divine Comedy. In the three-line terza rima stanza, the first and third lines rhyme, and the middle line does not; then the end sound of that middle line is employed as the rhyme for the first and third lines in the next stanza. The final couplet rhymes with the middle line of the last three-line stanza. Thus each of the seven parts of "Ode to the West Wind" follows this scheme: ABA BCB CDC DED EE. Commentary The wispy, fluid terza rima of "Ode to the West Wind" finds Shelley taking a long thematic leap beyond the scope of "Hymn to Intellectual Beauty," and incorporating his own art into his meditation on beauty and the natural world. Shelley invokes the wind magically, describing its power and its role as both "destroyer and preserver," and asks the wind to sweep him out of his torpor "as a wave, a leaf, a cloud!" In the fifth section, the poet then takes a remarkable turn, transforming the wind into a metaphor for his own art, the expressive capacity that drives "dead thoughts" like "withered leaves" over the universe, to "quicken a new birth"--that is, to quicken the coming of the spring. Here the spring season is a metaphor for a "spring" of human consciousness, imagination, liberty, or morality--all the things Shelley hoped his art could help to bring about in the human mind. Shelley asks the wind to be his spirit, and in the same movement he makes it his metaphorical spirit, his poetic faculty, which will play him like a musical instrument, the way the wind strums the leaves of the trees. The thematic implication is significant: whereas the older generation of Romantic poets viewed nature as a source of truth and authentic experience, the younger generation largely viewed nature as a source of beauty and aesthetic experience. In this poem, Shelley explicitly links nature with art by finding powerful natural metaphors with which to express his ideas about the power, import, quality, and ultimate effect of aesthetic expression.
Western poetry, the vast night sky, once had the innumerable stars shine, shine and life course only thirty spring and autumn the English poet Shelley is like a rushing in through the sky bright meteor, flashing a strange and brilliant poetry imitation way not the song of life, always singing poet rotten life, echoed eternal Shelley was born the hereditary aristocracy family, from childhood the conservative family atmosphere and mannered gentleman with disgust school time, he accepted the eighteenth Century enlightenment thought, and the early British Utopian socialism to a more profound impact once said: I swear and selfishness, powerful, Wu, and evil people, and I will be attacked I must my whole life contribute to the beauty of worship Shelley young life begins like a rebellion and struggle spirit, from "Ode to the west wind", we feel to quiet soul, a clean cut evil forces of destruction: it should be said, Shelley is qualified to enjoy worldly pleasures of life, primogeniture into family title and property shall be heirs, youth. Eaton noble school, youth read in University of Oxford, which should follow rules docilely, duty While the family lend cost all used to purchase books, may before the title and heritage sacrifice so Shelley "s, is Europe in the dark ages, the reactionary forces the assembly, composed of the holy alliance, the bourgeois regime ruled, democratic and national revolution was at a low ebb, the society at that time a suffocating atmosphere, more wine Shelley to smash cut to get rid of spirit, mental suffering bondage and obstacles, Shelley will use the kind of male defended strong artistic image to vent the backlog of heart resentment say the west wind, so wild, wanton destruction of power is what Shelley longing for the life force, by imprisonment life strong resistance to the west, all over color, trembling with fear, despoil themselves, the sky across the cloud, the sea rise in long wave short wave, hand to cut everything belongs to autumn clean, failure and cleaned up the battle for fun, always full of vigor male pleasure, is the consciousness of life of Shelley reveal the true in the past, when we Shelley poem understanding, the westerly wind power for all-powerful more understanding social revolutionary forces, when there is no wrong because Shelley really who always pay attention to politics Research on governance, politics, and devoted himself to political poet, the dark social reality and evil enemies, to cut the repulsive forces cherish an undying, to change the old cut, many poems are reflected and strong westerly when understanding like revolutionary spirit symbol of Lu Xun was said to have "Ode to the west wind" the new society strongly desire to create, especially emphasized the poetry and the social division into and destroy the spirit, because at that time the social many forms of bondage and disorder, need to