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用动物做医学研究英语辩论文

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用动物做医学研究英语辩论文

1, experimental animal breeding: experimental animal breeding research experimental animal genetic improvement and genetic control, and wild animals and livestock of experimental animals. 2, experimental animal medicine: experimental animal medicine specialized experimental animal diseases diagnosis, treatment, prevention and it how in biomedical application science. 3 and comparative medical: comparative study of all animals, including man the similarities and differences between the basic life phenomenon. 4, experimental animal ecology: experimental animal living environment and conditions, such as animals houses, animal facilities, ventilation, temperature, humidity, light and noise, cage with, feed, water and various mat makings. 5, animal experiment technology: the study of animal experiments various operating technology and experimental methods, including experimental animal raising management technology and itself of various monitoring technology, etc.

动物研究英语作文可以写为了探索大自然的奥秘,为了扩大人类的视野,为了增长智慧,为了发明创造,有时应当把动物当做老师。比如雷达的发明,就是在研究蝙蝠的基础上一步步创造出来的。潜水艇是在研究鱼为什么会沉入水中、又为什么浮到水面的基础上创造出来的。过去一个多世纪,医学和生命科学取得了飞跃式的发展,人类不仅建立了麻醉、安全输血、器官移植、人工心脏瓣膜等医疗技术和手段,还研发出了抗生素、疫苗和各种药物,从而消灭或控制了多种疾病,所有这些成就的取得都离不开动物实验的支持。很多介入性的实验无法在人类身上进行,而诸如小鼠、大鼠、兔、猪、猫、狗和猴等实验动物不仅在遗传组成上与人类高度同源,而且具有和人类相似的器官和系统,并以大致相同的方式完成其生理功能,同时还会患与人类疾病类似的各种疾病。因此科学家可以通过动物实验来模拟人类的生理活动及疾病发生和发展的过程。以诺贝尔生理或医学奖为例,截止到今年,在219位获奖者中,有183位的工作与动物实验相关。比如本公众号前面介绍过的德国科学家冯贝林基于豚鼠实验,建立了白喉毒素抗血清和抗血清疗法,并因此获得了首届诺贝尔生理或医学奖豚鼠-早期感染实验的明星动物。

Im sorry... I can't make it... sorry~~~

为什么需要动物研究英语作文可以写为了探索大自然的奥秘,为了扩大人类的视野,为了增长智慧,为了发明创造,有时应当把动物当做老师。比如雷达的发明,就是在研究蝙蝠的基础上一步步创造出来的。潜水艇是在研究鱼为什么会沉入水中、又为什么浮到水面的基础上创造出来的。过去一个多世纪,医学和生命科学取得了飞跃式的发展,人类不仅建立了麻醉、安全输血、器官移植、人工心脏瓣膜等医疗技术和手段,还研发出了抗生素、疫苗和各种药物,从而消灭或控制了多种疾病,所有这些成就的取得都离不开动物实验的支持。动物实验的意义很多介入性的实验无法在人类身上进行,而诸如小鼠、大鼠、兔、猪、猫、狗和猴等实验动物不仅在遗传组成上与人类高度同源,而且具有和人类相似的器官和系统,并以大致相同的方式完成其生理功能,同时还会患与人类疾病类似的各种疾病。因此科学家可以通过动物实验来模拟人类的生理活动及疾病发生和发展的过程。以诺贝尔生理或医学奖为例,截止到今年,在219位获奖者中,有183位的工作与动物实验相关。比如本公众号前面介绍过的德国科学家冯贝林基于豚鼠实验,建立了白喉毒素抗血清和抗血清疗法,并因此获得了首届诺贝尔生理或医学奖豚鼠-早期感染实验的明星动物。

