essay papereconomic paper oxford economic papers
INTO THE STORMFOR much of the past year the fast-growing economies of the emerging world watched the Western financial hurricane from afar. Their own banks held few of the mortgage-based assets that undid the rich world’s financial firms. Commodity exporters were thriving, thanks to high prices for raw materials. China’s economic juggernaut powered on. And, from Budapest to Brasília, an abundance of credit fuelled domestic demand. Even as talk mounted of the rich world suffering its worst financial collapse since the Depression, emerging economies seemed a long way from the centre of the storm.过去一年的大部分时间里，高速发展的新兴国家一直在远处观望着西方国家的金融风暴。他们的银行仅持有少量抵押资产，而类似的资产已经破坏了发达国家的金融公司。商品出口商因为原材料的高价格而日渐富有。中国不可抗拒的经济力量已然开启，而且信贷刺激的内需从布达佩斯到巴西利亚都表现得非常充足。尽管大萧条后关于西方国家受难于金融崩塌的话题与日俱增，但新兴国家似乎距离金融风暴的中心还有一段距离。No longer. As foreign capital has fled and confidence evaporated, the emerging world’s stockmarkets have plunged (in some cases losing half their value) and currencies tumbled. The seizure in the credit market caused havoc, as foreign banks abruptly stopped lending and stepped back from even the most basic banking services, including trade credits.不过目前的情况不再是那样了，随着境外资本的流失和经济信心的消失，新兴国家股市暴跌（有些地区已经腰斩），本币迅速贬值。由于外国银行突然中断贷款，并且收缩了包括贸易信贷在内的基础银行服务，新兴国家的信贷市场突发混乱，并引发了一场浩劫。Like their rich-world counterparts, governments are battling to limit the damage (see article). That is easiest for those with large foreign-exchange reserves. Russia is spending $220 billion to shore up its financial services industry. South Korea has guaranteed $100 billion of its banks’ debt. Less well-endowed countries are asking for help. Hungary has secured a EURO5 billion ($6.6 billion) lifeline from the European Central Bank and is negotiating a loan from the IMF, as is Ukraine. Close to a dozen countries are talking to the fund about financial help.新兴国家的政府和发达国家的政府一样都在为控制损失程度而奋斗。不过对于外汇储备充足的国家来说难度会小一些：俄罗斯斥资2200亿美元重振金融服务行业；韩国政府担保了1000亿美元的银行债务。而那些储备并不充足的国家正在四处求援：匈牙利成功向欧洲央行求得了50亿欧元（约66亿美元）的生命线，同时也在同国际货币基金组织协商借款事宜，同时向国际货币基金组织求援的还有乌克兰。近一打儿的国家在向基金组织求助。Those with long-standing problems are being driven to desperate measures. Argentina is nationalising its private pension funds, seemingly to stave off default (see article). But even stalwarts are looking weaker. Figures released this week showed that China’s growth slowed to 9% in the year to the third quarter-still a rapid pace but a lot slower than the double-digit rates of recent years.有持续问题的国家正棋行险招：阿根廷正在将私人养老金国有化，意图阻止违约的发生。即使强有力的国家也表现出虚弱一面：本周公布的数字表明今年中国的增长率在第三季度减缓为9%，虽然增速还算快，但是与近些年的两位数增率相比缓慢了不少。Blowing cold on credit对信贷没兴趣The various emerging economies are in different states of readiness, but the cumulative impact of all this will be enormous. Most obviously, how these countries fare will determine whether the world economy faces a mild recession or something nastier. Emerging economies accounted for around three-quarters of global growth over the past 18 months. But their economic fate will also have political consequences.众多新兴经济的意愿并不相同，但是累计在一起的影响力却非同一般。最明显的就是这些国家的表现将会决定世界经济所面临的是一个较为缓和的衰退还是更可怕的情况。在过去18个月的全球经济增长中，新兴经济贡献了75%。但是他们的经济命运也会有一些政治后果。In many places-eastern Europe is one example (see article)-financial turmoil is hitting weak governments. But even strong regimes could suffer. Some experts think that China needs growth of 7% a year to contain social unrest. More generally, the coming strife will shape the debate about the integration of the world economy. Unlike many previous emerging-market crises, today’s mess spread from the rich world, largely thanks to increasingly integrated capital markets. If emerging economies collapse-either into a currency crisis or a sharp recession-there will be yet more questioning of the wisdom of globalised finance.在类似东欧的很多地区，金融混乱目前的打击目标是软弱的政府；但强硬的政权同样会尝到苦果。一些专家认为中国每年需要7%的增长率来阻止社会动荡的发生。总体来说，如此争端必将影响全球经济一体化的讨论。与以往数次新兴经济危机不同，这次的混乱始于发达国家，很大程度上要归咎于一体化的资本市场。一旦新兴经济崩溃，无论是货币危机还是剧烈的经济萧条，大家对于金融全球化是否属明智之举会有更多的质疑。Fortunately, the picture is not universally dire. All emerging economies will slow. Some will surely face deep recessions. But many are facing the present danger in stronger shape than ever before, armed with large reserves, flexible currencies and strong budgets. Good policy-both at home and in the rich world-can yet avoid a catastrophe.幸运的是上述恐怖的场景没有发生在全球的每个角落：所有的新兴经济都会减缓发展速度，有一些也必将面临深度萧条；但是更多的国家在面临当下危机的时候却拥有比以往任何时候都强壮的形式，用充足的储备、弹性的货币和强大的预算武装自己。