读文献的方法包括如下流程：检索、筛选、阅读、总结、记录。
首先，查找文献。
我们可以针对一个研究领域进行文献搜索。搜索的对象包括专著、学术期刊、学术报告、统计报告、新闻类文章等等。既可以在图书馆查阅纸质文献，也可以借助互联网或数据库搜索数字内容。
查找文献要不断缩小范围。先就感兴趣的领域进行搜索，确定好初步选题，再进入到更具体的、专门化的文献搜索过程。在此基础上进一步提炼研究问题。
其次，选择文献。
基本方法就是，选择文献的初期重广度、后期重深度。先把相关文献网罗起来，再挑选质量。论文先从本领域最近几年重量级期刊开始着手，再依它的“参考书目”往前推。选择的时候，每篇论文先看题目与论文摘要。选择的依据可以是发表时间、学术期刊的权威性、作者的权威性等等。
最后，阅读文献。
学术文献有着相对固定的结构。我们在阅读时要注意这几个环节：第一， 研究框架、概念、变量、理论背景是什么？第二，采用了什么研究方法？第三，得出了什么研究结论？第四，我自己的批判式分析是什么？
记得做好笔记哦！不然学术大神也会忘记的。
使用以下的方法，我现在阅读文献的速度提上来了，也不那么反感英语文献，反而从中得到很多启发和灵感，感叹作者怎么会想出这么好的方法。
学习的方式多种多样，每个人阅读文献的习惯也不尽相同。我依然在不断实践中。
1、标题，标题是文章的头部信息，是文章的主线。
2、摘要，摘要包括了文章的一些背景、问题、关键词、方法、结果。这里能看出文章是否和自己关心的主题相关，基本可以确定是否有读下去的必要。
3、二级、三级标题、图片和图表，浏览文章的主要构成。不用管文章中的公式推导。 文章的介绍部分、结论，这部分的信息会更加详细，好一些的文章会告诉你每个章节都讲了些什么，他们之间是怎么衔接的。
4、经过以上部分，几乎可以明白文章大致讲的是什么了，如果有必要再通读全文，再把文章中的公式、实现过程、结果分析都理一遍。
5、建文件夹、做笔记、建立索引。
如何选择和阅读文献？1.阅读文献，要力求对一个方面或一个主题。或者一个概念的历史发展露要搞清楚，清楚来龙去脉。文献有新有旧，有些学科或专题文献的半衰期很长，经典文献的阅读是很重要的，只下载几篇新文献是很难理解全貌的。2，要有意识阅读大家的文献阅读某个领域域专题中程碑式的文献或文献嫁述，这些文献对于初学者了解一个学科域领域的发展很有帮助，对于某个阶段的重要文献提供了一个查找的捷径。从中可以很快了解一些相关理论和学说、重要结果的进展。3.要善于分析自己研究领域中一些国内外代表性实验容的论文，通过分析一个实验室的论文目录，可以了解这个实验室的发展过程和研究兴趣的发展、拓展。4，要善于分析本领域一些代表性学者的论文，通过分析这些引领学科或领域发展的科学家的论文口流，同样可以看到他（地）个人研究兴艳和研究生涯的发展。以及他（她）所领导的研究队的发展过程。
英语阅读文章的类型
我们阅读文章的目的是为了获取信息。文章体裁不同，其结构特点就会各异。因此，我们获取信息的最有效方法之一就是去学习和了解文章的结构，以便更加准确、快速地定位我们要找的信息。下面是我给大家整理的英语阅读理解文章的几种类型，大家一起阅读了解一下吧!
阅读测试题一般可分为以下几种题型：
1)细节理解题。
过去在阅读理解题中占很大比例。细节题要求考生具备快速寻找信息的能力，采用针对性方法进行阅读。多数情况下，作者不会明确地呈现一个事实，读者需根据已有的信息进行处理，读出言外之意。还要特别注意文章的时间顺序、故事发生的`地点、情节的发展、和人物之间的关系。
考查文章细节理解的测试题
① This article is particularly written for ___.?
② When the writer says … he really means ___.?
③ The author's attitude to… is that ___.?
④ What kind of atmosphere does the writer want to create in this passage??
⑤ The writer regards… as ___.?
⑥ The writer's purpose in writing this story is ___.
2)归纳概括题。
考生须通过对全文的阅读和思考，把握文章的结构和脉络，从而找出文 章的中心思想和主题大意，推断作者写作意图或作者对该事情的态度。考生应抓住文章中开头和结尾，注意每一自然段落中的主题句。
考查主题思想或段落大意的常见题
① The story mainly tells us ___.?