英语动物词汇研究论文

晕,我正好写过一篇.....白送给你吧......不然根本找不到的。Contrastive Studies on English and Chinese Animal OnomatopoeiaAbstract: There are some similarities and differences between English and Chinese onomatopoeia. The former mainly includes rhetorical functions and characteristics of absolute structures, and the latter mainly includes syntactic functions, motivations and changes in usage. As for the animal onomatopoeia, the English animal onomatopoeia has substantial content and can be divided into primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia. Different from the Chinese animal onomatopoeia which is rather simple and vague, the English version is more vivid and specific. Making comparative studies between the two will be of great significance to the accuracy of translation from one to the other.Key words: onomatopoeia, animals, similarities, differences Introduction: English and Chinese are of two different kinds of language systems, both of them include copious onomatopoeias, though. English and Chinese onomatopoeias are all of the same in the rhetorical function, they both come from the imitation of the sound given out from some object and movement, or at least has some connection with it. Various sorts of sounds from animals can be heard everywhere, animal onomatopoeias emerge as the times demand. Animal onomatopoeias play an important role in English onomatopoeias, they are much more abundant than Chinese onomatopoeias. In Chinese onomatopoeias, we always use ‘jiao’ to express the sounds given out by animals, while, in English, there are some special onomatopoeias used to express different sounds given out by animals. This is because of the different historical and cultural background, the different expressing habits and different aesthetic judgment of the two different languages, etc.The similarities of English and Chinese animal onomatopoeias The English writer Stephen Spond said: ‘Sometimes when I am writing, the music of the words I am trying to shape takes me far beyond the words.’[1](326) The music he mentioned here is the sound from some object, for example, animals, I think. That is, the words he mentioned are the animal onomatopoeias, probably. In English, animal onomatopoeias have two categories: primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia.Primary onomatopoeia means the imitation of sound by sound.[2](313) Here the sound is truly an ‘echo to the sense’. For example, on hearing [mu:], we may think of the sounds ‘moumou’ of Chinese form from cows. In English, many words which express the sounds given out by animals fall into this category, in this aspect, English and Chinese onomatopoeias have much in common, especially in pronunciation. Taking the sound given out from cats for example, English onomatopoeia is ‘mew’, ‘miaow’, while in Chinese, ‘miao’ (喵) is used. As for the sounds of pigeons, ‘coo’is used in English while ‘gugu’ (咕咕) is used in Chinese. As for the sounds of the ducks, “quack” is used in English while ‘gugu’(呱呱) is used in Chinese. And as for the sounds given out from geese, ‘cackle’ is used in English while ‘gege’(咯咯) is used in Chinese. The animal onomatopoeias of this kind are only the imitation of sound by sound, just the same in both English and Chinese.Secondary onomatopoeia means that certain sounds and sound sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.[3](67) In this form, the sounds evoke, not an acoustic experience, but a movement or some physical or moral quality, usually unfavorable. Example, the sounds [sn] may express three types of experiences: ‘breath-noise’ (sniff, snuff, snore, snort); ‘quick separation or movement’ (snip, snap, snatch), and ‘creeping’ (snake ,snail, sneak, snoop). The relationship between the sounds and the meanings happens in the Chinese onomatopoeias, too. For example, in Chinese, the sound of [s] reminds us of the sounds ‘sisi’ (嘶嘶) given out from snakes, and the shape of the letter ‘S’ can also remind us of snakes, too. In this aspect, Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias are invented for the same purpose.The differences of English and Chinese animal onomatopoeias Basically, English and Chinese are of two different kinds of language systems, as a result, but for the similarities, there are many differences in the animal onomatopoeias. As for the sound of the same kind of animals, it may cause two absolutely different feelings because of the different ways of imitation. Subsequently, I will discuss the differences in three aspects: Firstly, Chinese animal onomatopoeias are more lifelike than English onomatopoeias. Chinese animal onomatopoeias are closer to the imitation of the sounds given out by animals, the way of the expression is more direct and flexible, too. For example, in English, “hum” is used to express the sound of bees while ‘wengweng’(嗡嗡) is used in Chinese . It is obvious that ‘wengweng’ is just the echo to the dogs, it is more lifelike and lively. So it is the same with the “bark” and ‘wangwang’(汪汪) . From these, we can see, Chinese onomatopoeias are more meticulous and copious than English animal onomatopoeias. Secondly, Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias differ a lot in the pronunciation. First of all, different onomatopoeias of English and Chinese may express the same sound. For example, ‘cock-a-doodle-do’ and ‘wowowo’(喔喔喔) both represent the sound given by cocks. The next, the same onomatopoeias may represent different sounds. For example, ‘The girls clattered away at their luncheon.’ means ‘午餐时女孩们叽叽呱呱地谈个不停.’While in the sentence: ‘ The shutters clattered in the wind.’, ‘clatter’ means ‘劈劈啪啪’. Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias differ a lot in the structure of speech sounds,too. I want to take some examples to explain the difference. The first one is that, there are many mono-syllable words in English, however, not so many in Chinese. The second one is that, although the structure of AA and AB exist in both English and Chinese animal onomatopoeias, these words cover the most part in Chinese, while not many in English, and the structure of AA in English is only the simple repetition of ‘A’. Moreover, the structure of AB or AA is dependent and can not be separated. However, in English, the AA or AB structure animal onomatopoeias can be used dependently, etc. The last but not the least, the same animal onomatopoeias may have different usages. In English, animals’ different sounds have specially corresponding verbs and nouns to express. For example, ‘chirp’ is used for magpie, ‘crow’ for cock, ‘grunt’ for wild boar, ‘hiss’ for snake, etc. Also the same kind of animal can have several quite different kinds of expressing way. For example, all of the words like ‘bark,yap,yelp, bay, howl, growl, snarl, whine’ can be used to describe the sound of a dog’s barking, which actually has inevitable connection with notion’s culture.[4](256) Dog’s signified meanings in English and Chinese language do not have substantial difference. But they’re very different in the intensive meaning. In western countries, dogs are people’s pets, they take dogs as companion and friends, keeping dogs for happiness has already become a kind of social fashion; while in china, the treatment that dogs receive is quite different. They are usually kept for watching the house and they are human’s servants. From the idioms ‘gou ji tiao qiang’ (a cornered dog will do something desperate) and ‘gou zhang rellshi’ (1ike a dog threatening people on the strength of its master’s Dower— be a bully with the backing of a powerful person we can get a hint of it. So in Chinese we only have ‘wangwang’ for dogs’ barking. In addition, in English the same word for expressing animals’ sound can be used for different animals. For example, ‘howl’ can be used for lions, tigers,1eopards,jackals and wolves at the same time; while in Chinese animals’ sound is basically one for one. For example, gou fei, lang hao, he li, que zao, ma si, hu xiao, shj hou, niao zhuan, jiti. Certainly it does not mean that there is no situation of one for two, but very few. With the development and change of society, in modern Chinese especially in spoken language, the above specific words for expressing animals’ sound have been gradually discarded,and just taken place by simple words ‘叫’or ‘鸣’.Conclusion: Onomatopoeia is a kind of language phenomenon which is universal as well as very important. It can audio-visualize the objects which may just be understood superficially, at the same time, make them more figurative and more vivid through the power of the sounds. Therefore, by the comparison of Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias, we may have a better knowledge about the common character and the individuality of them. As a result, it will help us a lot on mastering and using the animal onomatopoeias correctly, in this way, we will make our writings more copious, lively and more persuadable. Hence, I want to contribute my small share to the research of animal onomatopoeias by this paper writing.Reference books:[1] 包惠南. 文化语境与语言翻译[M] .北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.[2] 陆国强. 现代英语词汇学[M] .上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999.[3]李国南. Secondary Onomatopoeia 与摹绘[J]. 外语与翻译,1999(2) .[4] McLaren, Margaret C. Interpreting Cultural Differences. Norfolk: Pete Francis Publishers , 1998.[5]