destroy and newborn like today we can get Lu Xun only single understanding of political revolution warrior like (Lu Xun had accepted Nietzsche's superman philosophy, according to Nietzsche's view, failure and strength is reflected as a superman, life vitality), Shelley borrow westerly image Xuan Yu a kind of philosophy of life: the life force to destroy destroy destroy both have meaning, more have against, profound connotation of struggle but Shelley life, always embodies the revolt and struggle: being expelled from school, was expelled from the family, run the world's largest condemnation and bit the civilian women's private life and the eldest daughter eloped with his teacher in Switzerland and adventure and so on, are examples of Shelley the depths of character agitation and struggle Tired, and diligently, Yongwangzhiqian pursuit of spirit through shaping the westerly great artistic image, we should see Shelley himself superhuman power reflects life
《牡丹的拒绝》 张抗抗 它被世人所期待、所仰慕、所赞誉，是由于它的美。 它美得秀韵多姿，美得雍容华贵，美得绚丽娇艳，美得惊世骇俗。它的美是早已被世人所确定、所公认了的。它的美不惧怕争议和挑战。 有多少人没有欣赏过牡丹呢? 却偏偏要坐上汽车火车飞机轮船，千里万里爬山涉水，天南海北不约而同，揣着焦渴与翘盼的心，滔滔黄河般地涌进洛阳城。 欧阳修曾有诗云：洛阳地脉花最重，牡丹尤为天下奇。 传说中的牡丹，是被武则天一怒之下逐出京城，贬去洛阳的。却不料洛阳的水土最适合牡丹的生长。于是洛阳人种牡丹蔚然成风，渐盛于唐，极盛于宋。每年阳历四月中旬春色融融的日子，街巷园林千株万株牡丹竞放，花团锦簇香云缭绕——好一座五彩缤纷的牡丹城。 所以看牡丹是一定要到洛阳去看的。没有看过洛阳的牡丹就不算看过牡丹。况且洛阳牡丹还有那么点来历，它因被贬而增值而名声大噪，是否因此勾起人的好奇也未可知。 这一年已是洛阳的第九届牡丹花会。这一年的春却来得迟迟。 连日浓云阴雨，四月的洛阳城冷风飕飕。 街上挤满了从很远很远的地方赶来的看花人。看花人踩着年年应准的花期。 明明是梧桐发叶，柳枝滴翠，桃花梨花姹紫嫣红，海棠更已落英纷纷——可洛阳人说春尚不曾到来；看花人说，牡丹城好安静。 一个又冷又静的洛阳，让你觉得有什么地方不对劲。你悄悄闭上眼睛不忍寻觅。你深呼吸掩藏好了最后的侥幸，姗姗步入王城公园。你相信牡丹生性喜欢热闹，你知道牡丹不像幽兰习惯寂寞，你甚至怀着自私的企图，愿牡丹接受这提前的参拜和瞻仰。 然而，枝繁叶茂的满园绿色，却仅有零零落落的几处浅红、几点粉白。一丛丛半人高的牡丹枝株之上，昂然挺起千头万头硕大饱满的牡丹花苞，个个形同仙桃，却是朱唇紧闭，皓齿轻咬，薄薄的花瓣层层相裹，透出一副傲慢的冷色，绝无开花的意思。偌大的一个牡丹王国，竟然是一片黯淡萧瑟的灰绿…… 一丝苍白的阳光伸出手竭力抚弄着它，它却木然呆立，无动于衷。 惊愕伴随着失望和疑虑——你不知道牡丹为什么要拒绝，拒绝本该属于它的荣誉和赞颂? 于是看花人说这个洛阳牡丹真是徒有虚名；于是洛阳人摇头说其实洛阳牡丹从未如今年这样失约，这个春实在太冷，寒流接着寒流怎么能怪牡丹?当年武则天皇帝令百花连夜速发以待她明朝游玩上苑，百花慑于皇威纷纷开放，惟独牡丹不从，宁可发配洛阳。如今怎么就能让牡丹轻易改了性子? 于是你面对绿色的牡丹园，只能竭尽你想像的空间。想像它在阳光与温暖中火热的激情；想像它在春晖里的辉煌与灿烂——牡丹开花时犹如解冻的大江，一夜间千朵万朵纵情怒放，排山倒海惊天动地。那般恣意那般宏伟，那般壮丽那般浩荡。它积蓄了整整一年的精气，都在这短短几天中轰轰烈烈地迸发出来。它不开则已，一开则倾其所有挥洒净尽，终要开得一个倾国倾城，国色天香。 你也许在梦中曾亲吻过那些赤橙黄绿青蓝紫的花瓣，而此刻你须在想像中创造姚黄魏紫豆绿墨撒金白雪塔铜雀春锦帐芙蓉烟绒紫首案红火炼金丹……想像花开时节洛阳城上空被牡丹映照的五彩祥云；想像微风夜露中颤动的牡丹花香；想像被花气濡染的树和房屋；想像洛阳城延续了一千多年的“花开花落二十日，满城人人皆若狂”之盛况。想像给予你失望的纪念，给予你来年的安慰与希望。牡丹为自己营造了神秘与完美——恰恰在没有牡丹的日子里，你探访了窥视了牡丹的个性。 其实你在很久以前并不喜欢牡丹。因为它总被人作为富贵膜拜。后来你目睹了一次牡丹的落花，你相信所有的人都会为之感动：一阵清风徐来，娇艳鲜嫩的盛期牡丹忽然整朵整朵地坠落，铺散一地绚丽的花瓣。那花瓣落地时依然鲜艳夺目，如同一只奉上祭坛的大鸟脱落的羽毛，低吟着壮烈的悲歌离去。牡丹没有花谢花败之时，要么烁于枝头，要么归于泥土，它跨越萎顿和衰老，由青春而死亡，由美丽而消遁。它虽美却不吝惜生命，即使告别也要留给人最后一次惊心动魄的体味。 所以在这阴冷的四月里，奇迹不会发生。任凭游人扫兴和诅咒，牡丹依然安之若素。它不苟且不俯就不妥协不媚俗，它遵循自己的花期自己的规律，它有权利为自己选择每年一度的盛大节日。它为什么不拒绝寒冷?! 天南海北的看花人，依然络绎不绝地涌入洛阳城。人们不会因牡丹的拒绝而拒绝它的美。如果它再被贬谪十次，也许它就会繁衍出十个洛阳牡丹城。 于是你在无言的遗憾中感悟到，富贵与高贵只是一字之差。同人一样，花儿也是有灵性、有品位之高低的。品位这东西为气为魂为筋骨为神韵只可意会。你叹服牡丹卓尔不群之姿，方知“品位”是多么容易被世人忽略或漠视的美。编辑本段赏析: 一、《牡丹的拒绝》是当代著名女作家张抗抗的一篇优美的散文。作品没有像众多描写牡丹的作品那样一味赞美牡丹的雍容华贵、绚丽多姿，而是独辟蹊径，通过对牡丹花开花落的描写，着力赞美牡丹的拒绝，赞扬牡丹不慕虚华、对生命执着追求的精神。 牡丹的高贵，开，倾其所有；落，惊心动魄；不开，则安之若素。拒绝是为了坚守，坚守每一次的绽放都是生命最完美的呈现；拒绝是因为执著，执著于对独立矜持的自我个性的追求，执著于对自我生命质量的尊重。为此，皇权可以藐视，宁可被贬；荣誉可以淡漠，纵然遭来诅咒。那冷漠的背后是火一样的热情，拒绝的背后是如磐石般的执著。 ??牡丹是高贵的，所有不媚不俗的独立高洁人格都是高贵的。廉者不受嗟来之食,不饮盗泉之水，孤竹君不食西周之粮，朱自清宁可饿死不食美国人的救济粮，还有陶渊明不为五斗米折腰，还有苏轼，还有夏明翰，还有邓稼先……他们“拣尽寒枝不肯栖”，只为了心中那执著的追求和信念。他们都是有品味的人，都有是人中的牡丹。 ??拒绝的背后是执著，拒绝便是高贵。 二、授课思路（复旦大学附属中学 杨燕） 题旨领会（作者强调牡丹不应作为“富贵”被膜拜，而应作为“高贵”被颂扬） 文章开篇先声夺人，以优美之词渲染铺陈出牡丹的美并描绘人们为一睹牡丹芳容而千里迢迢奔赴洛阳的情形。然后用一传说来增强牡丹的传奇色彩，并为下文抒情议论作了铺垫。行文至此，读者对牡丹的向往也就随着作者的描述而变得愈发强烈起来。然而作者笔锋一转写起了洛阳的天气情况，“春来得迟迟……连日浓云阴雨……冷风飕飕”，看似闲笔，却是极为重要的交代。“谷雨三朝看牡丹”，牡丹的开花与温度关系极为密切，满怀期望前往洛阳赏花的人极有可能会遭遇花已开过或花还未开的尴尬。这样一种因自然现象而引起的反常和遗憾却被作者敏锐地捕捉到并加以诗意的描绘和理性的思考。罗丹说：“在艺者的眼中，一切都是美的，因为他锐利的慧眼，注视到一切众生万物之核心；如能抉发其品性，就是透入外型触及其内在的‘真’，此‘真’，也即是‘美’。”作者正是抓住牡丹因天气阴冷而拒绝开花这一特点赋花以人格精神的美，着力赞颂牡丹不苟且不俯就不妥协不媚俗的个性。而同时又以美丽的想像来渲染牡丹怒放时的辉煌与灿烂，花落时的绚丽与壮烈，这样的描写不仅弥补了读者与牡丹花擦肩而过的遗憾，更重要的是强化了牡丹完美而又高贵的形象。使牡丹的美更具有灵性和品位。【品味语言】 散文要用形象说话，应具有一定的韵味，既要承载作家的主体情感，又要通过精美的语言引导读者的鉴赏期待，使人获得审美的享受。本文所塑造的牡丹形象高贵而富有个性，文章的题目《牡丹的拒绝》运用拟人化手法已显示了文眼。而在文中，这样的写法也是随处可见，“一丛丛半人高的牡丹植株之上，昂然挺起千头万头硕大饱满的牡丹花苞，个个形同仙桃，却是朱唇紧闭，洁齿轻咬，薄薄的花瓣层层相裹，透出一副傲慢的冷色，绝无开花的意思。”“一丝苍白的阳光伸出手竭力抚弄着它，它却木然呆立，无动于衷。”面对众人的参拜瞻仰，牡丹安之若素，其个性魅力不言而喻。而作者丰沛的情感和对牡丹的热烈赞颂更是依托比喻和排比的形式倾注于笔端：“牡丹开花时犹如解冻的大江，一夜间千朵万朵纵情怒放，排山倒海惊天动地。那般恣意那般宏伟，那般壮丽那般浩荡。”“想像花开时节洛阳城上空被牡丹映照的五彩祥云；想像微风夜露中颤动的牡丹花香；想像被花气濡染的树和房屋；想像洛阳城延续了一千多年的“花开花落二十日，满城人人皆若狂”之盛况。”而写到花落时的情景,作者又运用浓笔重彩的描摹凸显其壮美：“一阵清风徐来，娇艳鲜嫩的盛期牡丹忽然整朵整朵地坠落，铺散一地绚丽的花瓣。那花瓣落地时依然鲜艳夺目，如同一只被奉上祭坛的大鸟脱落的羽毛，低吟着壮烈的悲歌离去。”紧随其后的抒情犹如一曲咏叹调将牡丹拒绝萎顿和衰老，追求生命完美的本性揭示出来，“牡丹没有花谢花败之时，要么烁于枝头，要么归于泥土，它跨越萎顿和衰老，由青春而死亡，由美丽而消遁。它虽美却不吝惜生命，即使告别也要留给人最后一次惊心动魄的体味。”由此我们在这个没有牡丹的日子里却深切感悟了牡丹的高贵，它高傲而不妥协，冷艳而不媚俗，壮丽而不萎顿。花开时倾其所有挥洒净尽，花落时惊心动魄义无反顾，不开时不苟且不俯就不妥协不媚俗。