② From the passage we know that ___.?
③ The writer wants to tell us ___.
④ The best title of this passage should be ___?
⑤ The main idea of Paragraph 1 is ___.?
⑥What’s the purpose/attitude of …?
⑦ The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on ___.?
⑧ What is the subject discussed in the text??
⑨ Whish of the following statements is best supported by the last paragraph??
3)推理判断题。
此题要求纵观全文，在汇集短文提供的各项信息的基础上，紧扣作者的意图，充分发挥自己的逻辑思维能力，从文章的内在含义和字里行间中、从作者的态度和取向中获得信息，做出正确的推理和判断。
考查推理和判断常见问题有：
① We can infer from the passage ___.?
② From the passage, we can tell ___.
③ We can conclude from the passage ___.?
④ What probably happened in the end??
⑤ When he said, "…", he meant ___.?
⑥ This passage would most likely to be found in ___.
7 The author’s / writer’s attitude(态度)towards …is _______.
8 What do you think would happen (to…) at the end of the story?
4)词义猜测题。
这类题要求理解文中关键词句的含义。其中有些题属于用词汇替换或句型转换手段对短文原句释义，属浅层理解题，但有些题要求联系全文意义来判断有关词句的含义及寓意，这就属于深层理解，需反复推敲斟酌。同一个词的意义往往因上下文不同而发生变化，故作好这类题的关键是理解好上下文。
猜测词义，常见的题干有?
① The word… in paragraph… refers to ___.?
② The underlined word "…" means ___.?
③ The word "…" could be replaced by ___.?
④ Which of the following words can take the place of …?
英语阅读理解题无外乎这几种类型，只要我们能够在平常的训练中不断强化，做到熟练应用，那么我们在以后的英语考试中，自己的这些习惯一定会对我们成绩的提高起到很好的帮助作用。
Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the"system" of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.
If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define "price", many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words, that price is the money value of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total "package" being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.
价格决定资源的使用方式。价格也是有限的产品与服务在买方中的配给手段。美国的价格系统是复杂的网状系统，包括经济生活中一切产品买卖的价格，也包括名目繁多的各种服务，诸如劳动力、专职人员、交通运输、公共事业等服务的价格。所有这些价格的内在联系构成了价格系统。任何一种个别产品或服务的价格都与这个庞大而复杂的系统密切相关，而且或多或少地受到系统中其它成份的制约。
如果随机挑选一群人，问问他们如何定义"价格"，许多人会回答价格就是根据卖方提供的产品或服务，买方向其付出的钱数。换句话说，价格就是市场交易中大家认同的产品或服务的货币量。该定义就其本身来说自有其道理。但要获得对价格在任何一桩交易中的完整认识，就必须考虑到大量"非货币"因素的影响。买卖双方不但要清楚交易中的钱数，而且要非常熟悉交易物的质量和数量，交易的时间、地点，采用哪种形式付款，有怎样的'缓付和优惠，对交易物的质量保证、交货条款、退赔权利等等。也就是说，为了能估算索价，买卖双方必须通晓构成交易物价格的通盘细节。
Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and, in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.
Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. "He who dies rich, dies disgraced, " he often said.Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University. Other philanthropic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.
Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.
被称作钢铁大王的安德鲁·卡内基在美国建立了钢铁工业。在这个过程中，他变成了美国最富有的人之一。 他的成功，部分来自于他销售产品的能力，部分来自于经济萧条时期的扩充策略。在萧条时期，他的多数对手都在缩减投资。
卡内基认为个人应该通过努力工作来获得进展，但他也强烈地感到有钱人应该运用他们的财富来为社会谋 取福利。他反对施舍救济，更愿意提供教育机会，使别人自立。卡内基经常说："富有着死去的人死得可耻。"他对社会的较重要的贡献都以他的名字命名。这些贡献包括匹兹堡卡内基学校。这个学校有一个图书馆，一个美术馆和一个国家历史博物馆;他还创立了一所技术学校，这所学校现在是卡内基梅隆大学的一部分;其他的慈善捐赠有为促进国家间了解的"卡内基国际和平基金"，为科学研究提供经费的华盛顿卡内基学院以及给各种艺术活动提供活动中心的卡内基音乐厅。
安德鲁·卡内基的慷慨大度几乎影响到每个美国人的生活。由于他超过五百万美元的捐款，2500 个图书馆得以建立起来，遍布在美国各地的小村镇，形成了我们今天还在享用的公共图书馆系统的核心。
Jogging has become the most popular individual sport in America. Many theories, even some mystical ones, have been advanced to explain the popularity of jogging. The plain truth is that jogging is a cheap, quick and efficient way to maintain physical fitness.