Earth humans and many animals are sons and daughters of mother earth. The earth is like riding a spaceship into outer space, humans and many animals live together in the ecological environment. But we human beings Zhanzhao own tall, smart, any destruction of the living environment of animals, so they are unable to survive. " Cherish the earth, protect animals" became a hot topic.The protection of animals, is we all have to do, a lot of people free to hunt animals, although people are said to protect animals, but there are still many stubborn people listen to, continue to hunt animals, humans and animals to watch, soup, made with animal skins coats ... ... But have you ever thought of, if you are an animal, but was hunting, how would you like that, would you, would you like to be hunted? You are not willing to, some people said:" I'm not animal." But have you ever thought of going to think animals do? Now humans killing a large number of animals, the animals will be reconciled? Never, never, never. They don't want to die in the hands of man. They are willing to be your hunting? No, they are not willing to one thousand, ten thousand to one hundred million, do not want to ... ...地球上的人类和许多动物都是地球母亲的儿女。地球好似一驾遨游太空的宇宙飞船,人类与许多动物共处在这个生态环境中。可我们人类占着自己高大、聪明,任意破坏动物们的居住环境,让它们无从生存。于是“珍惜地球,爱护动物”一时成了最热门的话题。 保护动物,是我们人人都要做到的,许多人任意去猎杀动物,虽然现在的人都说要保护动物,但是还有很多顽固的人不听,继续猎杀动物,人类拿动物来观赏、卖钱,用兽皮做大衣……但你们有没有想过,如果你是一只动物,却遭到了人类的猎杀,你会怎么想,你愿意吗,你愿意被猎杀吗?你绝对不愿意,有些人说:“我又不是动物。”但你们有没有想过动物们会怎么想吗?现在人类大量捕杀动物,动物会甘心吗?不,不会,永远不会。它们不愿意死在人类手里。它们愿意被你们猎杀吗?不,它们有一千个不愿意,一万个不愿意,一亿个不愿意……