春天的声音作者：张秀亚你听到过 春天的声音吗？春天的可爱之处，不仅在于它的颜色，更在于 它的声音。那是雨落窗棂的微响，轻风对你的呼唤，以及从小径上、花园的角落里 发出的一些 细碎的声音；甚至一个小孩子响亮的口哨儿，都会成为 春之交响中 动人的部分。然而，在我的心底，春天最美妙的声音 却是鹧鸪的呼唤。断续的、一声声，似是嗔怨，又似是喜悦。记得在古城读书时，窗外那鹧鸪的鸣叫，是来自不远处的湖滨 以及附近的小树林。一声声，又一声声，渐渐地 叫得窗子发白了、变亮了。于是，我就起身打开门窗，让那芳香带露的春的早晨，连同早晨第一次听到的声音，一同拥了进来。那声音，带着花草湿湿的味道，我整个儿的灵魂都浸润其中，宛如接受了一份 上天的恩赐。如今，哪里还会有这种声音呢？这窒息了的，喑哑了的 都市的春天啊。我终日伫立窗前，除了充盈于耳的车声、人声、市声，却再也听不到 那朦胧的、不分明的、包裹着浓雾一般的 鹧鸪声了。今天走过一条小河，水流无声，河畔的杜鹃花 就像倾泻的紫烟。我蹲下身 拾起地上的花瓣儿，这时，我听到了一声春天的叹息，那么细小、那么微弱的声音。我感到一阵喜悦，哪怕是叹息呢，毕竟，我又听到了 春天的声音。如果说，鹧鸪的呼唤，是春天绿色的海洋中翻腾的泡沫；那落花的叹息，就是缥缈在春晖里 细弱的游丝。一个 代表着春天的到来，一个 意味着 春天的离去。到来也好，离去也罢，那些声响，都是我记忆里的春天。我要把它们留住，留在我的园中、窗外、阶前，更要把它们，留在我的心中。哪怕在未来的岁月里，凄寒的冬日来了，我也仍然拥有一个春天——一个 冬天里的 春天。赏析：作者描绘了一个极其美丽的春天，体现了他热爱春天、热爱大自然的情感。以及对春天美景的赞叹和不舍。试问春，带有何种颜色呢？拥有何种声音呢？也许万紫千红，也许桃红柳绿。也许静寂，也许喧嚣。事实上，春天的旋律并不仅限于生活之中，它也许埋藏在你心里，你脑中。在记忆里，和春天有关的无不一是美景、佳作。春天美在何处呢，也许是生命之花的绽放带来的美，又或者仅仅只是景美而已。春天的丰美景物何止这些，春天布满大地，绵延数万里，不论高山、深谷，不论草原、湖泊，不论森林、溪流，处处都有丰饶的物品，处处都有奇丽的美景，你要我说我可真说不完，如果哪一天你有空闲去踏青，临行前别忘了通知我一声，也许我可能给你当一个不很出色的向导。当向导在我只是一个漂亮的借口，其实我私心里也很想找个机会去重游春天。春天的声音，不仅在你的心里，我的心里，作者的心里，更在千千万万个人的心里。
西风颂从主题，主角性格，作者及诗歌的创作背景，当时的时代背景等方面进行赏析
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查尔斯·约翰·赫芬姆·狄更斯（Charles John Huffam Dickens，1812年2月7日~1870年6月9日） 英国维多利亚时期的著名小说家，他的作品至今依然盛行，并对英国文学发展起到重要影响。 早年 狄更斯1812年出生于英国朴次茅斯（Portsmouth），是海军职员约翰·狄更斯和伊丽莎白·巴洛所生的第二个孩子。狄更斯5岁时全家就迁居占松（Chatham），10岁时又搬到康登镇（Camden Town，今属伦敦）。 小时候狄更斯曾经在一所私立学校接受过一段时间的教育，但是12岁时，狄更斯的父亲就因债务问题而入狱，狄更斯也因此被送到伦敦一家鞋油场当学徒，每天工作10个小时。或许是由于这段经历，使得狄更斯的作品更关注底层社会劳动人民的生活状态。 不过后来由于父亲继承了一笔遗产而令家庭经济状况有所好转，狄更斯也才有机会重新回到学校。15岁时他从威灵顿学院毕业，随后进入一家律师行工作，后来又转入报馆，成为一名报导国会辩论的记者。狄更斯并没有接受很多的正规教育，基本上是靠自学成才。 记者生涯 狄更斯后来成为一名《晨报》的国会记者，专门采访英国下议院的政策辩论，也时常环游英伦采访各种选举活动。他开始在各刊物上发表文章，并最终收集成《博兹札记》（Sketches by Boz）出版，这是他的第一部散文集。但真正使他成名的是1836年出版的《匹克威克外传》（The Pickwick Papers）。 创作生涯 之后狄更斯连续出版了多部广受欢迎的小说，包括了《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）、《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》（Nicholas Nickleby）和《老古玩店》（The Old Curiocity Shop）。1841年完成了《巴纳比·拉奇》（Barnaby Rudge）后，狄更斯前往他所向往的美国。虽然他在那里受到了热烈的欢迎，狄更斯最终依然对那片新大陆感到失望。他在美国的见闻被收入进其在1842年出版的《美国纪行》（American Notes）。 1843年他出版了引起极大反响的小说《圣诞颂歌》（A Christmas Carol），这部小说是他的圣诞故事系列的第一部。随后他又以自己的美国之行为背景，发表了另一部小说《马丁·翟述伟》（Martin Chuzzlewit）。1844至1846年间狄更斯游历了欧陆各国，在旅行期间继续进行写作。1849年他出版了自传题材的小说《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield），这部小说的内容与狄更斯的个人经历有很大关系。狄更斯以后的小说显得更为尖锐并具批判性，其中比较著名的包括了《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House）、《艰难时世》（Hard Times）、《小杜丽》（Little Dorrit）、《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities）和《远大前程》（Great Expectations）等。 1850年，狄更斯创办了自己的周刊《家常话》（Household Words），收录了自己和其他一些作家的小说。1859年另一份刊物《一年四季》（All the Year Round）也开始发行。狄更斯本人的多部作品都是最先以连载的形式在这两份刊物上发表的。 狄更斯不仅是一位多产的写作者，也是一位积极的表演者。他把公众朗读会（public readings）化作两小时独角戏剧表演，而“速书”（prompt books/prompt copies）则是他为此所作的准备记录：在原作上划框，择要而出，省去枝蔓，偶尔添点新笑话——对这位天才的表演者，人物表情记号是不需要的。狄氏朗读 /演剧会始于1853年12月,至其生命终了,十余年间行脚遍及大西洋两岸。“速书”是狄更斯为自己写的舞台说明（stage directions），为狄更斯研究和后来的衍生戏剧/影视创作提供了鲜活的参照。（source: Dickens Museum, London) 1870年6月9日狄更斯与世长辞，临终时他的第一部侦探小说《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》（The Mystery of Edwin Drood）也未能完成。他去世后被安葬在西敏寺的诗人角，他的墓碑上如此写道：“他是贫穷、受苦与被压迫人民的同情者；他的去世令世界失去了一位伟大的英国作家。”（He was a sympathiser to the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world.）。 作品 《大卫·科波菲尔》、《远大前程》、《雾都孤儿》、《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》和《圣诞颂歌》被认为是狄更斯最优秀的几部作品，特别是带自传体性质的小说《大卫·科波菲尔》被很多人视作是狄更斯的代表作，而另一部作品《小杜丽》则以其尖酸刻薄的讽刺闻名。狄更斯的大部分作品都是他对社会的看法与批判。狄更斯是英国维多利亚时期社会阶层与贫穷的猛烈抨击者。 狄更斯对戏剧的热爱从他的作品《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》就可以看出来。他本人也是一名成功的演员，他多次出访别国进行演出活动。狄更斯的文笔浮华，如诗一般美丽，但时常又语带幽默地讽刺英国的上流社会。不过与当时的很多作家一样，他的作品以今天的角度来看，很多都带有反犹情节。人物形象与思想意义 有人把《双城记》的主要人物分为四大类：理想的正面人物形象（梅尼特、查里斯、代尔那、露茜），自我牺牲的怪人（卡尔登、普洛斯），革命人民的代表（得伐石夫妇），贵族、资产阶级坏蛋（厄弗里蒙地侯爵、巴尔塞）。这四类分法，对人物的具体划分以及对各类人物在小说中的地位和关系的分析，都有值得商榷之处。把作品中某些人划分为“革命人民的代表”和“贵族、资产阶级坏蛋”，这是我们今天的阶级划线，他既不符合作者的思想实际，也不符合作品中的人物刻画。他笔下的坏蛋，并不因为是“贵族、资产阶级”才成为坏蛋。他作品中的“革命人民代表”也有各种类型，甚至得伐石和他的妻子之间也存在明显的差别，作者也并没有把他们同等对待。狄更斯评价社会、褒贬人物的出发点是资产阶级人道主义。凡是符合人道主义的，他就爱；凡是不符合的，他就憎。我们在对他的作品人物划分类别时，也不能忘记这个出发点。正是循着狄更斯的人道主义思想脉络，我们将《双城记》中的人物分为两类：贵族和贫民。每一类都有正面人物，也都有批判的反面人物。 （1）“鸡群中的凤凰”和“一副精致的假面具” 贵族中的理想人物是代尔那。代尔那在全书中始终是被作者用歌颂笔调来刻画的，他处于一个罪恶累累的家庭，但他出淤泥而不染，是鸡群中的凤凰。他憎恶并且谴责自己贵族家庭的罪行，面对面向叔父侯爵说：“我们曾经胡作非为”，“甚至在我父亲的时代，我们就已经犯下了许多罪恶，伤害了妨害我们享乐的每一个人。”他并不停留在言辞的谴责，而且有实际行动：主动放弃爵位、官衔、财产、隐名换姓，到英国当教师，成为一个自食其力的人。显然，在他的心目中，人的价值不是由权力、地位、金钱之类来解决的，更不能因自己的享乐而伤害别人的尊严，甚至危害别人的生命。这无疑是资产阶级的人道主义思想。《五十五讲》认为：“作者主要从道德自我修养上美化代尔那。然而，连同代尔那‘自食其力’的生活在内，都是缺乏坚实的思想基础与社会基础的。无论作者怎样辩护，他对贵族阶级的抗争仍然是抽象的，内在的，缺乏具体有效的行动。他除了对叔父大发牢骚外，就不曾向社会公开谴责贵族阶级迫害农民的罪行，据此而论，代尔那的形象是有消极作用的。”这个提法不妥。代尔那的抗争不是抽象的，而是具体的，不是停留在言辞上，而是有行动。他放弃自己的特权，这还不够吗？100多年前的狄更斯敢于写出贵族阶级的叛逆者，而100多年后的今天，我们反而不敢承认这个事实。应该看到，在资产阶级反对封建阶级的斗争中，人道主义是资产阶级克敌制胜的强大思想武器。代尔那这个封建营垒中的人物，一旦接受了资产阶级的人道主义思想，便从贵族统治阶级中分化出来，成为叛逆者。马克思和恩格斯在《共产党宣言》中就曾提出过这一点：“在阶级斗争接近决战的那些时期，统治阶级内部的分化过程……就使得统治阶级中有一小部分人分化出去而归附革命的阶级，即归附于未来的主人翁阶级。”代尔那感受到人们对这个贵族家庭的不满，总有一天会完蛋，他不愿为这个家庭承担这个责任，他由贵族阶级转到资产阶级，还不同于剥削阶级转到无产阶级。为什么不真实，不可信呢？ 处于代尔那对立面的形象是厄弗里蒙地侯爵兄弟。这是作者予以揭露、讽刺、鞭笞的人物。作者通过外貌描写使我们见到了一副“精致的假面具”，他表面上道貌岸然，颇有贵族气派，实际上灵魂极其肮脏、凶残。像侯爵这样的贵族们，恣意挥霍人民的血汗，过着极度奢侈、荒唐的生活。一位侯爵每天喝朱古力茶，非有四个壮士帮忙就不能下咽。他们生活腐化、治理国家无能，残害百姓却是无以复加。他们草菅人命、荼毒生灵、残忍凶暴、灭绝人性。我们知道，封建专制的统治是以否定人的价值为特征的，确如马克思所指出：“专制制度的唯一原则就是轻视人类，使人不成其为人。”而资产阶级人道主义的精髓就是在于肯定人与生俱来的权利与价值。