The most useful sort of exercise is exercise that develops the heart, lungs, and circulatory systems. If these systems are fit, the body is ready for almost any sport and for almost any sudden demand made by work or emergencies. One can train more specifically, as by developing strength for weight lifting or the ability to run straight ahead for short distances with great power s in football, but running trains your heart and lungs to deliver oxygen more efficiently to all parts of your body. It is worth noting that this sort of exercise is the only kind that can reduce heart disease, the number one cause of death in America.
Only one sort of equipment is needed a good pair of shoes. Physicians advise beginning joggers not to run in a tennis or gym shoe. Many design advances have been made in only the last several years that make an excellent running shoe in dispensable if a runner wishes to develop as quickly as possible, with as little chance of injury as possible. A good running shoe will have a soft pad for absorbing shock, as well as a slightly built-up heel and a full heelcup that will give the knee and ankle more stability. A wise investment in good shoes will prevent bilisters and the foot, ankle and knee injures and will also enable the wearer to run on paved or soft surfaces.
Upon reaching an appropriate age (usually between 18 and 21 years), children are encouraged, but not forced, to “leave the nest” and begin an independent life. After children leave home they often find social relationship and financial support outside the family. Parents do not arrange marriages for their children, nor do children usually ask permission of their parents to get married, Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in the United States; young adults meet their future spouses through other friends, at jobs, and in organizations and religious institutions, Although children choose their own spouses, they still hope their parents will approve of their choices.
In many families, parents feel that children should make major life decisions by themselves. A parent may try to influence a child to follow a particular profession but the child is free to choose another career. Sometimes children do precisely the opposite of what their parents wish in order to assert their independence. A son may deliberately decide not to go into his father’s business because of a fear that he will lose his autonomy in his father’s workplace. This independence from parents is not an indication that parents and children do not love each other. Strong love between parents and children is universal and this is no exception in the American family Coexisting with such love in the American family are cultural values of self – reliance and independence.
子女一旦到适当年龄(通常是18至21岁)，要鼓励而不是强迫他们“离开窝的，财政的巢”，开始独立生活。小孩离开家后，往往在外能够与人交往，并自谋出路。父母不为子女安排婚姻，子女结婚也通常无需获得父母同意。在美国，浪漫的爱情往往是婚姻的基础，通过朋友在学校、单位、组织以及宗教团体认识自己的，爱情的未来的伴侣。尽管子女自己择偶，他们仍然希望父母能认同他们的选择。
许多家庭的父母认为，应由子女自己来做他们生活中的重大决定。家长可能会设法影响子女去从事某一职业，但子女也有选择其它职业的自由。有时为了证实自己的独立性，子女从事的工作正好与父母希望的相反。儿子可能执意不去父亲的企业工作，因为担心在那里就不能独立自主。这种不依靠父母的独立性并不意味着父母与子女之间缺乏爱心。父母和子女之间普遍都有挚爱，美国家庭也毫不例外。只不过在美国家庭之中，还融合了自主、独立的文化价值观念。
A painter hangs his or her finished pictures on a wall, and everyone can see it. A composer writes a work, but no one can hear it until it is performed. Professional singers and players have great responsibilities, for the composer is utterly dependent on them. A student of music needs as long and as arduous a training to become a performer as a medical student needs to become a doctor. Most training is concerned with technique, for musicians have to have the muscular proficiency of an athlete or a ballet dancer. Singers practice breathing every day, as their vocal chords would be inadequate without controlled muscular support. String players practice moving the fingers of the left hand up and down, while drawing the bow to and fro with the right arm-two entirely different movements.
Singers and instruments have to be able to get every note perfectly in tune. Pianists are spared this particular anxiety, for the notes are already there, waiting for them, and it is the piano tuner’s responsibility to tune the instrument for them. But they have their own difficulties; the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear.
This problem of getting clear texture is one that confronts student conductors: they have to learn to know every note of the music and how it should sound, and they have to aim at controlling these sound with fanatical but selfless authority.
Technique is of no use unless it is combined with musical knowledge and understanding. Great artists are those who are so thoroughly at home in the language of music that they can enjoy performing works written in any century.