新兴国家及发达国家良好的政策可以避免大灾难的发生。One reason for hope is that the direct economic fallout from the rich world’s disaster is manageable. Falling demand in America and Europe hurts exports, particularly in Asia and Mexico. Commodity prices have fallen: oil is down nearly 60% from its peak and many crops and metals have done worse. That has a mixed effect. Although it hurts commodity-exporters from Russia to South America, it helps commodity importers in Asia and reduces inflation fears everywhere. Countries like Venezuela that have been run badly are vulnerable (see article), but given the scale of the past boom, the commodity bust so far seems unlikely to cause widespread crises.至少有一个原因值得抱有希望：发达国家此次灾难的直接经济影响还是在可控的范围内。欧美锐减的需求对出口来说无疑是一个打击，特别是对亚洲和墨西哥。商品价格走低：原油价格与巅峰时期比较已经下降了60%，很多粮食和金属类商品跌幅更大。这两个现象有混合效果：尽管从俄罗斯到南美的商品（能源）出口企业备受打击，但却帮助了亚洲的商品（能源）进口商，并且缓和了各地对通胀的恐惧。委内瑞拉的情形一直很糟糕，也很脆弱；不过由于过去极度的繁荣，商品价格下跌目前还不会引发大范围传播的危机。The more dangerous shock is financial. Wealth is being squeezed as asset prices decline. China’s house prices, for instance, have started falling (see article). This will dampen domestic confidence, even though consumers are much less indebted than they are in the rich world. Elsewhere, the sudden dearth of foreign-bank lending and the flight of hedge funds and other investors from bond markets has slammed the brakes on credit growth. And just as booming credit once underpinned strong domestic spending, so tighter credit will mean slower growth.比商品价格更令人震惊的事情发生在金融领域。由于资产价格的下降，财富水平正在被挤压缩水。以中国房价为例，目前已经开始下跌。尽管新兴国家的消费者比发达国家的负债水平低很多，上述情况还是会挫伤国内的经济信心。在其他方面，国外银行借款骤然匮乏、对冲基金以及其他投资者逃离债券市场，这些因素给信贷增长踩了一脚急刹车。正如发达的信贷曾经强力支撑国内支出那样，信贷紧缩将意味着增长放缓。Again, the impact will differ by country. Thanks to huge current-account surpluses in China and the oil-exporters in the Gulf, emerging economies as a group still send capital to the rich world. But over 80 have deficits of more than 5% of GDP. Most of these are poor countries that live off foreign aid; but some larger ones rely on private capital. For the likes of Turkey and South Africa a sudden slowing in foreign financing would force a dramatic adjustment. A particular worry is eastern Europe, where many countries have double-digit deficits. In addition, even some countries with surpluses, such as Russia, have banks that have grown accustomed to easy foreign lending because of the integration of global finance. The rich world’s bank bail-outs may limit the squeeze, but the flow of capital to the emerging world will slow. The Institute of International Finance, a bankers’ group, expects a 30% decline in net flows of private capital from last year.需要再次重申的是，冲击的表现会因国家的不同而有所区别。多亏中国和海湾产油国经常项目下的巨额顺差，新型经济整体还不断的向发达国家输送资本。但是80 多个国家的财政赤字已经超过GDP的5%，其中的多数是那些依靠国外救助过活得贫困国家；不过也有一些依靠私人资本的大国。对于类似土耳其和南非的国家来说，突然减缓的境外融资迫使其进行大幅调整。东欧的情况特别令人担忧，那里的不少国家赤字水平已经达到了两位数。另外，象俄罗斯这样处于顺差的国家，其银行也逐渐适应了可以轻易从外国取得的贷款，原因自然是全球金融一体化。发达国家的救助计划也许可以限制财富被挤压的水平，但资本流向新兴世界的速度无疑会减慢。国际金融研协会预测私人资本的净流量比去年回减少30%。A wing and a prayer飞行之翼与祈祷者This credit crunch will be grim, but most emerging markets can avoid catastrophe. The biggest ones are in relatively good shape. The more vulnerable ones can (and should) be helped.信贷紧缩必将令人生畏，不过多数新兴市场可以躲过一劫，最大的市场形势还相当不错。比较脆弱的市场可以（也应该）得到帮助。Among the giants, China is in a league of its own, with a $2 trillion arsenal of reserves, a current-account surplus, little connection to foreign banks and a budget surplus that offers lots of room to boost spending. Since the country’s leaders have made clear that they will do whatever it takes to cushion growth, China’s economy is likely to slow-perhaps to 8%-but not collapse. Although that is not enough to save the world economy, such growth in China would put a floor under commodity prices and help other countries in the emerging world.在那些坚强的巨人中，中国卓然不群：手握2万亿美元的储备，经常项下的顺差状态，与国外银行罕有关联，过剩的预算给推动支出留有足够空间。鉴于国家领导人已经明确表示将不惜一切代价为经济增长减速缓冲，中国的经济增长应该会减缓到大约8%的水平，但是决不会崩溃。虽然这不足以挽救世界经济，但是该增长率将会为商品价格建底并帮到新兴世界的其他国家。The other large economies will be harder hit, but should be able to weather the storm. India has a big budget deficit and many Brazilian firms have a large foreign-currency exposure. But Brazil’s economy is diversified and both countries have plenty of reserves to smooth the shift to slower growth. With $550 billion of reserves, Russia ought to be able to stop a run on the rouble. In the short-term at least, the most vulnerable countries are all smaller ones.