正是从这个基点出发，狄更斯对厄弗里蒙地兄弟进行了最充分的揭露和最无情的批判。小说中揭露：为了霸占一个农妇，他们可以满不在乎地逼死、害死四条人命。他们“填写一张空白谕旨，就可以把任何人无限期地埋在监狱里”。侯爵的马车横冲直撞，压死穷人的小孩，他一面破口大骂人们没有管好自己的孩子，一面从车里抛出一枚金币。“好像偶然打破一件平常东西，已经陪过了钱就够抵偿了似的。”然而，即便如此，这位侯爵大人还不称心，他还念念不忘目前失去的许多特权，念念不忘那碾死小孩连一个金币也不用赔的时代。他抱怨“法兰西现在越变越坏了。过去不远，我们的祖先对于周围的贱民曾经掌握过生死之权。就从这房间里，许多这样的狗被牵出去绞死；……我们已经失掉了许多特权；一种新哲学正在变为时髦；现在，要确保我们的地位或许（我不说势必）要引起真实的麻烦。一切都很坏，很坏！”他虽然已经意识到人民群众心中对贵族的特权郁积着强烈的仇恨，要确保贵族的地位甚至会引起“真实的麻烦”（指人民革命），但是，他并不因此而放松对人民的压迫和勒索。这种执迷不悟、冥顽不化的态度，正是狄更斯要当时的资产阶级统治者引以为戒的。 代尔那与厄弗里蒙地侯爵兄弟是两种截然对立的形象，其用意何在呢？显然，作者是要树立两种不同的典型，展示两种相反的前景。他希望，贵族阶级的人物都像查尔斯、代尔那一样，反躬自省、仁慈善良，主动放弃贵族阶级特权，废除不人道的暴政，这样将会缓和已经尖锐的社会矛盾，避免一场浩劫；而不要像厄弗里蒙地侯爵兄弟一样，滥用特权、暴虐无道、激化矛盾，导致人民革命的爆发。 （2）他“微笑着走向断头台”而她成了“坚决的复仇女神” 理想人物卡尔登，是狄更斯心目中的一个伟大的利他主义者，可敬的自我牺牲者。他有才华，有见识，思想敏锐，道德高尚，但却不为社会所赏识，只能屈身于庸俗的皇家律师史曲勒孚之下，充当其助手。生活使他变的懒散、冷漠、玩世不恭。他的性格被社会扭曲了，然而，他的心地依然充满了人道和善良。他深深爱上了露茜，愿为露茜牺牲自己的一切。露茜不爱他而爱代尔那，他痛苦但并不嫉妒。他向露茜表白：“为了你，为了你所亲爱的任何人，我愿意做任何事情，倘若我的生涯中有值得牺牲的可能和机会，我甘愿为你和你所爱的人牺牲。”果然，他最后实践了自己的诺言，为了露茜的幸福，顶替代尔那走上断头台，含着微笑，宁静地走完了人生最后的路。作者认为此举乃是人道主义最美的篇章。遗憾的是这个人物的真实性是最差的，特别是作者以卡尔登的死来作为对革命暴力的批判，暴露了他思想的严重局限。他把卡尔登视为“卓越的先知”，临终时发出了这样的预言：“我看见……由毁灭了的旧的压迫者而兴起的新的压迫者们都成排成对地被这报复器械（断头台）所毁灭，在这器械被废除不用之前。”狄更斯认为，无论是贵族的暴力还是革命的暴力，通通应予以废除；凡施暴力于别人者，都没有好下场。只有高踞于任何暴力之上的人道的化身卡尔登才是不朽的。 与卡尔登相对立的人物是得伐石太太，这是被作者当作批判的反面形象来刻画的。她本名狄尔斯，生于农民家庭，父亲、姐姐和哥哥都惨死在侯爵兄弟手中，只有她一人躲藏在外，幸免于难。她从小就在心中种下了对贵族的仇恨的种子，成长为一个真正的“复仇女神”，任何情况下都没有一丝一毫的动摇，坚信理想必将实现。当她丈夫因准备革命的时间太长久而感到疲乏和灰心时，她精辟地指出：“复仇和报应必须有一个长时间；这是定规。但是……它时常在准备之中的。”当暗探来到酒馆时，她机智勇敢，应付自如。她编织毛线时，把贵族阶级处决革命者的暴行和名单织进去，革命时就成了起诉书。当革命爆发后，她手里握着斧头，腰间别着手枪，率领妇女冲锋陷阵，毫不含糊地砍下敌人的脑袋，真是一员勇猛的女将”。 作者对得伐石太太家庭的遭遇，寄予深切的同情。对她的描写、在革命爆发之前的那一部分，是真实可信的，生动地表现了她的卓越智慧、才能和胆略。然而，当写到革命爆发后的那一部分时，作者出于对革命暴力的恐惧和反对，也就怀着厌恶的情绪对她的形象进行丑化、把“复仇女神”描绘成了“嗜血女魔”。作品写到，她不仅一心要置代尔那于死地，还要斩草除根，连代尔那的妻子、女儿一并消灭。她在大庭广众之中听完露茜的申诉后说：“我们晓得她的父亲和丈夫，被禁在牢狱中，这是很平常的……这一个人的妻子和小孩的母亲（露茜）的患难，现在在我们看来又值得什么呢？”甚至他丈夫得伐石劝她，她也丝毫不为所动。这本来是一个具有革命坚定性的妇女，但作者故意把她写过了头，要表明一种残酷的报复心理如何使她达到了丧失人性的地步。小说不止一次地把她写作一道暗影“可怕而且阴沉地投射在那母亲和小孩身上”。应该说，这道暗影首先是投射在作者的心上，同时也企图投射在读者的心上，激发起读者对她的反感和恐惧。 这一组贫民形象的对比，其用意也是十分明显的：他希望贫民们都像卡尔登一样宽宏大量、舍己救人，哪怕是贵族阶级的人；而不要象像得伐石太太那样残酷报复、毫不退让。作者承认，他是用卡尔登高贵的死来同得伐石卑鄙的死形成对比。狄更斯所爱憎的人物既有贵族又有贫民，似乎缺乏阶级观点。事实上狄更斯不是也不能用阶级观点来进行写作，而是用人道主义观点进行写作。狄更斯曾在一次演讲中宣称：“我想避免使用两个对立的名词——贵族与人民。我是一个相信两者都有一些优点和积极作用的人，决不愿剥夺任何一方任何一个正当的权利。”他又公开宣称，他的意图是“使正在相互虎视眈眈的双方接近起来，努力沟通两者之间的深渊”。他的愿望无疑是真诚的、美好的，然而，却是建立在空想基础上的。这导致了他笔下的正面人物苍白无力。 (3)闪光的理想人物——梅尼特 梅里特医生，就作品的情节结构来说，他是一个居于中心地位的主要人物，但并不是最能体现作者人道主义理想的那种“理想人物”。这个知识分子，年轻时正直，富于同情心，不向邪恶势力屈服，这都是为作者所赞扬的优秀品格。他目睹侯爵兄弟残害狄更斯全家的罪行，不揭发就不能解除自己“良心上的负担”，终于因此身陷囹圄。他的行为，闪烁着资产阶级人道主义的光辉。严酷的铁窗岁月，增强了他对残暴的侯爵家的仇恨。他后来说：“我在狱中的时候，有时候我的报仇的欲望是无法抑制的。”作者同情他的不幸遭遇，但对他的这种无法抑制的报仇欲望却持否定态度。出狱后，他变成了另外一个人。他的心完全被对女儿的爱所占据，为了女儿，他甘冒一切风险，甘受任何苦难。在作者笔下，梅里特俨然成为人道主义的化身，而在我们看来，狭隘的爱已使他成为一个目光短浅的庸人。为什么作者又给他安排了一个悲惨的结局呢？他的变痴，是贵族阶级摧毁的结果；在女儿女婿爱的温暖中，他的智力得到了复活，但最后当他的女婿被革命法庭判处死刑后，他又成了一个浑噩的白痴。这悲惨的事实无异于告诉读者：贵族阶级的残暴统治是毁灭人性的，革命的暴力手段同样也是毁灭人性的，只有一切阶级的人彼此相爱、和睦相处，才能使人性发射光芒。梅里特医生的女儿与侯爵的侄子相爱，建立起了幸福的生活，却因为医生对侯爵的一纸控诉书而破坏了。这个奇怪的事实无异于告诉读者：当两个阶级的人不念旧恶、和睦相处时，一切都会是美好的；而当他们硬要清除往日的冤仇时，美好的生活就不复存在了。
Scrooge in Christmas Eve, refused to love, and return to the home, she met already dead seven years he companion Marley 's Ghost, he told Scrooge will have three Ghost came to see him. Three elves in the Christmas Eve lead he saw the past, present, and future sight. Scrooge awakening to the truth, from now on will update, become a very giving person. From now and in the future, Scrooge see because being so mean to others and bring damage, the relationship between the people is mutual, if you mean to others, when you lose and even death, and no one will feel sad sorry for you. We are now doing, decide his future, Scrooge crying request change that, he's already know, their future is now as a result of the behavior. 。The future and he opened his ghost a small joke, will he throw to "death" of the coffin. When Scrooge woke up, however, pleasantly surprised to find themselves still alive, happy to brothers dance up, with the full enthusiasm to meet the new day, he no longer save money, generous and let people to buy a Turkey Bob home, embrace his servant, to ask for forgiveness and philanthropist donated money, to spend the beautiful Christmas nephew home, to raise and to help look after Tim staff. It all began with the plot of the mean when Scrooge formed his sharp contrast, in that sense, Scrooge really is dead, dead is the soul of the mean, now he is new, generous, kind of Scrooge, he began his new life, and all this, is only his attitude shift. Three ghosts visit make Scrooge more and more clearly see that his past refused to face the truth, see oneself selfish and past the truth of the ruthless, also saw his present situation, especially those who he tried to escape things truth, he also see if in their own way now to continue, the future may happen the truth. At last he woke up, he knew he could not do the truth of captive, understand oneself can have a choice, and, therefore, he chose to change yourself.