Every weekday morning I take the 8:30 bus to go to my job. I know by sight several people who also fide that bus. Some of the girls work as maids. They get off at each stop in ones, twos or threes.
But at one corner something wonderful happens. Before the bus stops, a little dog races out of the nearest house. He doesn't look at two of the maids who get off. But for the third he has a joyful "Hello!". From head to tail his little body wags his happiness. Everyone on the bus watches until the maid and the dog go into the house.
One day not long ago the maid wasn't on the bus. I wondered if the dog would be waiting for her. Sure enough, he was!
He stood at the back door of the bus for a minute. I could see his joyful welcome turning into fearful worry. Where was she?
The driver closed the back door. The dog raced to the front door. It, too, shut in his face.
Everyone on the bus felt sad. Poor little pup! He looked so unhappy, standing there!
The driver couldn't stand it. He opened the door and looked down at the dog. "She didn't come today," he said, in a loud, kind voice.
A man in a front seat leaned forward. "Maybe she will come tomorrow," he called.
The dog wagged his tail as if to say "thank you." He watched the bus as we pulled away. Then he turned to trot home ── alone.
The next day everyone on the bus was happy to see the maid back again. Yes, the dog was waiting for her.
The welcome he gave her was even warmer and more delighted than usual. We all smiled at one another. How bright and good the morning suddenly seemed to us!
There was a time in my life when beauty meant something special to me. I guess that would have been when I was about six or seven years old, just several weeks or maybe a month before the orphanage turned me into an old man.
I would get up every morning at the orphanage, make my bed just like the little soldier that I had become and then I would get into one of the two straight lines and march to breakfast with the other twenty or thirty boys who also lived in my dormitory.
After breakfast one Saturday morning I returned to the dormitory and saw the house parent chasing the beautiful monarch butterflies who lived by the hundreds in the azalea bushes strewn around the orphanage.
I carefully watched as he caught these beautiful creatures, one after the other, and then took them from the net and then stuck straight pins through their head and wings, pinning them onto a heavy cardboard sheet.
How cruel it was to kill something of such beauty. I had walked many times out into the bushes, all by myself, just so the butterflies could land on my head, face and hands so I could look at them up close.
When the telephone rang the house parent laid the large cardboard paper down on the back cement step and went inside to answer the phone. I walked up to the cardboard and looked at the one butterfly who he had just pinned to the large paper. It was still moving about so I reached down and touched it on the wing causing one of the pins to fall out. It started flying around and around trying to get away but it was still pinned by the one wing with the other straight pin. Finally it's wing broke off and the butterfly fell to the ground and just quivered.
I picked up the torn wing and the butterfly and I spat on it's wing and tried to get it to stick back on so it could fly away and be free before the house parent came back. But it would not stay on him.
The next thing I knew the house parent came walking back out of the back door by the garbage room and started yelling at me. I told him that I did not do anything but he did not believe me. He picked up the cardboard paper and started hitting me on the top of the head. There were all kinds of butterfly pieces going everywhere. He threw the cardboard down on the ground and told me to pick it up and put it in the garbage can inside the back room of the dormitory and then he left.
I sat there in the dirt, by that big old tree, for the longest time trying to fit all the butterfly pieces back together so I could bury them whole, but it was too hard to do. So I prayed for them and then I put them in an old torn up shoe box and I buried them in the bottom of the fort that I had built in the ground, out by the large bamboos, near the blackberry bushes.
Every year when the butterflies would return to the orphanage and try to land on me I would try and shoo them away because they did not know that the orphanage was a bad place to live and a very bad place to die.
For many people in the U.S., sports are not just for fun. Theyre almost a religion. Thousands of sports fans buy expensive tickets to watch their favorite teams and athletes play in person.
Other fans watch the games at home, glued to their TV sets. Americas devotion to athletics has created a new class of wealthy people: professional athletes. Sports stars often receive million-dollar salaries. Some even make big money appearing in advertisements for soft drinks, shoes and even toiletries.
对许多的美国人而言，运动不只是为了好玩。它几乎成了一种宗教崇拜，数以千计的运动迷会为了能亲眼目睹他们喜爱的球队或运动员比赛而出高价购买门票。
其它的球迷则守在家里寸步不离地收看电视转播。美国人对于运动的投入形成了一个新的富有阶级：职业运动员。运动明星通常会收到上百万元的薪水。其中有些人甚至是因为替饮料、鞋，甚至个人化妆用品拍广告而赚了一大笔钱。
Not all Americans worship sports, but athletics are an important part of their culture. Throughout their school life, Americans learn to play many sports. All students take physical education classes in school.