其他的经济大国会受到更大的冲击，不过应该可以禁受住风暴侵袭。印度的财政赤字巨大，巴西很多公司面临巨大的外汇风险。但巴西经济已经实现多样化，同时上述两个国家拥有充足的储备来平稳过渡到缓慢的增长。俄罗斯掌握着5500亿美元的储备，应该能够阻止对卢布的抢购。至少在短期内，小国家才是最弱不禁风的。There will be pain as tighter credit forces adjustments. But sensible, speedy international assistance would make a big difference. Several emerging countries have asked America’s Federal Reserve for liquidity support; some hope that China will bail them out. A better route is surely the IMF, which has huge expertise and some $250 billion to lend. Sadly, borrowing from the fund carries a stigma. That needs to change. The IMF should develop quicker, more flexible financial instruments and minimise the conditions it attaches to loans. Over the past month deft policymaking saw off calamity in the rich world. Now it is time for something similar in the emerging world.受到紧缩信贷压力进行的调整必然带来痛苦，但快速的国际援助是明智之举，因为这会让结果很不相同。一些新兴国家已经向美联储求援以缓解流动性问题；有一些则希望中国可以拯救他们与水火。更佳的求救路线莫过于国际货币基金组织，因为它掌握大量的专门知识和2500亿美元的可出借款项。不幸的是人们认为向基金借款有辱其名，国际货币基金组织应该推出更快捷、更灵活的金融工具，同时实现借贷条件最小化。过去数月中，机敏的决策驱散了发达国家的灾难。现在也正是新兴世界发生类似事情的时候了。
Economical paper
纯英文的行不行啊？
感谢等待，现为你提供忠实反映原文的正确译文。今后如有经济学方面的问题，欢迎提问后通知一声，会尽量抽时间帮你忙的。我们在第五栏里既包括了资本总额，也包括了会计标准。资本总量的系数与零再没有区别，其幅度降至第一栏资本总额的五分之一。当我们用国内私营部门的信贷取代资本总量时（系数不详），也获得了类似的结果。这表明，会计标准囊括了载于资本化措施中的发展情况信息。因此，我们将在本文下面部分采用会计标准作为我们衡量发展的尺度。不过，读者足可以放心，从质量上来说，所得出的结果跟使用资本化措施来衡量发展的结果是类似的。
是这么？：TWO-SECTOR, THREE-MARKET CIRCULAR FLOW:A circular flow model of the macroeconomy containing two sectors (business and household) and three markets (product, factor, and financial)...两因素，三市场环形流宏观经济学中，一个环形流模式包含两个因素（商业和家庭）和三个市场（产品市场、代理市场和金融市场）...
China's sustained economic growth and weak world economic growth and the continuous devaluation of dollar, particularly the U.S. government in the domestic unemployment rate and rising international trade deficit of the circumstances, the United States some people will be unemployed manufacturing workers in the United States and the reasons for the Sino-US trade deficit Summed up as the RMB exchange rateFirst, the renminbi exchange rate is not the main cause of Sino-US trade deficit1, the EC analysis of Sino-US trade balanceChina and the United States for such a big difference between two main aspects of reasons: (1), the United States statistics will be part of China through Hong Kong re-exports of double counting in China's exports to the United States (2), the U.S. trade data Collection process has many problems.2, Sino-US trade deficit is what causes(1), the U.S. Government's high-tech products export control policy, Sino-US trade imbalance is an important reason.(2), U.S. investment in China's balance of trade of multinational companies is another important reason. China to the United States despite the existence of high trade surplus, but a large part of the trade surplus from the U.S. multinational companies in China, according to Chinese statistics show that: China's import and export amount of 56 percent is from foreign-funded enterprises to achieve, China is U.S. multinational companies to reduce production costs and increase profits one of the main channel.(3), the U.S. trade statistics report and the multinational corporations will not return to the United States of the investment income account3, Liaokai U.S. foreign trade deficit veilU.S. imports from the large number of foreign companies in setting up their own production lines, in other words, the U.S. subsidiary of multinational companies import goods from overseas, the reality of the trade are many companies and the companies, not countries trade with the countries of the document.British economist Julius once the U.S. balance of trade statistics, if coupled with its overseas subsidiaries in the local double-counting, then in 1986 the U.S. trade balance from a deficit of 144 billion U.S. dollars into 57 billion A surplus of U.S. dollars. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce statistics, in 1995 the U.S. subsidiary of multinational companies in sales over 210 million U.S. dollars, with exports of goods and services the same year 794 billion U.S. dollars, almost 3 trillion U.S. dollars, and foreign exports to the U.S. and foreign companies in the U.S. , A subsidiary of the internal sales total of 2.4 trillion U.S. dollars, the United States today is not the world's largest trade deficit country, but the world on a few large trade surplus with one of the country.U.S. exports to foreign multinational companies in the United States and abroad for sale on the market, both in 2002 and amounted to 3 trillion U.S. dollars. Over the same period, imports of U.S. and foreign multinational companies in the U.S. market sales, and for both of 2.4 trillion U.S. dollars, resulting in the United States on the world's total trade surplus of 600 billion U.S. dollars, and this is when the analysis of the U.S. foreign trade deficit Should comprehensively grasp the essence of the problem.4, the U.S. trade deficit, the real reason for the(1) in the 1970s, the two oil crises led to two world oil prices rose sharply, from Japan and developing countries with strong economic competitiveness and the strength of the dollar, which makes U.S. goods, services, trade Deficit in 1987 reached a peak of 152 billion U.S. dollars.(2) deterioration of the low U.S. savings rate, the United States must from the international financial market, raising funds for construction, that is, factoring funds to invest heavily in the building.(3) U.S. multinational companies in the United States in the import trade played by the "one of us" role, that is part of the trade deficit is actually "returning goods."China and the United States is a complementary economy, maintain the existing exchange rate system is a win-win situation
帮你答了两个多小时啊，希望能够加分~~~~ 原创，谢绝复制，否则检举：A circular flow model of the macroeconomy containing two sectors (business and household) and three markets (product, factor, and financial) that illustrates the continuous movement of the payments for goods and services between producers and consumers, with particular emphasis on saving, investment, and the role of financial markets. 一个宏观经济的循环流动模型包含两个部门（企业和家庭）和三个市场（产品，因素，金融），说明了生产者和消费者之间，商品和服务的支付，之间的连续变动。特别强调是在投资，储蓄，和金融市场的作用。 Other circular models are two-sector, two-market circular flow; three-sector, three-market circular flow; and four-sector, three-market circular flow. 其他循环模型包含两个部分，两个市场循环流动;三个部分，三个市场的循环流动;和4个部分，三个市场的循环流动。 The two-sector, three-market circular flow mode l highlights the key role that financial market s play in the economy . 两个部分，三个市场的循环流动模式强调了 金融市场在整个经济中，所处的关键作用 。 It expands the simple two-sector, two-market circular flow by illustrating how saving is diverted from consumption expenditures through financial markets and then used for investment expenditures. 它通过说明储蓄是怎样通过消费金融市场转化，并且用于投资，来扩大简易的两个部分，和两个市场的循环流动， It illustrates that saving does not vanish from the economy, but is merely diverted. 这说明储蓄这个代名词不会从经济中消失，而仅仅是挪用。 Of some importance, this diversion is a prime source of investment expenditures on capital good s. 重要的是，这种转移是投资在资本商品上的一个主要来源。Two Sectors, Three Markets两个部分，三个市场 The two macroeconomic sectors included in this model are:这两个宏观经济部分在此模型中包括： Household Sector : This includes everyone, all people, seeking to satisfy unlimited wants and needs . 家庭部分 ：包括所有人，所有的人，追求满足无限的欲望和需求 。 This sector is responsible for consumption expenditures.这个部分是负责消费支出滴。 It also owns all productive resources.它还拥有所有的生产资源。 Business Sector : This includes the institutions (especially proprietorship s, partnership s, and corporation s) that undertake the task of combining resources to produce goods and services. 商业部分 ：它包括机构（特别是S独资， S合伙 和S公司 ），承担相结合的服务资源后的任务，以生产商品和服务。 This sector does the production .这个部分提供生产 。 It also buys capital goods with investment expenditures.当然，它也买一些投资分类中的资本商品。 The three macroeconomic markets in this version of the circular flow are:这三个宏观经济市场，在这个循环流动模型中是： Product markets : This is the combination of all markets in the economy that exchange final goods and services . 产品市场 ：这是在市场中交换最终产品和服务，所有市场的整合 。 It is the mechanism that exchanges gross domestic product .这是一种交换国内生产总值的机制 。 The full name is aggregate product markets, which is also shortened to the aggregate market .全名是综合产品市场，经常也叫综合市场 。Resource markets : This is the combination of all markets that exchange the services of the economy's resources, or factors of production --including, labor , capital, land , and entrepreneurship . 资源市场 ：这是交换市场中，所有服务经济资源，或者说生产要素 -包括劳动 ，资本， 土地和创业的整合市场 。 Another name for this is factor market s.另一个称呼是要素市场 Financial Markets : The commodity exchanged through financial markets is legal claim s. 金融市场 ：商品通过金融市场是S的法律主张。Legal claims represent ownership of physical asset s (capital and other goods).这个法律主张代表有形资产的所有权（资本和其他商品）。 