英语动物对比研究论文

论文开题报告基本要素

各部分撰写内容

论文标题应该简洁,且能让读者对论文所研究的主题一目了然。

摘要是对论文提纲的总结,通常不超过1或2页,摘要包含以下内容:

目录应该列出所有带有页码的标题和副标题, 副标题应缩进。

这部分应该从宏观的角度来解释研究背景,缩小研究问题的范围,适当列出相关的参考文献。

这一部分不只是你已经阅读过的相关文献的总结摘要,而是必须对其进行批判性评论,并能够将这些文献与你提出的研究联系起来。

这部分应该告诉读者你想在研究中发现什么。在这部分明确地陈述你的研究问题和假设。在大多数情况下,主要研究问题应该足够广泛,而次要研究问题和假设则更具体,每个问题都应该侧重于研究的某个方面。

这题目英文翻译的就有问题。。

An elephant is bigger than a tiger.A tiger is bigger than a dog.A dog is smaller than a tiger.A tiger is smaller than an elephant.The elephant is the biggest of the three.The dog is the smallest of the three.The tiger is the fastest,it is faster than a dog,and a dog is faster than an elephant.It is the slowest.

In my family, there are two pets. One is a dog, the other is a cat. They are good friends. The dog is bigger than the cat, but it isn't fatter than the cat. The dog likes eating stone,but the cat likes eating fish better. The dog runs faster than the cat, but the cat can climb the tree.The dog can't climb the tree. When the cat is in the tree, the dog only stays under the tree. it is very funny, isn't it?

英语医学研究论文语篇互动性浅析

这个简单啊。你可以到PubMed中下载。输入关键词,然后检索即可。

包括有:英语医学科技论文中分词、合成词作定语以及名词连缀的使用英语医学科技论文写作中的常见错误英文医学科技论文中数词的用法及数字的写法外文斜体的使用方法 希望能帮助到你,望采纳!