Many people also enjoy non-competitive activities like hiking, biking, horseback riding, camping or hunting. To communicate with American sports nuts, it helps if you can talk sports.
并非所有的美国人都崇拜运动，但运动的确是他们文化当中极为重要的一部份。在他们的学校生活当中，美国人学习许多运动。所有的学生都必须在学校修体育课。
许多人也喜欢从事一些非竞争性的活动像健行、骑单车、骑马、露营或打猎。要和美国运动迷沟通，最好是能畅谈运动。
Through the changes in the ways of making a living in a family over several generations, the cartoon aims at sounding a warning against mans wasteful use of natural resources and emphasizing the urgent need to preserve these resources.
Ever since man appeared on the earth, mans survival has been heavily relied on nature. Almost everything we use in our everyday life comes from nature, ranging from the food we eat, the water we drink, to the wood which is turned into furiture. With the development of technology and population growth, the amount and range of materials used has increased at an alarming rate. However, natural resources are not inexhaustible. Some reserves are already on the brink of exhaustion and there is no hope of replacing them. The widespread water shortage is an example in point. If man continued to squander natural resources with no thought for the future, the later generations would end up selling sand, as is the case in the cartoon, and the whole world would be in a mess.
Time is running out. It is up to us to take effective measures before the situation gets out of hand.
这4个软件我都用过，其中用的最早的就是 endnote了，老牌，很多人都在用。Mendeley，后面听朋友说也用了，zotero 功能太少了试了试就没用了。我现在用的是 Citavi，是德国的一位教授推荐的，刚开始接触的时候发现很乱，但是最后慢慢琢磨发现这款软件功能强大的真的是不可描述，一个文献管理软件能做到这个程度，真的是没谁了。软件有免费版的，很人性化。
我觉得对于许多人来说，产生文献管理需求的时候都是手里已经有大量的文献储备了（多数以PDF格式居多）。在收集、积累文献一开始，没有意识到管理文献的需求，也就说没有顶层设计，文献存储不科学、杂乱无章，检索困难，利用困难。许多现有的文献管理工具（软件）都有外部文献（或者文摘）导入模块，但是大多数只能做到导入和分类存储，不能很好的提取文献（特别是PDF文献）元数据。也就是说，文献即使导入了，在软件内也很难实现高效的检索。这是目前此类软件共有的软肋（这个问题牵涉的技术很多：有的软件厂商选择直接与学术出版商合作，拉取出版商的数据库后台补全文献的元数据；也有的厂商试图通过文摘数据库，例如生物医学领域的Pubmed、Biosis、Web of Science、Embase等等，补全文献信息（最常见！）；也有的技术实力比较强的，直接识别、抽取文献全文中的数据，也就是标题、作者、单位、关键词、基金、参考文献等等信息）文献管理的目的是为了高效的利用。我见过一些小伙伴即使没有使用文献管理软件，文献的本地存储也做得“井井有条”——为啥子要打引号呢？因为我觉得他们实际是在追求形式上的满足感：文件夹套文件夹，一层又一层，数量够多时，花在思考“该把这篇文献扔在哪呢？”比阅读文献的时间还长。而且，对于涉及话题较多，维度多，信息量大的文献咋办？你很难把它限定在某一个子类下边——一维的、线性的文件夹式存储会直接限制一篇文献能给你带来的价值，因为你在分类的时候就已经下意识的把它切割、打磨，以便塞到你的分类体系中了。如何尽可能完全地榨取一篇文献的价值才是文献管理的最终目的。
你可以到佰腾科研导航上去寻找，上面的期刊分类下搜集了国内外知名的期刊杂志，或者你也可以选择学科分类，按照具体的学科进行查询。
专业的护理类期刊不会太多。1、《中华现代护理杂志》2、《中华护理杂志》3、《中华护理教育》4、《中国实用护理杂志》5、《中国临床护理》6、《中国护理管理》7、《现代临床护理杂志》8、《天津护理杂志》9、《上海护理杂志》10、《全科护理》11、《齐鲁护理杂志》12、《临床护理杂志》13、《 解放军护理杂志》14、《护理与康复》15、《护理研究杂志》16、《护理学杂志》17、《护理学报》18、《护理实践与研究》19、《护理管理杂志》20、《国际护理学杂志》
以下是一些护理领域的核心期刊：
1、Journal of Advanced Nursing（先进护理学杂志）。
2、Nursing Research（护理研究）。
3、Journal of Nursing Education and Practice（护理教育与实践杂志）。
4、International Journal of Nursing Studies（国际护理研究杂志）。