查尔斯·约翰·赫芬姆·狄更斯（Charles John Huffam Dickens，1812年2月7日~1870年6月9日） 英国维多利亚时期的著名小说家，他的作品至今依然盛行，并对英国文学发展起到重要影响。 早年 狄更斯1812年出生于英国朴次茅斯（Portsmouth），是海军职员约翰·狄更斯和伊丽莎白·巴洛所生的第二个孩子。狄更斯5岁时全家就迁居占松（Chatham），10岁时又搬到康登镇（Camden Town，今属伦敦）。 小时候狄更斯曾经在一所私立学校接受过一段时间的教育，但是12岁时，狄更斯的父亲就因债务问题而入狱，狄更斯也因此被送到伦敦一家鞋油场当学徒，每天工作10个小时。或许是由于这段经历，使得狄更斯的作品更关注底层社会劳动人民的生活状态。 不过后来由于父亲继承了一笔遗产而令家庭经济状况有所好转，狄更斯也才有机会重新回到学校。15岁时他从威灵顿学院毕业，随后进入一家律师行工作，后来又转入报馆，成为一名报导国会辩论的记者。狄更斯并没有接受很多的正规教育，基本上是靠自学成才。 记者生涯 狄更斯后来成为一名《晨报》的国会记者，专门采访英国下议院的政策辩论，也时常环游英伦采访各种选举活动。他开始在各刊物上发表文章，并最终收集成《博兹札记》（Sketches by Boz）出版，这是他的第一部散文集。但真正使他成名的是1836年出版的《匹克威克外传》（The Pickwick Papers）。 创作生涯 之后狄更斯连续出版了多部广受欢迎的小说，包括了《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist）、《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》（Nicholas Nickleby）和《老古玩店》（The Old Curiocity Shop）。1841年完成了《巴纳比·拉奇》（Barnaby Rudge）后，狄更斯前往他所向往的美国。虽然他在那里受到了热烈的欢迎，狄更斯最终依然对那片新大陆感到失望。他在美国的见闻被收入进其在1842年出版的《美国纪行》（American Notes）。 1843年他出版了引起极大反响的小说《圣诞颂歌》（A Christmas Carol），这部小说是他的圣诞故事系列的第一部。随后他又以自己的美国之行为背景，发表了另一部小说《马丁·翟述伟》（Martin Chuzzlewit）。1844至1846年间狄更斯游历了欧陆各国，在旅行期间继续进行写作。1849年他出版了自传题材的小说《大卫·科波菲尔》（David Copperfield），这部小说的内容与狄更斯的个人经历有很大关系。狄更斯以后的小说显得更为尖锐并具批判性，其中比较著名的包括了《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House）、《艰难时世》（Hard Times）、《小杜丽》（Little Dorrit）、《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities）和《远大前程》（Great Expectations）等。 1850年，狄更斯创办了自己的周刊《家常话》（Household Words），收录了自己和其他一些作家的小说。1859年另一份刊物《一年四季》（All the Year Round）也开始发行。狄更斯本人的多部作品都是最先以连载的形式在这两份刊物上发表的。 狄更斯不仅是一位多产的写作者，也是一位积极的表演者。他把公众朗读会（public readings）化作两小时独角戏剧表演，而“速书”（prompt books/prompt copies）则是他为此所作的准备记录：在原作上划框，择要而出，省去枝蔓，偶尔添点新笑话——对这位天才的表演者，人物表情记号是不需要的。狄氏朗读 /演剧会始于1853年12月,至其生命终了,十余年间行脚遍及大西洋两岸。“速书”是狄更斯为自己写的舞台说明（stage directions），为狄更斯研究和后来的衍生戏剧/影视创作提供了鲜活的参照。（source: Dickens Museum, London) 1870年6月9日狄更斯与世长辞，临终时他的第一部侦探小说《艾德温·德鲁德之谜》（The Mystery of Edwin Drood）也未能完成。他去世后被安葬在西敏寺的诗人角，他的墓碑上如此写道：“他是贫穷、受苦与被压迫人民的同情者；他的去世令世界失去了一位伟大的英国作家。”（He was a sympathiser to the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death, one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world.）。 作品 《大卫·科波菲尔》、《远大前程》、《雾都孤儿》、《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》和《圣诞颂歌》被认为是狄更斯最优秀的几部作品，特别是带自传体性质的小说《大卫·科波菲尔》被很多人视作是狄更斯的代表作，而另一部作品《小杜丽》则以其尖酸刻薄的讽刺闻名。狄更斯的大部分作品都是他对社会的看法与批判。狄更斯是英国维多利亚时期社会阶层与贫穷的猛烈抨击者。 狄更斯对戏剧的热爱从他的作品《尼古拉斯·尼克贝》就可以看出来。他本人也是一名成功的演员，他多次出访别国进行演出活动。狄更斯的文笔浮华，如诗一般美丽，但时常又语带幽默地讽刺英国的上流社会。不过与当时的很多作家一样，他的作品以今天的角度来看，很多都带有反犹情节。 查尔斯·狄更斯于一八一二年二月七日出生于英国朴资茅斯的波特西地区。他 父亲约翰·狄更斯是海军会计处的一个小职员。狄更斯幼时就常常溜到家里的阁楼上，津津有味地阅读一本又一本的小说。《鲁滨逊漂流记》、斐尔丁的作品、《天方夜谈》、《唐吉诃德》，都是他喜爱的作品。他的幼小的心灵早就同文艺结上了不解之缘。以后他的家境日渐穷困，债台高筑，一家人不得不离乡背井，迁居到伦敦。但移居未久，家里旧债未清，新债又来，他父亲终于被投入债务监狱。这时狄更斯才十岁。但是作为一群弟妹的大哥，而父亲又是一个毫无办法的人，狄更斯就不得不担起家长的责任来。十一岁，他就到一家皮鞋油厂当学徒。为了节省开支，他母亲带着弟妹们到监狱里和父亲住在一起，狄更斯单独留在外面，每星期领到薪水之后，就带着钱或食物去探监，和父母弟妹团聚。这些艰苦的日子在幼小的狄更斯的心灵中遗留下永不消失的印象，使他对贫苦无告的儿童、对穷人、对被迫害者充满同情，对英国当时的统治阶级和资本主义社会产生了莫大的仇恨。以后他父亲获得一笔小小的遗产，出了监狱，把查尔斯·狄更斯送到威林顿高等学校（相当于高小）去读书。校长琼斯先生是一个又愚昧又野蛮的人，对学生任意鞭打。辱骂。这个人物在狄更斯的作品中曾经出现过很多次。家中仅有的一点钱财不久又用尽了，查尔斯·狄更斯不得不停学就业，为糊口而奔忙。他时而作律师的书记，时而为事务所送信，时而到法院当速记员，时而为报纸作采访。艰难的生活使狄更斯获得了 非常丰富的生活知识，为他以后的写作积累了宝贵的素材。 二十二岁时，狄更斯试写了一篇短篇小说，畏怯地投入一家杂志社的信箱中。一个星期以后这篇小说刊出了，狄更斯就这样开始了业余写作活动。他最初为《记事晨报》写一些特写，署名“鲍斯”。一八三七年他写成了第一部长篇小说《匹克威克外传》。这部作品发表以后，风行一时，畅销全国，顿时成为街谈巷议的资料，并使得他得以靠写作维持生活，开始了著作生涯。以后他又写了许多作品，主要是长篇小说，获得极大的成功终于成为英国文学史上伟大的作家之一。 狄更斯曾长期居住在法国、意大利，并曾到美国游历。他对美国的观察极其深刻；美国的虚伪的民主政治、残酷的监狱、特别是暗无天日的蓄奴制，引起狄更斯极大的愤慨。他说：“我已经失望了，这不是我要来看的共和国，这不是我想象中的共和国。”他的游记体小说《美国札记》和长篇小说《马丁·朱什尔维特》都对美国社会的黑暗和丑恶作了有力的揭发。 狄更斯是欧洲十九世纪少数杰出的批判现实主义大师之一。他的伟大不仅在于他深刻地暴露了英国各个社会阶层的生活实况，而且也在于他掀起了真正的文学革命。在他以前的英国文学中，普通人民是没有地位的；狄更斯虽不是第一个改变这种现象，却是最有效地改变了这种现象的人。他用生动而热情的笔触描绘了下层阶级的人们和他们的悲惨生活。他把贫民窟、小客栈、贫民收容所、债务监狱等等悲惨的生活景象写入了文学作品，而且对那些穷人，那些正直的劳动者，给予最大的同情。另外一方面，他以讽刺的笔法，对新兴的工厂主、银行家等资产阶级以及资产阶级社会，资产阶级虚伪的“民主政治”和“党派活动”，资本主义制度下的不平等和不合理现象，资产阶级法律的非人道本质，都作了无情的揭露和抨击。他以高度的艺术概括和生动的细节描写，反映了英国十九世纪初叶的社会真实面貌。他的作品里充满了光辉四射、妙趣横生的幽默和细致入微的心理分析。他的人物形象有许多能使人一读之后就长久地活在读者的心目中。 查尔斯·狄更斯生活的时代，正是英国资本主义日益发展、资产阶级已经取得胜利的时代。但也正如马克思、恩格斯所指出，随着资产阶级的兴起，也就兴起了它的对立面即工人阶级，而且两个阶级之间的阶级斗争也就日益尖锐起来。狄更斯开始写作的时期正是著名的“宪章运动”蓬勃发展的时期。列宁说过：“当英国发生世界上第一次广泛的、真正群众性的、政治性的无产阶级革命运动即宪章运动的时候，欧洲大陆发生的革命大都是软弱的资产阶级革命，而在法国却爆发了无产阶级和资产阶级之间的第一次伟大的国内战争。”（《列宁选集》第三卷第811页，人民出版社1972年版）这就是狄更斯生活时代的基本情况。虽然在客观上伟大的“宪章运动”给了极深刻的影响，推动了他的作品的批判性质的发展，而且在当时也恰恰是“宪章运动”者对狄更斯的价值有正确的认识和高度的评价，认为他反映了人民的要求，但狄更斯主观上对工人阶级的革命运动不仅不能理解，而且是反对的。 他同情工人，却不同情工人的革命。他是一个阶级调和论者。他幻想可以用道德和教育把那些残酷的剥削者改造过来，幻想可以依靠好心肠的人的施舍，来消除世界上的贫富悬殊。他揭发了资本主义的罪恶，却不想推翻资本主义制度本身。他憎恨金钱对人类灵魂的统治，但是找不到为什么金钱会变成全能上帝的原因。虽然马克思就是狄更斯的同时代人，而且马克思在伦敦住过多年，还领导过英国的工人运动；虽然伟大的《共产党宣言》在一八四八年已经发表，而且在一八五○年已经出版了英文版，但是狄更斯对这些都一无所知。他始终只是一个小资产阶级的人道主义者。也可以说，他不是一个革命者，只是一个改良主义者。所以他的作品，一方面具有深切而有力的批判、揭发的力量，另一方面也含有不少的消极因素。 虽然如此，由于狄更斯真实地、生动地描绘了十九世纪初叶的英国社会生活，由于他对人民怀着无限的深厚同情，尽管他对资产阶级还存在着幻想，致使他的思想和艺术都受了很大限制，但他还是属于进步传统的。贯穿在他的一切作品中的基调，是对资本主义社会的统治者代表人物、即他心目中的“恶人”的憎恨，和那些处于资本主义压迫下的普通人和穷苦的劳动者、即他心目中的“善良的人”的同情。他的作品不仅在当时发生了巨大的进步作用，直到现在还为人民所喜爱和珍视。 狄更斯死于一八七○年六月九日，享年五十八岁。