【关键词】  医学英语论文; 标题写作; 修辞原则; 策略Abstract:As an important component part of a medical research paper,the English title plays a crucial role in promoting international academic exchanges. Its main functions are to summarize and reveal the subject, guide reading, and to be used for storage and retrieval. This paper mainly investigates the strategies of title writing for medical English research paper and presents four principles:focuse on subject,be accurate,be concise,be appropriate.Key words: Medical English research paper;   Title writing;   Rhetorical principle;   Strategy人们读书看报,首先要看的是标题,题目常常能概括地反应文章的内容。题目取得好,简练又吸引人,才会引起读者的兴趣。标题“居文之首,句文之要”,被人们比喻为文章的眼睛。标题在学术论文中同样起着至关重要的作用。随着经济全球化的发展,医学界国际交流活动日趋频繁,在交流活动中起主导作用的学术期刊更加“规范化、标准化”,国内越来越多刊物须附英文标题和摘要。因此,学术论文的标题英译也越来越重要。医学论文题名具有高度概括集中反映文献主题的功能,指导读者查找文献资料的导读功能和信息储存提供编制文献检索的功能[1]。本文主要探讨医学论文英文标题写作中应遵循的主要修辞原则及表达策略,以期更好地发挥学术论文标题的功能,促进学术交流。1  突出主题原则及修辞策略    题名是论文最重要的、浓缩的信息点,是读者最先得到的直接信息,即文章的主要观点和主要论点。因此,标题应简明扼要、重点突出、反映论文主题。根据国际医学期刊编辑委员会制定的《生物医学期刊投稿的统一要求》中对文题的要求:简练和反映论文主题,英文标题应切题准确,反映文章的中心内容,便于索引,利于论文广泛流通。    好的标题不仅能起到“画龙点睛”的作用,还可以提高论文索引的利用价值。通常读者总是先浏览期刊的文章标题,在对其感兴趣后才会通读全文。因此,在标题英译时,应从以下两个方面注意修辞策略:    在信息传递上,要充分反映论文的创新内容,重要内容前置,突出中心;准确使用题名的必要结构要素来完整表达医学文献主题,在医学论文中最常见的结构类型是由研究对象、研究目的和研究方法三要素组成的题名。在表达方式上,多用名词、名词词组、动名词来表达。文字安排应结构合理、选词准确、详略得当,重要的词放在文题的起始,如association, application, determination,effect,detection,establishment等词所引导的短语都是研究的中心内容。2  准确规范原则及修辞策略    准确是修辞的基本原则,也是翻译必须遵循的原则。科技文体写作更应遵循这一原则,因为学术研究特别强调准确,不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征[2]。医学英语除了具备以上特征外,它还有大量的专业词汇、术语以及特定的词汇结构体系、语法规则和语篇结构。因此,在医学论文题名写作时语言表达要合乎医学论文写作的规范标准。论文标题英译要在正确理解原文的基础上进行,必须忠实地传达原文的内容,保持原文的风格。具体可采取以下方法:    首先,格式要求规范。标题译文可采用首字母大写,其余的用小写(首字母缩略词全大写,专有名词的首字母大写);也可采用标题首字母大写,其余实词首字母大写,虚词小写(4个字母以上的介词或连词的首字母大写);排列时可根据具体学术期刊的规范分别采用居中排与左对齐的方式;书名应用斜体表示。    其次,选词应强调专业化。与其它学科的英语术语相比,医学英语术语特征相对明显,专业化是医学英语的一大特色。因此,熟知医学英语术语,选择专业词汇,避免使用通俗语是医学工作者治学严谨的表现。例如,“先天性皮肤并指畸形” 应译为“syndactyly of fingers”而不是“congenital skin webbed fingers”;“大黄”“丹参”分别为“Rhubarb”和 “Salvia miltiorrhiza”,而不是“Da Hunag” 和“Dan Shen”。另一方面,科技英语用词强调词义单一、准确,忌用多义词。根据科技英语的这一修辞特点,在英译时应用词义明确单一的词来代替词义较多的词,如用to transmit, to convert, to obtain, to insert, to consume, to absorb, application, sufficient, superior来替代常用的to send, to change, to get, to put in, to use up, to take in, use, enough, better。    此外,用词要准确。注意不使用非标准化的缩略语,应使用公认的缩略词语、代号、符号、公式等。国际上《核心医学期刊文摘》中,对缩写词的使用非常谨慎,对非公认的缩略词语,第一次出现必须先写全名,缩写附后加括号。如丙型肝炎病人:hepatitis C virus (HCV),维甲酸:all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)。    语言的习惯搭配也是医学论文英语标题写作特征的一种重要表现形式。在英语中,有相当数量的动词、名词、形容词都有其固定的介词搭配,在使用此类词语时一定要多加注意,以避免错误。医学英语标题多采用逻辑动宾关系的名词性组合形式,常见的搭配如:patients with, cases of, operation on, cure for, response to, effect on, research in/into/on, approach to, observation(s) of/on/in, treatment of等等。下面的标题译文很好地说明了正确使用介词搭配能有助于准确明了地反映论文的主题。    