5、Journal of Clinical Nursing（临床护理杂志）。
6、BMC Nursing（生物医学中央护理杂志）。
7、Applied Nursing Research（应用护理研究杂志）。
8、Journal of Nursing Scholarship（护理学术杂志）。
9、Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing（精神和心理健康护理杂志）。
10、Western Journal of Nursing Research（西方护理研究杂志）。
11、 Journal of Advanced Nursing（国际一流的护理专业期刊）。
12、Contemporary Nurse（澳大利亚护理期）。
13、Advances in nursing science（护理学进展）。
14、AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CRITICAL CARE9（美国危重病杂志）。
15、Oncology Nursing Forum（肿瘤护理论坛）
实用护理杂志 中华护理杂志
分享参考文献书写格式来源： 席盎的日志参考文献书写格式应符合GB7714-1987《文后参考文献著录规则》。常用的参考文献的书写格式如下：（1）期刊 [序号] 主要作者．文献题名[J]．刊名，出版年份，卷号(期号)：起止页码． 例如: [1] 袁庆龙，候文义．Ni-P 合金镀层组织形貌及显微硬度研究[J]．太原理工大学学报，2001，32(1)：51-53．（2）专著 [序号] 著者．书名[M]．出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码． 例如：[2] 刘国钧，王连成．图书馆史研究[M]．北京：高等教育出版社，1979：15-18，31．（3）论文集 [序号] 著者．文献题名[C]．编者．论文集名．出版地：出版者，出版年：起止页码． 例如：[3] 孙品一．高校学报编辑工作现代化特征[C]．中国高等学校自然科学学报研究会．科技编辑学论文集(2)．北京：北京师范大学出版社，1998：10-22．（4）学位论文 [序号] 作者．题名[D]．保存地：保存单位，年份． 如：[4] 张和生．地质力学系统理论[D]．太原：太原理工大学，1998．（5）报告 [序号] 作者．文献题名[R]．报告地：报告会主办单位，年份． 例如：[5] 冯西桥．核反应堆压力容器的LBB 分析[R]．北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院，1997．（6）专利文献 [序号] 专利所有者．专利题名[P]．专利国别：专利号，发布日期． 例如：[6] 姜锡洲．一种温热外敷药制备方案[P]．中国专利：881056078，1983-08-12．（7）国际、国家标准 [序号] 标准代号，标准名称[S]．出版地：出版者，出版年． 例如：[7] GB/T 16159—1996，汉语拼音正词法基本规则[S]．北京：中国标准出版社，1996．（8）报纸文章 [序号] 作者．文献题名[N]．报纸名，出版日期(版次)． 例如：[8] 谢希德．创造学习的思路[N]．人民日报，1998-12-25(10)．（9）电子文献 [序号] 作者．电子文献题名[文献类型/载体类型]．电子文献的出版或可获得地址，发表或更新的期/引用日期(任选)． 例如：[9] 王明亮．中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的[EB/OL]．参考文献的类型根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告 非纸张型载体电子文献，在参考文献标识中同时标明其载体类型： DB/OL——联机网上的数据库 DB/MT——磁带数据库 M/CD——光盘图书 CP/DK——磁盘软件 J/OL——网上期刊 EB/OL——网上电子公告 一、参考文献著录格式 1 、期刊作者．题名〔J〕．刊名，出版年，卷(期)∶起止页码 2、 专著作者．书名〔M〕．版本(第一版不著录)．出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码 3、 论文集作者．题名〔C〕．编者．论文集名，出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码 4 、学位论文作者．题名〔D〕．保存地点．保存单位．年份 5 、专利文献题名〔P〕．国别．专利文献种类．专利号．出版日期 6、 标准编号．标准名称〔S〕 7、 报纸作者．题名〔N〕．报纸名．出版日期(版次) 8 、报告作者．题名〔R〕．保存地点．年份 9 、电子文献作者．题名〔电子文献及载体类型标识〕．文献出处，日期 二、文献类型及其标识 1、根据GB3469 规定，各类常用文献标识如下： ①期刊〔J〕 ②专著〔M〕 ③论文集〔C〕 ④学位论文〔D〕 ⑤专利〔P〕 ⑥标准〔S〕 ⑦报纸〔N〕 ⑧技术报告〔R〕 2、电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，具体如下： ①磁带〔MT〕 ②磁盘〔DK〕 ③光盘〔CD〕 ④联机网络〔OL〕 3、电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为：〔文献类型标识/载体类型标识〕。例如： ①联机网上数据库〔DB/OL〕 ②磁带数据库〔DB/MT〕 ③光盘图书〔M/CD〕 ④磁盘软件〔CP/DK〕 ⑤网上期刊〔J/OL〕 ⑥网上电子公告〔EB/OL〕 三、举例 1、期刊论文 〔1〕周庆荣，张泽廷，朱美文，等．固体溶质在含夹带剂超临界流体中的溶解度〔J〕．化工学报，1995(3)：317—323 〔2〕Dobbs J M, Wong J M. Modification of supercritical fluid phasebehavior using polor coselvent〔J〕. Ind Eng Chem Res, 1987,26:56 〔3〕刘仲能，金文清.合成医药中间体4-甲基咪唑的研究〔J〕.精细化工，2002(2)：103-105 〔4〕 Mesquita A C, Mori M N, Vieira J M, et al ． Vinyl acetate polymerization by ionizin...