不确定性的狂欢——《达芬奇密码》的后现代主义解读从文学文体学角度浅析《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的反奴斗争接受美学视角下《暮光之城》字幕翻译的审美再现策略针对“00后”学生特点的初中英语个性化教学研究
约翰.济慈(John Keats,1795-1821)， 英国浪漫主义时期与拜伦、雪莱齐名的浪漫主义诗人，代表作品有《恩底弥瓮》（Endymion）、《伊莎贝拉》（Isabella）、《圣阿格尼斯之夜》（The Eve of Saint Agnes）等 长诗 以及《希腊古瓮颂》（Ode on a Grecian Urn）、《夜莺颂》（Ode to a Nightingale）等 颂歌 。
济慈在《希腊古瓮颂》中提出了“ Beauty is truth, truth beauty.”( 美即是真，真即是美)的美学理念，意思是生活的本真是艺术美的源泉，艺术美使生活之美得以永存。济慈的诗歌表达感情真挚，济慈虽然他英年早逝，但我觉得他是一位用生命写作才华横溢，追求诗歌的本真和美的诗人。
《夜莺颂》是一首颂歌。 如果你看过电影《明亮的星》（Bright Star）,相信你会被济慈对诗歌的狂热和才华所折服。诗人对生命、美和自由的歌颂和赞美在《夜莺颂》这首诗歌中体现地淋漓尽致。
My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,
Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains
One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk:
‘Tis not through envy of thy happy lot,
But being too happy in thine happiness, –
That thou, light-winged Dryad of the trees,
In some melodious plot
Of beechen green and shadows numberless,
Singest of summer in full-throated ease.
O, for a draught of vintage! that hath been
Cool’d a long age in the deep-delved earth,
Tasting of Flora and the country green,
Dance, and Provençal song, and sunburnt mirth!
O for a beaker full of the warm South,
Full of the true, the blushful Hippocrene,
With beaded bubbles winking at the brim,
And purple-stained mouth;
That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,
And with thee fade away into the forest dim:
Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forget
What thou among the leaves hast never known,
The weariness, the fever, and the fret
Here, where men sit and hear each other groan;
Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,
Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies;
Where but to think is to be full of sorrow
And leaden-eyed despairs,
Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,
Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow.
Away! away! for I will fly to thee,
Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards,
But on the viewless wings of Poesy,
Though the dull brain perplexes and retards:
Already with thee! tender is the night,
And haply the Queen-Moon is on her throne,
Cluster’d around by all her starry Fays;
But here there is no light,
Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown
Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways.
I cannot see what flowers are at my feet,
Nor what soft incense hangs upon the boughs,
But, in embalmed darkness, guess each sweet
Wherewith the seasonable month endows
The grass, the thicket, and the fruit-tree wild;
White hawthorn, and the pastoral eglantine;
Fast fading violets cover’d up in leaves;
And mid-May’s eldest child,
The coming musk-rose, full of dewy wine,
The murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves.
Darkling I listen; and, for many a time
I have been half in love with easeful Death,
Call’d him soft names in many a mused rhyme,
To take into the air my quiet breath;
Now more than ever seems it rich to die,
To cease upon the midnight with no pain,
While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroad
In such an ecstasy!
Still wouldst thou sing, and I have ears in vain –
To thy high requiem become a sod.
Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!
No hungry generations tread thee down;
The voice I hear this passing night was heard
In ancient days by emperor and clown:
Perhaps the self-same song that found a path
Through the sad heart of Ruth, when, sick for home,
She stood in tears amid the alien corn;
The same that oft-times hath
Charm’d magic casements, opening on the foam
Of perilous seas, in faery lands forlorn.
Forlorn! the very word is like a bell
To toll me back from thee to my sole self!
Adieu! the fancy cannot cheat so well
As she is fam’d to do, deceiving elf.
Adieu! adieu! thy plaintive anthem fades
Past the near meadows, over the still stream,
Up the hill-side; and now ’tis buried deep
In the next valley-glades:
Was it a vision, or a waking dream?
Fled is that music: – Do I wake or sleep?