例: The acupuncture effect on left ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris (针疗对冠心病心绞痛患者左心功能状态的影响)    “影响”为中心词,但它在文中的意思为“疗效”,因为“针疗”是一种治疗疾病的方法,“针疗的疗效”可译为“acupuncture effect (on)”。“左心功能状态”是表类属的定语,应紧跟“影响”。“患者patients (with)”修饰“左心功能状态”,“冠心病心绞痛”修饰“患者”。层层修饰关系在译文中均以介词表示,译文准确而明晰。[3]3  简明有效原则及修辞策略    好的标题应是高度概括、言简意赅、便于检索。在完整、准确地概括全文内容的基础上,用尽量少的文字恰当反映所研究的范围和深度,不可夸大其词,以偏概全,也不可缩小研究范围,以偏代全。做到简明有效主要从以下两个方面着手:    在信息处理上,遵循科技写作中语言运用的最小信息差原则以谋求语言运用的最大信息量的输出和最佳交际效果,即“作者应该写的都能写出来,读者对作者所表达的意思都能读明白”[4]。    在选词用语上,文题力求语言精炼,中心词突出,一般在10个单词以内,通常不超过16个单词。标题起始处的冠词“A”“The”可以省略,但文题中间的“the”不能省。采用短语翻译题名,医学论文英语标题采取的主要短语结构有:名词+动词不定式;名词或名词短语+过去分词;现在分词短语;介词短语结构;名词或名词短语+介词短语;以动词形式开始的短语结构等。以短语形式来表达一个句子,结构言简意赅,内部组织严密,而且可以把更多的信息融于一体,使彼此的逻辑关系更明确,表达更细密,更有利于达到交际目的。    由于医学英语要求客观和精确,一些旨在加强语言感染力和宣传效果的修辞格不常见。但是,医学英语强调注重有效的语法和词汇修辞,如英语讲求结构平行对称。论文标题中并列的内容,应注意到语法结构上的对称,即名词与名词并列,动名词与动名词并列,不要混杂使用。例如:The Role of Arthroscopy in Diagnosing and the Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children(关节镜在儿童关节疾病诊治中的作用)宜改为:The Role of Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Joint Diseases in Children。修改后两个动名词并列,既简化了文字,符合修辞原则,而且还更为醒目。平行结构的使用可以增强修辞效果,不仅使主题更加突出,而且还富有美感,引起读者兴趣。请看下面两个例子:例1:“Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter”例2:“Socioeconomic status,standard of living,and neurotic disorder”例1中3个形容词平行排列加强了语音的节奏感,也明确了与中心词的修饰关系,既美观又醒目;例2中的3个并列名词短语排列有序、结构工整、逻辑关系明确,读者能很快抓住论文的中心。4  得体原则及修辞策略    一个修辞行为的有效性,还取决于它是否合乎语体的规范,是否符合言语交际环境的规定,是否符合社会交往的礼仪,是否符合文化的习俗,是否符合双方的审美倾向。[5]如用戏曲语体撰写科技论文是不得体的。科技论文的行文要符合科技文体的特点,保持文体的严肃性,是为得体。医学论文的英语题名写作与翻译要求标题与论文的内容协调一致,包括风格的一致,语言表达应符合英语习惯。因此,在医学论文标题英译时,要考虑其语法、修辞特点,尽可能体现出英语的固有风格,避免中式英语的弊病。下面介绍几种表达得体的主要修辞策略。    英文标题的写作可以不拘一格,但应突出主题,服从英语的表达习惯,避免使用中国式的英语表达形式。比如,汉语医学论文标题中常常出现“初探”、“探讨”、“经验”、“体会”等词以示谦逊,而在国外的医学刊物中使用带有“浅谈”“初探”这类句式的题名会被认为所论述的内容没有多大参考价值,缺乏严肃性。这是因为欧美人认为科技论文应立足于事实材料,不必谦虚客套。    汉语论文主标题与副标题之间一般用破折号,而英文的主标题与副标题之间通常用冒号表示。病例数在汉语中一般放在正标题中,在英语中大多放在副标题中,如:Post transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases (输血后肝炎60例报告)。    由于受汉语语法的限制和语言习惯的影响,在中文标题中常含有“……的研究”和“……的观察”等词语,题名英译时应省略“Regarding …”、“Observation(s) of …”、“Investigation of …”、“Studies on …”、“Research(es) on …”、“Some thoughts on …”、“Introduction to …”等冗余套语,使之更简洁且符合英语的表达习惯。    名词化结构较多地使用抽象名词表达动作和状态,这也是英语表达和汉语表达上的主要差别之一。在汉语中用行为动词表达的意思在英语中多转换为名词。英汉语的用词顺序有很大的不同。在汉语中,定语置于中心词之前,而在英语中,“中心词+后置定语”的结构应用非常广泛。例如:葡萄糖在体外和体内对神经细胞瘤的疗效:Effect of Glucose on Neuroblastoma in Vitro and in Vivo;心脏病患者肌酐激酶同功酶的测定:Detection of Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes Inheart Disease;严重脑外伤患者大断面骨折接骨时间选择:Timing of Osteosynthesis of Major Fracture in Patients with Severe Brain Injury。    总之,标题在论文中起着至关重要的作用。论文的标题应能准确地概括论文的内容,提纲挈领、点明主题、吸引读者、便于检索。要写好译好英文标题,作者不仅要有严谨的治学态度,还要掌握专业英语知识,熟悉医学英语文体的写作特点,熟记常用的句式结构及英语习惯表达方法,在正确理解论文主旨的基础上,力求重点突出,行文准确、规范、简洁、得体。