Because the exchange of legal claims involves the counter flow of income, those seeking to save income buy legal claims and those wanting to borrow income sell legal claims.由于这种法律主张的变换包含有收入的逆向流动，一些人省下的收入寻求买到一些法律服务，还有一些人那通过借钱来寻求法律服务。 Spotlight on Financial Markets聚焦金融市场 The two-sector, three-market circular flow model highlights the role played by the financial markets.两个部分，三个市场的循环流动模型突出了金融市场所扮演的角色。 Financial markets provide a mechanism for the business sector to acquire the income needed to purchase capital goods.金融市场提供了一个机制给商业 ，以获取所需的收入购买资本商品。 The business sector acquires this income by selling legal claims through financial markets.商业部分用这笔收入，通过金融市场，购买到法律服务。 On the other side of the financial markets, the household sector buys these legal claims.金融市场另一方面，是家庭部门购买这些法律服务。 In so doing, it diverts a portion of income from consumption expenditures to saving.在这样做时，它留下了收入的一部分，用来储蓄，以供消费。 Financial markets, as such, enable the addition of three key flows to the model--saving, investment expenditures, and investment borrowing .金融市场，就像上面一样，包含了三个关键要素---储蓄，投资消费和投资借贷 。 These flows divert, but do not destroy, a portion of the core flow of production, income, and consumption to the business sector.这些流动改变，但不破坏。商业部分的产品，收入和消费。 This diagram presents the two-sector, three-market circular flow.此图给出了两个部分，三个市场的循环流动模型。 At the far left is the household sector, which contains people seeking consumption.最左边是家庭部分，其中包含人们追求的消费。 At the far right is the business sector that does the production.最右边是商业部分包括生产。 At the top is the product markets that exchange final goods and services.最顶部是产品市场，用来最终产品和服务的交换。 At the bottom is the resource markets that exchange the services of the scarce resources .最底部是资源，和稀缺服务的交换市场。 In the middle of the diagram, near the resource markets, is the financial markets.图的中间，靠近资源市场的，是金融市场。 Saving : With financial markets in place, the next step in the construction of the two-sector, three-market circular flow is saving. 储蓄 ：在金融市场这块中，，在两个部分，三个市场的循环流动的构造中，下一个是储蓄。 Saving is household sector income that is not used for consumption expenditures but rather is diverted to the financial markets.储蓄是指家庭部分中不用于消费支出，而是被转移到金融市场的那部分收入。 The household sector is on the buying side of financial markets.家庭部分是金融市场的买方。 It diverts income when it buys legal claims.这笔收入是用来购买法律服务的。 Click the [Saving] button to reveal this flow of saving from the household sector to the financial markets.单击[储蓄]以显示家庭部分中的储蓄，流向金融市场的流动。 Investment Borrowing : Household saving does not stop when it reaches the financial markets. 投资借贷 ：家庭储蓄不会停止，当它越来越靠近金融市场的时候。 Financial markets are a conduit that diverts the flow of saving to the business sector.金融市场是一个把储蓄流入到商业部分的渠道。 The business sector is on the borrowing side of the financial markets.商业部分是金融市场的借贷方。 By selling legal claims it borrows the income that can used for investment expenditures.通过出售法律服务，它可以获得收入，用于投资。 Click the [Borrowing] button to highlight this flow from the financial markets to the business sector.点击一下[借]来突出这一从金融市场到商业部分的流动。 Investment Expenditures : The primary reason that the business sector borrows income through the financial markets is for investment expenditures on capital goods. 投资支出 ：商业部分通过金融市场，借钱的主要原因是用来投资资本市场上。 Investment expenditures by the business sector then becomes the second basic expenditure on gross domestic product that flows through the product markets.在商业部分的投资支出，在流向产品市场后，就成为第二次国内生产总值。Click the "Expenditures" button to highlight this flow from the business sector to the product markets.点击“支出”按钮，突出从商业部门到产品市场的流动。 Combining all three flows indicates the key role played by the financial markets.把三个流动模型结合起来，揭示了金融市场所扮演的角色。 Saving flows from the household sector to the financial markets.储蓄：从家庭部门到金融市场的流动。 It then emerges from the financial markets as investment borrowing and moves to the business sector.它然后出现在金融市场，当投资借贷流动到商业部分的时候。 It then exits the business sector and heads to the product markets as investment expenditures.然后从商业部分中出来，流向产品市场（通过投资）。 Click the [Complete Model] button to illustrate.点击一下[整体模型]来说明。 Income diverted away from consumption expenditures by the household sector finds its way back to the product markets as investment expenditures by the business sector.通过家庭部分，收入通过投资支出，消费，最终回到了产品市场。 What It All Means这代表了什么意思 The flow going into the financial markets is saving, income diverted away from consumption and supplied to the financial markets.这个流动模型流入金融市场中的有，储蓄，用来消费的支出和提供给金融市场的部分。 