[1]李国栋：《阅读教学的理论困境》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第5期[2]郝毅：《探析建构主义指导下的中学语文阅读教学》，《科教文汇》2007年第1月下[3]王忠：《建构主义理论指导下的中学语文阅读教学》，《中国科教创新导刊》 2007年总第455期[4]存少辉：《谈“朱子读书法”对中学语文阅读教学的借鉴》，《教育理论与实践》2007年第10月[5]赵年秀：《<普通高中语文标准>评析——以叶圣陶阅读课程理论为视点》，《湖南第一师范学报》2007年6月[6]冯文达：《谈谈农村中学语文阅读教学中的体验和感悟》，《经济与社会发展》2007年8月[7]王爱娣：《美国初中学生应掌握的阅读方法》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第1期[8]张金保：《遵循阅读规律，提升阅读效率》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第3期[9]张磊磊：《“前见”与中学语文阅读教学探索》，《现代语文》2007年第4期[10]亓成功：《关于阅读教学“起点”的思考》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第3期[11]孙建平：《有效阅读，本色语文的价值追寻》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第2期[12]陈艺真：《中学语文个性化阅读教学的策略》，《教学与管理》2007年5月[13]张贤英：《中学语文阅读教学中个性化施教策略浅探》，《语文学刊》2007年5月[14]武永明：《关于个性化阅读相关问题的思考》，《语文建设》2007年第7期[15]王传霖：《对中学语文阅读教学中文本意义探索》，《中国校外教育》2007年2月[16]屈伟忠：《强化阅读教学的原文意识》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第5期[17]王兆平：《阅读教学中与文本对话的“距离”美》，《中学语文教学》2007年9月[18]余映潮：《阅读教学“主问题”研究与实践笔谈》，《中学语文教学》2007年9月[19]陈晓文：《语文阅读教学中的问题设计》，《新语文学习》2007年第3期[20]任新明：《语文阅读教学中的主问题设计》，《中学语文教学》2007年8月[21]李志清：《阅读教学中的课堂活动设计策略》，《语文建设》2007年第7期[22]秦昌利 周永红：《运用线索 牵动全文——例谈阅读教学设计的几种手法》，《新语文学习》2007年第1期[23]韩克勤：《在语文阅读教学中实施互动教学初探》，《考试》2007年第2期[24]余贻贻：《技能训练：阅读课的主题》，《中学语文教学》2007年10月[25]张正君：《阅读教学语言特点论析》，《语文建设》2007年第3期[26]周秀芳：《例说阅读教学中的语言品位》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第4期[27]廖贤枢：《如何在阅读教学中进行语言品位》，《中学语文教学》2007年9月[28]王永红：《浅谈中学语文阅读教学》，《网络科技时代》2007年第6期[29]孔爱玲：《读书会：一种行之有效的阅读教学模式》，《语文建设》2007年第1期[30]朱从国：《把考材当教材用——高三现代文阅读教学的一点做法》，《新语文学习》2007年第1期[31]沈坚：《如何引导学生进行沉浸式课堂阅读》，《新语文学习》2007年第3期[32]汪卫兵：《文言文信息化阅读教学的优势》，《中学语文教学》2007年5月[33]桂谦：《中学语文批注式阅读教学的思考》，《科技资讯》2007年第9期[34]高兴春：《中学语文阅读教学发散思维训练方法初探》，《考试》2007年第8期[35]贝学问：《阅读教学，蕴含生命的教学——从散文《绿》的课堂教学说开去》，《新语文学习》2007年第2期[36] 余映潮等：《系列主题单元阅读教学设计专题讲座》，《语文教学通讯》2007年[37] 余映潮：《例谈阅读教学设计的诗意手法》，《语文教学通讯》2007年[38]李英杰：《阅读教学实效性不高的原因及对策》，《语文建设》2007年第9期[39]苗歌：《阅读教学的误区》，《中小学图书情报世界》，2007年第5期[40]褚兴中：《新课改背景下阅读教学现状反思》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第2期[41]林亚大 朱于新：《高中阅读教学深刻性摭谈》，《中学语文教学》2007年3月[42]刘帅：《令人担忧的阅读公式化》，《语文教学通讯》2007年第1期[43]何建英：《阅读课，读耶，说耶？》，《新语文学习》2007年第2期