学术研究特别强调准确,不能模糊不清、模棱两可。措辞准确、表达客观、逻辑严密、行文简洁、词义明确、含义固定是科技文体所共有的文体特征。因此,对于医学论文英语摘要的写作,达晋编译认为,掌握其在词汇层面的修辞特点有助于提高英语摘要的写作质量。

医学英语词汇的文体修辞特征,首先体现在词义的单一性。因此在用词上,选择词义相对明确单一的词,如perform,achieve等,避免使用感情色彩浓郁、文化内涵丰富或词义模糊的词语。其次,专业术语的大量使用是医学英语词汇的另一个显著特征。医学术语既能保证译文的专业性和准确性,又能使摘要非常精练。

医学论文摘要属于科技文体,其主要阅读对象是医务工作者,使用国际上通用的医学术语,所收之效果便是准确的意义表达。在使用医学术语时,需要严谨的科学态度,不可望文生义,必要时可参考国际通用译名和医学英语专业词典。

选词应力求简明、客观。英语摘要中常出现短词替代长词、常用词替代生僻词、狭义词替代广义词、动词替代动词短语的现象,这体现了科技英语简洁、正式的文体修辞特征,如用study代替make a study,consume代替use up等。

恰当使用减词法、名词化结构和非谓语动词形式是医学英语摘要的主要修辞特点。如名词化结构最能体现医学英语文体的修辞特征,因为英语的名词化程度与文体的正式程度密切相关。语句的名词化程度越高就越抽象、越正式、越书面化。名词化的使用帮助语篇形成一定的文体风格,在语篇中发挥着重要的功能,名词化可使语篇更正式、客观,论述更简洁、精确,使语篇衔接得更紧密。

缩写、符号、公式、阿拉伯数字等都是常用的修辞手法,能使语言表达简洁明了、信息容量大。但同时也要注意规范性。在英文摘要中除明确通用的缩略语如DNA、AIDS等,其它的缩略语第一次出现时要写在完整词语的后面并用括号注明。

英文摘要中表示数字范围须用连字符“-”,意为from…to。在阿拉伯数字能表达清楚的情况下,应优先使用阿拉伯数字,因为这样表达最简洁,但若有数字出现在句首要用英文单词,,如“10 volumes of water were added.”中的“1O”应改为“Ten”则更加规范。

做化学研究写论文常用英语单词

符号更容易理解

目前共有120多个和中国有关的词汇被牛津大学出版商收入词典中,包括Fengshui(风水)、Dimsum(点心)、Kowtow(磕头)、Hutong(胡同)、Hukou(户口)、Guanxi(关系)、Goji berry(枸杞)、Wuxia(武侠)等。“土豪”(Tuhao)、“大妈”(Dama)尚未收入。近日有中国媒体为“《牛津英语词典》可能收录‘土豪’(Tuhao)等中文词”这类新闻自得:“中国贡献的英语单词,正不知不觉、越来越多地融入了国际生活的方方面面……从深层次看……反映了中国正在融入全球化进程。”现在像“Guanxi”、“Chengguan”这种“中国特色”的中文音译词语经常出现英文读物中。这些词源于中国没错,却不见得可以自豪。 “Guanxi”:被收入牛津词典的最出名中文音译词被收入牛津词典的中文音译词,最出名的就是“Guanxi”。《牛津英语词典》对此的释义是:“源于中国普通话,字面上理解和‘联系’是一个意思,特指在中国有助于商业活动和其他交易的社交网络系统、有影响力的人际关系。”2013年美国《大西洋月刊》的一篇文章《摩根大通在中国:为何‘照常营业’越来越难》对“Guanxi”这个字在英语语境中的含义做了更明白的解读:“每个去中国的外国人到中国后不久,都会学到一个神奇的单词:‘Guanxi’。这是这个13亿人的国家中必要的东西。有了‘Guanxi’,就能意味着得到一份工作、进入不错的学校、或帮助新企业避免不必要的政府关注。‘拉拉’‘Guanxi’,就能快速而不费事地解决棘手的问题。” “Chengguan”:源于媒体对“中国市政准警察力量”的报道 “Chengguan”这一单词,源于英文媒体报道中国城管时无法找到对应的英文单词,只能音译。2013年7月《大西洋月刊》介绍中国“城管”制度的文章题目便是《见过“Chengguan”:中国受憎恨的、暴虐的地方警察》,其中对“Chengguan”的介绍是:“作为在中国最被广泛厌恶的市政警察,从常规警察部门中分离出来的‘Chengguan’负责管理城市生活中最卑下的一部分……虽然每个社会都有警察滥用暴力,但‘Chengguan’的残暴是中国独有的。”2013年8月《华尔街日报》以《中国城市准警察的定时》一文来介绍“城管”制度:“‘Chengguan’是中国城市政府组织、雇佣的辅助性准警察力量,负责管理各种市政问题。有关‘Chengguan’的法律太过模糊宽泛,以至于‘Chengguan’的事实权力几乎不受制约。尽管公众对‘Chengguan’凶残的暴徒行径多有怨愤,但‘Chengguan’的雇主几乎没做出任何约束他们的实质举动。” “Shuanggui”:法学界和政治学界的通行规范性英文单词 “Shuanggui”一词,已是法学界和政治学界的通行规范性英文单词,毋庸另作意译。关于中国法律制度的导论性英文专著,已对此制度做了直白的定义:“抛开字面矫饰,‘Shuanggui’是中国一种制度上无任何司法监察和法律规制的秘密拘禁机制”。研究此制度的政治学论文,也在摘要中开宗明义地阐述“本文研究对象为中国的‘法外拘禁’(Extralegal Detention)制度”。2012年9月《经济学人》杂志提到这个单词的另一重意义:“这是党内警察行为:中国的执政党对犯过失的内部成员另行一套法律。” “Laogai”:03年即被收入《牛津短语辞典》早于最近的“Tuhao”、“Hukou”,“Laogai”十年前就已被收入英文字典中。1994年《简明牛津英语辞典》收入了“Laogai”一词,指其是源自“劳动改造”(reform through labour)的“惩戒体制”(penalsystem)。2003年版的《牛津英语短语和寓言词典》对" Laogai "词条作了进一步的解释:“中国的劳教所系统”。《麦克米伦英语词典》也收录了“Laogai”这一词条:“英语中已知首用于1983年,指中国由劳教所网络组成的惩戒体制”。 “Hongbao”:英语世界难以理解“社交、家庭聚会中装着金钱礼物的红信封”与“贿金”的双关各种百科网站的“中国习俗”门类中一般都会介绍“送红包”的民俗:在婚礼等社交聚会、家族聚会、节日中,亲友间赠予的装有钞票或类似金钱礼物的红色包裹/信封。不过中国自古就有以“三节”(春节、中秋节、端午节)的“节敬”形式粉饰行贿的传统,而英语国家的人对此很难理解。美国一个致力于反商业贿赂的非政府组织“追踪国际”(Trace International)的主席在接受《华尔街日报》采访时,就解释了这一差异:“美国《海外反腐败法》明文有载企业‘不能直接或间接向政府官员提供、承诺或支付任何有价值的物品,以获得商业好处’。但被控行贿的企业很难向从未到过中国的美国陪审团解释,为何‘将现金装到红色密封信封中递给政府官员,在中国是得当的’,‘这是个古老的传统,在中国可能已有上千年了,如果不这样做,当地官员很可能认为自己被羞辱了’。” “Hukou”:“以分化和排斥控制社会”的“家户登记制度” “户口”之所以在英文中是直接音译为“Hukou”而非意译为“家户登记制”,是因为英语世界的居民从现实上无法理解中国的户籍制度。现实上的隔膜,正如斯坦福大学出版社2005年出版的学术专著《以分化和排斥控制社会:中国户口制度》序言向美国读者点明的“中国特色”:“想象下你作为本国公民,要迁徙到国内更繁荣的城市去,结果在目的地不能、不准在当地一大半工作岗位就业、不准在当地一大半公立学校就学,随时会因‘签证’过期而被本国市政当局拘留和驱逐。”