The flow coming out of the financial markets is investment borrowing, income borrowed by the business sector to purchase capital goods, for business investment expenditures.这个流动模型流出金融市场的是投资借贷，商业部分通过购买资本商品的支出，来投资商业的部分。 Summing up, consider three points:总结起来，有三点： First , including saving, investment, and financial markets in the circular flow model does not change the total volume of the circular flow. 首先 ，在循环流动模型中，包括储蓄，投资和金融市场，并整个循环的总量。 Gross domestic product, factor payment s, and national income remain unchanged.国内生产总值， 要素支付 S和国民收入保持不变。 Financial markets merely divert part of the flow away from consumption and to investment.金融市场只是改变了从消费中转为了投资的那一部分。 It is the same basic diversion discussed in analysis of investment in the production possibilities model.这是与投资分析中，生产可能性模型类似的转换。Second , in this model, saving diverted into financial markets is, in general, equal to the investment borrowing coming out, and thus investment expenditures by the business sector. 第二点 ，在这个模型中，流到金融市场的部分储蓄，在一般情况下，等于投资借贷。 In practice, however, there are periods in which saving is less than investment or investment is less than saving.但在实际情况中，有时储蓄小于投资，又或投资超过储蓄少。 These periods are not just curiosities, but are fundamental to the economy.这个有时不仅仅是好奇，而且对于经济来说，是很基本的。Imbalances between saving and investment often trigger economic instability-- business cycles , unemployment , and inflation --that underlies much of the study of macroeconomics .储蓄和投资之间的失衡往往引发经济不稳定- 商业周期，失业和通货膨胀 -这对许多对于宏观经济学的研究至关重要 。 Third , there is more to the financial markets that just business sector borrowing. 第三点 ，有更多的资金流入到金融市场，而不仅仅只是从商业部分。 In particular, the government sector is a frequent financial market borrower, as well.特别是政府部门，它们也是金融市场的常客。 The government sector also issues legal claims through the financial markets as a means borrowing.政府部门把金融市场作为一种解决问题手段Other Models其他模型 This two-sector, three-market circular flow is one of four alternative circular flow models, each containing a different number of sectors or markets.两个部分，三个市场的循环流动模型是四种模型中的一种，每一种模型都包含着不同部分或不同的市场。 The other three models are:另外三种模式是： Two Sectors, Two Markets : The simplest circular flow model contains two sectors (household and business) and two markets (product and resource). 两个部分，两个市场 ：最简单的循环流动模型；包含两个部分（家庭和商业）和两个市场（产品和资源）。 This model highlights the core circular flow of production, income, and consumption.该模型突出了核心循环流动，即产品，收入和消费。 Three Sectors, Three Markets : Another version of the model includes the government sector. 三个部分，三个市场 ：另一种模式，它包括有政府部门。 This model highlights the importance of taxes, which are also diverted from household sector income and used to finance government purchases .该模型突出了税收的重要性，这也是从家庭部分转移到用于资助政府采购的部分 。 Four Sectors, Three Markets : The most comprehensive circular flow model includes the foreign sector . 四个部分，三个市场 ：最全面的循环流动模型，它包括外国机构 。 Adding the foreign sector highlights the role of trade with the rest of the world, especially exports and imports .添加了国外部分突出了该国与世界其他国家之间的贸易，尤其是出口和进口 。
time have been to sift out the
纯英文的行不行啊？
China's sustained economic growth and weak world economic growth and the continuous devaluation of dollar, particularly the U.S. government in the domestic unemployment rate and rising international trade deficit of the circumstances, the United States some people will be unemployed manufacturing workers in the United States and the reasons for the Sino-US trade deficit Summed up as the RMB exchange rateFirst, the renminbi exchange rate is not the main cause of Sino-US trade deficit1, the EC analysis of Sino-US trade balanceChina and the United States for such a big difference between two main aspects of reasons: (1), the United States statistics will be part of China through Hong Kong re-exports of double counting in China's exports to the United States (2), the U.S. trade data Collection process has many problems.2, Sino-US trade deficit is what causes(1), the U.S. Government's high-tech products export control policy, Sino-US trade imbalance is an important reason.(2), U.S. investment in China's balance of trade of multinational companies is another important reason. China to the United States despite the existence of high trade surplus, but a large part of the trade surplus from the U.S. multinational companies in China, according to Chinese statistics show that: China's import and export amount of 56 percent is from foreign-funded enterprises to achieve, China is U.S. multinational companies to reduce production costs and increase profits one of the main channel.