夜莺颂
我的心在痛，困顿和麻木
刺进了感官，有如饮过毒鸠，
又象是刚刚把鸦片吞服，
于是向着列斯忘川下沉：
并不是我嫉妒你的好运，
而是你的快乐使我太欢欣——
因为在林间嘹亮的天地里，
你呵，轻翅的仙灵，
你躲进山毛榉的葱绿和荫影，
放开歌喉，歌唱着夏季。
哎，要是有一口酒！那冷藏
在地下多年的清醇饮料，
一尝就令人想起绿色之邦，
想起花神，恋歌，阳光和舞蹈！
要是有一杯南国的温暖
充满了鲜红的灵感之泉，
杯沿明灭着珍珠的泡沫，
给嘴唇染上紫斑；
哦，我要一饮而离开尘寰，
和你同去幽暗的林中隐没：
远远地、远远隐没，让我忘掉
你在树叶间从不知道的一切，
忘记这疲劳、热病、和焦躁，
这使人对坐而悲叹的世界；
在这里，青春苍白、消瘦、死亡，
而“瘫痪”有几根白发在摇摆；
在这里，稍一思索就充满了
忧伤和灰色的绝望，
而“美”保持不住明眸的光彩，
新生的爱情活不到明天就枯凋。
去吧！去吧！我要朝你飞去，
不用和酒神坐文豹的车驾，
我要展开诗歌底无形羽翼，
尽管这头脑已经困顿、疲乏； 去了！呵，
我已经和你同往！ 夜这般温柔，
月后正登上宝座，
周围是侍卫她的一群星星；
但这儿却不甚明亮，
除了有一线天光，被微风带过，
葱绿的幽暗，和苔藓的曲径。
我看不出是哪种花草在脚旁，
什么清香的花挂在树枝上；
在温馨的幽暗里，我只能猜想
这个时令该把哪种芬芳
赋予这果树，林莽，和草丛，
这白枳花，和田野的玫瑰，
这绿叶堆中易谢的紫罗兰，
还有五月中旬的娇宠，
这缀满了露酒的麝香蔷薇，
它成了夏夜蚊蚋的嗡萦的港湾。
我在黑暗里倾听，多少次
我几乎爱上了静谧的死亡，
我用深思的诗韵唤他的名字，
求他把我的一息散入空茫；
而现在，死更是多么富丽：
在午夜里溘然魂离人间，
当你正倾泻着你的心怀
发出这般的狂喜！
你仍将歌唱，但我却不再听见——
你的葬歌只能唱给泥草一块。
永生的鸟呵，你不会死去！
饥饿的世代无法将你蹂躏；
今夜，我偶然听到的歌曲
曾使古代的帝王和村夫喜悦；
或许这同样的歌也曾激荡
露丝忧郁的心，使她不禁落泪，
站在异邦的谷田里想着家；
就是这声音常常
在失掉了的仙域里引动窗扉：
一个美女望着大海险恶的浪花。
呵，失掉了！这句话好比一声钟
使我猛醒到我站脚的地方！
别了！幻想，这人的妖童，
不能老耍弄它盛传的伎俩。
别了！别了！你怨诉的歌声
流过草坪，越过幽静的溪水，
溜上山坡；而此时，它正深深
埋在附近的溪谷中：
噫，这是个幻觉，还是梦寐？
那歌声去了：——我是睡？是醒？
颂歌（Ode），属于诗歌形式的一种，颂歌是一首抒情诗，用来赞美一个人、一个事件或一个物体。英国颂歌最著名的代表作品是雪莱的《西风颂》（Ode to the West Wind），以及济慈的《夜莺颂》（Ode to a Nightingale）、《希腊古瓮颂》（Ode on a Grecian Urn）。
《夜莺颂》这首诗写于1819年。有一天，一只夜莺一棵树上筑巢，济慈被夜莺婉转而欢快的歌声所吸引，他在一棵李树下面的凳子上坐了2、3个小时，返回房间时，他的手中拿了4、5张诗稿。写这首诗的时候，济慈的弟弟刚刚去世，而济慈也被肺病困扰，夜莺代表着他忘却现实中的痛苦，去追求美好和自由的向往。
我国古代诗人中也有很多描写鸟鸣的古诗词。如：“月出惊山鸟，时鸣春涧中。；” “百啭千声随意移，山花红紫树高低。”；“蝉噪林逾静，鸟鸣山更幽。” 鸟鸣衬托出了周围环境的幽静，反映了作者闲适、享受大自然美好的心境。正所谓境由心生。山水田园诗人王维被称为“诗中有画，画中有诗”。而济慈的这首诗是诗中有画，画中有音乐。
这首颂歌共分为8小节，每小节10行，各小节诗行按照ABABCDECDE的形式押韵。诗人在整首诗中采取了对比和象征的表达方式。夜莺代表着诗人所向往的自由、美好的生活，但作者却不得不困于现实的痛苦中：弟弟刚刚去世；他自己又身患疾病；他和Fanny Brawn小姐相爱，但迫于现实的状况却不能长厢厮守。爱情的甜蜜，病痛的折磨，这些痛苦让诗人十分羡慕夜莺，并愿和夜莺一起飞去。
从下图我们可以看出诗人在描述中采用了对比的表达方式，体现了诗人的现实（negative）生活和夜莺(positive)代表的理想世界之间的矛盾，作者在诗中采用了不同的词汇，如诗人的pains和夜莺的happiness,诗人的dull和夜莺的melodious等等，反映了作者当时追求自由、摆脱痛苦但却又不得不面对现实的无奈心境。这也是济慈在这首诗中采用paradox手法的体现。
关于这首诗的朗诵，可以找本尼迪克特的版本来听。今天早上，听本尼朗诵济慈《夜莺颂》的时候，舒缓优美的音乐配上本尼纯正的英音简直是一种至高的艺术享受。
济慈有诗叫做《多少诗人把光阴镀成了黄金》，“多少诗人把光阴镀成了黄金，诗杰的神品永远是我的幻想......仿佛集聚在黄昏的无数声响......仿佛积聚在黄昏的无数声响：鸟儿歌唱，树叶飒飒地絮语，流水潺潺，洪钟沉重地叩出庄严的声音，还有那来自远方 难以辩认的千种鸣响，合奏出
绝妙的音乐，而不是聒噪喧嚷。”
济慈写诗讲究感官感受，所以读他的诗，不仅仅是在看一幅精美的油画，而且还是在欣赏一首优美的古典音乐，完全沉浸在他的诗所描绘的美好情境中。所以读他的诗是一种享受，不仅仅因为他对诗歌的狂热，更由于他对美与真的尽情歌颂。
虽然济慈25岁就去世，但他在诗歌方面的影响力却是英国浪漫主义诗歌中最明亮耀眼的一颗星。他写诗讲究官能感受，唯美主义以及为艺术而艺术（Art's for arts' sake）的创作理念，他具有与莎士比亚的天才极为接近的艺术感应力。他的诗歌形式和风格也是多变的，颂歌、长诗、叙事诗、抒情诗、十四行诗。他的十四行诗与莎士比亚的诗风很像，读他的十四行诗也是一种美的感官享受。
我在想，如果英文诗歌可以像夜莺那样浸润现代社会中人们偶尔孤寂的心田，那将是人世间最美好的事。
这是我自己参考中文赏析写的，虽然不是很权威，但是这也是我交给老师的作业，我们老师给的评价还不错，所以分享一下^*^,觉得有价值的话，就参考一下吧~Reads “Ode to a Nightingale”“Old to a Nightingale” was written by Jhon Keats.It expresses poet’s stray and complex mood emerged after hearing a nightingale’s engaging voice and reflects poet’s desire of getting rid of the pressure from human suffering there, blending into the natural world and entering into the joyous nightingale kingdom, however, be trapped by realities where his inner pain comes from. Behinde the discribing of the nightingale’s happy voice, the poem is full of strong emotion with sadness and pain, and the mournful sentiment make it painful lingering for us.Keats cried out a painful lament at the beginning of the poem. “My heart aches”, poet cried out such a painful lament when listening so enchanting song from nightingale under such a soft night sky. The nightingale’s song which shoule make people feel happy originally make the poet feel heart aches. This is the specific reflection of Keats’ artistic idea of accepting things by the opposite side.In fact, we should comprehend the sentence of the fifth line in the first section of the poem—Tis not through envy of thy happy lot, But being too happy in thy happiness—from the opposite side according to the following sentences and the whole poem. So the true meaning of the sentence reffered before is that the touching nightingale voice make poet feel never-ending pain and as a result he is envious of the nightingale’s freedom and happiness.The four lines at the beginning of the first section describe that the poet’s heart was suffering from the felling of heavy-headed, numb and stepping into death. And the folloewing six sentences describe the nightingale’s happiness of singing freely in the shadow of the forest.The strongly contrast show poet’s contradictory mood.He is eager ro blend into the nature just like the nightingale in order to break away from the worry of the world. However, how can he enter to the nightingale’s freedom kingdom? In the senond section, the poet opens his imagination.He imagines the vintage wine made of grapes from the south world, and drinking it and then leaving the world silencely, hiding himself into the forest together with the nightingale. In the section, the poet makes a specific and deepgoing description of the vintage wine.”That hath been Cool’d a long age in the deep-delved earth, Tasting of Flora and the country green, Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth!” This is a Chinese fictitious land of piace which is nothing else than the world the poet was looking forward to.And the literary quotation of Hippocrene make the vintage wine made of grapes more mysterious.He wants to drink the vintage wine here has double meanings.One is to enter into the nightingale’s free kingdom with the help of the mysterious power of the wine, and the other one is to forget the bad things in the world through drink to drunk. He describes his worry detailedly in the third section.In his view, there is none happiness but distressness, none hopes but hopelessness, none beauty or love, but ugly and hate because of his painful experience. So he said in the poem that “Fade away, dissolve, and quite forget. What thou among the leaves hast neve known,” so he is eager to fly to the nightingale’s kingdom where doesn’t have suffering and is filled with happiness and beauty.The fourth and the fifth sections are the important transition of Keats’ thoughts. He realizes that he can’t leave his world by drinking, so he can fly to the ninghtingale’s world though his poem. He make a new happy world in his poem which is nearly the same with the nightingale’s world.The last two sentences in the sixth section express his pity of can’t hear the beautiful voice in his world, and Keats’ contractory mind appears again.The seventh section is the transition of his coming back to the reality from his imagination. He realizes that nothing can live forever in the world. But ninghtingale’s voice can comfort the people who are sufferring misery in the world. The two literary quotations—the Ruth and the half-times hath—show that what he needs is being saved. But the fact that he is still live and suffer misery break his fancy and bring him back to reality just like what he said in his poem that “Forlorn! The very word is like a bell.To toll me back from thee to mysole self!” The Forlorn in the last section has double meanings one of which is being abandoned and the other one of which is loneliness. In this section,Keats can not distinguish weather it is a vision or a walking dream even after the ninghtingale’s voice has disappeared, which also reflect his unsure and doublful attitude to the reality.Old to a Ninghtingale deeply reflects Keats’ difficult position of failling to seek beauty, the sence of distressed lies in every word,and makes us think without ending.字数：814个
TO AUTUMN 秋颂
by John Keats
(查良铮译)
SEASON of mists and mellow fruitfulness,
Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;
Conspiring with him how to load and bless
With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;
To bend with apples the moss’d cottage-trees,
And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core;
To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells
With a sweet kernel; to set budding more,
And still more, later flowers for the bees,
Until they think warm days will never cease,
For Summer has o’er-brimm’d their clammy cells.