摘要:一1,2环氧化物水在各种Thiolysis30 ° C和pH值7.0的强烈加速氯化锌(10摩尔%)除非氨基酸和carboxythiophenol使用。该水相介质及催化剂的回收和再利用在各种运行而不会影响该过程的效率。介绍该A - hydroxysulfide单位目前的化合物生物及药理interest1,是通用基团合成烯丙醇,benzoxathiepines, benzotiazepines,的R - thioketones,研究取代R是不饱和enones,和A - hydroxysulfoxides使用在天然化合物的合成。最简单的访问,hydroxysulfides是thiolysis1,2,也就是通常进行了环氧有机溶剂(四氢呋喃,二氯甲烷,甲醇,乙腈,或心理健康热线)通过使用硫醇在碱性conditions8或存在的助剂和/或催化剂

摘要:一水Thiolysis各种1,2 -环氧化合物在30 ° C和pH值7.0的强烈加速氯化锌(10 mol%的除外)时,氨基酸和carboxythiophenol使用。在水介质和催化剂的回收和再利用运行在各不影响效率的过程。介绍的A - hydroxysulfide单位是目前化合物的生物及药理interest1,是一个,benzotiazepines多功能基团的合成烯丙醇,benzoxathiepines,的R - thioketones,研究取代R是不饱和enones,和A - hydroxysulfoxides化合物用于合成自然发生的。最简单的访问,hydroxysulfides是有机thiolysis的1,2 -环氧通常是进行了溶剂(四氢呋喃,二氯甲烷,甲醇,乙腈,或心理健康热线和)由助剂使用硫醇在碱性conditions8或存在的/或催化剂有个别的不知道如何翻译,用单词表示了

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