(3), the U.S. trade statistics report and the multinational corporations will not return to the United States of the investment income account3, Liaokai U.S. foreign trade deficit veilU.S. imports from the large number of foreign companies in setting up their own production lines, in other words, the U.S. subsidiary of multinational companies import goods from overseas, the reality of the trade are many companies and the companies, not countries trade with the countries of the document.British economist Julius once the U.S. balance of trade statistics, if coupled with its overseas subsidiaries in the local double-counting, then in 1986 the U.S. trade balance from a deficit of 144 billion U.S. dollars into 57 billion A surplus of U.S. dollars. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce statistics, in 1995 the U.S. subsidiary of multinational companies in sales over 210 million U.S. dollars, with exports of goods and services the same year 794 billion U.S. dollars, almost 3 trillion U.S. dollars, and foreign exports to the U.S. and foreign companies in the U.S. , A subsidiary of the internal sales total of 2.4 trillion U.S. dollars, the United States today is not the world's largest trade deficit country, but the world on a few large trade surplus with one of the country.U.S. exports to foreign multinational companies in the United States and abroad for sale on the market, both in 2002 and amounted to 3 trillion U.S. dollars. Over the same period, imports of U.S. and foreign multinational companies in the U.S. market sales, and for both of 2.4 trillion U.S. dollars, resulting in the United States on the world's total trade surplus of 600 billion U.S. dollars, and this is when the analysis of the U.S. foreign trade deficit Should comprehensively grasp the essence of the problem.4, the U.S. trade deficit, the real reason for the(1) in the 1970s, the two oil crises led to two world oil prices rose sharply, from Japan and developing countries with strong economic competitiveness and the strength of the dollar, which makes U.S. goods, services, trade Deficit in 1987 reached a peak of 152 billion U.S. dollars.(2) deterioration of the low U.S. savings rate, the United States must from the international financial market, raising funds for construction, that is, factoring funds to invest heavily in the building.(3) U.S. multinational companies in the United States in the import trade played by the "one of us" role, that is part of the trade deficit is actually "returning goods."China and the United States is a complementary economy, maintain the existing exchange rate system is a win-win situation
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这个是可以的，百度文库有现成的，这个也是允许的这只是学习的材料。先到百度文库，找一篇此类文档中文的，然后用有道翻译，或是谷歌在线翻译翻成英 文，然后把英文放上面，中文放下面。希望可以帮到你。如果要找标准的PDF格式外文文 献，可以在谷歌，用英文文献名+空格+PDF 这样比较容易找到。 第一是Google搜索，主要是英文，尤其是其学术搜索，意义大。第二，通过各大学图书馆系统，进入几个主流的出版发行集团。第三，利用网络免费储存、电子书系统。尤其是国外多。1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。一，选题要新颖。这次我的论文的成功，和高分，得到导师的赞许，都是因为我论文的选题新颖所给我带来的好处。最好涉及护理新领域，以及新进展，这样会给人耳目一新的感觉。二，大量文献做基础仔细查阅和你论文题目和研究范围相关的文献，大量的文献查阅会你的论文写作铺垫，借鉴别人的思路，和好的语言。而且在写作过程不会觉得语言平乏，当然也要自己一定的语言功底做基矗三，一气呵成做好充分的准备，不要每天写一些，每天改一些，这样会打断自己的思路，影响文章的连贯。四，尽量采用多的专业术语可能口语化的表达会给人带来亲切感，但论文是比较专业的形式，是有可能做为文献来查阅和检索的，所以论文语言的专业化，术语化会提升自己论文的水平。五，用正规格式书写参考正规的论文文献，论文格式。不要因为格式问题，而影响到你论文的质量。六，最好在计算机上完成写作过程如果有条件最好利用电脑来完成写作过程，好处以下几点：1，节省时间，无论打字的速度慢到什么程度，肯定要比手写的快。2，方便，大量的文献放在手边，一个一个查阅是很不方便的，文献都是用数据库编辑，所以都是在电脑上完成。提前先在电脑上摘要出重点，写出提纲，随时翻阅，方便写作。3，修改编辑，在电脑随时对文章进行修改编辑都是非常的方便。4，随时存档，写一段，存一段，防止突然停电，或者电脑当机。本人就是吃了这个大亏，一个晚上的劳动，差点就全没了，幸亏男友是电脑高手，帮我找回。否则就恨着电脑，哭死算了。七，成稿打印好交给导师无论你的字写的多么优美，还是按照惯例来，打印出的文字显的正规，而且交流不存在任何的问题，不会让导师因为看不懂你的龙飞凤舞，而低估你的论文。而且干净整洁，女孩子不仅注意自己的形象问题，书面的东西也反映你的修养和气质。八，听取导师意见，仔细修改导师会给你一些关于你论文建设性的意见，仔细参考，认真修改。毕竟导师是发表过多篇论文，有颇多的经验。
外文翻译是你上网上查询一篇文章，和你的设计题目相似的英文文章，然后自己翻译过来，这就是外文翻译，篇幅必须长一点，因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。 文献综述一般就是把你所用到的资料都一一介绍一下，不要很具体，因为论文是文献综述的具体介绍，文献综述中还包括一些与设计题目有关的现实描述。
自然和科学两个免费的文学呢！ ！您的图书馆也可能是多啊，还有，你应该有一个专业的外国文学！ ！ 一些外文网站，但我一直没能降低我的老师说要免费的！ ！ MPMI，植物病理学，植物病害，PNAS，科学1，细胞的公共图书馆，
去中国知网看看
财系统的设计与实现的外文翻译和文献综 肯定知道
翻译 ：老师出的？ 很难的。要知道要写翻译程式，必须写一下几个子程式： 词法分析->语法分析->语言优化. 你必须深入理解 汉语和 英语的语法. 根本不用去做,应为这是专业人员写的
文献综述就是用资料，只不多有一个比较固定的格式。 主要是，关于你的论文主题，国内外学者提出多点看法和主张。某某学者在某某文章中，就你的论文主题，提出看法认为如何如何 都是这样的语句，写出来就ok了。需要大概七八篇文章的论述，最好是高阶的人物写的文章，发表在高阶期刊上的。 知网搜寻文章，搜出来的文章，看看摘要就能写进综述里了，不用下载，中国知网，自己搜寻 合适采纳啊 外文翻译，如果学校图书馆上网有购买国外资料库，例如springerlink或者sci的，可以资料库找 如果没在学校可以谷歌学术搜寻相关英文关键词