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明，不再出现于文后参考文献中。⑴文后参考文献的著录规则为GB/T 7714-2005《文后参考文献著录规则》，适用于“著者和编辑编录的文后参考文献，而不能作为图书馆员、文献目录编制者以及索引编辑者使用的文献著录规则”。⑵顺序编码制的具体编排方式。参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码，序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用者，在正文中用同一序号标示。一般来说，引用一次的文献的页码（或页码范围）在文后参考文献中列出。格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年，卷（期）”等+“：页码（或页码范围）.”。多次引用的文献，每处的页码或页码范围（有的刊物也将能指示引用文献位置的信息视为页码）分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处，置于方括号后（仅列数字，不加“p”或“页”等前后文字、字符；页码范围中间的连线为半字线）并作上标。作为正文出现的参考文献序号后需加页码或页码范围的，该页码或页码范围也要作上标。作者和编辑需要仔细核对顺序编码制下的参考文献序号，做到序号与其所指示的文献同文后参考文献列表一致。另外，参考文献页码或页码范围也要准确无误。⑶参考文献类型及文献类型，根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识：专著M ； 报纸N ；期刊J ；专利文献P；汇编G ；古籍O；技术标准S ；学位论文D ；科技报告R；参考工具K ；检索工具W；档案B ；录音带A ；图表Q；唱片L；产品样本X；录相带V；会议录C；中译文T；乐谱I； 电影片Y；手稿H；微缩胶卷U ；幻灯片Z；微缩平片F；其他E。标注规范和范例：参考文献类型：专著[M]，论文集[C]，报纸文章[N]，期刊文章[J]，学位论文[D]，报告[R]，标准[S]，专利[P]，论文集中的析出文献[A]电子文献类型：数据库[DB]，计算机[CP]，电子公告[EB]电子文献的载体类型：互联网[OL]，光盘[CD]，磁带[MT]，磁盘[DK]A：专著、论文集、学位论文、报告[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[文献类型标识].出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码（可选）[1]刘国钧，陈绍业.图书馆目录[M].北京：高等教育出版社，1957.15-18.B:期刊文章[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[J].刊名，年，卷（期）：起止页码[1]何龄修.读南明史[J].中国史研究，1998,(3):167-173.[2]OU J P，SOONG T T，et al.Recent advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems[J].Earthquack Eng,1997,38(3):358-361.C:论文集中的析出文献[序号]析出文献主要责任者.析出文献题名[A].原文献主要责任者（可选）.原文献题名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码[7]钟文发.非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A].赵炜.运筹学的理论与应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集[C].西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1996.468.D：报纸文章[序号]主要责任者.文献题名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）[8]谢希德.创造学习的新思路[N].人民日报，1998-12-25（10）.E：电子文献[文献类型/载体类型标识]：[J/OL]网上期刊、[EB/OL]网上电子公告、[M/CD]光盘图书、[DB/OL]网上数据库、[DB/MT]磁带数据库[序号]主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出版或获得地址，发表更新日期/引用日期[12]王明亮.关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL].[8]万锦.中国大学学报文摘（1983-1993）.英文版[DB/CD].北京：中国大百科全书出版社，1996.
书籍和手册的参考文献格式是：作者姓名——书籍名称——出版社名称——年份——页码当然如果引用整本书，就不需要页码。参考文献国外没有统一标准，但是国内有，一定要把每种参考文献搞清楚，不能乱引用。另外参考文献优先考虑：期刊、书籍和论文集等比较常见的类型，如果不懂，建议你百度搜：普刊学术中心，有很多参考文献说明。