雾气洋溢、果实圆熟的秋，
你和成熟的太阳成为友伴;
你们密谋用累累的珠球，
缀满茅屋檐下的葡萄藤蔓;
使屋前的老树背负着苹果，
让熟味透进果实的心中，
使葫芦胀大，鼓起了榛子壳，
好塞进甜核;又为了蜜蜂
一次一次开放过迟的花朵，
使它们以为日子将永远暖和，
因为夏季早填满它们的粘巢。
Who hasth not seen thee oft amid thy store?
Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find
Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,
Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind;
Or on a half-reap’d furrow sound asleep.
Drowsed with the fumes of poppies, while thy hook
Spares the next swath and all its twined flowers:
And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost keep
Steady thy laden head across a brook;
Or by a cyder-press, with patient look,
Thou watchest the last oozings hours by hours.
谁不经常看见你伴着谷仓?
在田野里也可以把你找到，
弥有时随意坐在打麦场上，
让发丝随着簸谷的风轻飘;
有时候，为罂粟花香所沉迷，
你倒卧在收割一半的田垄，
让镰刀歇在下一畦的花旁;
或者.像拾穗人越过小溪，
你昂首背着谷袋，投下倒影，
或者就在榨果架下坐几点钟，
你耐心地瞧着徐徐滴下的酒浆。
Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they?
Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,-
While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day,
And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue;
Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn
Among the river shallows, borne aloft
Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies;
And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn;
Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft
The red-breast whistles from a garden-croft;
And gathering swallows twitter in the skies.
啊.春日的歌哪里去了?但不要
想这些吧，你也有你的音乐——
当波状的云把将逝的一天映照，
以胭红抹上残梗散碎的田野，
这时啊，河柳下的一群小飞虫
就同奏哀音，它们忽而飞高，
忽而下落，随着微风的起灭;
篱下的蟋蟀在歌唱，在园中
红胸的知更鸟就群起呼哨;
而群羊在山圈里高声默默咩叫;
丛飞的燕子在天空呢喃不歇。
Ode to Psyche 赛吉颂
O Goddess! Hear these tuneless numbers, wrung
女神呵!请听这些不成调的韵律——
By sweet enforcement and remembrance dear,
由倾心的执着和亲切的回忆所促成——
And pardon that thy secrets should be sung
请原谅，这诗句唱出了你的秘密，
Even into thine own soft-conched ear:
直诉向你那柔软的海螺状耳轮：
Surely I dreamt today, or did I see
无疑我今天曾梦见——我是否目睹
The winged Psyche with awakened eyes?
长着翅膀、睁着眼睛的赛吉?
I wandered in a forest thoughtlessly,
我在树林里无思无虑地漫步，
And, on the sudden, fainting with surprise,
突然，我竟惊奇得目眩神迷，
Saw two fair creatures, couched side by side
我见到两个美丽的精灵相依偎
In deepest grass, beneath the whispering roof
在深草丛里，上面有絮语的树叶
Of leaves and trembled blossoms, where there ran
和轻颤的鲜花荫庇，溪水流淌
A brooklet, scarce espied:
在其间，无人偷窥：
'Mid hushed, cool-rooted flowers, fragrant-eyed,
周围是宁静的、清凉的、芬芳的嫩蕊，
Blue, silver-white and budded Tyrian,
蓝色花、银色花，紫色的花苞待放，
They lay calm-breathing on the bedded grass;
他们躺卧在绿茵上，呼吸得安详;
Their arms embraced, and their pinions too;
他们的手臂拥抱，翅膀交叠;
Their lips touched not, but had not bade adieu,
他们的嘴唇没接触，也没告别，
As if disjoined by soft-handed slumber,
仿佛被睡眠的柔腕分开一时，
And ready still past kisses to outnumber
准备醒后再继续亲吻无数次
At tender eye-dawn of aurorean love:
在欢爱的黎明睁眼来到的时刻：
The winged boy I knew;
带翅的男孩我熟悉;
But who wast thou, O happy, happy dove?
可你是谁呀，幸福的、幸福的小鸽?
His Psyche true!
他的好赛吉!
O latest born and loveliest vision far
啊，出生在最后而秀美超群的形象
Of all Olympus' faded hierarchy!
来自奥林波斯山暗淡的神族!
Fairer than Phoebe's sapphire-regioned star,
蓝宝石一般的福柏减却清芒，
Or Vesper, amorous glow-worm of the sky;
天边威斯佩多情的萤光比输;
Fairer than these, though temple thou hast none,
你比他们美，虽然你没有神庙，
Nor altar heaped with flowers;
没堆满供花的祭坛;
Nor virgin-choir to make delicious moan
也没童男女唱诗班等午夜来到
Upon the midnight hours:
便唱出哀婉的咏叹;
No voice, no lute, no pipe, no incense sweet
没声音 ，没诗琴，没风管，没香烟浓烈
From chain-swung censer teeming;
从金链悬挂的香炉播散;
No shrine, no grove, no oracle, no heat
没神龛，没圣林，没神谕，没先知狂热，
Of pale-mouthed prophet dreaming.
嘴唇苍白，沉迷于梦幻。
O brightest! Though too late for antique vows,
啊，至美者!你虽没赶上古代的誓约，
Too, too late for the fond believing lyre,
更没听到善男信女的祝歌，
When holy were the haunted forest boughs,
可神灵出没的树林庄严圣洁，
Holy the air, the water and the fire;
空气、流水、火焰纯净谐和;
Yet even in these days so far retired
即使在那些远古的日子里，远离开
From happy pieties, thy lucent fans,
敬神的虔诚，你那发光的翅膀
Fluttering among the faint Olympians,
仍然在失色的诸神间振羽飞翔，
I see, and sing, by my own eyes inspired.
我两眼有幸见到了，我歌唱起来。
So let me be thy choir and make a moan
就让我做你的唱诗班吧，等午夜来到
Upon the midnight hours—
便唱出哀婉的咏叹!
Thy voice, thy lute, thy pipe, thy incense sweet
做你的声音、诗琴、风管、香烟浓烈，
From swinged censer teeming;
从悬空摆动的香炉播散;
Thy shrine, thy grove, thy oracle, thy heat
做你的神龛、圣林、神谕、先知狂热，
Of pale-mouthed prophet dreaming.
嘴唇苍白，沉迷于梦幻。
Yes, I will be thy priest, and build a fane
是的，我要做你的祭司，在我心中
In some untrodden region of my mind,
未经践踏的地方为你建庙堂，
Where branched thoughts, new grown with pleasant pain,
有沉思如树枝长出，既快乐，又苦痛，
Instead of pines shall murmur in the wind:
代替了松树在风中沙沙作响：
Far, far around shall those dark-clustered trees
还有绿阴浓深的杂树大片
Fledge the wild-ridged mountains steep by steep;
覆盖着悬崖峭壁，野岭荒山。
And there by zephyrs, streams, and birds, and bees,
安卧苍苔的林仙在轻风、溪涧、
The moss-lain Dryads shall be lulled to sleep;
小鸟、蜜蜂的歌声里安然入眠;
And in the midst of this wide quietness
在这寂静的广阔领域的中央，
A rosy sanctuary will I dress
我要整修出一座玫瑰色的圣堂，
With the wreathed trellis of a working brain,
它将有花环形构架如思索的人脑，
With buds, and bells, and stars without a name,
点缀着花蕾、铃铛、无名的星斗
With all the gardener Fancy e'er could feign,
和“幻想”这园丁构思的一切奇妙，
Who breeding flowers will never breed the same:
雷同的花朵决不会出自他手：
And there shall be for thee all soft delight
将为你准备冥想能赢得的一切
That shadowy thought can win,
温馨柔和的愉悦欢快，
A bright torch, and a casement ope at night,
一支火炬，一扇窗敞开在深夜，
To let the warm Love in!
好让热情的爱神进来!
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