白酒品评论文参考文献

Wine is an alcoholic beverage made of fermented grape juice.[1] The natural chemical balance of grapes is such that they can ferment without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes or other nutrients.[2] Wine is produced by fermenting crushed grapes using various types of yeast which consume the sugars found in the grapes and convert them into alcohol. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts are used depending on the types of wine being produced.[3]Although other fruits such as apples and berries can also be fermented, the resultant wines are normally named after the fruit from which they are produced (for example, apple wine or elderberry wine) and are generically known as fruit wine or country wine (not to be confused with the French term vin du pays). Others, such as barley wine and rice wine (. sake), are made from starch-based materials and resemble beer and spirit more than wine, while ginger wine is fortified with brandy. In these cases, the use of the term "wine" is a reference to the higher alcohol content, rather than production process.[4] The commercial use of the English word "wine" (and its equivalent in other languages) is protected by law in many jurisdictions.[5]Wine has a rich history dating back to around 6000 BC and is thought to have originated in areas now within the borders of Georgia and Iran.[6][7] Wine probably appeared in Europe at about 4500 BC in what is now Bulgaria and Greece, and was very common in ancient Greece, Thrace and Rome. Wine has also played an important role in religion throughout history. The Greek god Dionysos and the Roman equivalent Bacchus represented wine, and the drink is also used in Christian and Jewish ceremonies such as the Eucharist and word "wine" derives from the Proto-Germanic "*winam," an early borrowing from the Latin vinum, "wine" or "(grape) vine," itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European stem *win-o- (cf. Hittite: wiyana ,Lycian: Oino, Ancient Greek οῖνος - oînos, Aeolic Greek ϝοίνος - woinos).[8][9] Similar words for wine or grapes are found in the Semitic languages (cf. Arabic ﻭﻳﻦ wayn) and in Georgian (ğvino); some consider the term to be a wanderwort, or "wandering word".[10]Contents [hide]1 History 2 Grape varieties 3 Classification Europe classification Outside of Europe 4 Vintages 5 Tasting 6 Collecting 7 Production Exporting countries 8 Uses Religious uses 9 Health effects 10 Packaging 11 Storage 12 Film and television 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links pls contact me for the url,which is banned on baidu.

白酒又名烧酒或火酒，是世界七大蒸馏酒之一，具有其独特的工艺、风格和优异的色、香、味，在食品工业和整个国民经济中有着重要的地位。随着我国经济与世界经济的全面接轨，酒作为一种必不可少的饮料，必然要进入世界市场流通。国外白酒酒种的最大特点是酒度低，我国白酒要更大规模的走向世界，必须要向低度化发展，以适应国外的饮酒习惯。同时，对于具有十多亿人口的中国来讲，发展低度白酒还可以节约大量的粮食，符合国家的产业政策，具有巨大的社会效益和经济效益。1.白酒香味成分与风格白酒的风格，就是白酒的香气和口味协调平衡的综合感觉，与其所含主要香味成分有直接关系。白酒中主要成分是乙醇和水，约占总重量的98％，而呈香呈味成分仅约占2％，却决定着酒的香气、香型与风格。构成了白酒的不同典型性。酸：是形成白酒香味的主要物质，也是形成酯的必要条件，没有酸就没有酯。白酒中主要的有机酸有乙酸、己酸、乳酸和丁酸等，其和为总酸的90%～98％。酯：是具有芳香性气味的挥发性化合物，是白酒中的主要香味成分，对形成各种酒的典型性起着决定性、关键性作用。醇类：在白酒中亦占有重要地位，它是白酒中醇甜和助香剂的主要物质，也是形成香味物质的前驱物质，醇和酸作用生成各种酯，从而构成白酒的特殊芳香。羰基化合物：对形成白酒的主体香极为重要，其中酒香与醛类化合物的含量及种类有密切关系。芳香族化合物、含氮化合物、呋喃化合物在白酒中也占有重要地位。此外，含硫化合物、醚类以及其它化合物的香味特征有待进一步研究。2.香味成分在白酒中的地位和作用构成食品风味的物质基础是它的组分特征，白酒的风味形成也离不开它的香味组分。白酒中除水和乙醇外，还含有上百种有机和无机成分，这些香味组分各自都具有自身的特征，它们共同混合在一个体系中，彼此相互影响，共同制约着白酒的风味。王忠彦等根据香味成分含量的高低，把白酒中除去乙醇和水的其他成分分为色谱骨架成分和微量成分。色谱骨架成分是质含量大于1mg/100ml～2 mg/100ml的成分，属于白酒的色谱常规定量分析指标，是中国白酒的主干成分，其存在决定着中国白酒的香型及酒质。微量成分，即非色谱骨架成分，其挥发性极差，在白酒中含量极低。它们的数量之多，来源之复杂，为白酒的研究工作带来了困难，同时微量成分的研究对白酒品质的发展有着深远的意义。3.白酒低度化的发展趋势随着经济、文化水平的逐步提高，人们饮酒习惯正悄然发生变化，对白酒口味的追求也由烈变淡。入世后白酒关税的下调使价格低得多的威士忌等洋酒大量涌入，而国际上流行的白酒大多在40%vol左右，可加冰和碳酸水饮用，且质量较高，对我国白酒产生了一定的冲击。面对中国加入世贸组织后对白酒业带来的冲击，应从两方面看待我国白酒近50年的变化和发展，一方面，这50年中国白酒生产的数量和质量向前发展了一大步；另一方面，中国白酒业正处于一个新的转型期。从人们的酒类消费习惯来看，最近几年，38%vol～45%vol的中度白酒已经成了市场的明星。由于世界各国普遍将40%vol以上的酒精饮料定为烈性酒，并征收高关税，因此加入WTO后，为了开拓世界市场，国内白酒业应把重心转移到开发40%vol以下的低度白酒。

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