涉及论文上的翻译可以在相应的翻译机构中完成即可。例如翻译达人，也是不错的选择，涉及的业务广而语种多，适合每种需求的客户
既然叫做外文文献综述，那就是根据相关课题的研究进展的相关文献（包括中文，英文）进行英文书写综述，若果只是要求中文文献综述，那也可以找一篇相关外文综述进行翻译。 望采纳，谢谢楼主
推荐你到 三七毕业设计网看看 真的不错~他们那里有专门的文献综述专区，参考一下肯定能搞定
不管是什么论文，只要是引用了某些书籍刊物的文字图片等内容，都要注明出处。所以，不但要有书名，同时也要注明章节。
在毕业论文写作过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，尤其是研究生同学，一般导师都会要求阅读一定数量的英文文献，这是因为许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
如何写开题报告，如何写文献综述，如何阅读外文文献，可以说，阅读一定数量的外文文献是毕业论文写作的必经之路。
要求如下：
1、前言
简要说明写作的目的，有关的概念以及综述范围，说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，所要解决的问题等。一般以 100～200 字为宜，使读者在读完前言后对有关问题获得一个初步的轮廓。
2、主体
主体部分是全文的主要部分，具体写法以能较好地表达综述的内容为准则。通常根据内容的多少，将主体部分分为几段，每段有小标题。
可按年代顺序综述。也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述。
主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
主体部分每一段落的开始应是综合提炼出来的观点，即论点；接着是文献所提出的实验结果或调查事实，即论据，可见主体部分是按论点和论据组织材料的。
总之，综述主体部分是以综合概括的论点开头引路，继之以诸家的资料、实验结果为论据展开层次论证。所以，综述也是一种论证文章的体裁，只是论点与论据都是前人文献所提供。
如果前人的观点分散或不甚明确，则需作者整理概括，成为开头。在论述某些观点时，作者可有倾向性，但对相反的观点也应简要如实列出。对存在的矛盾和问题应充分如实描述。
3、总结
常见的方式有：
①扼要的概括、精练主题部分的主要内容；
②介绍尚待解决的问题及对前景的展望；
③某些篇幅较小的综述，也可以省略结束语。
4、参考文献
通常凡引述的资料和主要的论点都应注明文献出处，以便使读者检索查阅。所引文献应以近 3 年内者为主；另外，未公开发表的资料不宜作为参考文献。
在我国许多期刊希望列出重要的参考文献，一般限为 20～30 条为宜；但国际上许多生物医学期刊的综述文章，其参考文献甚多，全篇所列文献常达数百条之多。参考文献的著录格式国内尚不统一，应按各刊「投稿须知」要求撰写。
扩展资料：
1、如何查询国内专利文献
可通过中国国家知识产权局(）和中国专利信息中心（）网站上的「专利检索」。
可以免费检索全部中国专利信息（有文摘）。如需获取专利全文，则需前去中国国家知识产权局查阅，也可通过 CSDL 馆际互借和原文传递系统代为办理。
2、如何查询国外专利文献
科学院用户可首先选择查询 Web of Knowledge 中Derwent Innovations Index (德温特世界专利索引)，它是检索专利的权威数据库，收录全球了 40 多个专利机构的 900 万条基本专利，1800 万项专利，该库大部分有文摘，小部分有全文。
3、其它可供利用的网上免费数据库
欧洲专利局专利数据库：
http://ep.espacenet.com/ （免费 文摘）
美国专利商标局专利数据库：
（免费 文摘、全文）
WTO知识产权组织：
（免费 文摘）
IBM专利数据库资源：
（免费 文摘、部分全文）
更多请参见中国专利信息网上的（国外）专利网站：
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文 。
扩展资料：
外文翻译需要注意的问题
1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等 。
2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。
3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。
4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。
5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。
6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。
7、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距1.25，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。
8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。
9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。
需要。
论文题目由教师或学生指定，并由教师同意决定。两者都应该是该学科的发展或实践中提出的理论和实践问题。
学生应该被选中进行科学研究课题，审查，复习文献，制定研究计划，设计科学实验或社会调查，处理数据或整理调查结果，分析，证明和得出结论。撰写论文和其他项目的初步培训。
撰写毕业论文是检验学生在校学习成果的重要措施，也是提高教学质量的重要环节。大学生在毕业前都必须完成毕业论文的撰写任务。申请学位必须提交相应的学位论文，经答辩通过后，方可取得学位。
毕业论文是结束大学学习生活走向社会的一个中介和桥梁。毕业论文是大学生才华的第一次显露，是向祖国和人民所交的一份有分量的答卷，是投身社会主义现代化建设事业的报到书。
一篇毕业论文虽然不能全面地反映出一个人的才华，也不一定能对社会直接带来巨大的效益，对专业产生开拓性的影响。但是，实践证明，撰写毕业论文是提高教学质量的重要环节，是保证出好人才的重要措施。
参考资料来源：百度百科-毕业论文
在毕业论文写作过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，尤其是研究生同学，一般导师都会要求阅读一定数量的英文文献，这是因为许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。
如何写开题报告，如何写文献综述，如何阅读外文文献，可以说，阅读一定数量的外文文献是毕业论文写作的必经之路。
要求如下：
1、前言
简要说明写作的目的，有关的概念以及综述范围，说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，所要解决的问题等。一般以 100～200 字为宜，使读者在读完前言后对有关问题获得一个初步的轮廓。
2、主体
主体部分是全文的主要部分，具体写法以能较好地表达综述的内容为准则。通常根据内容的多少，将主体部分分为几段，每段有小标题。
可按年代顺序综述。也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较，阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向，以及对这些问题的评述。
主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。
主体部分每一段落的开始应是综合提炼出来的观点，即论点；接着是文献所提出的实验结果或调查事实，即论据，可见主体部分是按论点和论据组织材料的。
总之，综述主体部分是以综合概括的论点开头引路，继之以诸家的资料、实验结果为论据展开层次论证。所以，综述也是一种论证文章的体裁，只是论点与论据都是前人文献所提供。
如果前人的观点分散或不甚明确，则需作者整理概括，成为开头。在论述某些观点时，作者可有倾向性，但对相反的观点也应简要如实列出。对存在的矛盾和问题应充分如实描述。
3、总结
常见的方式有：
①扼要的概括、精练主题部分的主要内容；
②介绍尚待解决的问题及对前景的展望；
③某些篇幅较小的综述，也可以省略结束语。
4、参考文献
通常凡引述的资料和主要的论点都应注明文献出处，以便使读者检索查阅。所引文献应以近 3 年内者为主；另外，未公开发表的资料不宜作为参考文献。
在我国许多期刊希望列出重要的参考文献，一般限为 20～30 条为宜；但国际上许多生物医学期刊的综述文章，其参考文献甚多，全篇所列文献常达数百条之多。参考文献的著录格式国内尚不统一，应按各刊「投稿须知」要求撰写。
扩展资料：
1、如何查询国内专利文献
可通过中国国家知识产权局(）和中国专利信息中心（）网站上的「专利检索」。
可以免费检索全部中国专利信息（有文摘）。如需获取专利全文，则需前去中国国家知识产权局查阅，也可通过 CSDL 馆际互借和原文传递系统代为办理。
2、如何查询国外专利文献
科学院用户可首先选择查询 Web of Knowledge 中Derwent Innovations Index (德温特世界专利索引)，它是检索专利的权威数据库，收录全球了 40 多个专利机构的 900 万条基本专利，1800 万项专利，该库大部分有文摘，小部分有全文。
3、其它可供利用的网上免费数据库
欧洲专利局专利数据库：
http://ep.espacenet.com/ （免费 文摘）
美国专利商标局专利数据库：
（免费 文摘、全文）
WTO知识产权组织：
（免费 文摘）
IBM专利数据库资源：
（免费 文摘、部分全文）
更多请参见中国专利信息网上的（国外）专利网站：